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英美文学史习题

英美文学史习题
英美文学史习题

《英美文学史及选读》习题

I Define the following literary terms:

1.Blank verse

2.Epic

3.Mmetaphysical school of poetry

4.Cavalier poets

5.Alliteration

6.Realistic novels

7.Augustan Age

8.Sentimentalism

9.Humanism

10.Puritan Age

11.Anglican Church

12.Allegory

13.Alexanderine

14.Ballad

15.Mystery play

16.Carpe Dime Tradition

17.Characterization

18.Oxford Reformers

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/cb523257.html,edy

20.Conceit

21.Couplet

22.Elegy

23.Epigram

24.Essay

25.Iambic Pentameter

26.Irony

27.Lyric

28.Miracle Play

29.Mock Epic

30.Morality Play

31.Narrative Poem

32.Neo-classicism

33.Octave

34.Ode

35.Pastoral

36.Point of view

37.Refrain

38.Romance

39.Romanticism

40.Satire

41.Sonnet

42.Spenserian Stanza

43.Renaissance

44.Enlightenment

45.Run-on Line

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/cb523257.html,edy of Manner

47.Mock-Heroic/ Mock-epic

48.The Augustan Poets

49.Assonance

50.Caesura

II. Choose one or more than one suitable answers to each statement.

1 _____ was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.

a. Thomas Wyatt

b. William Shakespeare

c. Phillip Sidney

d. Thomas Campion

2At the beginning the 16th century the outstanding humanist_____ wrote his Utopia in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people?s suffering and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.

a. Christopher Marlowe

b. Thomas More

c. Phillip Sidney

d. Edmund Spencer

3Choose the “University Wits ” from the following writers.

a. John Lyly

b. Robert Greene

c. Christopher Marlowe

d. Shakespeare

4From the following choose the one______ that is not by Francis Bacon.

a. The Advancement of Learning

b. The New Instrument

c. Of Studies

d. The rape of the Lock

5Which play is not a comedy?

a. The Jew of Malta

b. Every One in His Humor

c. A Midsummer Night’s Dream

d. Much Ado about Nothing

6The name “the father of English poetry” was given to the greatest poet born in London about 1340 and the one who did much in making the dialect of London (Midland dialect the language of the court, the learned and the well-to do) the foundation for modern English language.

a. Shakespeare

b. Spenser

c. Philip Sidney

d. Chaucer

7 _____was the first buried in the Poet?s Corner of Westminster Abby.

a. Southy

b. Francis Bacon

c. Shakespeare

d. Chaucer

8The prevailing form of Medieval English literature is the _______.

a. plays

b. romance

c. essays

d. masques

9 Songs of Innocence is a_______.

a. sequence of lyrics

b. epic

10 Robinson Crusoe is a _________.

a. Historical novel

b. satirical novel

c. realistic novel

d. allegorical novel

11 Beowulf is the most important and the first epic in the Old English ever written. It was written in _______.

a. sonnets

b. ballads

c. alliteration

d. heroic couplet

12 Pamela is a___________.

a. historical novel

b. romance

b. novel of naturalism d. novel of epistles and psychology

13 I Wandered lonely as a Cloud is a ________.

a. lyrical poem

b. lyrical prose

c. romance in prose

d. sonnet

14 he Merry Wives of Windsor is a ______.

a. comedy

b. tragedy

c. historical play

d. morality play

15 The title of “Poet?s poet” is given to the writer of the following work __ _____.

a. Death Be Not Proud

b. Venus and Adonis

c. Romeo and Juliet

d. The Faerie Queen

16 Chaucer was the first important poet of a royal court to write in______ after the

Norman conquest.

a. French

b. Latin

c. English

d. Celt

17. The father of the school of Metaphysical poets is _______.

a. Thomas More

b. Spenser

c. John Donne

d. Wyatt

18. The culmination of all Renaissance translation is ________.

a. King James Bible

b. New Instrument

19. The Cavaliers mostly dealt in short songs on the flitting joys of the day, but

underneath their light-heartedness lies some foreboding of _____ to enjoy the present day. This is typical of pessimism and cynicism.

a. philosophical thought

b. impending doom

c. intellectual idea

d. expecting happiness.

21. In Paradise Lost the author eulogizes the spirit of ______ that is though lost, but

the ______cannot be conquered, and the pursuit of revenge, immortal hate towards god will never be overcome.

a. pessimism, knowledge

b. optimism, ideal

c. rebellion, will

d. cynicism, concept

21. The Medieval Drama includes all the following except _________.

a. miracle plays

b. morality plays

c. tragedies

d. interludes

22. Sir Gawain and the Green Night is usually considered the summit

in__________ in romance.

a. Matters of Britain

b. Matters of France

c. Matters of Italy

d. Matters of Greece

23. In the 17th century, especially during the period of military dictatorship there

appeared some changes in literature. Some new genres replaced the old ones.

Among the old ones, _______ was (were) the most prominent one.

a. essays

b. sonnets

c. novels

d. drama

24. Protestants refers to all the religious sects except ________.

a. Church of England

b. Puritanism

c. Calvinism

d. Catholicism

25. In 1066, ___ led the Norman army to invade and defeat England.

a. William the conqueror

b. Julius Caesar

c. Alfred the Great

d. Claudius

26. The prevailing form of Medieval English literature is the ______.

a. epic

b. mystery play

c. romance

d. sonnet

27. In 1649, ______ was beheaded. English became a commonwealth.

a. James I

b. James II

c. Charles I

d. Charles II

28. Who of the following were the important metaphysical poets?

a. John Donne

b. George Herbert

c. John Milton

d. Richard Lovelace

29. The Glorious Revolution in 1688 marked the beginning of a (n)_________.

a. absolute monarchy b, constitutional monarchy

c. military dictatorship

d. democratic system

30Milton is __________.

a) a. a great revolutionary poet of the 17th century

b) b. an outstanding political pamphleteer

c) c. a great stylist

d) d. a great master of blank verse

31John Milton was_______.

a. blind in his later life

b. a Cavalier poet

c. the author of Samson Agoniestes

d. a metaphysical poet

32In his blindness, Milton wrote his most important poetic works , such as ______.

a. Paradise Lost

b. Samson Agonistes

c. The L?Allegro

d. Song to Celia

33 Choose the poets who belong to the Cavalier group.

a. Sir John Suckling

b. Richard Lovelace

c. Thomas Carew

d. George Herbert

34Most of the English writers in the 18th century were Enlighteners. They fell into two groups, one is_______, and the other is_________.

e) a. the moderate group, the radical group

f) b. the lake poets, the younger generation

g) c. the Metaphysical poets, the cavalier poets

h) d. the lake poets; the sentimentalists

35In the 18th century, satire was much used in writing, and English literature of this age produced some excellent satirists, such as ______.

a. Pope

b. Swift

c. Defoe

d. Blake

36In the 18th century English literature, the representative writers of neo-classicism is _____.

a. Pope

b. Swift

c. Defoe

d. Milton

37In the 18th century English literature, the representative writers of realism were _______.

a. Richardson

b. Fielding

c. Smollett

d. Goldsmith

38 ________found its representative writers in the field of poetry, such as Young and Gray, but it manifested itself in the novels of Sterne and Goldsmith.

a. Pre-romanticism

b. Romanticism

c. Sentimentalism

d. Naturalism

39In the early 18th century English writers of the neo-classic school were_______.

a. Pope

b. Addition

c. Steele

d. Goldsmith

40 Which are Pope?s works?

a. An Essay on Criticism

b. An Essay on Man

c. The Rape of the Lock

d. The Rape of Lucrece

41 In the middle decades of the 18th century, _____ became the leader of the neo-classic school in English poetry and prose.

a. Pope

b. Samuel Johnson

c. Robert Burns

d. William Blake

42_______compiled “The Dictionary of the English language” which became the foundation of all the subsequent English Dictionaries.

a. Ben Jonson

b. Samuel Johnson

c. Alexander Pope

d. John Dryden

43Choose the representative poets of pre-romanticism in the 18th century and the forerunners of romanticism.

a. Thomas Gray

b. Edward Young

c. William Blake

d. Robert Burns

44In the last twenty years of the 18th century, England produced two great romantic poets. They are _____.

a. Johnson and Blake

b. Gray and Young

c. Pope and Goldsmith

d. Blake and Burns

45Henry Fielding was a versatile man. He was_______.

a. a novelist

b. a dramatist

c. an essayist

d. a political pamphleteer

46 ________ is a satirical novel, in which the author Fielding exposes the English aristocratic society and mocks at its political system.

a. A Modest Proposal

b. Gulliver’s Travels

c. Volpone

d. Jonathan Wild the Great

47Oliver Goldsmith was a versatile writer. Today he is chiefly remembered for his four main works. Which are they?

a. The Vicar of Wakefield

b. The Deserted Village

c. She Stoops to Conquer

d. The Citizen Of The World

48Who was the greatest dramatist in the 18th century?

a. Goldsmith

b. Sheridan

c. Sterne

d. Fielding

49 Chaucer was the first important poet of royal court to write in ______ after the Norman Conquest.

a. French

b. Latin

c. English

d. Greek

50 “To err, is human, to forgive, divine” and “ A little learning is a dangerous thing.” are taken from the poems written by ______.

a. John Milton

b. Francis Bacon

c. William Shakespeare

d. Alexander Pope

51In English P oetry the phrase …the deep? is often referred to _______.

a. the hell

b. the heart

c. the sea

d. the grave

52Of Truth was written by a British essayist_______.

a. William Shakespeare

b. George Bernad Shaw

c. Francis Bacon

d. John Donne

53“ Conceit” is a term applied in particular to the school represented by_______.

a. Herrick

b. Ben Jonson

c. Pope

d. John Donne

54 _____ is one of Shakespeare?s famous four tragedies.

a. Romeo and Juliet

b. Julius Caesar

c. Anthony and Claopatra

d. Othello

55One of the following plays takes its subject matter from Chinese history.

a. Henry VI

b. Everyone in His Humor

c. The Riva ls

d. Tamburlain

56 More is known as a writer, statesman and _______.

a. humanist

b. merchant

c. socialist

d. soldier

7Apology for Poetry is a_______.

a. sonnet

b. literary criticism

c. novel

d. play

58The “Mighty line” in Marlowe?s play means________.

a. blank verse

b. sonnet

c. couplet

d. free verse

59The recurrent theme of Marlowe?s plays is the praise of ______.

a. capitalism

b. church

c. feudalism

d. individualism

60 The literary genre which best represents the literary achievement in Renaissance is _____.

a. novel

b. drama

c. poetry

d. romance

61The themes of Faerie Queene can be expressed as followings except______.

a. nationalism

b. Catholicism

c. Puritanism

d. humanism

62 Dr. Faustus sells his soul to the devil because________.

i) a. he is forced by Mephitophilis

j) b. he wants to gain more money

k) c. he wants to live an extravagant life

l) d. he hopes to know more about the world

63Iago is a character in the play_______.

a. Hamlet

b. Macbeth

c. King Lear

d. Othello

64The filial ingratitude is the theme of _______.

a. The Tempest

b. Anthony and Cleopatra

c. King Lear

d. Othello

65In Shakespeare?s sonnet sequence he highly praises human beings, the value of humans themselves, and the ______. Here God seems not to have any importance in human beings? life, and not have any controlling power over human beings? fates.

a. friendship

b. value

c. indignity

d. fraternity

III Give brief answers to the following questions:

1. What are the major themes of D.H Lawrence?s novels?

2. Briefly comment on the characteristics of Hamlet?s personality.

3 Analyze the main idea and artistic features of Paradise Lost.

4 Analyze the image of Robinson Crusoe.

5 Give a brief analysis of Portia, a character in The Merchant of Venice.

6 Talk about the common features of Romanticism.

7 What?s the theme of A Modest Proposal by Swift?

8 Talk about the features of A Modest Proposal by Swift..

9 Briefly talk about the three literary careers of Shakespeare and their features.

10 Briefly talk about the image of Satan in Paradise Lost.

11 Talk about the essential features of romance in the Medieval British literature.

12 What is Chaucer?s contribution to English language?

13 Talk about the social significance of The Canterbury Tales.

14 Talk about Thomas More?s Utopia.

15 When were Shakespeare?s major tragedies written? What did he write about in his tragedies?

16 In which period did Shakespeare write his major comedies? What are they about?

17 W hat do Shakespeare?s his torical plays about?

18What features do Shakespeare?s plays possess?

19 Tell the main idea of The Merchant of Venice.

20Make comments on the heroines in Shakespeare?s comedies.

IV Read the following passages and answer the attached questions: Passage 1

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate.

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,

And summer's lease hath all too short a date.

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimmed;

And every fair from fair sometime declines,

By chance or nature's changing course untrimmed;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st;

Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade

When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st.

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee..

Questions:

1.This is one of Shakespeare?s best known______.

a. sonnets b, ballads c, songs

2.It runs in iambic pentameter rhymed in_________.

3.The fourteen lines include three stanzas according to their content with the last

two lines as ______which complete the sense of the whole poem.

a. prelude

b. couplet

c. epigraph

Passage 2

The youngster was in clothed in scarlet red,

In scarlet fine and gay;

And he did frisk it over the plain,

And chanted a roundelay.

As Robin Hood next morning stood,

Amongst the leaves so gay;

There did he espy the same young man,

Come drooping along the way.

The scarlet he wore the day before,

It was clean cast away;

And at every step he fetched a sigh,

Alack and well-a-day!”

Questions:

1.The above stanzas are taken from _________.

2.The youngster referred in the poem is ______.

3.This poem is typical a poem of _______.

Passage 3

What though the field be lost?

All is not lost: the unconquerable will,

And study of revenge, immortal hate,

And courage never to submit or yield:

And what is else not to be overcome?

That glory never shall his wrath or might

Extort from me. To bow and sue for grace

With suppliant knee, and deify his power

Who, from the terror of this arm, so late

Doubted his empire-that were low indeed;

That were an ignominy and shame beneath

This downfall; since, by fate, the strength of gods

And this empyreal substance, cannot fail;

Questions:

1. 1. These lines are written in __________.

2. 2. In the second line …the unconquerable will? refers to the will of _____.

a. Zeus

b. Satan

c. God

d. Adam

3. 3. These lines are taken from a very famous ________ entitled ________.

4. 4. Who is the author of this poem?

5. 5. What?s the central theme of these lines?

6. 6. What do you think of the writing features of the passage?

Passage 4:

I lay down on the grass, which was very short and soft, where I slept sounder than ever I remember to have done in my life, and as I reckoned, above nine hours; for when I awaked, it was just daylight. I attempted to rise, but was not able to stir: for as I happened to lie on my back, I found my arms and legs were strongly fastened on each side to the ground; and my hair, which was long and thick, tied down in the same manner. .I likewise felt several slender figures across my body, from my armpits to my thighs. I could only look upwards; the sun began to grow hot, and the light offended my eyes. I heard a confused noise about me, but in the posture I lay, could see nothing except the sky. In a little time, I felt something alive moving on my left leg, which advancing gently forward over my breast, came almost up to my chin; when bending my eyes downwards as much as I could, I perceived it to be a human creature not six inches high, with a bow and arrow in his hands, and a quiver at his back.

Questions:

1. 1. this passage is taken from a well-known book written by______.

2. 2. The …I? in the passage was dropped in a strange country, the name of which

is _______.

3. 3. The title of the book is__________.

4. 4. The …I? in the passage is ______________.

5. 5. what is the writing features of the passage?

Passage 5

My friend Roger, being a good churchman, has beautified the inside of his church with several texts of his own choosing; he has likewise given a handsome pulpit cloth, and railed in the communion table at his own expense. He has often told me that, at his coming to his estate, he found his parishioners very irregular; and that in order to make them kneel and join in the responses, he gave every one of them a hassock and a Common Prayer book, and at the same time employed an itinerant singing masters,

who goes about the country for that purpose, to instruct them rightly in the tunes of the Psalms, and indeed outdo most of the country churches that have ever heard.

Questions:

1. 1. This passage is taken from a periodical named______.

2. 2. The Title of the passage is ___________________.

3. 3. The …I” in the passage is supposed to be _____________.

a. Mr. Spectator

b. Addison

c. Steel

4. 4. What kind of person is Sir Roger?

5. 5. What is the writing features of the passage?

Passage 6

There also was a Nun, a Prioress;

Simple her way of smiling was and coy,

Here greatest oath was only by St Loy

And she was known as Madam Eglantyne.

And well she sang a service, with a fine

Intoning through her nose, as was m ost seemly,

And she spoke daintily in French, extremely,

After the school of Stratford-atte-Bowe;

French in the Paris style she did not know.

Questions:

1.This passage is taken from __________of the Canterbury Tales by

__________.

2.Here the poet seems to ___________ the Nun, because of the Nun?s behavior Being _______ of church?s request..

Passage 7

When in disgrace with fortune and men?s eyes,

I all alone beweep my outcast state,

And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries,

And look upon myself and curse my fate,

Wishing me like him, like him with friends possess?d

Desiring this man?s art, and that man?s scope,

With what I most enjoy contented least;

Yet in these thoughts myself almost despising,

Haply I think on thee; and then my state,

Like to the lark at break of day arising

From sullen earth, sings hymns at heaven?s gate:

For thy sweet love rememb?red such wealth brings

That then I scorn to change my state with kings.

Questions:

1.The poem is written in the poetic form of _________.

2.In this poem Shakespeare highly speaks of ________, which is more precious

that nothing could be exchanged with it.

Passage 8

How the chimney-sweeper?s cry

Every black?ning church appalls;

And the hapless soldier?s sigh

Runs down palace walls.

But most thro? mid-night streets I hear

How the youthful harlots curse

Blasts the new-born infant?s tear,

And blights with plagues the marriage hearse.

Questions:

1.What is title of the poem?

2.Where is this poem taken from_________.

3.Who is the writer of this poem.

4.The theme of this poem is _____________________________.

Passage 9

Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight,

And all the air a solemn stillness holds,

Save where the beetle wheels droning flight,

And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds.

Save that from under ivy-mantled tower

The moping owl does to the moon complain

Of such, as wandering near her secret bower,

Molest her ancient solitary reign.

Questions:

1.Those two stanzas are taken from-__________by _______.

2.The poem is written in the metrical meter of _______pentameter.

3.The sequence time of the poem is from __________ to ___________, together

with the country scene especially the cemetery in the churchyard to foil the sadness and melancholy.

4. 4. This poem can be regarded as the typical poem of __________, or maybe

you can call it a poem of ________.

Passage 10

Till a? the sea gang dry, my dear,

And the rocks melt wi? the sun

And I will luve thee stilll, my dear,

While the sands o' life shall run.

V.A nd fare thee weel, my only Luve,

And fare the weel, a while!

And I will come again, my Luve,

Tho' it ware ten thousand mile!

Questions:

1.These two stanzas are taken from ________ written by_________.

2.These two stanzas express the speaker?s ________ to come b ack to his love, no

matter how far, or hard the journey is.

Discussion

Questions for Discussion in American Literature in General

1 Twain was a boy, and an old man, but never was he a man.

2 Nothing happens in Henry James? novels(Mark Twain).

3 Henry James is an acquired taste.

4 What is Jamesian style?

5 What are the two formulas of O Henry?s short stories?

6Is Robert Frost a modern poet or a traditional poet? Why?

7 Compare Whitman and Dickinson: similarities and differences.

8 In What sense does The Autobiography by Benjamin Franklin form a sharp contrast to The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald?

9 What are Poe?s theories of poetry and of short stories respectively?

10 What are the most striking features of Poe?s poetry?

11 What is the most striking similarity between Hawthorne and Melville?

12 What is Hawthorne?s view of human nature?

13 In what sense is Hawthorne opposite to Emerson?

14 What is Emerson?s view of nature?

15 What are the main ideas of American Transcendentalism?

Questions for The Fall of the House of Usher by Poe

1 How is the character of Roderick used as a gothic symbol of physical and psychological isolation?

2 How does the tarn possess symbolic meaning?

3 How does Roderick?s abstract painting serve both foreshadowing and symbolic functions?

4 What contrasts involved in the ballad “The Haunted Palace” also appear in the story itself?

5 What part does suspense play in the total effect of the story?

6 In what larger sense can the story be understood?

Questions for The Raven by Poe

1 What is the general mood of the poem? How is this mood created and strengthened?

2 What are metrical features of the poem?

3 What are the sound devices used in the poem? How do these devices contribute to the creation of the general atmosphere?

4What might be the function(s )of the raven in the poem, and its symbolic meaning ?

5What might be the theme of the poem? What do you think the poet intends to convey in this poem?

Questions for William Faulkner, “A Rose for Emily”

1. How do the townspeople know what they know about Miss Emily?s life? What is the source of their information?

2. Consider the mixed quality of the townspeople?s reactions to Miss Emily?s “failures.”

3. What is the significance of Miss Emily?s actions after the death of her father?

4. What role does Homer Barron play in the story? Is there anything ironic about a match between him and Miss Emily?

5. Look closely at the second paragraph in section five. What does this paragraph suggest about the nature of people?s memories of the past?

6. What is the horrible revelation about Miss Emily that the story ends with? How is this related to the overall meaning of the story?

英美文学史及选读习题答案

I. Definition of Literary Terms:

1 Blank verse

Unrhymed iambic pentameter. See also Meter. In the 1540s Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, seems to have originated it in English as the equivalent of Virgil's unrhymed dactylic hexameter. In Gorboduc (1561), Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton introduced blank verse into the drama, whence it soared with Marlowe and Shakespeare in the 1590s. Milton forged it anew for the epic in Paradise Lost (1667).

2. Epic

A long narrative poem, typically a recounting of history or legend or of the deeds of a national hero and of reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down. Later on this literary genre was written down by the poets, such as Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained. Two of the greatest epics are Homer?s Iliad and Odyssey. While in British literary history, the national epic is Beowulf. During the Renaissance, critical theory emphasized two assumptions:

3. Metaphysical Poetry

The poetry of John Donne and other seventeenth-century poets who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas.

4. Cavalier Poets

Cavalier poets were often courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and called themselves “sons” of Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elegant, amorous and gay, but often superficial. They mostly dealt in short songs on the flitting joys of the day, but underneath their

light-heartedness lays some foreboding of impending doom. This spirit of pessimism and cynicism is typical of the aristocratic class in decline.

5. Alliteration

The repetition of the beginning accented syllables near to each other with the

same consonantal sound, as in many idiomatic phrases: “safe and sound”;

“thick and thin”; “right as rain”. Alliteration is thus the opposite of rhyme, by

which the similar sounds occur at the ends of the syllables.

6. Realism

A term used in literature and art to present life as it really is without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. Realistic writing often depicts the everyday

life and speech of ordinary people. This has led, sometimes to an emphasis on

sordid details.

7. Augustan Age

A period in history of a literature when it reaches its highest standards in

certain early identified qualities: refinement, clarity, elegance, and balance of judgments. This coincided in Roman literature with the reign of the Emperor Augustus ( 27 BC-AD 14). Generally speaking, Augustan age can be extended

back to Dryden and forward to include the work of Pope and Samuel Johnson;

in fact, to include all those English writers who shared the literary ideas of the

reign of Anne. This period of English culture was indeed one in which there

was an especially high admiration for the classical Augustan age, the age of

Virgil, Horace, and Ovid, and for the standards of criticism prescribed by

Horace in his Art of Poetry. ( Ars Poetica)

8. Sentimentalism

Sentimentalism originated in the 18th century, and was a direct reaction against the cold, hard commercialism and rationalism that had dominated people?s life since the last decades of the 17th century. Besides, it seemed to have appeared hand in hand with the rise of realistic English novel. Sentimentalism often relates to sentimentality

and sensibility in some literary works such as Richardson?s Pamela; Goldsmith?s The Vicar of Wakefield; Sterne?s A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy. In Poetry, we have Thomas Gray?s “An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”, Goldsmith?s “The Deserted Village”, and Cowper?s “Task”, not mention the various odes of sensibility which flourished in the later half of the century.

9. Humanism

Humanism refers to the main literary trend and is the keynote of English Renaissance. Humanists took interest in human life and human activities and

gave expression to the new feeling of admiration for human beauty, human achievement.

10. Puritanism

The term is used in a narrow sense of religious practice and attitudes, and in a

broad sense of an ethical outlook, which is much less easy to define.

First in its strict sense, “Puritan” was applied to those Protestant reformers

who rejected Queen Elizabeth?s religious settlement of 1560. This settlement

sought a middle way between Roman Catholicism and the extreme spirit of

reform of Geneva. The Puritans, influenced by Geneva, Zurich, and other continental centers, objected to the retention of bishops and to any appearance

of what they regarded as superstition in church worship---the wearing of

vestments by the priests, and any kind of religious image. Apart from their

united opposition to Roman Catholicism and their insistence on simplicity in religious forms, Puritans disagreed among themselves on questions of doctrine

and church organization. Puritans were very strong in the first half of 17th

century and reached its peak of power after the Civil War of 1642-6, a war,

which was ostensibly religious, although it was also political.

Secondly the broad sense of a whole way of life, Puritanism has always represented strict obedience to the dictates of conscience and strong emphasis

on the virtue of self-denial. The word “Puritan” is often thought to imply

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