《英语词汇学》知识点归纳

《英语词汇学》知识点归纳

1.单词的构成：单词由不同的字母组合而成，可以包括前缀、词根、

后缀等。

2.词根和词义：词根是单词中带有基本词义的部分，在单词形态变化

时不会改变。词根可以是一个字母、一个词或一个词组。词根可以通过前

缀和后缀的添加，以及音变等形式进行变化。

3.前缀和后缀：前缀是加在词根前面的一种字母或几个字母，可以改

变单词的意义或词类。后缀是加在词根后面的一种字母或几个字母，可以

改变单词的意义、词类或语法功能。

4.同义词和反义词：同义词是意义相近或相同的词，可以在表达时相

互替换。反义词则是意义相反的词，通常用来表达对立或对比的关系。

5.词义的变化：词义可以根据语境和用法的不同而发生变化，有时一

个词也可以具有多个意义。

6.词义的分类：词义可以分为字面意义（词义的最基本的意义）、引

申义（从原来的字面意义发展而来的新的意义）和隐喻义（使用一个词来

暗示或比喻另一个概念）。

7.词义的搭配：词义可以和其他词搭配使用，形成固定的词组或短语，这些搭配可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用单词。

8.词法关系：词汇学研究不同词之间的关系，如近义词、反义词、属

于关系等。

9.词源学：词源学研究词语的起源和发展，并追溯词汇的历史和语言

渊源。

10.词汇扩充：词汇学研究如何通过学习和运用词汇扩充词汇量，如学习词根、前缀和后缀的意义和用法，以及拆解和分析复杂单词的方法。

英语词汇学第一章

Chapter 1 1.1 What Is a Word 词的概念：A word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters. （一个词可以被定义为一组有意义的字母） 词包含以下几点： ① a minimal free form of a language.一门语言中最小的形式 ② a sound unity.一个声音统一体 ③ a unit of meaning.一个意义单位 ④ a form that can function alone in a sentence.能在句子中起独立作用的一个形式 A word is a free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.词是一门语言中具有一定的声音，意义和句法功能的最小形式 Words can be simple and complex.词可以是简单的也可以是复杂的 1.2 Sound and Meaning 声音与意义之间的关系：This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary,and there is no logical relationship between the sound and the actual thing and idea itself .The relationship between them is conventional. 这种象征性的联系几乎总是任意的，声音与实际的事物和观念本身没有逻辑关系。他们之间的关系是约定俗成的。 1.3 Sound and Form 读音与拼写不一致的原因：①The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language. ②The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. ③Some of the differences were created by the early scribes. ①英语字母表是从罗马人那里采用的，罗马人没有一个单独的字母来代表语言中的每个 声音。 ②这些年来，发音的变化比拼写的变化更快。 ③有些差异是由早期的抄写员造成的。

英语词汇学总结复习资料

大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。 第一章Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 1. 词的定义Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 2.声音与意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound. 3.读音与拼写不一致的原因The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors. （At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns） a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language. b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling c）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500 d）. Borrowing of foreign language 4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given displine and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history. The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words. 5.词汇的分类的原则Classification of Words—by use frequency，by notion，by origin the English vocabulary consist of words of all kinds. they can be classified by different criteria and for different purpose . words may fall into the word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion , and into native words and borrowed words by origin. 基本词汇的特点 1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary. 1.all national character （most important）– natural phenomena most common things and phenomena of the human body and relations world around us names of plants and animals action，size，domain，state numerals，pronouns，prep. ，conj.

英语词汇学知识点整理

词汇期末复习（C1-C7） Chapter 1 一、Word 词的定义 (1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式） (2) a sound unity (3) a semantic unity（meaning） (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能） 二、Vocabulary词汇的定义 All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary. 一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。 词的总和构成语言的词汇。词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。 三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义 The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的 四、Sound & Form发音和形式 (1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oral form. 自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。 (2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因： ①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马 ②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速 ③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同 ④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。 ⑤borrowing : words were borrowed from other languages such as Latin, Greek, French, etc.外来词 五、Classification of Words词的分类 ①Basic Words The basic vocabulary has the following characteristics: 基本词汇特点： ? 1. All national character 全民性(indispensable to all the people who speak the language). ? 2. Stability 稳定性（relatively stable or unchanged） ? 3. Productivity 多产性（form new words in combination with other roots and affixes ) ? 4. Polysemy 多义性 ? 5. Collocability 搭配性 ②Non-basic Words Non-basic vocabulary: terminology, jargon, slang, argot, dialectal words, archaisms, neologisms.非基本词包含：专业术语、行话、俚语、黑话、方言、古语、新词。 ①Content Words/Full words/National words： They denote clear notions. 能够表达清楚的含义

英语词汇学总结

Chapter 3 Word Formation I词语结构1 3.1 Morphemes词素 1. the morpheme is ‘ the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words’ 词素是“词语中最小的功能单位”。 2.Suffix：-ation：-tion, -sion, -ion. 后缀：ation 的多变体，当它们有同样的意义和语法功能时它们属于同一个后缀 3.Owing to different sound environment 因为存在不同的发生环境。 3.2 Allomorphs （语素变体）同质异晶，同质异象变体 1.Morphemes are abstract units.‘They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning’ 语素是抽象的单位,它们实际上是能发音的最小的意义载体. The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone: 语素是一个音素发音的形素 ①single morphs单一语素词： bird, tree, green, sad, want, desire, Most morphemes are realized by single morphs,Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words.大多数语素通过单个的形素实现，语素与词相同叫做单一语素词. These morphemes coincide withe words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence.Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words. 这些语素与词相同，由于它们能代表含义而且能够在句子中自由起作用。这种词叫做单一语素词 ②The plural morpheme复数语素： {-s} /s / after the sounds/t, p, k/ packs, cheats, shapes /-z/ after /d, b, g, l/ beds, bottles, fads /iz/ after/s, z, ?, ?, t?, d?/classes, dishes, garages, damages Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. 一些语素被按照形素在其中排列而认识，那些替换的形素被称为”语素变体”。 Allomorphs as such do not occur at random, but are phonetically conditioned and thus predictable.语素变体不是随机发生的，是语音条件下可以预测的 ③zero morph零形素：deer -deer, fish-fish （There are cases where the allomorphs of the plural morpheme are unusual. It can be realized by the change of an internal vowel 某种情况是复数词素的变体不常见。他可以通过内部元音的变化来认知） ④the past tense过去式 {-ed}：1）/t/ after a verb ending with /p, k/ worked, helped 2）/d/ after vowels and sounds like /m, n, ?, l/ tried, warmed, lived , enabled 3）/id/ after /t, d/ wanted, landed affixational morphemes附加语素 This prefix : depending on the first sound of the stem to which the prefix is added.

英语词汇学复习提纲

英语词汇学复习提纲 Part I概念题 1.（glossary）a list of the difficult words used in a piece of writing or subject, with explanations of their meanings 2.（phrase) a group of words that form a unit within a clause 3.（expression）unclassified linguistic unit of any length: words，phrases， sentences，paragraphs，etc。 4.(diction）the choice of words used in a speech or piece of writing 5.(vocabulary) words in general known，learnt，used，etc。or a list of words， usually in alphabetical order and with explanations of their meanings 6.(lexicon) all the words and phrases in a language or a dictionary 7.(lexis) all the words in a language 8.(word）the smallest unit of spoken or written language which has meaning and can stand alone 9.(Etymology）the study of origins and development of words 10.（Lexicography) the writing and making of dictionaries 11.（Lexical semantics) the study of words and their meanings 12.(lexicology) the study of meanings and uses of words 13.（morphology) the study of how words are formed in a language 14.（phraseology) the words and phrases used in a particular profession or activity, or a particular way of putting words together to express something 15.(collocation）a group of words which "naturally” go together through common usage 16.Morpheme: the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms 17.Root: a root is the basic unchangeable part of a word，and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. 18.A ffix: a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. It can further be divided inflectional and derivational types. 19.Prefix: a derivational or an inflectional affix that can be added to the beginning of a morpheme. 20.S uffix: a derivational or inflectional affix that can be added to the end of a morpheme。 21.C ompounding /composition: a word formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. 22.D erivation/ affixation: a word—formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix or both to the base。 23.C onversion: a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word—class without the addition of an affix. 24.I nitialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper

英语词汇学基本概念汇总

One: 1. Native words 本族词 Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words. 2. Loan words 借词 Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words. 3. Slang words 俚语 Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary. 4. Function words 功能词 Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else. 5. Content words 实义词 Content words are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. 6. Free forms 自由形式 Forms which occur as sentences are free forms. Two: 1. Morphemes 语素 Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. 2. Allomorphs 语素变体 Allomorphs are any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. 3. Free morpheme 自由语素 Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. 4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素 Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. 5. Root 词根 Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. 6. Affix 词缀 Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. 7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀 Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. 8. Derivational affix 派生词缀 Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has specific lexical meaning hand can derive a word when it is added to another morpheme.

英语词汇学知识点归纳

《英语词汇学》知识点归纳(总16 页) --本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可-- --内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--

English Lexicology(英语词汇学) Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. The Nature and Scope of English lexicology： English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to： English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) The reason for a student to study English lexicology： According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English. A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study. Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes （4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary Vocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary Classification of English Words： By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary By notion:content words&functional words By origin:native words&borrowed words

英语词汇学基本概念汇总

英语词汇学基本概念汇总

《英语词汇学》重要术语 One: 1. Native words 本族词Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words. 2. Loan words 借词Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words. 3. Slang words 俚语Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary. 4. Function words 功能词Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else. 5. Content words 实义词Content words are

used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. 6. Free forms 自由形式Forms which occur as sentences are free forms. Two: 1. Morphemes 语素Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. 2. Allomorphs 语素变体Allomorphs are any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. 3. Free morpheme 自由语素Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. 4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素Bound

英语词汇学知识点整理

英语词汇学知识点整理 Chapter 1 Word and Vocabulary ns A word is defined as a minimal free form。a sound unity。a semantic unity。and a form that can n alone in a sentence. Vocabulary refers to all the words in a language。It is the sum of all the words。and the XXX is like that een an individual and a group. Sound and Meaning XXX. Sound and Form

The written form of a natural language is the XXX een sound and form occur due to the n of the English alphabet from the Romans。XXX。the differences created by nal scribes。and the continuing XXX. XXX languages。such as Latin。Greek。French。etc。are known as borrowing or loanwords。These words have been incorporated into the language over time and have e a part of the vocabulary. In terms of n。words can be divided into basic words and non-basic words。Basic words are XXX to all speakers of the language。stability。productivity。polysemy。XXX-basic words。on the other hand。include terminology。jargon。slang。argot。dialectal words。archaisms。and neologisms. Content words。also known as full words or nal words。are able to express clear meanings。while nal words。also known as empty words or form words。show the XXX.

英语词汇学总结复习资料

英语词汇学总结复习资料 大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。 第一章Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 1. 词的定义Word ——A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 2.声音与意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional.E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound. 3.读音与拼写不一致的原因The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors. （At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns） a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language. b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling c）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500 d）. Borrowing of foreign language 4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，

英语词汇学汪榕培知识点

英语词汇学汪榕培知识点 汪榕培是一位著名的英语词汇学家，他在英语词汇学领域有着 丰富的知识和研究成果。以下是一些关于英语词汇学的知识点，涵 盖了汪榕培的研究内容： 1. 词汇的定义，汪榕培认为，词汇是语言的基本单位，是由音、形、义三个方面组成的。他强调了词汇在语言中的重要性，指出词 汇是语言的核心和基础。 2. 词汇的分类，汪榕培将英语词汇分为实词和虚词两大类。实 词包括名词、动词、形容词和副词，用来表示具体的事物、行为和 属性。虚词包括介词、连词、冠词和代词，用来连接、修饰和限定 实词的意义。 3. 词汇的构成，汪榕培研究了英语词汇的构成方式，包括派生、合成、转化和缩略等。他指出，通过这些构词方式，可以创造出大 量的新词汇，并丰富语言的表达能力。 4. 词义的演变，汪榕培关注了英语词汇的词义演变问题。他研 究了词义的扩展、缩小、转义等现象，揭示了词义变化的原因和规

律。他认为，词义的演变是语言发展的重要方面。 5. 词汇的语法功能，汪榕培探讨了词汇在句子中的语法功能。他研究了词汇的句法位置、词序、语法关系等问题，揭示了词汇与句子结构的关系，对句子的理解和构建具有重要意义。 6. 词汇的语用功能，汪榕培关注了词汇在交际中的语用功能。他研究了词汇的语用意义、语用规约和语用推理等问题，揭示了词汇在语言交际中的作用和影响。 7. 词汇的教学应用，汪榕培的研究成果对英语词汇教学具有指导意义。他提出了一些教学方法和策略，帮助学习者更好地掌握和运用词汇，提高语言表达能力。 以上是关于英语词汇学的一些知识点，涵盖了汪榕培的研究内容。英语词汇学是一个广阔而有趣的领域，通过深入学习和研究，我们可以更好地理解和运用英语词汇。

英语词汇学复习大纲整理

1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ ： （1) a minimal free form of a language; (2） a sound unity ； (3） a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence 。 A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.) 1.2 sound and meaning :symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional 。 A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question 。 1.3 sound and form : 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)