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Animal Feed Fiber Procedures

Animal Feed Fiber Procedures
Animal Feed Fiber Procedures

AOAC Official Method 950.02

Animal Feed

Preparation of Sample

Grind sample to pass sieve with circular openings 1 mm diameter and mix thoroughly. If sample cannot be ground, reduce to as fine condition as possible. Do not grind molasses feed.

AOAC Official Method 962.09

Fiber (Crude) in Animal Feed and Pet Food

Ceramic Fiber Filter Method

First Action 1962

Final Action 1971

Revised First Action 1982

AOCS-AOAC Method

A. Principle

Crude fiber is loss on ignition of dried residue remaining after digestion of sample with 1.25% H2SO4 and 1.25% NaOH solutions under specific conditions. Method is applicable to grains, meals, flours, feeds, fiber-bearing material, and pet foods from which fat can be extracted to leave workable residue.

B. Reagents

(a) Sulfuric acid solution.----.0255+/- .005N. 1.25 g H2SO4/100 ml. Concentration must be checked by titration.

(b) Sodium hydroxide solution. --0.3 13 +/- 0.005N. 1.25 g NaOH/100 ml. free, or nearly so, from Na2CO3. Concentration must be checked by titration.

Prepared ceramic fiber. -Place 60 g ceramic fiber (Cerafiber, 8 lb/cu ft, E.J. Bartell Co., 700 Powell Ave., SW, Renton, WA98055) in blender, add 800 ml H20, and blend 1 min at low speed.

Determine blank by treating ca 2 g (dry weight) of prepared ceramic fiber with acid and alkali as in determination. Correct crude fiber results for any blank, which should be negligible (ca 2 mg).

(d) AIcohol.-95% or reagent alcohol, methanol, or isopropanol.

(e) Antifoam.-Dow Corning Corp. Antifoam A compound diluted I + 4 with mineral spirits or petroleum ether, or H20-diluted Antifoam B Emulsion (I + 4). Do not use Antifoam Spray.

(f) Bumping chips or granules.-Broken Alundum crucibles or equivalent granules (RR Alundum

90 mesh, Norton Co., I New Bond St., Worcester, MA 01606) are satisfactory.

C. Apparatus

(a) Digestion apparoius.-Wlth condenser to fit 600 ml beaker,

and hot plate adjustable to temperature that will bring 200 ml H20

at 25o to rolling boil in 15 +/- 2 min. (Available from Labconco Corp.,

8811 Prospect Ave., Kansas City, MO 64132.)

(b) Ashing dishes,-Silica, Vitreosil 70 x 16 mm; or porcelain, Coors Ceramics Co., 600 9th St., Golden, CO 80401, No.60230, or equivalent.

(c) Desiccator.-With efficient desiccant such as 4-8 mesh Drierite (CaCI2 is not satisfactory).

(d) Filtering device.-With No.200 type 304 or 316 stainless steel screen (W.S.Tyler Inc., 8570 Tyler Blvd., Mentor, OH 44060), easily washed free of digested residue. Either Oklahoma State filter screen (see Figure 962.09A; available from Labconco Corp.) or modified California plastic Buchner (see Figure 962.09B; consists of 2 piece polypropylene plastic funnel manufactured by Nalge Co., 75 Panorama Creek Dr, P0 Box 20365, Rochester, NY 14602, Cat. No. 42110-0700, 70 mm [without No.200 screen], or equivalent [also available from Labconco Corp.]. Seal screen to filtering surface of funnel, using small-tip soldering iron).

(e) Suction filter.-To accommodate filtering devices. Attach suction flask to trap in line with aspirator or other source of vacuum with valve to break vacuum.

(f) Liquid prehealer. -For preheating H20, 1.25% H2S04, and 1.25% NaOH solutions to bp of

H2O. Convenient system, shown in Figure 962.09C. consists of sheet Cu tank with 3 coils of 3/8"

(10 mm) od Cu tubing. 12.5' (3.8 m) long. Solder inlets and outlets where tubing passes through tank walls. Connect to reflux condenser and fill with H20. Keep H20 boiling with two 750 watt thermostatically controlled hot plates. Use Tygon for inlet leads to reservoirs of H2O, acid. and

alkali; use gum rubber tubing for outlets. Capacity of preheater is adequate for 60 analyses in 8 h.

D. Preparation of Sample

Reduce sample (riffle is suitable) to 100 g and place portion in sealed container for H20 determination. Immediately determine H20. Grind remainder to uniform fineness. (Weber mill with screen0.033-.040" [No. 18 or 20], Micro mill [Hosokawa Micron Powder Systems. Inc., 10 Chatham Rd, Summit, NJ 07901] with screen 1/25-1/16" [No. 18-No. 12], and Wiley mill with 1 mm [No. 18] screen give comparable fineness.) Since most materials lose moisture during grinding, determine H20 on ground sample at same time sample is taken for crude fiber determination.

Determination

Extract 2 g ground material with ether or petroleum ether (initial boiling temperature. 35-38o. dry-flask end point. 52-60o. >95% distilling <54o, and <60% distilling <40o. specific gravity at 600F. 0.630-0.660; evaporation residue <0.002% by weight). If fat is <1%extraction may be omitted. Transfer to 600 mL beaker. avoiding fiber contamination from paper or brush. Add ca 1.5-2.0 g dry weight of prepared ceramic fiber, 200 ml. Boiling 1.25% H2SO4 and 1 drop diluted antifoam. (Excess antifoam may give high results; use only if necessary to control foaming.) Bumping chips or granules may also be added. If extremely fine materials are being analyzed and filters are to be precoated with a filter mat. Prepare two beakers of ceramic fiber mixture for each sample as follows: Add 1.5 g dry weight of prepared ceramic fiber to each 100 ml beaker, then add 60-75 ml 0.255N sulfuric acid to each beaker and allow to soak until precoat step. Place beaker on digestion apparatus with preadjusted hot plate and boil exactly 30 min., rotating beaker periodically to keep solids from adhering to sides. Remove beaker, and filter as in (a) or (b). (a). Using Oklahoma filter screen (1) (Extremely fine materials only.) Skip to step (2) if no filter precoating is necessary. Precoat the filter screen as follows: Attach Oklahoma filter screen to vacuum flask. Turn on suction. Mix well the 60-75 ml 0.225N sulfuric acid and 1.5 g ceramic fiber mixture previously prepared. Insert the screen into beaker keeping face of screen just under the surface of liquid until all liquid is removed. Without breaking suction, proceed to step (2). (2) Turn on suction and insert screen (precoated with ceramic fiber if extremely fine materials are being analyzed) into beaker, keeping face of screen just under surface liquid until all liquid is removed. Without breaking suction or raising filter, add 50-75 ml boiling H2O. (Work rapidly to keep mat from becoming dry.) Remove filter from beaker and drain all H2O from line by raising above trap level. Return mat and residue to beaker by breaking suction and blowing back. Add 200 ml boiling 1.25% NaOH and boil exactly 30 min. Remove beaker.

(3) (Extremely fine materials only) Skip to step (4) if no filter precoating is necessary. Precoat the filter screen using the second beaker of ceramic mixture as described in E(a)(1)

(4) Filter as in E(a)(2). Without breaking suction, wash with 25 ml boiling 1.25% H2SO4 and three 50 ml portions boiling H2O. Drain free of excess H2O by raising filter. Lower filter into beaker and wash with 25 ml alcohol. Drain line, break suction, and remove mat by blowing back through filter screen into ashing dish. Proceed as in E(c).

(b) Using Claifornia Buchner (1) (Extremely fine materials only.) Skip to step (2) if no filtering precoating is necessary. Precoat the filter screen as follows: Attach Claifornia buchner to vacuum flask funnel must be level. Do not turn on vacuum (Note: Claifornia buchner may be held level above vacuum flask if vacuum connot be turned off. Mix well the 60-75 ml 0.225N sulfuric acid and 1.5 g ceramic fiber mixture previously prepared. Pour ceramic fiber/acid slurry into California Buchner. Allow to settle 5-10 s. Turn on min. vacuum, just sufficient to form ceramic fiber "pad".

(2) Filter contents of beaker through Buchner (precoated with ceramic fiber if extremely fine materials are being analyzed.) rinse beaker with 50-75 ml boiling H2O and wash through Buchner. Repeat with three 50 ml portions H2O and such dry. Remove mat and residue by snapping bottom of Buchner against white top while covering stem with thumb or forefinger and replace in beaker. Add 200 ml. Boiling 1.25% NaOH and boil exactly 30 min. Remove beaker.

(3)(Extremely fine materials only) Skip to step (4) if no filter precoating is necessary. Precoat the filter screen using the second beaker of ceramic mixture as described in E(b)(1)

(4) Filter as in E(b)(2) Wash with 25 ml boiling 1.25% H2SO4 three 50 ml portions H2O and 25 ml alcohol. Remove mat and residue; transfer to ashing dish.

(c) Treatment of residue Dry mat and residue 2 hr. at 130 +/- 2o Cool in desiccator and weigh. Ignite 30 min at 600 +/- 15o. Cool in desiccator and reweigh.

% Crude fiber in ground sample = C = (Loss in weight on ignition loss in weight of ceramic fiber blank) x 100- weight sample

% Crude fiber on desired moisture basis = C x (100 - % moisture desired) / (100 - % moisture in sample)

Report results to 0.1%

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小学英语教学课堂实录 一、歌曲导入: T: Let's sing a song. The song's name is 《One little finger》. [评:教学热身是英语课堂TPR教学方法的重要形式之一,教师采用歌曲来缓解学生的紧张情绪,建立轻松和谐民主的课堂氛围,为进一步的学习奠定了良好的基础。] 二、师生问候: T: Class begins! Hello, everyone! Ss: Hello, Miss Cai! T: We all like the animals, but the zoo isn't really the animals home town. Where is their real home town? S:大自然。 T: Yes! Let's look at the animal in nature. OK?(观看多媒体影片) T: Do you like animals? Ss: Yes! T: The earth be longs to both animals and human beings. We should live peacefully together. We should try to give them a better living environment, and protect them from being hurt. Do you think so? Ss: Yes! T: OK! Let's begin from now on! T: The time is up. Good-bye everyone! [评:结束语知识性与思想性融为一体,既强调了本课知识的重点,又对学生进行了思想教育,使学生对所学内容有了一个更高层次的认识,使英语教学的目的得以充分的发挥。] 评析: 教者从学生的认知规律入手,由浅入深、由易到难,降低了英语语言学习的难度。同时,充分利用头饰、卡片、图片、多媒体教学软件等直观教学手段,调动了学生多种感观投入到语言学习中来。教者还利用TPR、歌曲、歌谣等活泼有趣的形式,增加了课堂教学的感染力,并采用实地应用语言的调查活动,提高了教学效果,达到了良好的教学反馈。 T: How are you to day? Ss: We're fine, thank you. T: What's the weather like today? Ss: It's fine. [评:简单的问候,可以帮助学生适应英语语感,使学生很自然地进入英语学习状态。] 三、新授知识: T: A lovely today, isn't it? I have a good news for you. We're going to visit the zoo. Are you happy? Ss: Yes! T: Today we'll learn a lesson about the zoo. Please tell me. Which lesson shall we learn? Ss: Lesson 9

小学生英语口语教案:We love animals

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I also have some animals. Look! I have a dog. I have a panda. I have a rabbit. And I have a zoo. (用卡片表现句子,贴到黑板上) Look, I have a … … T: What kind of animals do you have? S:I have a … … (用所学句型介绍自己的动物玩具) T:Cool! Great! Super! Wow! May I have a look?(表现新句型) S:Sure. Here you are . T: Thank you. Step3: Practice a. Have a role-read. b. Practice in pairs. (生生) A; Look!I have a … B: May I have a look? A: Sure. Here you are. B: Thank you. c. Let’s watch a video. (看视频) d. Act out.(口语秀) T:Three students a group make a dialogue according to the video. OK? Now begin. T: Who wants to show?(展示)

小学英语animals教案

小学英语animals教案 【篇一:教案animals】 教案 教学目标: 知识目标: 1、学生能够基本掌握动物名称单词(hippo, shark, elephant, goat, snake, zebra, kangaroo, camel) 2、学生初步了解一般现在时 3、学生能够基本掌握重点句型 eg: 1、what animals do you like?i like....... 2、what animals does he\she like? he\she likes 能力目标: 1、学生能够使用动物名称单词 2、学生能够使用重点句型 3、学生初步了解一般现在时 情感目标: 1、培养学生爱护动物的意识 教学内容: 动物名称单词及句型 eg::1、what animals do you like?i like....... 2、what animals does she\he like? he\she likes..... 教学重难点:句型的熟练使用 教学过程: 开场白:good morning, everybody. today, we are going to study something about animals. before the class, i’d like to divide all of you into four\three teams. team a,b,c. because we will have a super pk. so do you want to the winner? ok, now, let’s get it started. please look at the screen. warm-up:展示一张有很多动物的照片或者是动物园的照片,并给出导入课堂的问题 t:did you go to the zoo? do you like animals?what animals do you know? s: dog, cat, rabbit, tiger, lion, monkey, duck(学生可能已知动物名称单词) ok, today we will learn some other animals. please follow me.

小学英语《Module 2 Unit1 Animals I like》教学设计

Module 2 Unit1 Animals I like 一、教学目标: 1、能正确地听、说、读,写单词monkeys, tigers, pandas, snakes, giraffes. 2、能正确地运用对话中的日常交际I like…. I don’t like…. 3、认识名词单、复数的基本形式。 4、能力目标:培养学生听、说、认读和对话交际的能力。 5、情感目标:培养学生爱护动物、保护动物的意识 二、教学重、难点: 1、理解并正确运用日常交际用语I like….I don’t like…. 2、认识名词单、复数的基本形式。 3、四会单词的拼读和三会单词的掌握。 三、课前准备: 1、教具准备PPT,单词图卡片,句子卡片。 四、教学过程: Step 1 Warming up/Revision 1.师生相互问候: T: Good morning, boys and girls! S:… T: How are you? S:… Chant:< everybody clap……> 2. Sing a song: T: Today I’m very happy .Are you happy? So let’s sing together.

Fourlittle,fivelittle,sixlittlerabbitsSevenlittle,eightlittle,ninelittle rabbitsTen little paper rabbits.>把学生分成两组 【设计意图】:通过儿歌给学生营造一个欢乐开朗的英语气氛,并为引入对上学期学过的动物单词的复习做铺垫。 3. Revision: T:(让学生看多媒体) What can you see? S:I can see two rabbits .T:利用多媒体引导学生复习以前学过的动物类单词;rabbit,dogs,cats,chick,birds,elephant, zebra, lion . 【设计意图】:利用多媒体图片,引导学生复习以前学过的动物类单词;为新课做铺垫。 Step Two: Presentation 1.T:这些都是我们的老朋友,今天我带大家去动物园认识几位新朋友,Canyouguess?(教师板书:Animals I like )分组 T:呈现多媒体画面学习:monkey (板书并指导发音)。依次学习:tiger, panda, snake,giraffe.(并穿插游戏) 2.运用水枪,炸弹等游戏练习这几个单词。 3.一个学生做动作,另一个学生猜单词;T:this group ,two students come here one ask andone answer . 4.看多媒体图片,两组抢答。 5.认识这些动物的复数形式。 【设计意图】:利用多媒体课件形象生动地学习monkey ,tiger, panda, snake, giraffe动物单词,从而激发学生的学习兴趣。进而使用游戏操练这些单词。 Step Three: learn“I like…….And I don’t like……”

Removed_小学英语三年级We_love_animals教学设计

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小学英语三年级weloveanimals教学设计

小学英语三年级W e l o v e a n i m a l s教学设 计 -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN

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pep人教版小学英语 Animals主题练习合辑 (14)

Prescott Anglo American School Primary Years Amazing Nature Animal senses Humans have five senses; sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. We use these senses every day of our lives when we work, play, eat, drink. Animals have sense too, and sometimes they are much more powerful than ours. We have our food prepared for us But animals need to find their own food using their senses. For example, predators often have very good sight. Some birds of prey can see a mouse at a distance of 1.5 kilometers. However, they don’t always catch the mouse. Mice have amazingly good hearing and this helps them escape from predators! Insects sometimes have senses that are different from ours. For example, butterflies don’t taste with their mouths –they taste with their feet. Crickets don’t hear with their ears – they hear with their legs. Chameleons have two eyes, the same as we do, but they can move their eyes separately and look in two different directions at the same time! Some animals seem to have special sense that tells them about the future. Birds, ants and many other animals look for food more busily just before bad weather. This helps them survive because it’s more difficult to find food when the weather is bad. They know that bad weather is coming. Birds also use this ability to avoid bad weather when they fly long distances. For centuries, people have noticed that animals often behave strangely before an earthquake. For example, in January 1975, a lot of farmers in one part of China told scientists that their horses and cattle did not want to go inside the barns. A few days later, there was a large earthquake in that region. Do animals have a special sense that predicts earthquakes? The answer is probably yes, but scientists do not yet understand how it works. Answer the following questions 1.How many senses do humans have? ____________________________________________________ 2.What do animals use to find their food? ____________________________________________________ 3.Which sense do birds of prey use to catch their food? ___________________________________________________ 4.Which sense helps mice to escape from predators? ___________________________________________________ 5.What do butterflies use to taste? ____________________________________________________ 6.What do crickets use to hear? ___________________________________________________ 7.What is special about chameleons? ___________________________________________________ 8.Which animals look for food more busily before bad weather? ___________________________________________________ 9.When do they behave strangely? ___________________________________________________ 10.What did farmers tell scientists in China? __________________________________________________

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