介绍(Introduction)

介绍（Introduction）

这个文档用来描述指纹软件开发包及怎么使用这个指纹开发包。

指纹开发包文档包包含以下几个部分

1.这个文档（包括COM API和DLL API的说明及部分样例代码等）

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c13995166.html,组件（Efat com.dll）提供指纹模板的登记，识别等功能，该COM组件必须在指纹仪的支持下

能使用，如果没有指纹设备，COM组件将不会正常运行。

3.DLL动态库（ServerMatcher.dll）只提供指纹模板的比对识别功能，不需要指纹设备的支持。

4.样例代码(https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c13995166.html,样例，Delphi样例，服务器ASP代码样例)

指纹识别开发包支持本地和WEB网络上指纹比对及传输。

本地程序中调用中使用自定义消息的方式来完成一个指纹处理过程。所有处理结果都用自定义消息的方式返回。

在WEB网络中，则通过与服务器端的通讯来完成一个指纹处理过程。在WEB网络中，指纹传输的数据格式是以一个XML文档的形式来实现的，XML文档中的指纹数据都经过加密处理。指纹传输是以XMLHTTP协议来实现的。并且WEB中传输中，支持自定义数据的传输。

开发包组件支持平台说明

指纹软件开发包目前只支持Windows2000、Windows2003、Windows XP、Windows Vist a等Windows32位操作系统，如果需要支持64位Windows系统或WindowCE嵌入式操作系统，请与我们联系。暂不提供Unix、Linux等系统下的开发包。

指纹软件开发包支持所有支持COM组件调用的的开发工具，典型的如：Microsoft Visual C++、Microsoft Visual Basic、Delphi等。指纹软件开发包也支持嵌入到WEB页中，WEB服务器端的ASP服务中。

COM组件注册（COM Registration）

在你的程序中使用指纹COM组件前，必须先在操作系统中注册这个COM组件。

注册命令如下：R egsvr32.exe Efatcom.dll

如果下取消注册，则命令如下：R egsvr32.exe Efat com.dll –u

定义和术语

Binary Large Object(BLOB):数据库中用于存取模板的的可以存储大尺寸数据的数据类型。Enrollment:这是在数据库中为用户建立和存储参考模板的过程。首先从指纹敏感器上收集一个或多个图像，提取显著的特征数据，然后合并结果得到一个模版。

Identification:一个指纹与数据库中的模板比较来确认身份，也就是匹配操作, 也就是，名字和手指头号码和指纹关联。

Image Item:使用的SDK传入的图像数据和接受的自应用程序的图像数据是一个不透明的图像项目。一个图像项目包含像素数据，尺寸数据和其他SDK专有数据。这个SDK API 包含的函数能在应用程序中使用，可以从一个图像项目中提取重要数据。

Match Template:从敏感器上获得的一个或者多个图像来建立模板，用来鉴定操作。在鉴定期间，匹配模板与参考模板相比较来确定它们是否表现相同的指纹。

Reference Template: 在登记程序期间创建的模板。

Validat ion:一个指定的识别情形。一个指纹与SDK数据库中的指定的用户进行匹配，如果它是匹配，则得到确认信息。

Verification:逆着应用程序提供的模板列表匹配一个指纹的匹配操作。应用程序将使用一个验证操作，当它继续参考自己的数据库里的样板时。

COM API 接口参考

以下我们将介绍COM API的函数，属性，常量定义。具体函数调用及参数在下几章用例子来说明。

函数(Public Member Funcitons)

HR ESULT SetMa inWnd(long newVal);

作用： 设置接受自定消息的窗口句柄，这个函数在本地应用程序中必须使用

参数： newVal窗口的句柄 HWND

返回值：S_OK成功，否则失败

HR ESULT StartTransa ct ion(short workmode);

作用：开始指纹处理过程

参数： workmode用户要处理的类型，具体定义在常量列表中

返回值：S_OK成功，否则失败

EndTra nsa ction

作用：结束指纹处理

参数：无

返回值：S_OK成功，否则失败

CalibrateSensor

作用：校准指纹敏感器

参数：无

返回值：S_OK成功，否则失败

HR ESULT SaveImage(BSTR pFileName);

作用：保存指纹图像到一个文件

参数： pFileName 指定的文件名

返回值：S_OK成功，否则失败

HR ESULT GetMat chTemplate(BYTE *pMatVal,long *pSizeVal,[out, retval]BOOL *bR et);

作用：获取匹配模板

参数： pMatVal,用于存储匹配模板的内存空间，必须足够的大，比如设置为20480 pSizeVal,匹配模板的大小

bR et,函数实例的返回值

返回值：S_OK成功，否则失败

SetMatchTemplate

ret val]BOOL *bR et);

作用：设置匹配模板

参数： newMatVal,匹配模板的内存地址

newSizeVal,匹配模板的大小

bR et,函数实例的返回值

返回值：S_OK成功，否则失败

HR ESULT Get ReferenceTemplate(BYTE *pR efVal,long *pSizeVal,[out,

ret val]BOOL *bR et);

作用：获取参考模板

参数： pRefVal,用于存储参考模板的内存空间，必须足够的大，比如设置为8096 pSizeVal,匹配模板的大小

bR et,函数实例的返回值

返回值：S_OK成功，否则失败

HR ESULT SetReferenceTemplate(BYTE *newR efVal,long newSizeVal,[out,

ret val]BOOL *bR et);

作用：设置参考模板

参数： newRefVal,参考模板的内存地址

newSizeVal,匹配模板的大小

bR et,函数实例的返回值

返回值：S_OK成功，否则失败

HR ESULT VerifyTemplateInner([o ut, ret val]BOOL *bR et);

作用：使用在SDK调用时设置的参考模板和匹配模板间进行比对

参数： bRet,函数实例的返回值

返回值：S_OK成功，否则失败

VerifyTemplateOneToOne

*MatVal,long MatSize,[out, ret val]BOOL *bR et);

作用：从外部指定一个参考模板和一个匹配模板进行比对

参数： RefVal,参考模板的内存地址

R efSize, 参考模板的大小

MatVal,匹配模板的内存地址

Mat Size,匹配模板的大小

bR et,函数实例的返回值

返回值：S_OK成功，否则失败

ClearItems

作用：清除添加的自定义项

参数：无

返回值：S_OK成功，否则失败

HR ESULT AddText Item([in] BSTR newElement,[in] BSTR newVal);

作用：添加一个文本类型的数据项

参数： newElement数据项名称

newVak 数据项值

返回值：S_OK成功，否则失败

HR ESULT AddIntItem([in] BSTR newElement,[in] long newVal);

作用：添加一个整形类型的数据项

参数： newElement数据项名称

newVak 数据项值

返回值：S_OK成功，否则失败

属性(Propert ies)

int ShowStatusText [Get,Set]

是否在控件窗口中显示状态提示，1表示显示，0表示不显示

BSTR UserNa me [Get,Set]

指定用户名，这个属性主要用于WEB应用中，用户传输编号，下载模板

ResultID

指纹处理后的返回值

StatusText

状态提示文本

int EnrollCount [Get,Set]

设置登记次数，最少3次，对多8次

int SoundHint [Get,Set]

是否启动声音提示，1有声音提示，0无声音提示，提示的声音有下面的Sound开头的属性来设置

SoundProcess

设置按手指过程中的声音提示文件

SoundEnrollSucceed

设置登记成功后的声音提示文件

BSTR SoundEnrollFa il [Get,Set]

设置登记失败后的声音提示文件

BSTR SoundIdent ifySucceed[Get,Set]

设置识别成功后的声音提示文件

SoundIdent ifyFail

设置识别失败后的声音提示文件

int TimeOut [Get,Set]

设置超时时间，0表示不超时，1表示10秒，2表示20秒，以此类推

常量(Const)

以下为Workmode

T RANS_CAPTUREIMAGE

采集指纹图像

#define TRANS_ENROLLTOWEB 1

登记指纹模板，然后上传至WEB服务器(会要求登记主从两个手指的指纹模板) #define T RANS_VALIDATEFORMWEB 2

从服务器下载指定用户的模板，然后在本机计算机识别

T RANS_IDENTIFYTOWEB

上传匹配模板至服务器，在WEB服务器端进行识别

#define T RANS_ENROLLINNER 4

在本机计算机登录指纹模板，用户自己决定模板存储到的位置

#define T RANS_VALIDATEINNER 5

在本地计算机上识别(验证)指纹模板，参考模板必须在开始处理之前设置

以下为自定义消息

#define WM_FPSMSG WM_USER+800

W indows窗口自定消息

#define FM_SHOW_ST AT US0

WPARAM参数，状态更新提示，LPARAM是状态文本

FM_SHOW_NEWIMAGE

WPARAM参数，显示指纹图像

#define FM_CAPTURE_NEWIMAGE 2

WPARAM参数，采集到新的指纹图像

#define FM_ENROLL_COMPLETE 3

WPARAM参数，登记完成后，LPARAM参数低字节为1时表示登记成功，否则登记失败FM_IDENTIFY_COMPLETE

WPARAM参数，识别完成后，LPARAM参数低字节为1时表示识别成功，否则识别失败#define FM_VERIFY_COMPLETE 5

WPARAM参数，验证完成后，LPARAM参数低字节为1时表示验证成功，否则验证失败#define FM_FOCUS_LOST 14

#define FM_T IMEOUT15

设备超时

DLL API 接口参考

以下我们将介绍DLL API的函数。

StartMatcher

说明：开始指纹匹配器

参数：无

返回值：TRUE，成功，FALSE 失败

CloseMat cher

说明：关闭指纹匹配器

参数：无

返回值：TRUE，成功，FALSE 失败

BOOL VerifyTemplateOneToOne(BYTE pMatchTemp[],UINT nMatchSize,BYTE

pR efTemp[],UINT nR efSize);

说明：1：1识别参考模板和匹配模板

参数：pMatchTemp[]，匹配模板 nMatchSize，匹配模板大小

pRefTemp[]，参考模板 nRefSize，参考模板大小

返回值：TRUE，识别成功，FALSE 识别失败

建立指纹应用程序的基本步骤

1．导入类型库(Act iveX),开发工具自动产生调用代码

2．新建一个工程

3．在主窗体创建或主窗体载入事件中，添加代码

SetMainWnd(hWnd)

设置组件发送自定义消息的目标窗口

4．添加这个窗口消息的自定义消息处理代码

LR ESULT CALLBACK WindowProc(HWND hwnd,UINT uMsg,WPARAM wParam,LPARAM lParam );

Win32 SDK中直接加入添加到上面函数中，其他的开发工具中，可能需要重载或映射

5．开始一个指纹处理过程

StartTransact ion(0)

运行这个函数后，设备等待按手指，采集到指纹图像后，将发送自定义消息到指定的窗口，窗口收到自定义消息后，用户即可以按自己的意愿来处理数据了。收到自定义消息后，这个指纹处理过程就自动完成。6．结束一个指纹处理过程

EndTransact ion()

结束一个正在工作的指纹处理过程

7．以上是基本指纹处理流程,运用得当，可以完成任意的指纹应用。

Delphi应用样例（Delphi 7 版本）

1．安装组件

点击 Delphi7 菜单中的 Component->Inst all Act iveX Control …弹出

选中ATSCCOM 1.0类型库，按后点击Install …,根据提示完成Delphi的组件安装，安装完后在

Delphi的组件面板Act iveX栏会出现图标

拖放这个图标到窗体上即可。

要查看Delphi中类型库的详细内容，可以打开ATSCCOMLib_TLB.pas文件，该文件由Delphi自动生成，在Delphi的Inmport s目录下可以找到;

2．DEMO程序界面如下

3．DEMO程序指纹处理部分

添加自动消息，用于接收指纹处理消息

在Unit1.pas文件的Type下的Private出添加代码

procedure WMFPSMessage(var Msg:TMessage);message WM_FPSMSG;

在Unit1.pas文件的Implementat ion下添加

procedure TForm1.WMFPSMessage(var Msg:TMessage);

var

FpsMsg:DWOR D;

R etHigh:WOR D;

R et Low:WOR D;

fs:TFileStream;

revbuf:array[0..20480]of BYTE;

revs ize:integer;

begin

FpsMsg:=Msg.WParam;

RetLow:=msg.LParamLo;

R etHigh:=msg.LParamHi;

case FpsMsg of

FM_CAPTURE_NEWIMAGE:

begin

at scctrl1.GetMat chTemplate(revbuf[0],revsize);

fs:=TFileStream.Create(m_appptah+'mat ch.dat',fmCreat e);

fs.Posit ion:=0;

fs.W rit e(revbuf,revsize);

fs.Free;

if AtscCtrl1.VerifyTemplateInner=1 then

begin

ShowMessage('Ident ify succeed');

end else

begin

ShowMessage('Ident ify fail');

end;

end;

FM_ENROLL_COMPLETE:

begin

if Ret Low=1 then

begin

at scct rl1.GetReferenceTemplat e(revbuf[0],revsize);

fs:=TFileSt ream.Creat e(m_appptah+'referrence.dat',fmCreate);

fs.Position:=0;

fs.Writ e(revbuf,revsize);

fs.Free;

end;

end;

FM_VERIFY_COMPLETE:

begin

if Ret Low=1 then

begin

ShowMessage('Ident ify succeed');

end else

begin

ShowMessage('Ident ify fail');

end;

end;

end;

end;

这部分代码用于接收自定义消息，指纹处理的各种状态通过消息来实现。

4．WEB部分,要设置两个地址，用于XMLHTTP协议的Post和Get。服务器端为Windows Server 2003+IIS+ASP 2.0。

服务端基本代码(部分)

<%@ WebHandler Language="VB" Class="upload" %>

Imports Syst em.Web

Imports Syst em.Xml

Imports Syst em.Web.Services

Public Class upload Implements Syst em.Web.IHttpHandler

Sub ProcessRequest(ByVal cont ext As HttpCont ext) Implement s IHttpHandler.ProcessRequest

Dim strType As St ring

Dim xmlDoc As New XmlDocument()

xmlDoc.Load(cont ext.R equest.InputStream)

xmlDoc.Save("c:\Inetpub\wwwroot\fps.xml")

'成功必须返回succeed,失败fail

context.R esponse.Writ e("succeed")

xmlDoc = Not hing

End Sub

ReadOnly Propert y IsR eusable() As Boolean Implement s

IHttpHandler.IsR eusable

Get

R eturn False

End Get

End Propert y

End Class

5．详细代码见DEMO源代码

Microsoft Visua l Basic 样例（VS 2005）1．安装组件

点击VS 2005的项目->添加引用菜单，打开

然后在工具栏上加上选项卡

2．界面如下

3．代码

自定义消息处理部分代码

Protected Overrides Sub WndProc(ByRef m As Message)

Dim fmsg As Int eger = m.WParam.ToInt32

Dim ret l As Integer = LOWOR D(m.LParam.ToInt32)

Dim ret h As Integer = HIWOR D(m.LParam.ToInt32)

If m.Msg = WM_FPSMSG Then

Select Case fmsg

Case FM_CAPTUR E_NEWIMAGE

MessageBox.Show("Capture Image succeed")

Case FM_ENROLL_COMPLETE

I f ret l = 1 Then

MessageBox.Show("Enroll fingerprint template succeed")

D im tpsize As Int eger

D im tpbuf(7500) As Byte

If AxAtscCtrl1.GetReferenceTemplat e(tpbuf(0), tpsize) = 1 Then

Dim fpdat(tpsize) As Byt e

CopyMemory(fpdat, tpbuf, tpsize)

Dim sql As St ring = "SELECT * FROM FingerDB"

Dim conn As OleDbConnect ion = New OleDbConnection

conn.Connect ionString = connect ionSt ring

If conn.Stat e <> Connect ionSt at e.Open Then

conn.Open()

End If

Dim adapter As OleDbDat aAdapt er = New

OleDbDataAdapter(sql, conn)

Dim cmdBuilder As OleDbCommandBuilder = New OleDbCommandBuilder(adapter)

Dim ds As Dat aSet = New DataSet("FingerDB")

adapt er.MissingSchemaAct ion =

MissingSchemaAct ion.AddWithKey

adapt er.Fill(ds, "FingerDB")

Dim row As Dat aRow = ds.Tables("FingerDB").NewRow() row("ID") = Text Box1.Text

row("Templat e") = fpdat

ds.Tables("FingerDB").Rows.Add(row)

adapt er.Updat e(ds, "FingerDB")

If conn Is Nothing Then

If conn.St at e = ConnectionState.Open Then

conn.Close()

End If

conn.Dispose()

End If

MessageBox.Show("Save to database")

End If

E lse

MessageBox.Show("Enroll Fail")

End If

Case FM_VERIFY_COMPLETE

If ret l = 1 Then

MessageBox.Show("Ident ify succeed")

E lse

MessageBox.Show("Ident ify fail")

End If

End Select

E lse

MyBase.WndProc(m)

End If

End Sub

4．详细代码见DEMO源代码

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英语自我介绍例文模板： Sample1 My name is ________. I am graduate from ________ senior high school and major in ________. There are ________ people in my family. My father works in a computer company. And my mother is a housewife. I am the youngest one in my family. In my spare time, I like to read novels. I think reading could enlarge my knowledge. As for novels, I could imagine whatever I like such as a well-known scientist or a kung-fu master. In addition to reading, I also like to play PC games. A lot of grownups think playing PC games hinders the students from learning. But I think PC games could motivate me to learn something such as English or Japanese. My favorite course is English because I think it is interesting to say one thing via different sounds. I wish my English could be improved in the next four years and be able to speak fluent English in the future. Sample2: I am . I was born in . I graduate from senior high school and major in English. I started learning English since I was 12 years old. My pa rents have a lot of American friends. That’s why I have no problem communicating with Americans or others by speaking English. In my spare time, I like to do anything relating to English such as listening to English songs, watching English movies or TV programs, or even attending the activities held by some English clubs or institutes. I used to go abroad for a short- term English study. During that time, I learned a lot of daily life English and saw a lot of different things. I think language is very interesting. I could express one substance by using different sounds. So I wish I could study and read more English literatures and enlarge my knowledge. Sample3: My name is . There are 4 people in my family. My father is a Chemistry teacher. He teaches chemistry in senior high school. My mother is an English teacher. She teaches English in the university. I have a younger brother, he is a junior high school student and is preparing for the entrance exam. I like to read English story books in my free time. Sometimes I surf the Internet and download the E- books to read. Reading E- books is fun. In addition, it also enlarges my vocabulary words because of the advanced technology and the vivid animations. I hope to study both English and computer technology because I am interested in both of the subjects. Maybe one day I could combine both of them and apply to my research in the future. Sample4: My name is . I am from . There are people in my family. My father works in a computer company. He is a computer engineer. My mother works in a international trade company. She is also a busy woman. I have a older sister and a younger brother. My sister is a junior in National Taiwan University. She majors in

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The introduction presents first, with all possible clarity, the nature and scope of the problem investigated. 2, it briefly reviews the pertinent literature to orient the reader. 3, it states the method of the investigation and the reasons for the choice of a particular method. 4, it states the principal results of the investigation. 5, it states the principal conclusions suggested by the results, which lets the reader follow the development of the evidence. The introduction is to introduce the paper. Thus, the first item mentioned above (definition of the problem) is the cardinal one. And, obviously, if the problem is not stated in a reasonable, understandable way, readers will have no interest in the solution. Presenting the problem in a meaningful way can impress readers with the brilliance of the solution after readers laboring through the paper. The literature review and choice of method presented in such a way make the reader understand what the problem was and how to resolve it. The statement of principal results and conclusions plays the role of the capstone in the instruction. This road map from problem to solution is so important that a bit of redundancy with the abstract is often desirable. The introduction has a “funnel”shape, moving from broad and general to narrow and specific. In the introduction it begins with information on the importance of the overall topic, then identifies an unresolved question about that aspect, and finally says how the current research addressed the question. An introduction structured like this provides a helpful and hospitable welcome. The paper may well be read by people outside the narrow specialty, therefore, the introduction defines some specialized terms or abbreviations.

英语口语集锦-介绍(introduction)

英语口语集锦－介绍(introduction) making introductions 给人作介绍 1. jane, tom. tom, jane. 2. jane, this is tom, tom, this is jane. 3. jane, i’d like you to meet my friend tom. 4. jane, have you met tom? 5. jane, do you know tom? 6. look, tom’s he re. tome, come and meet jane. 7. jane, this is tom. he’s a friend from college. 8. jane, tom is the guy i was telling you about. 9. do you know each other? 10. have you two met ? 11. have you two been introduced? 12. allow me to introduce professor linda ferguson of harvard university. 13. let me introduce our guest of honor, mr.david morris. 14. if you want to be introduced to the author, i think i can arrange it.

making a self-introduction 作自我介绍 1. may i introduce myself 2. hello, i’m hanson smith. 3. excuse me, i don’t think we’ve met. my name’s hanson smith. 4. how do you do? i’m hanson smith. 5. i’m david anderson. i don’t believe i’ve had the pleasure. 6. first let me introduce myself. i’m peter white, production manager. 7. my name is david. i work in the marketing department. after being introduced. 被介绍与对方认识后. 1. i’m glad to meet you. 很高兴认识你. 2. nice meeting you. 很高兴认识你. (平时用得最多的是nice to meet you ) 3. how nice to meet you. 认识你真高兴. 4. i’ve heard so much about you. 我知道很多关于你的事儿. 5. helen has told me all about you. 海伦对我将了好多你的事儿. 6. i’ve been wanting to meet you for some time.

大学英语第一章

Chapter 1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom I.Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). 1.Great Britain includes 3 constituent countries: England, Scotland, and Wales. 2.When people outside the UK talk about England, they mistake it as Britain sometimes. 3.Most people in Scotland speak the old Celtic language, called “Gaelic”. 4.The stereotype of the English gentleman never applied the majority of the British people. 5.The title of Prince of Wales is held by a Welsh according to tradition. 6.“Ulster”, referring to Northern Ireland, was once an ancient Irish Kingdom. 7.The majority of Irish people were descendants of the original Celtic people inhabited British Isles before the Romans arrived 2000 years ago. 8.Most British people are Protestants while most Irish people are Catholics. 9.Sinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland. 10.The Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985 guaranteed the loyalist Protestant community their right to decide their future in Northern Ireland. II.Fill in the blanks. 1.Britain is now a ______ society which produces a population of which 1 in 20 are of ______ ethnicity. 2.Britain is a country with a history of invasions. In 43 AD Britain was invaded by ______ in the late 8th century they experienced raids from Scandinavia and in the 11th century they suffered invasions from ______. 3.Charles the First, king of Britain, was executed, because he attempted to overthrow ______ in the English Revolution. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c13995166.html, two Scottish cities which have ancient and internationally respected universities: ______ and ______. 5.Although Wales is the smallest of the three nations on the mainland, it’s good at getting ______ from abroad, particularly Japan and ______. 6.To pursue Irish independence, the most spectacular event in the Irish history was

第一章 翻译概述

Chapter I Introduction to Translation Studies Contents 1. Definitions of Translation 2. The Chinese Translation History 3. Western Translation History 1. Definitions of Translation Q: What is Translate? Its Etymology The word translation derives from the Latin translatio (which itself comes from trans- and fero, the supine form of which is latum, together meaning "to carry across" or "to bring across"). The Ancient Greek term for translation, μετ?υρασι?(metaphrasis, "a speaking across"), has supplied English with metaphrase (a "literal," or "word-for-word," translation) —as contrasted with paraphrase ("a saying in other words", from παρ?υρασι?, paraphrasis).[8] Metaphrase corresponds, in one of the more recent terminologies, to "formal equivalence"; and paraphrase, to "dynamic equivalence."[9] Strictly speaking, the concept of metaphrase —of "word-for-word translation" —is an imperfect concept, because a given word in a given language often carries more than one meaning; and because a

英文科技学术论文Introduction写法

大多数英文科技学术论文都可以使用一种所谓Introduction-Methods-Results and Discussion (IMRAD) 的形式，如下图的沙漏所示，先由普遍到具体问题，再由具体到普遍结论。 这里先总结Introduction的写法和注意事项。 与中文论文“简短”的“概述”(或“前言”)不一样，英文的Introduction内容通常较长。好的论文在Introduction部分很见功底，文献的阅读量、信息综合能力，可以给读者很多的信息量，因此写好它容不得半点马虎。 Introduction(说明综述)部分的内容通常用来为作者创造一个研究空间。先介绍目前的研究现状，然后指出存在的不足或尚没有解决的问题，最后再介绍“存在的问题”是“如何”被作者的研究所解决。因此，Introduction可以由这“三波”或者说“三部分”来组成。 具体而言，这“三波”如此展开： 第一波：提出研究现状和此研究的重要性 先通过陈述表明所要研究问题的重要性——当然这部分内容不是必须，并介绍此领域的研究现状，具体可参考文献综述引用。 研究问题要与自己的研究内容高度相关，时态一般可用一般现在时，并通过很确定的语气和具体的形容词来强调研究的重要生。

The flow of foams is seen in many process, and its use in major industries means that an understanding of foam rheology is of paramount importance. 第二波：强调有必要解决存在的问题 指出该研究目前存在的问题，可以通过提问的方式或者通过某种方式扩展此领域已有知识和结论。 这一波非常重要，只有指出存在的问题或尚待解决的问题，才能突显出自己的研究价值。在这一部分的写作时，一般通过转折词来表示过渡，并在指出问题时使用负面的词汇。 … ; however, the relationship between emergence and soil temperature has not been investigated previously… In contrast to the extensive literature describing ….., little attention has been paid to…第三波：介绍作者自己的研究内容 介绍作者的研究目的和大致的研究内容。也可以在此部分表明自己的研究假设前提，宣布自己的主要研究发现、它们的价值，如有需要，也可以介绍论文的框架结构——方便读者了解复杂的文章结构。 这部分的内容主要用来介绍作者如何“填补”提出的“问题”或“不足”。 This paper presents the results of an extensive experimental program… 关于此处的时态，比如是presents还是presented? 即是一般过去时还是一般现在时？一般而言： ?如果主语是paper, article, thesis, report等指代文章本身的抽象词汇，使用一般现在时； ?如果主语是实验调查本身，比如study, experiment, investigation等具体词汇，使用一般过去时或一般现在时都可以。 万能法则：此处的时态如果拿不准，一直使用一般现在时。

Chapter 1 Introduction to English Lexicology

Chapter 1 Introduction to English Lexicology I. Introduction 1. What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information. 2. What is linguistics? ?Generally speaking, linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of language. Major branches of linguistics phonetics (the study of the characteristics of speech sounds), phonology (the study of the sound patterns of languages), morphology (the study of the form of words), lexicology (the study of the vocabulary of a given language), syntax (the study of the rules governing the combination of words into sentences), semantics (the study of the meaning of language), pragmatics (the study of meaning in context of use) …… 3. What is lexicology? ?To put it simple, lexicology is a science of words. ?To be more exact, lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, formation, meaning and usage (or application). II. Lexicology and Words 1. The connection of lexicology with other branches of Linguistics Morphology, Semantics, Etymology and Lexicography 2. What is a word? It can be defined as (Jackson and Amvela 2000): ? A word is an uninterruptible unit of structure consisting of one or more morpheme. Uninterruptible means that words are 'Internally stable', namely, a word, as a unit of structure can not be interrupted by other modifier elements. Or: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.

introduction写作方法及技巧

科技学术论文Introduction 引言的主要内容是交代此项研究的来龙去脉，简要说明课题的缘起与背景，性质与意义，动机与目的、主要理论根据及其基本原理等，同时指出相关领域内前任的研究成果、存在问题和知识空白，以表明本项研究的连续性和需要性，叙述有关本课题的历史沿革是为了温故而知新，但应注意掌握适当的范围和尺度，一般来说仅需要介绍极密切的有关史料即可，不宜泛泛赘述大量历史文献，否则会造成Introduction长而乏味。 first：提出研究现状和此研究的重要性 second：强调有必要解决存在的问题 third：介绍作者自己的研究内容、提出创新性 逻辑的连贯 内容的创新 词汇简洁 时态 1. What is an introduction? The introduction section shows the questions that should be answered for the readers once they finish reading the “Introduction”. 2. What’s the purpose of the introduction? The introduction comes at the start of a piece of writing. Without this part, the reader cannot easily understand the more detailed information about the research that comes later in the thesis. It introduces: （1）.the research by situating it (by giving background), （2）.presenting the research problem , and saying how and why this problem will be solved , （3）.explaining why the research is being done. (ratio'nale) which is crucial for the reader to understand the significance of the study. 3. How should I start? You may want to start your introduction by describing the problem you are trying to solve, or the aim of your work 4. How to build a model of introduction? Read the following introduction and decide what the author tells us in each sentence. 5. The model of introduction.

format of a research paper introduction论文的标准格式

Writing a Research Paper Introduction – A step-by-step reference The introduction is the first chapter of a research paper. It starts from the research proposal stage, but it is critical to understand the difference between the introduction of a research proposal and that of a research paper. At the proposal stage, the introduction is presented in a future tense expressing the intensions and expectations of the researcher, whereas that of the research paper is in the past tense, revealing what actually happened. A research paper Introduction plays an essential role of preparing the reader’s mind to follow the paper as it unveils the problem, the researcher’s intervention, intentions and expectations. Sections of a research paper introduction The introduction constituents and sequence m ajorly depend on the type of research and format undertaken. ?Background: Reveals an identified and well defined problem, exploring its history and nature with reference to the existing literature. It should indicate the root of the problem, its extent, the affected, previous investigations, etc.; highlighting the research paper introduction in general, and ensuring proper perception of the situation at hand. ?Statement of the problem: Is the core of the issue/problem and must be clearly defined. It states exactly what the problem is, justifying that the study narrows or bridges the gap between what it is and what it ought to be. ?Purpose of the study: Is derived from the statem ent of the problem. It states why one decides to study the problem and the role of his/her research to solve the problem. ?Objectives of the study: These constitute the targets a researcher intends to achieve. They act as a yardstick for the research exercise and must be specific, m easurable and achievable. ?Research questions: These are research guiding questions generated from objectives. The researcher needs to answer them as part of the investigation. ?Hypotheses: These are guiding predictions of the outcom e of the study. Basing on research questions, an assumption derived form existing theories,