信息科学与电子工程专业英语课后翻译答案

U n i t1E x e r c i s e s

(1)T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s i n t o C h i n e s e.

1.As with series resonance, the greater the resistance in the circuit the lower

the Q and, accordingly, the flatter and broader the resonance curve of either line current or circuit impedance.

对于串联谐振，电路中的电阻愈大Q值就愈低，相应地线路电流或电路阻抗的谐振曲线也就愈平、愈宽。

2. A wire carrying a current looks exactly the same and weighs exactly the same as

it does when it is not carrying a current.

一根带电的导线其外表与重量都与不带电导线完全一样。

3.Click mouse on the waveform and drag it to change the pulse repetition rate, or

directly enter a new value of the period in the provided dialogue box, while keeping the pulse width unchanged.

在波形上点击鼠标并拖动来改变脉冲重复频率，或者在提供的对话框中直接输入新的周期值，而保持脉冲宽度不变。

4.Electronics is the science and the technology of the passage of charged particles

in a gas, in a vacuum, or in a semiconductor. Please note that particle motion confined within a metal only is not considered electronics.

电子学是一门有关带电粒子在气体、真空或半导体中运动的科学技术。注意，在本书中粒子运动仅限于金属的情况不属于电子学。

5.Hardware technologies have played vital roles in our ability to use electronic

properties to process information, but software and data processing aspects have not developed at the same speed.

硬件技术在我们使用电子特性来处理信息的能力中一直起着重要作用，而软件及数字处理方面却没能与硬件同步发展。

6.However, in a properly designed DC amplifier the effect of transistor parameter

variation, other than Ico, may be practically eliminated if the operation point of each stage is adjusted so that it remains in the linear operation range of the transistor as temperature varies.

然而在设计得当的直流放大器中，若调节每一级的工作点使之在温度变化时保持在晶体管线性区，就能在实际上消除Ico以外的晶体管参数变化所造成的影响。

U n i t2E x e r c i s e s

(1)T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s i n t o C h i n e s e.

1.If analog signals are to be transmitted digitally, they first have to be sampled

at a specified rate and further converted to discrete amplitude samples by quantization.

如果要以数字方式传输模拟信号，首先必须以一定的频率对信号进行采样，然后通过量化进一步将它们转换为离散的幅度样本。

2.Linear filters amplify or attenuate selected spatial frequencies, can achieve

such effects as smoothing and sharpening, and usually form the basis of re-sampling and boundary detection algorithms.

线性滤波器放大或衰减选择的空间频率，能够实现像平滑和锐化这些效果，通常是重采样和边缘检测算法的基础。

3.Stability and repeatability are fundamental attributes of digital circuits,

however, and the necessary accuracy can be obtained in a digital version of the modulator by an appropriate choice of word length to represent the signals.

不过稳定性和可重复性是数字电路的基本性质，在数字式调制器中必要的精度可通过适当地选择代表信号的字长而获得。

4.The first observation is made on the fundamental relationship between the nature

of system and the periodicity of its frequency response: a continuous system has an aperiodic frequency response, while a discrete system has a periodic frequency response.

从系统性质和它频率响应的周期性之间的基本关系中首先可以看到：连续系统有非周期性的频率响应，而离散系统有周期性的频率响应。

5.The main function of the receiver is to extract the input message signal from

the degraded version of the transmitted signal coming from the channel.

接收器的主要功能是从由信道传输来的退化了的信号中提取出输入消息。

Unit 3 Exercises

(1)T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s i n t o C h i n e s e.

1. A very commonly used method of microwave measurements is based on the study of

a standing wave pattern formed along the line because of the interference of incident and

reflected waves.

一个很常用的微波测量方法是基于对驻波图型的研究，这种驻波是由入射波和反射波之间的干涉而沿着传输线形成的。

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c01904039.html,putations show a reduction of 6dB in the EM field intensity with the distance

doubled, and an increase of 3dB in the intensity with the transmitted power doubled. This result provides verification to the algorithm used.

计算表明，当距离增大一倍时，电磁场强度减小6分贝；而发射功率增大一倍时，场强则增加3分贝。

这一结果验证了所用算法的正确性。

3.Like transfer of heat by conduction, convection and radiation, microwave heating

can be considered as another mode of heat transfer, in which heat is produced directly at the location of the dielectric losses.

就像通过传导、对流、辐射来传递热量一样，微波加热可以看作热传递的另一种方式，即热量直接产生于发生介电损耗的地方。

4.Operation of the radar is based on the measurement of the time it takes for a

pulse transmitted from an antenna to get reflected by the object to be detected and to return at the antenna and the receiver.

雷达的工作是基于对天线发出的脉冲被所要探测的目标反射，（然后）回到天线和接收机所需时间的测量。

5.Other motivations for using CAD in circuit design includes the wish to acquire

confidence in a design that was accomplished by other means, and, not least in importance,

a sense of curiosity or perhaps a desire to discover the unexpected.

在电路设计中使用CAD的其它动机包括：想要验证用别的方法设计出来的电路；满足好奇心或者可能是想发现预想不到的现象。后一个动机并非是最不重要的。（取得信心，并非最不重要，意料之外的事）

6.The spacing between the repeating amplifiers is a function of the cable

attenuation and the system bandwidth so that the gain provided by these amplifiers compensates for the loss introduced by the cable.

中继放大器之间的间距是电缆衰减和系统带宽的函数，以便这些放大器提供的增益补偿电缆引起的损

耗。

7.When the cut-off frequency is no less than the maximal frequency of the original

signal, nor is it greater than the difference between the sampling frequency and the maximal frequency, the original signal may be completely rebuilt.

当截止频率不小于原始信号的最高频率，也不大于采样频率和最高频率之差，原始信号可以完整地重建。

8.While the politics of the last one hundred years centered around Industrial Age

technology, the politics of the future will be based on Information Age concerns oriented towards the storage, protection and exchange of information.

尽管近百年来的政治活动是以工业时代的技术为中心的，未来的政治活动将基于信息时代的事物，面向信息的存储、保护和交换。

U n i t4E x e r c i s e s

(1)T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g p a s s a g e s i n t o C h i n e s e.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c01904039.html,munication may be broadly defined as the transfer of information from one point

to another. When the information is to be conveyed over any distance a communication system is usually required. Within a communication system the information transfer is frequently achieved by superimposing or modulating the information on to an electromagnetic wave which acts as a carrier for the information signal. This modulated carrier is then transmitted to the required destination where it is received and the original information signal is obtained by demodulation. Sophisticated techniques have been developed for this process by using electromagnetic carrier waves operating at radio frequencies as well as microwave and millimeter wave frequencies. However, communication may also be achieved by using an electromagnetic carrier that is selected from the optical range of frequencies.

通信可以广义地定义为从一处到另一处的信息传递。当要将信息传输到任何距离以外时就需要有一个通信系统。在通信系统部，信息的传输经常通过将信息叠加或调制到作为信号载体的电磁波上来实现。

经调制的载波然后被传送到要求的目的地，在那里被接收，原始信号通过解调被恢复出来。为了实现这一过程，已经利用工作在射频、微波以及毫米波频率上的电磁载波开发了复杂的技术。不过通信也可以用光波频段上的电磁载波来实现。

2.Electronic communications is the transfer and movement of data between locations

through the use of computers. An electronic communication system includes the equipment needed to support the movement of information, the communication lines and media to carry the information, the computer software and programs to control the flow of information, the personnel to plan, implement, and operate communications, and the management of all these resources. Electronic communications establishes links between people as well as computers.

电子通信就是通过使用计算机在不同的地点之间传输数据。一个电子通信系统包括：支持信息流动所需要的设备，承载信息的通信线路和媒介，控制信息流的计算机软件和程序，计划、实施、操作通信系统的人员，以及对所有这些资源的管理。电子通信建立起人和人、计算机和计算机之间的联系。3.First generation communications systems can be characterized by the use of analog

transmission techniques, and the use of simple multiplex access techniques such as frequency division multiple access (FDMA). They suffered from a low user capacity, and security problems due to the simple radio interface used. Second generation systems were introduced in the early 1990’s, and all use digital technology. This provided an increase

in the user capacity of around three times, achieved by compressing the voice waveforms before transmission. Third generation systems are an extension on the complexity of second-generation systems and are to be introduced after the year 2000. The system capacity will be increased to over ten times original first generation systems, achieved by using complex multiplex access techniques such as code division multiplex access (CDMA), or an extension of TDMA, and by improving flexibility of services available.

第一代通信系统以模拟传输技术和简单复用技术如频分复用为特征。这些系统用户容量低，而且因为使用简单的无线电接口而存在安全问题。第二代通信系统于20世纪90年代初开始引入，全部使用数字技术。通过在传输前将话音波形压缩使得用户容量提高了三倍。第三代通信系统是对第二代系统在复杂性方面的扩展，预计于2000年以后启用。通过使用复杂的复用技术如CDMA或TDMA的扩展，并提高服务的灵活性使得系统容量比原来的第一代系统提高10倍。

4.For each combination of communication (modulation/detection) type, channel

fading model, and diversity type, the average bit error rate (BER) and/or symbol error rate (SER) of the system is obtained and represented by an expression in a form that can readily be evaluated. All cases considered correspond to real practical channels, and in many instances the BER and SER expressions obtained can be evaluated numerically on a hand-held calculator.

对于通信（调制/检测）类型、信道衰落模型、分集类型的每一种组合，得到系统的平均误码率（BER）和符号错误率（SER），并以容易求值的形式表示。所有考虑的相应于实际信道的情况，以及许多情况下得到的BER和SER表达式均可用手持计算器来计算。

5.Modulation is the systematic variation of some attribute of a carrier waveform

such as the amplitude, phase, or frequency in accordance with a function of the message signal. It is used in communication systems for matching signal characteristics to channel characteristics, for reducing noise and interference, for simultaneously transmitting several signals over a single channel, and for overcoming some equipment limitations. A considerable portion of this book is devoted to the study of how modulation schemes are deigned to achieve the above tasks. The success of a communication system depends to a large extent on the modulation.

调制是载波波形的某些属性，例如幅度、相位和频率，根据消息信号的函数有规则的变化。它用于通信系统以使信号特性匹配信道特性，减少噪声和干扰，在单个信道上同时传输多个信号，并克服某些设备的限制。本书相当大部分容是研究如何设计调制方案以实现上述任务。一个通信系统的成功很大程度上依赖于调制。

Unit 5 Exercises

(1)T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g p a s s a g e i n t o C h i n e s e.

OFDM consists of a large number of subcarriers equally spaced in a frequency band, each may be digitally modulated by a same scheme such as PSK, QAM, etc., or by different schemes.

A serially transmitted sequence is divided into a number of sections, each having N symbols, and the N symbols in each section are used to modulate N carriers for simultaneous transmission. Therefore OFDM is essentially a parallel modulation system. When the number of subcarriers is sufficiently large, the system can resist multipath interference. This is because that, in the time domain, a symbol duration longer than the multipath delay can be chosen, while in the frequency domain, each symbol only occupies a small portion of the channel’s frequency band. Thus, the effect of multipath fading spreads over many symbols, resulting in slight distortion to many symbols rather than complete destroy of a few symbols.

In this way, correct demodulation is not affected so that the signal can be accurately recovered at the receiver.

In an OFDM system, the principle of choosing the subcarrier interval is to make the subcarriers mutually orthogonal within the entire symbol period. Thus, even if spectral overlap exists between the subcarriers, the symbols can still be recovered without loss. In order to realize maximum spectral efficiency, the interval between subcarriers is usually chosen to equal the reciprocal of the symbol duration T . Therefore the subcarrier frequencies in the base band are f n = n /T , (n = 0, 1, ... , N -1). Denoting the n -th modulating symbol as X (n ), the OFDM waveform within a symbol duration can be expressed as: T t t T n j n X t x N n <≤??? ??=∑-=0,2ex p )()(10π (1)

Sampling this waveform at t = T /N yields 1,,2,1,2ex p )(2ex p )()(1010-=??? ??=??? ??=∑∑-=-=N k N nk j n X N kT j n X k x N n N n K ππ (2)

It is observed from the above expression that x (k ) and X (n ) form a discrete Fourier transform pair, therefore the baseband OFDM waveform can be generated from the discrete Fourier transform of N modulating symbols. When N =2m where m is an integer, the fast algorithm of IDFT is easy to implement.

OFDM 由大量在频率上等间隔的子载波构成。每个子载波可用同样的方案，如PSK ，QAM 等，或者用不同的方案数字调制。将串行传输的符号序列分成许多段，每一段有N 个符号，每段的N 个符号被用来分别调制N 个载波同时发送。因此，OFDM 本质上是一个并行调制系统，当载波数足够大时，这种系统具有抗多径干扰的能力。这是因为在时域上符号周期能选取得比多径延迟时间长，而在频域上每个符号只占整个信道带宽的一小部分，因此多径衰落的影响被分散到许多符号上，其结果是许多符号都发生轻度的畸变，而不是使某些符号被完全破坏。这样，不影响正确的解调，信号能在接收器中准确地恢复。

在OFDM 系统中，选择子载波间隔的原则是使子载波在整个符号周期相互正交，这样。即使在子载波间存在频谱部分重叠，符号仍能无损失地恢复。为了实现最大的频谱效率，子载波之间的间隔通常选取为符号周期的倒数。因此基带子载波频率为f n = n /T , (n = 0, 1, ... , N -1)，第n 个调制符号记为X (n )，在一个符号周期的OFDM 波形可表示：

T t t T n j n X t x N n <≤??? ??=∑-=0,2ex p )()(10

π (1)

在t = T /N 时刻采样这个波形得到： 1,,2,1,2ex p )(2ex p )()(1010-=??? ??=??? ??=∑∑-=-=N k N nk j n X N kT j n X k x N n N n K ππ (2)

从上面的表示中可以看到，x (k ) 和X (n )构成了一对离散傅里叶变换，因此基带OFDM 波形可根据N

个调制符号的离散傅里叶变换来生成。当N =2m ，其中m 为整数，IDFT 的快速算法很容易实现。

Unit 6 Exercises

(1) T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s i n t o C h i n e s e .

1. Communication is the transmission of information from one point to another. This

transmission requires the ability to vary signals with time in a manner which is

unpredictable to the receiver.

通信就是信息从一点传送到另一点。这种传送要求信号随时间发生的变化不能在接收端预测。

2.It is true of any communication system that the shape and amplitude of the

transmitted signal will be continuously degraded by the introduction of noise, and the attenuation along the transmission path.

传输的信号会不断地被噪声的引入和线路上的衰减所损伤，对任何通信系统都是如此。

3.Since the very beginning, communications systems have consisted of three major

parts, namely, the equipment, the medium, and the protocol. It is still the case today.

However, the close link of telecommunications with the computer technology has brought about tremendous changes in communications, from the concepts, to the contents and the methods.

4.从一开始通信系统就由设备、媒介和协议三个要素组成。至今依然如此。然算机技术的

紧密联系使得通信从概念到容和手段都发生了重大的变化。

5.The availability of such a large collection of system performance curves in a

single compilation allows the researcher or system designer to perform trade-off studies among the various communication type/fading channel/diversity combinations so as to determine the optimum choice in the face of his or her available constraints.

在一本书中提供如此大量的系统性能曲线，使研究者或系统设计者能在各种通信类型、衰落信道、分集组合之间进行比较研究，从而在他或她所面临的限制之下做出最佳的选择。

6.The channel provides the electrical connection between the information source

and the user. The channel can have many different forms such as a microwave radio link over free space, a pair of wires, or an optical fiber.

信道提供信息源和用户之间的电路联接。信道可以有许多不同的形式，比如自由空间里的微波联接，一对电线，或者一根光纤。

7.The degradation of the transmitted signal is a result of signal distortion due

to imperfect response of the channel and due to undesirable electrical signals (noise) and interference. Noise and signal distortion are two basic problems of electrical communication.

传输信号的退化是信号失真的结果，而这种失真又是由信道的非理想响应及不想要的电信号（噪声）和干扰引起的。噪声和信号畸变是电子通信的两个基本问题。

Unit 8 Exercises

(1)T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s i n t o C h i n e s e.

1.Early in the twentieth century, it was found that light could cause atoms to emit

electrons and that, when light released an electron from an atom, the energy possessed by the electron very greatly exceeded that which the atom could, according to the electromagnetic wave theory, have received.

在二十世纪早期，人们发现光能够使原子放出电子，而且当光从原子中释放一个电子时，电子所包含的能量大大超过由电磁波理论得到的原子所接收的能量。

2.Pulse broadening determines the minimum separation between adjacent pulses, which

in turn determines the maximum information-carrying capacity of the optical fiber.

脉冲的展宽决定了相邻脉冲之间的最小间隔，这一间隔进而又决定了光纤的最大信息容量。

3.If one were to transmit such information without impressing it on an optical

carrier but instead on a radio frequency (RF) carrier a bit higher than the maximum rate, the transmission wavelength of the RF carrier would be centimeters or larger.

《机械工程专业英语教程》课文翻译

Lesson 1 力学的基本概念 1、词汇： statics [st?tiks] 静力学；dynamics动力学；constraint约束；magnetic [m?ɡ＇netik]有磁性的；external [eks＇t?:nl] 外面的, 外部的；meshing啮合；follower从动件；magnitude [＇m?ɡnitju:d] 大小；intensity强度，应力；non-coincident [k?u＇insid?nt]不重合；parallel [＇p?r?lel]平行；intuitive 直观的；substance物质；proportional [pr?＇p?:??n?l]比例的；resist抵抗，对抗；celestial [si＇lestj?l]天空的；product乘积；particle质点；elastic [i＇l?stik]弹性；deformed变形的；strain拉力；uniform全都相同的；velocity[vi＇l?siti]速度；scalar[＇skeil?]标量；vector[＇vekt?]矢量；displacement代替；momentum [m?u＇ment?m]动量； 2、词组 make up of由……组成；if not要不，不然；even through即使，纵然； Lesson 2 力和力的作用效果 1、词汇： machine 机器；mechanism机构；movable活动的；given 规定的，给定的，已知的；perform执行；application 施用；produce引起，导致；stress压力；applied施加的；individual单独的；muscular [＇m?skjul?]]力臂；gravity[ɡr?vti]重力；stretch伸展，拉紧，延伸；tensile[tensail]拉力；tension张力，拉力；squeeze挤；compressive 有压力的，压缩的；torsional扭转的；torque转矩；twist扭，转动；molecule [m likju:l]分子的；slide滑动; 滑行；slip滑，溜；one another 互相；shear剪切；independently独立地，自立地；beam梁；compress压；revolve (使)旋转；exert [iɡ＇z?:t]用力，尽力，运用，发挥，施加；principle原则, 原理，准则，规范；spin使…旋转；screw螺丝钉；thread螺纹； 2、词组 a number of 许多；deal with 涉及，处理；result from由什么引起；prevent from阻止，防止；tends to 朝某个方向；in combination结合；fly apart飞散； 3、译文： 任何机器或机构的研究表明每一种机构都是由许多可动的零件组成。这些零件从规定的运动转变到期望的运动。另一方面，这些机器完成工作。当由施力引起的运动时，机器就开始工作了。所以，力和机器的研究涉及在一个物体上的力和力的作用效果。 力是推力或者拉力。力的作用效果要么是改变物体的形状或者运动，要么阻止其他的力发生改变。每一种

数学专业英语

数学专业英语课后答案

2.1数学、方程与比例 词组翻译 1.数学分支branches of mathematics，算数arithmetics，几何学geometry，代数学algebra，三角学trigonometry，高等数学higher mathematics，初等数学elementary mathematics，高等代数higher algebra，数学分析mathematical analysis，函数论function theory，微分方程differential equation 2.命题proposition，公理axiom，公设postulate，定义definition，定理theorem，引理lemma，推论deduction 3.形form，数number，数字numeral，数值numerical value，图形figure，公式formula，符号notation(symbol)，记法/记号sign，图表chart 4.概念conception，相等equality，成立/真true，不成立/不真untrue，等式equation，恒等式identity，条件等式equation of condition，项/术语term，集set，函数function，常数constant，方程equation，线性方程linear equation，二次方程quadratic equation 5.运算operation，加法addition，减法subtraction，乘法multiplication，除法division，证明proof，推理deduction，逻辑推理logical deduction 6.测量土地to measure land，推导定理to deduce theorems，指定的运算indicated operation，获得结论to obtain the conclusions，占据中心地位to occupy the centric place 汉译英 （1）数学来源于人类的社会实践，包括工农业的劳动，商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。 Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. （2）如果没有运用数学，任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。 No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics. （3）符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用，它常用于表示概念和命题。 Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. （4）17 世纪之前，人们局限于初等数学，即几何、三角和代数，那时只考虑常数。Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. （5）方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。 Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations. （6）方程又称为条件等式，因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。Equipment is called an equation of condition in that it is true only for certain values of unknown quantities in it. （7）方程很有用，可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。

英语专业基础英语(翻译)历年真题试卷汇编21.doc

英语专业基础英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编21 (总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、1 翻译(总题数：20，分数：40.00) 1.cultural industry（分数： 2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 2.open economy（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 3.non-profit organization（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 4.Interior Ministry（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 5.down payment（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 6.IMF（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 7.NATO（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 8.a stock exchange（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 9.The State Council（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 10.Mount Everest（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 11.anti-dumping（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 12.breaking news（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 13.national census（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 14.将下列短文译成汉语。(首都师范大学2010研，考试科目：英语翻译基础)A very large number of people cease when quite young to add anything to a limited stock of judgments. After a certain age, say 25, they consider that their education is finished.（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 15.It is perhaps natural that having passed through that painful and boring process, called expressly education, they should suppose it over, and that they are equipped for life to label every event as it occurs and drop it into its given pigeonhole. But one who has a label ready for everything does not bother to observe any more, even such ordinary happenings as he has observed for himself, with attention, before he went to school. He merely acts and reacts.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ 16.For people who have stopped noticing, the only possible new or renewed experience, and, therefore, new knowledge, is from a work of art. Because that is the only kind of experience which they are prepared to receive on its own terms: they will come out from their shells and expose themselves to music, to a play, to a book, because it is the accepted method of enjoying such things. True, even to plays and books they may bring artistic prejudices which prevent them from seeing that play or comprehending that book. Their artistic sensibilities may be as crusted over as their minds.（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________

机械工程专业英语翻译 华中科技大学版 李光布

1.机械设计过程 机械设计的最终目标是生产一种满足客户需求的有用产品，而且这种产品安全，高效，可靠，经济，实用。当回答这个问题时，广泛地思考，我将要设计的产品或系统的客户是谁？ 在产品设计之前，了解所有客户的期望和期望是至关重要的。营销专业人员经常被用来管理客户期望的定义，但是设计师可能会把他们作为产品开发团队的一部分。 许多方法被用来确定客户想要什么。一种被称为质量功能部署或QFD的流行方法寻求（1）识别客户期望的所有特征和性能因素，以及（2）评估这些因素的相对重要性。QFD过程的结果是产品的一组详细功能和设计要求。 考虑设计过程如何配合为客户提供令人满意的产品所必须发生的所有功能以及在产品的整个生命周期中为产品提供服务也很重要。事实上，重要的是考虑产品在使用寿命后如何处置。影响产品的所有这些功能的总和有时被称为产品实现过程或PRP。PRP中包含的一些因素如下： ?营销功能来评估客户的要求 ?研究确定可在产品中合理使用的可用技术 ?可以包含在产品中的材料和组件的可用性 ?产品设计和开发 ?性能测试 ?设计文件 ?供应商关系和采购职能 ?考虑全球材料采购和全球营销 参加工作的技能 ?物理工厂和设施可用

?制造系统的能力 生产计划和生产系统的控制 ?生产支持系统和人员 ?质量体系要求 ?销售操作和时间表 ?成本目标和其他竞争性问题 ?客户服务要求 ?产品在生产，操作和处置过程中的环境问题 ?法律要求 ?金融资本的可用性 你可以添加到这个列表吗？您应该能够看到，产品的设计只是综合过程的一部分。在本文中，我们将更加注意设计过程本身，但必须始终考虑设计的可生产性。产品设计和制造过程设计的同时考虑通常被称为并行工程。 2.机械设计所需的技能 产品工程师和机械设计师在日常工作中使用广泛的技能和知识。这些技能和知识包含在以下内容中： ?素描，技术制图和计算机辅助设计 ?材料的性质？材料加工*和制造过程 ?化学的应用，如腐蚀防护，电镀和喷漆 静力学动力学材料的强度，运动学和机制 流体力学，热力学和传热 ?流体动力，电气现象的基本原理和工业控制

数学专业英语课后答案

2.1 数学、方程与比例 （1）数学来源于人类的社会实践，包括工农业的劳动，商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。 Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. （2）如果没有运用数学，任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。 No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics. （3）符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用，它常用于表示概念和命题。Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. （4）17 世纪之前，人们局限于初等数学，即几何、三角和代数，那时只考虑常数。 Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. （5）方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。 Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations. （6）方程又称为条件等式，因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。Equipment is called an equation of condition in that it is true only for certain values of unknown quantities in it. （7）方程很有用，可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。 Equations are of very great use. We can use equations in many mathematical problems. （8）解方程时要进行一系列移项和同解变形，最后求出它的根，即未知量的值。To solve the equation means to move and change the terms about without making the equation untrue, until the root of the equation is obtained, which is the value of unknown term. 2.2 几何与三角 （1）许多专家都认为数学是学习其他科学技术的必备基础和先决条件。 Many experts recognize that mathematics is the necessary foundation and prerequisite of studying other science technology. （2）西方国家的专家认为几何起源于巴比伦和埃及人的土地测量技术，其实中国古代的数学家对几何做了许多出色的研究。 The western experts think that geometry had its origin in the measurements by the Babylonians and Egyptians of their lands. Infect, the ancient Chinese mathematicians made much remarkable study for geometry. （3）几何的学习使学生在思考问题时更周密和审慎，他们将不会盲目接受任何结论。 In studying geometry, the student is taught to think clearly and critically and he is led away from the practice of blind acceptance of any conclusions. （4）数学培养学生的分析问题的能力，使他们能应用毅力、创造性和逻辑推理来解决问题。

专业英语填空与翻译题

英译中 1.Engineering graduates have to pass an examination, similar the bar examinations for a lawyer. 工程专业毕业生必须通过考试，就类似于律师要通过职业考试。 2.In the engineering curriculum, a current trend is to require students to take course in social sciences. 在工程课程中，当今一个潮流就是要选修社会科学课程 3.The relationship between engineering and society is getting closer. 工程学和社会学的关系变得越来越密切 4.The student who is preparing to become a civil engineer may deal with such subjects as geodetic surveying etc. 一个想成为土木工程师的学生，或许需要学习大地测量等课程。 5.young engineers may choose to go into environmental or sanitary engineering.. 年轻的工程师可以选择环境或卫生工程 6.On-the-job training can be acquired that will demonstrate his or her ability to translate theory into practice to the supervisors. 在职培训将使主管人了解他将理论运用于实践的能力 7.The civil engineer may work in research, design ,maintenance ,even in sales op management. 土木工程师可以从事研究，设计，养护甚至于销售或管理工作 8.Research is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. 研究是科研和工程实践中最重要的方面之一 9.As we have seen, civil engineers work on many different kinds of structures practice 正如我们所知，土木工程师可从事有关建筑方面的多种工作 10.Civil engineers were necessary in the design and construction of such structures as launching pads 设计和建设像发射台这样的建筑需要土木工程师的参与 11.Many civil engineers therefore specialize in the construction phase. 许多土木工程师因此专攻施工方面工作 12.Bridge,tunnels,and skyscrapers under construction can also be dangerous places to work. 在桥梁，隧道，摩天大楼，地下建筑中工作也同样存在危险 13.These great buildings were not the product of knowledge of mathematics and physics. 这些伟大的建筑物不是数学和物理知识的产物 14.Many of these great buildings built in earlier ages were poorly constructed and sometimes collapsed with considerable loss of life 许多早期的建筑物建筑水平不高，有时甚至会倒塌造成巨大的人员伤亡 15.Since the structures designed by civil engineers are intended to be stationary or stable, these forces must be kept in balance. 土木工程师设计的目的就是使建筑物的结构稳定，所以建筑物伤各方力都必须平衡 16.If a beam supports a load above, the beam itself must have sufficient strength to counterbalance that weight 一旦梁上面有负载，那么这根梁必须有足够的强度来支撑这个负载 17.Forces that might pull the structure around must be countered with forces that pull in the opposite direction. 建筑物四周的受力必须与反方向的力平衡 18. the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the result of not considering the last of these factors. Tacoma Narrows 桥倒塌是由于没有考虑到这些因素中的最后一个 19. It is now common practice to test scale models of bridges in wind tunnels for aerodynamic resistance. 现在的通常作法是按比例缩小的桥梁模型放在风洞里检测它们的空气动力抵抗力 20. Steel and concrete complement each other in another way 钢筋和混凝土可以在另一方面互补 21. Acid corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction the opposite of acid. 酸可以腐蚀钢，而混凝土中有一种碱性化学反应，可以中和酸化作用 22. Aluminum beams have already been used for bridge construction and for the framework of a few buildings. 铝制梁已在桥梁建筑及一些建筑的框架中使用 23. Attempts are also being made to produce concrete with more strength and durability and with a lighter weight.

数学专业英语一次函数专题

“数学专业英语一次函数专题”教学设计 1. 教学内容及解析 教学内容：与直角坐标系及一次函数相关的英语文献资料 内容解析：本节内容应从两个方面去考虑. 一方面，从数学知识的角度，本节所涉及的是从平面直角坐标系到一次函数的数学知识，都是学生学过的基础知识及其应用，是对于这些知识的拉练式复习，并作为后面用英语叙述解答相关问题知识基础；另一方面，从语言的角度，学生会接触到大量没有接触过，但他们却很熟悉的英语词汇及短语，主动学习的学生可以在老师的指导下快速理解其含义并加入到自己的知识体系中，但需要花时间巩固，是需要读、写、说来巩固的内容. 这也正是本节的重点和难点所在. 2. 教学目标及解析 教学目标：①能根据已有的数学知识和给出的单词对照表，将给出的相关数学定理及结论的英语版本翻译为中文；②能理解并解答用英语表述的相关数学问题；③能将解决数学问题的过程用英语进行书面表述；④初步了解用英语表达与直角坐标系及一次函数相关数学理论的范式. 目标解析：学生掌握基本词汇，并能阅读与本节内容相关的英语文献，是学习和使用数学专业英语的最基本要求，学生需要在学习的过程中逐渐由接受，即阅读或聆听，逐渐向输出，即书面和口头表达的方向发展. 为达到此目标，学生需要在课前独立完成对于本节需要的单词的学习，并阅读一系列简短的相关数学文献，并在这个过程中初步体会数学专业英语的表达范式；在课堂上，在教师的指导下对自己的认知进一步补充，并进行一定量的练习，暴露自己的问题，在教师的帮助下修正问题，完善认知. 3. 教学问题诊断分析 学生在进行语言表达时，往往受到母语的限制，对于非母语的表达方式的接受能力一时难以习惯，而数学对于表达能力则有更高的要求，要求叙述简洁、逻辑清晰，因此本教学设计强调学生在有相当阅读量的积累后，通过自主练习，逐渐感受用英语表达数学理论的基本范式. 教师在教学过程中的主要任务在于为学生提供合适的学习资料，在学生学习的过程中给予提示与指导，及时指出学生的问题并予以纠正. 对于语言的学习，阅读量的积累是至关重要的，教师在课堂上的讲解、学生在课堂上的练习，都只是学习的一部分环节，如果需要帮助学生正确掌握表达数学理论的范式，尽量不留死角，就必须保证课前预习和课后复习的有效性，预习复习材料的充足性，这对教师的教学资料的积累和学生自主学习能力，都是一个挑战. 4. 教学支持条件分析 学情条件：初二8班是实验班，学生有较强的学习热情和好奇心，也知道课前预习、课上参与学习活动、课后复习的重要性，在曾经的数学课程教学中，也有一定的课前预习，课堂讨论的传统，对于本教学设计的各个环节，是可以理解教师的用意，并遵循教师的指导进行学习活动. 在知识层面上，学生已经系统学习过一次函数相关的知识，课程中提供的学习资料都是学生熟悉的数学知识；学生在英语学习上，已经有多年的积累，对于英语语法的学

(完整版)机械工程专业英语词汇

陶瓷ceramics 合成纤维synthetic fibre 电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion 车架automotive chassis 悬架suspension 转向器redirector 变速器speed changer 板料冲压sheet metal parts 孔加工spot facing machining 车间workshop 工程技术人员engineer 气动夹紧pneuma lock 数学模型mathematical model 画法几何descriptive geometry 机械制图Mechanical drawing 投影projection 视图view 剖视图profile chart 标准件standard component 零件图part drawing 装配图assembly drawing 尺寸标注size marking 技术要求technical requirements 刚度rigidity 内力internal force 位移displacement 截面section 疲劳极限fatigue limit 断裂fracture 塑性变形plastic distortion 脆性材料brittleness material 刚度准则rigidity criterion 垫圈washer 垫片spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear 运动简图kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear 虚约束passive constraint 曲柄crank 摇杆racker 凸轮cams

大学英语4翻译课文及课后答案,期末考试复习题完形填空15选10翻译十五选十选词填空Unit 6

Unit 6 "Don't ever mark in a book!" Thousands of teachers, librarians and parents have so advised. But Mortimer Adler disagrees. He thinks so long as you own the book and needn't preserve its physical appearance, marking it properly will grant you the ownership of the book in the true sense of the word and make it a part of yourself. HOW TO MARK A BOOK Mortimer J. Adler You know you have to read "between the lines" to get the most out of anything. I want to persuade you to do something equally important in the course of your reading. I want to persuade you to "write between the lines." Unless you do, you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading. You shouldn't mark up a book which isn't yours. Librarians (or your friends) who lend you books expect you to keep them clean, and you should. If you decide that I am right about the usefulness of marking books, you will have to buy them. There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes and furniture. But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession. Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself, and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it. An illustration may make the point clear. You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher's icebox to your own. But you do not own the beefsteak in the most important sense until you consume it and get it into your bloodstream. I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your bloodstream to do you any good. There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets and best-sellers -- unread, untouched. (This individual owns wood-pulp and ink, not books.) The second has a great many books -- a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. (This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.) The third has a few books or many -- every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back. (This man owns books.) Is it false respect, you may ask, to preserve intact a beautifully printed book, an elegantly bound edition? Of course not. I'd no more scribble all over a first edition of "Paradise Lost" than I'd give my baby a set of crayons and an original Rembrandt! I wouldn't mark up a painting or a statue. Its soul, so to speak, is inseparable from its body. And the beauty of a rare edition or of a richly manufactured volume is like that of painting or a statue. If your respect for magnificent binding or printing gets in the way, buy yourself a cheap edition and pay your respects to the author. Why is marking up a book indispensable to reading? First, it keeps you awake. (And I don't mean merely conscious; I mean wide awake.) In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tends to express itself in words, spoken or written. The marked book is usually the thought-through book. Finally, writing helps you remember the thoughts you had,

机械工程专业英语翻译合集

1.我们可以把钢再次加热到临界温度以下的某一温度，然后在慢慢让其冷却。We can heat the steel again to a temperature below the critical temperature, then cool it slowly. 2.无论任何简单的机床，都是由单一元件即通称为机械零件或部件组成的。However simple, any machine is a combination of individual components generally referred to as machine elements or parts. 3.这些金属不都是好的导体。 All these metals are not good conductors. 4. 在做带电实验的时候，再怎么小心都不为过。 You can't be too careful in performing an experiment. 5.利用发电机可以把机械能转变成电能。 The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of a generator or dynamo. 6.假定电源输入的电压保持不变。 Assume that the voltage input of the power supply remains the same. 7.化石燃料是发电过程中最为频繁使用的能源。 Fossil fuels are most frequently used source daring the power generation process. 8单个机械零件的可靠性成为评估整台机器使用寿命的基本因素。 The individual reliability of machine elements becomes the basis for estimating the overall life 9.说我们生活在一个电子时代，这一点都不夸张。 It's no exaggeration to say that we live in an electronic age. 10.发动机的转速不应超过最大允许值。 Engine revolution should not exceed the maximum permissible. 11.如能从大型核电站获得成本极低的电力，电解氢的竞争能力就会增强。（Electrolytic hydrogen）。 If extremely low-cost power were ever to become available from large nuclear power plants, electrolytic hydrogen would become competitive. 12.电子技术提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。 A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics. 13.远距离输电需要高压，安全用电需要低压。 High voltage is necessary for long transmission line while low voltage for safe use. 14.铝的电阻大约是同等尺寸的铜的1.5倍。 The resistance of aluminum is approximately half again as great as that of copper for the same dimensions = size 15.In fact,it is impossible for no force to be exerted on a body,since in this world everything is subject to the for ce of gravity. 事实上，物体不受外力作用是不可能的，因为在这个世界上任何物体都要受到重力的作用。 16.In a thermal power plant,all the chemical energy is not