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大学英语精读第三版第四册课文及课文翻译

大学英语精读第三版第四册课文及课文翻译
大学英语精读第三版第四册课文及课文翻译

大学英语精读第三版第四册课文及课文翻译

Unit 1

Text

Two college-age boys, unaware that making money usually involves hard work, are tempted by an advertisement that promises them an easy way to earn a lot of money. The boys soon learn that if something seems to good to be true, it probably is.

BIG BUCKS THE EASY W AY

John G. Hubbell

"You ought to look into this," I suggested to our two college-age sons. "It might be a way to avoid the indignity of having to ask for money all the time." I handed them some magazines in a plastic bag someone bad hung on our doorknob. A message printed on the bag offered leisurely, lucrative work ("Big Bucks the Easy Way!") of delivering more such bags.

"I don't mind the indignity," the older one answered.

"I can live with it," his brother agreed.

"But it pains me," I said,"to find that you both have been panhandling so long that it no longer embarrasses you."

The boys said they would look into the magazine-delivery thing. Pleased, I left town on a business trip. By midnight I was comfortably settled in a hotel room far from home. The phone rang. It was my wife. She wanted to know how my day had gone.

"Great!" I enthused. "How was your day?" I inquired.

"Super!" She snapped. "Just super! And it's only getting started. Another truck just pulled up out front."

"Another truck?"

"The third one this evening. The first delivered four thousand Montgomery Wards. The second brought four thousand Sears, Roebucks. I don't know what this one has, but I'm sure it will be four thousand of something. Since you are responsible, I thought you might like to know what's happening.

What I was being blamed for, it turned out, was a newspaper strike which made it necessary to hand-deliver the advertising inserts that normally are included with the Sunday paper. The company had promised our boys $600 for delivering these inserts to 4,000 houses by Sunday morning.

"Piece of cake!" our older college son had shouted.

" Six hundred bucks!" His brother had echoed, "And we can do the job in two hours!"

"Both the Sears and Ward ads are four newspaper-size pages," my wife informed me. "There are thirty-two thousand pages of advertising on our porch. Even as we speak, two big guys are carrying armloads of paper up the walk. What do we do about all this?"

"Just tell the boys to get busy," I instructed. "They're college men. They'll do what they have to do."

At noon the following day I returned to the hotel and found an urgent message to telephone my wife. Her voice was unnaturally high and quavering. There had been several more truckloads of ad inserts. "They're for department stores, dime stores, drugstores, grocery stores, auto stores and so on. Some are whole magazine sections. We have hundreds of thousands, maybe millions, of pages of advertising here! They are crammed wall-to-wall all through the house in stacks taller

than your oldest son. There's only enough room for people to walk in, take one each of the eleven inserts, roll them together, slip a rubber band around them and slide them into a plastic bag. We have enough plastic bags to supply every takeout restaurant in America!" Her voice kept rising, as if working its way out of the range of the human ear. "All this must be delivered by seven o'clock Sunday morning."

"Well, you had better get those guys banding and sliding as fast as they can, and I'll talk to you later. Got a lunch date.

When I returned, there was another urgent call from my wife.

"Did you have a nice lunch?" she asked sweetly. I had had a marvelous steak, but knew better by now than to say so.

"Awful," I reported. "Some sort of sour fish. Eel, I think."

"Good. Your college sons have hired their younger brothers and sisters and a couple of neighborhood children to help for five dollars each. Assembly lines have been set up. In the language of diplomacy, there is 'movement.'"

"That's encouraging."

"No, it's not," she corrected. "It's very discouraging. They're been as it for hours. Plastic bags have been filled and piled to the ceiling, but all this hasn't made a dent, not a dent, in the situation! It's almost as if the inserts keep reproducing themselves!"

"Another thing," she continued. "Your college sons must learn that one does not get the best out of employees by threatening them with bodily harm.

Obtaining an audience with son NO. 1, I snarled, "I'll kill you if threaten one of those kids again! Idiot! You should be offering a bonus of a dollar every hour to the worker who fills the most bags.

"But that would cut into our profit," he suggested.

"There won't be any profit unless those kids enable you to make all the deliveries on time. If they don't, you two will have to remove all that paper by yourselves. And there will be no eating or sleeping until it is removed."

There was a short, thoughtful silence. Then he said, "Dad, you have just worked a profound change in my personality."

"Do it!"

"Yes, sir!"

By the following evening, there was much for my wife to report. The bonus program had worked until someone demanded to see the color of cash. Then some activist on the work force claimed that the workers had no business settling for $5 and a few competitive bonuses while the bossed collected hundreds of dollars each. The organizer had declared that all the workers were entitled to $5 per hour! They would not work another minute until the bosses agreed.

The strike lasted less than two hours. In mediation, the parties agreed on $2 per hour. Gradually, the huge stacks began to shrink.

As it turned out, the job was completed three hours before Sunday's 7 a.m. deadline. By the time I arrived home, the boys had already settled their accounts: $150 in labor costs, $40 for gasoline, and a like amount

for gifts—boxes of candy for saintly neighbors who had volunteered station wagons and help in delivery and dozen roses for their mother. This left them with $185 each — about two-thirds the minimum wage for the 91 hours they worked. Still, it was "enough", as one of them put it, to

enable them to "avoid indignity" for quite a while.

All went well for some weeks. Then one Saturday morning my attention was drawn to the odd goings-on of our two youngest sons. They kept carrying carton after carton from various corners of the house out the front door to curbside. I assumed their mother had enlisted them to remove junk for a trash pickup. Then I overheard them discussing finances.

"Geez, we're going to make a lot of money!"

"We're going to be rich!"

Investigation revealed that they were offering " for sale or rent" our entire library.

"No! No!" I cried. "You can't sell our books!"

"Geez, Dad, we thought you were done with them!"

"You're never 'done' with books," I tried to explain.

"Sure you are. You read them, and you're done with them. That's it. Then you might as well make a little money from them. We wanted to avoid the indignity of having to ask you for……"

一个大学男孩,不清楚赚钱需要付出艰苦的劳动,被一份许诺轻松赚大钱的广告吸引了。男孩们很快就明白,如果事情看起来好得不像真的,那多半确实不是真的。

轻轻松松赚大钱

“你们该看看这个,”我向我们的两个读大学的儿子建议道。“你们若想避免因为老是向人讨钱而有失尊严的话,这兴许是一种办法。”我将挂在我们门把手上的、装在一个塑料袋里的几本杂志拿给他们。塑料袋上印着一条信息说,需要招聘人投递这样的袋子,这活儿既轻松又赚钱。(“轻轻松松赚大钱!”)“我不在乎失不失尊严,”大儿子回答说。

“我可以忍受,”他的弟弟附和道。

“看到你们俩伸手讨钱讨惯了一点也不感到尴尬的样子,真使我痛心,”我说。

孩子们说他们可以考虑考虑投递杂志的事。我听了很高兴,便离城出差去了。午夜时分,我已远离家门,在一家旅馆的房间里舒舒服服住了下来。电话铃响了,是妻子打来的。她想知道我这一天过得可好。

“好极了!”我兴高采烈地说。“你过得怎么样?”我问道。

“棒极了!”她大声挖苦道。“真棒!而且这还仅仅是个开始。又一辆卡车刚在门前停下。”

“又一辆卡车?”

“今晚第三辆了。第一辆运来了四千份蒙哥马利-沃德百货公司的广告;第二辆运来四千份西尔斯-罗伯克百货公司的广告。我不知道这一辆装的啥,但我肯定又是四千份什么的。既然这事是你促成的,我想你或许想了解事情的进展。”

我之所以受到指责,事情原来是这样:由于发生了一起报业工人罢工,通常夹在星期日报纸里的广告插页,必须派人直接投送出去。公司答应给我们的孩子六百美金,任务是将这些广告插页在星期天早晨之前投递到四千户人家去。

“不费吹灰之力!”我们上大学的大儿子嚷道。

“六百块!”他的弟弟应声道,“我们两个钟点就能干完!”

“西尔斯和沃德的广告通常都是报纸那么大的四页,”妻子告诉我说,“现在我们门廊上堆着三万二千页广告。就在我们说话的当儿,两个大个子正各抱着一大捆广告走过来。这么多广告,我们可怎么办?”

“你让孩子们快干,”我指示说。“他们都是大学生了。他们自己的事得由他们自己去做。”

第二天中午,我回到旅馆,看到一份紧急留言,要我马上给妻子回电话。她的声音高得很不自然,而且有些颤抖。家里又运到了好几卡车的广告插页。“有百货公司的,廉价商店的,杂货店的,食品店的,汽车行的,等等。有些像整本杂志那么厚。我们这里有数十万页,说不定是几百万页的广告!我们家整个房子从东墙到西墙,从南墙到北墙统统堆满了广告,一堆又一堆,比你大儿子还要高。现在只剩下一点点空间,刚够一个人走进去,从十一种插页中各取一份,卷在一起,套上橡皮筋,再塞进一只塑料袋内。我们的塑料袋足够供应全美所有的外卖餐厅!”她越讲声音越响,几乎震耳欲聋。“这么多的广告必须在星期日早晨七

点以前统统送出去。”

“嗯,你最好让孩子们尽快地捆扎装袋,等会儿我再跟你谈。我有个午餐约会。”

我餐后回来,妻子又打来一只紧急电话。

“你午餐吃得不错吧?”她用悦耳的声音问道。我吃的牛排好极了,但这次我学乖了,还是不说为妙。

“糟透了,”我报告说。“一种什么酸溜溜的鱼,我想大概是鳗鲡吧。”

“不错嘛。你的大学生儿子已经雇了他们的弟弟妹妹和两三个邻居的小孩帮忙,工钱一人五块,建起了流水作业线。用外交术语来说,事情…有进展?。”

“这确实令人鼓舞。”

“不,并非如此,”她纠正说。“相反,非常叫人泄气。他们干了好几个小时了。装好的塑料袋,一直堆到天花板,但一切努力收效很小。这些广告宣传品简直就像是不停地自行生产出来一样!”

“还有一件事,”她接着说,“你那上大学的儿子必须明白,威胁雇员,说要揍他们,是不可能使他们卖力的。”

我跟大儿子一通上话,便咆哮道,“你如果再威胁那些孩子,我就对你不客气了!白痴!你应该给奖金,对装袋最多的工人每小时奖励一块。”

“可那要减少我们的利润啦,”他提醒道。

“那些孩子不帮你按时将所有的广告投送出去,你就什么利润也得不到。如果他们不干,你们俩就得亲手搬走所有的广告。而在把它们搬掉之前,你们吃不成,也睡不成。”

电话里出现了短暂的沉默,他在思考。接着,他说,“爸爸,你刚才使我深受启迪,令我恍然大悟。”

“那就干吧!”

“是,阁下!”

到第二天傍晚,我妻子就有许多事报告了。奖金计划行之有效,可后来有人对能否兑现表示怀疑,提出把钱拿出来给大家看看。接着工人队伍里的一位活动家声称,老板每人拿几百块钱,工人们决没有理由满足于每人五块外加一点点竞争性的奖金。劳工组织人宣布,所有工人的工资都应该达到每小时五块钱!在老板答应之前,他们不再干活儿,一分钟也不干。

罢工持续了不到两小时。通过调解,双方达成协议,每小时两块。渐渐地,大堆的广告开始减少。

结果,全部工作比最后限期星期日早晨七点提前三个小时完成。等我回到家里,孩子们已经结了账。劳务支出150元,汽油费????40元,还有40元买礼品——几盒糖果,送给乐于助人的邻居,他们主动开出自家的车帮助投递,还有一打玫瑰送给他们的母亲。除去以上开支,他们每人得到185元——大约相当于他们所干的91小时的最低工资的三分之二。虽然如此,可正如一个儿子所说,那还是“足够”他们花一阵子,使他们“避免那种有失尊严的事。”

几个星期过去了,一切都很好。后来,一个星期六的上午,我们两个小儿子的奇怪举动引起了我的注意。他们不停地将一个又一个的纸箱从房屋四处的角落里搬出,经过前门,送到人行道边。我以为他们的妈妈在指挥他们清除破烂,好让垃圾车运走呢。正在这时,我听到他们在议论经济问题。

“哟,我们会赚许多钱呢!”

“我们要发财啦!”

经查问发现,他们正在把我们的全部图书“出售或出租”。

“不成!不成!”我叫道。“不能把我们的书卖了!”

哎唷,爸,我们以为你用不着它们了呢!”

“书永远不会'用'不着的,”我尽力解释道。

“你肯定用不着了。你都看过了,再也不用了。没有错。既然不用,还不如卖点钱。我们想避免那种有失尊严的事,不再伸手向你要……”

Unit 2

Text

Is there anything we can learn from deer? During the "energy crisis" of 1973-1974 the writer

of this essay was living in northern Minnesota and was able to observe how deer survive when winter arrives. The lessons he learns about he way deer conserve energy turn out applicable to our everyday life.

DEER AND THE ENERGY CYCLE

Some persons say that love makes the world go round. Others of a less romantic and more practical turn of mind say that it isn't love; it's money. But the truth is that it is energy that makes the world go round. Energy is the currency of the ecological system and life becomes possible only when food is converted into energy, which in turn is used to seek more food to grow, to reproduce and to survive. On this cycle all life depends.

It is fairly well known that wild animals survive from year to year by eating as much as they can during times of plenty, the summer and fall, storing the excess, usually in the form of fat, and then using these reserves of fat to survive during the hard times in winter when food is scarce. But it is probably less well known that even with their stored fat, wild animals spend less energy to live in winter than in summer.

A good case in point is the whiter-tailed deer. Like most wildlife, deer reproduce, grow, and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available. A physically mature female deer in good condition who has conceived 怀孕in November and given birth to two fawns during the end of May or first part of June, must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her body's needs but also to produce milk for her fawns. The best milk production occurs at the same time that new plant growth is available. This is good timing, because milk production is an energy consuming process — it requires a lot of food. The cost can not be met unless the region has ample food resources.

As the summer progresses and the fawns grow, they become less dependent on their mother's milk and more dependent on growing plants as food sources. The adult males spend the summer growing antlers and getting fat. Both males and females continue to eat high quality food in the fall in order to deposit body fat for the winter. In the case of does and fawns, a great deal of energy is expended either in milk production or in growing, and fat is not accumulated as quickly as it is in full grown males. Fat reserves are like bank accounts to be drawn on in the winter when food supplies are limited and sometimes difficult to reach because of deep snow.

As fall turns into winter, other changes take place. Fawns lose their spotted coat. Hair on all the deer becomes darker and thicker. The change in the hair coats is usually complete by September and maximum hair depths are reached by November or December when the weather becomes cold.

But in addition, nature provides a further safeguard to help deer survive the winter—an internal physiological response which lowers their metabolism, or rate of bodily functioning, and hence slows down their expenditure of energy. The deer become somewhat slow and drowsy. The heart rate drops. Animals that hibernate practice energy conservation to a greater extreme than deer do. Although deer don't hibernate, they do the same thing with their seasonal rhythms in metabolism. Deer spend more energy and store fat in the summer and fall when food is abundant, and spend less energy and use stored fat in the winter when food is less available.

When the "energy crisis" first came in 1973-1974, I was living with my family in a cabin on the edge of an area where deer spend the winter in northern Minnesota, observing the deer as their behavior changed from more activity in summer and fall to less as winter progressed, followed by an increase again in the spring as the snow melted. It was interesting and rather amusing to listen

to the advice given on the radio: " Drive only when necessary," we were told. "Put on more clothes to stay warm, and turn the thermostat on your furnace down." Meanwhile we watched the deer reduce their activity, grow a winter coat of hair, and reduce their metabolism as they have for thousands of years. It is biologically reasonable for deer to reduce their cost of living to increase their chance of surviving in winter.

Not every winter is critical for deer of course. If the winter has light snow, survival and productivity next spring will be high. But if deep snows come and the weather remains cold for several weeks, then the deer must spend more energy to move about, food will be harder to find, and they must then depend more on their fat reserves to pull them through. If such conditions go on for too long some will die, and only the largest and strongest are likely to survive. That is a fundamental rule of life for wild, free wandering animal such as deer.

Yes, life—and death, too -- is a cycle that goes round and round, and when animals die their bodies become food for other life forms to use by converting them into energy.

And the cycle continues.

有什么是我们能从鹿身上学到的吗?在1973-1974年的“能源危机”期间,本文作者正住在明尼苏达北部,能够观察当冬天来临时,鹿如何生存。他从鹿储存能量的方法上得到的经验也能够运用到我们的日常生活中。

鹿和能量循环

有些人说,爱情驱使世界运转;另一些并不那么罗曼蒂克而更为注重实际的人则说,不是爱情,而是金钱。但真实情况是,能量驱使世界运转。能量是生态系统的货币,只有当食物转变为能量,能量再用来获取更多的食物以供生长、繁殖和生存,生命才成为可能。所有生命都维系在这一循环上。

差不多众所周知,野生动物得以年复一年地生存下去,主要依靠在夏秋生长旺季尽量多吃,通常将多余的部分以脂肪的形式储存起来,然后到了冬天食物稀少的艰难时期,就用这些储备的脂肪来维持生命。然而,很可能鲜为人知的是,即使有储备的脂肪,野生动物在冬天消耗的能量比夏天要少。

一个很好的例证是白尾鹿。与大多数野生动物一样,鹿在营养丰富、食物充足的夏秋两季,繁殖、生长并储存脂肪。一只成熟健壮的母鹿,在十一月份怀胎,五月底或六月初生下两只幼鹿,这时,它必须寻找食物以获得必要的能量,这不仅是为了满足自身的需要,而且也是为了给幼鹿生产乳汁。产乳的最佳期也正是植物生长茂盛之时。这个时机选择得很好,因为乳汁生产是一个消耗能量的过程——它需要大量的食物,除非该地区具有丰富的食物资源,否则无法满足这种消耗。

夏季一天天过去,幼鹿日渐生长,它们变得较少依赖母鹿的乳汁,而更加依靠生长中的植物为其食物来源。雄性成鹿在夏天生长鹿角并养肥身体。在秋天,雄鹿和雌鹿都继续进食高质量食物,贮存体内脂肪,以备过冬。至于雌鹿和幼鹿,由于大量的能量用于产奶或生长,脂肪的积累速度不如完全成熟的雄鹿快。脂肪储备如同银行里的存款,供冬天食物来源不足时和有时由于雪深难以获得时,支取使用。

随着秋去冬来,还会发生其他变化: 幼鹿失去皮毛上的斑纹,所有鹿身上的毛长厚,颜色变深。毛皮的变化通常持续到9月。到??11月或12月天气变冷时,毛长得最厚。

此外,大自然还为鹿提供进一步的保护以帮助它们度过冬天——体内生理机能作相应调节,放慢新陈代谢,亦即生理活动的速度,从而降低能量的消耗。鹿变得有点动作迟缓、嗜睡。它们的心率减慢。冬眠的动物保存能量的习性胜过鹿。虽然鹿不冬眠,但他们随季节改变新陈代谢节奏的习性则是一样的。夏秋间,食物充裕的时候,鹿消耗较多的能量并储存脂肪。在冬天食物匮乏时,它们则消耗较少的能量并使用储存的脂肪。

1973-1974年间,第一次出现“能源危机”的时候,我正与家人住在明尼苏达州北部一处鹿群过冬地方的边缘地带。我们住在一个小屋里,观察鹿的生活习性,观察它们是如何随着冬季来临从夏秋的活动频繁状态而变得少动的,而到春暖雪融时,他们的活动又是如何增多起来的。

当时广播电台常告诫我们:“没有必要不开车,”“多穿衣服好保暖,并请调低锅炉上的恒温器。”这些话

听起来既有趣又逗笑。因为与此同时,我们一直注视着鹿减少活动,长出越冬的厚毛,并减缓新陈代谢。几千年来,他们一贯如此。鹿减少生存所需的能耗以增加越冬生存的机会,从生物学角度来看是合情合理的。

当然,对鹿来讲,并非每个冬天都处于危难之中。如果冬天雪下得少,存活率和次年春天的繁殖力就高。但如果雪积得深,天气连续数周寒冷,鹿活动起来就得花费较多的能量,觅食会更难,这时它们就得更多地依赖其脂肪储备度过寒冬。如果这种情况持续太久,有些鹿就要死亡,只有体型最大最壮的,才有可能存活。对于像鹿这样四处自由奔走的野生动物来说,这是一条根本的生存规律。

的确,生命——还有死亡——周而复始,循环不已。当动物死亡的时候,他们的尸体转化为能量,变成食物,供其他生命形式使用。

如此循环,永不止息。

Unit 3

Text

Can you prove that the earth is round? Go ahead and try! Will you rely on your senses or will you have to draw on the opinions of experts?

WHY DO WE BELIEVE

THAT THE EARTH IS ROUND?

George Orwell

Somewhere or other — I think it is in the preface to saint Joan — Bernard Shaw remarks that we are more gullible and superstitious today than we were in the Middle Ages, and as an example of modern credulity he cites the widespread belief that the earth is round. The average man, says Shaw, can advance not a single reason for thinking that the earth is round. He merely swallows this theory because there is something about it that appeals to the twentieth-century mentality.

Now, Shaw is exaggerating, but there is something in what he says, and the question is worth following up, for the sake of the light it throws on modern knowledge. Just why do we believe that the earth is round? I am not speaking of the few thousand astronomers, geographers and so forth who could give ocular proof, or have a theoretical knowledge of the proof, but of the ordinary newspaper-reading citizen, such as you or me.

As for the Flat Earth theory, I believe I could refute it. If you stand by the seashore on a clear day, you can see the masts and funnels of invisible ships passing along the horizon. This phenomenon can only be explained by assuming that the earth's surface is curved. But it does not follow that the earth is spherical. Imagine another theory called the Oval Earth theory, which claims that the earth is shaped like an egg. What can I say against it?

Against the Oval Earth man, the first card I can play is the analogy of the sun and moon. The Oval Earth man promptly answers that I don't know, by my own observation, that those bodies are spherical. I only know that they are round, and they may perfectly well be flat discs. I have no answer to that one. Besides, he goes on, what reason have I for thinking that the earth must be the same shape as the sun and moon? I can't answer that one either.

My second card is the earth's shadow: When cast on the moon during eclipses, it appears to be the shadow of a round object. But how do I know, demands the Oval Earth man, that eclipses of the moon are caused by the shadow of the earth? The answer is that I don't know, but have taken this piece of information blindly from newspaper articles and science booklets.

Defeated in the minor exchanges, I now play my queen of trumps: the opinion of the experts. The Astronomer Royal, who ought to know, tells me that the earth is round. The Oval Earth man covers the queen with his king. Have I tested the Astronomer Royal's statement, and would I even

know a way of testing it? Here I bring out my ace. Yes, I do know one test. The astronomers can foretell eclipses, and this suggests that their opinions about the solar system are pretty sound. I am, to my delight, justified in accepting their say-so about the shape of the earth.

If the Oval Earth man answers — what I believe is true — that the ancient Egyptians, who thought the sun goes round the earth, could also predict eclipses, then bang goes my ace. I have only one card left: navigation. People can sail ship round the world, and reach the places they aim at, by calculations which assume that the earth is spherical. I believe that finishes the Oval Earth man, though even then he may possibly have some kind of counter.

It will be seen that my reasons for thinking that the earth is round are rather precarious ones. Yet this is an exceptionally elementary piece of information. On most other questions I should have to fall back on the expert much earlier, and would be less able to test his pronouncements. And much the greater part of our knowledge is at this level. It does not rest on reasoning or on experiment, but on authority. And how can it be otherwise, when the range of knowledge is so vast that the expert himself is an ignoramus as soon as he strays away from his own specialty? Most people, if asked to prove that the earth is round, would not even bother to produce the rather weak arguments I have outlined above. They would start off by saying that "everyone knows" the earth to be round, and if pressed further, would become angry. In a way Shaw is right. This is a credulous age, and the burden of knowledge which we now have to carry is partly responsible.

你能证明地球是圆的吗?来试试看吧!你将依靠你自己的智力还是不得不引用专家的观点呢?

我们为什么相信地球是圆的?

记得在什么地方——我想是在《圣女贞德》序言中——肖伯纳评论说,今天我们比在中世纪时更加轻信,更加迷信。而作为现代轻信的例证,他举出地圆说这一广为传播的信念。肖伯纳说,普通人举不出一条理由来说明为什么相信地球是圆的。他全盘接受这一理论,只是因为这一理论中有一种迎合20世纪心态的东西。

当然,肖伯纳是夸大其词了,但他说的也确实有些道理,这一问题值得进一步探讨,因为它会帮助人们看清现代知识的真实情况。我们究竟为什么会相信地球是圆的呢?我说的不是数千位天文学家、地理学家之类的人,他们可以用观察到的事实或用理论上的根据来证实这一点,我指的是如同你我之辈的报纸的普通读者。

至于“地平说”,我相信我能够加以驳斥。如果你在天气晴朗的日子站立海边,你可以看到船桅和烟囱沿着地平线移动而不见船体本身。只有假设地球表面呈曲线状,这一现象才能得到解释。但不能由此推断地球是球形的。设想另一个称做“地球卵形说”的理论吧,这一学说声称地球形如蛋状。对此,我能说什么加以反驳呢?

面对“地球卵形说”者,我能打的第一张牌是,可以根据太阳和月亮来类推。“地球卵形说”者立即回敬道,我无法根据自己的观察得知那些天体是球形的。我只能得知他们是圆的,而它们完全可能呈扁平的圆盘状。我对此无言以答。此外,他还会说,我凭什么理由认为地球一定与太阳和月亮的形状相同?对此,我同样无法解答。

我的第二张牌是地球的影子: 月食期间,地球投在月亮上的影子看上去呈圆形物体状。但“地球卵形说”者马上要问,我怎么知道月食是由地球的影子造成的呢?回答是,我并不知道,我只是照搬报刊文章和科普小册子上的说法而已。

小小交锋受挫,于是我打出一张王牌“Q”: 专家的看法。英国格林威治皇家天文台台长总该是权威了,他告诉我说地球是圆的。“地球卵形说”者用他的“K”牌压倒我的“Q”牌。天文台台长的话我检验过没有?再说,我知道怎么个检验法吗?这时候,我打出我的“爱司”。是的,我确实知道一个检验方法。天文学家能预报月食,这一点表明他们关于太阳系的看法是非常可信的。因此,令我高兴的是,我接受他们关于地球形状的

论断是有道理的。

如果“地球卵形说”者反驳道——我以为他反驳得有理——认为太阳绕地球转的古代埃及人也能预言月食,那我的“爱司”牌便立刻化为乌有。我只剩下一张牌: 航海。人们可以扬帆绕地球航行而到达他们的目的地,其航程的计算,就是以地球是球形的假定为依据的。我相信这一下可以彻底击败“地球卵形说”者了。不过即便如此,他还可能有某种回击的办法。

由此可见,我认为地球是圆的,其根据是相当不牢靠的。然而这却是一点极其基本的知识。在别的大多数问题上,我只得更早地依赖专家的理论,且更少有办法检验他的结论了。我们的知识,其绝大部分都停留在这一水平上。它不是依靠推理或实验,而是依赖权威。可是,不这样,又有什么别的法子呢?知识的范围如此广博,一旦越出其专业范围,专家也会变成一无所知。对大多数人来说,如果要他们证明地球是圆的话,就连我上面概述的这些相当无力的论据,他们也不愿提供出来。他们一开始就会说: 谁都知道地球是圆的。要是再加追问,就会生气了。在某种程度上讲,肖伯纳是说对了,如今是一个轻信的时代。究其缘由,部分在于,我们现今必须掌握的知识实在太多了。

Unit 4

Text

On September 11, 2001, a series of suicide attacks on the United States took place. Foreign hijackers took control of four U.S. airliners. Two were crashed into the World Trade Center. The third aircraft was crashed into the Pentagon. The fourth, intended, it is thought, for another government target, crashed into a field, apparently after passenger resistance. This is the story of one of those passengers

Flight 93:What I never know

Sunday, September 9, 2001, was a good day for the three of us. Emmy was just 11 weeks old and we were enjoying her enormously. After three miscarriages in two years, she was doubly precious to us. My husband, Jeremy, who was thinking of changing jobs, had gone on two interviews and felt they went well. Since Sunday was rainy, we just lay around our house in northern New Jersey. We laughed a lot, and watched Emmy, and then went to bed early.

The next day, September 10, was busy, with Jeremy due to fly from Newark to California on business. I would take Emmy up to my parents? house in Windham, New York, and he could meet us there when he returned.

For some reason he particularly wanted to take care of Emmy that morning. So he fed her and bathed and dressed her. He packed up both our cars, made sure Emmy was tucked into her car seat, and kissed her. Then he stood waving as we drove off.

When I got to Windham, Jeremy called. His flight to San Francisco had been canceled. He didn?t want to take the next available flight and get in at 2 a.m.“Screw it,”he said. “I?m going to go home, get a good night?s sleep, and get up early tomorrow.” He would grab the first flight out of Newark. United Flight 93.

Tuesday morning found me in the kitchen, fumbling with the lid of the doughnut box, when I heard my father say something about the World Trade Center. I looked in the living room at the TV, and saw the image of the fire poking through the blackened holes in the tower?s silver skin. The phone rang, and my dad said into it, “Oh, thank God it?s you.” I ran into the living room. He held out the phone, his face pale. “Jeremy,” he said.

I grabbed the phone.“Jer”I said.

“Hi”he said.“Listen,there are some bad men on the plane .”

“What do you mean?”

“These three guys took over the plane. They put on these red headbands. They said they had

a bomb.”

I was crying now.

“I love you,” he said.

“I love you,” I said.

“only have good thoughts”

I was shaking and nauseated, but I also knew I could make myself do whatever was necessary to help Jeremy.

“I don?t think I?m going to make it out of here,” he said. And then, “I don?t want to die.” And he cursed.

“You?re not going to die,” I told him. “Jer, put a picture of me and Emmy in your head and only have really good thoughts.”

“Yeah,” he answered.

“Don?t think about anything bad,” I said.

“You?ve got to promise me you?re going to be happy,” he said.“For Emmy to know how much I love her. And that whatever decisions you make in your life, no matter what, I?ll support you.”

After a pause, Jeremy said to me, “A passenger said they?re crashing planes into the World Trade Center. Is that true?”

“Are they going to blow the plane up or are they going to crash it into something?” he almost screamed at me.

“They?re not going to the World Trade Center,” I said.

“Because the whole thing?s on fire.”

He said there were maybe 30 or 35 passengers, herded to the back. For some reason, however, no one was guarding them back there.

“What about the pilots?” I asked him. “Has there been any communication?”

“No. These guys just stood up and yelled and ran into the cockpit. After that, we didn?t hear from the pilots.”

Just then, we saw something on TV about a plane crashing into the Pentagon, and I thought, thank God it isn?t Jeremy?s plane.

When I told him about this new attack, Jeremy cursed again. The Pentagon was probably the jolt that made him see clearly that his fate and that of his fellow passengers in the rear of the plane were completely in their own hands. “Okay, I?m going to take a vote,” he said. “There?s three other guys as big as me and we?re thinking of attacking the guy with the bomb. What do you think?”

“No, I didn?t see guns. I saw knives.” He joked, “I still have my butter knife from breakfast.” There was a pause, and then he said, “I know I could take the guy with the bomb. Do you think it?s really a bomb?”

I don?t think so. I think they?re bluffing you.”

“Okay, I?m going to do it,” Jer said

“screams in the background”

“I think you need to do it,” I told him. “You?re strong, you?re brave, I love you.”

“Okay, I?m going to put the phone down, I?m going to leave it here, and I?m going to come right back to it,”

When my father put the phone to his ear, he heard nothing on the line for two or three

minutes. Then he heard screams off in the background. And he thought, They?re doing it. It was bound to be noisy. Perhaps a minute and a half later, there was another set of screams, muffled, like people on a roller coaster. Then silence

I sat on the living room couch and all my energy seemed to have deserted me. After a while, I got up and headed for the kitchen and almost collided with my dad, who was coming the other way. He must have just hung up the phone. He was crying. He gave me a hug. I watched him cry, a bit dumbfounded.

Wait, you think he?s dead?” I said.

He couldn?t manage anything but to cry harder. I must have asked the same question five times. And then, when it finally sank in, I collapsed on the floor。

“searching for Jeremy”

Over the next months, I spent a lot of time searching for Jeremy. Often I heard his voice in my head, comforting me when my pain was almost

unendurable. I visited the crash site. I hungered to know what had happened on Flight 93 and why Jeremy died.

Now I find that my viewpoint has changed. Not that I don?t want to know what happened. It?s just that I?m sure I will neve r really make sense of September 11. Did someone declare war on us for a principle? Because they were jealous? To show how tough they were? Did we in this country somehow overstep, push too hard, tread on ancient sensibilities? The world Jeremy and I knew was never more than the rooms we lived in, a few places we walked, a few friends and family we loved. Now it?s gone, and no one could ever really make sense of why.

I think Jeremy always suspected he had a higher purpose. I don’t believe it was an accident that he was on Flight 93. It wasn’t mere luck that an airline passenger with precisely the right physical skills to abort one of the terror missions happened to be on the only plane hijacked that day where there was an opportunity to do that.

Jeremy was 31 when he died, had been married to me for five years and knew his daughter for barely three months. Yet I consider us blessed. He and I left nothing unsaid or undone, and he managed to give Emmy and me everything we need. And sometimes, when I’m watching and listening, I can still feel him near me, leading me forward into the rest of my life.

2001年9月11日,在美国发生了一系列自杀式的袭击事件。外国的劫机者控制了四架美国的航空公司的飞机,两架撞入世界贸易中心,第三架冲进五角大楼,而第四架据传原本要袭击另一政府目标,但显然由于遭到乘客的反抗而坠毁于一片田地里。本文说的便是其中一位乘客的故事。

第93次航班:我所无法理解的事

莉兹·格里克?? 丹·泽加特

2001年9月9日是星期日,对我们三个人来说,是个美好的日子。埃米刚有11周大,我们极其喜欢她。她是我在两年内经过连续三次流产后生下的,所以对我们更为珍贵。我的丈夫杰里米当时正考虑换个工作,已经面试过两次,自己感觉进行得还顺利。周日那天下雨,我们就在我们位于新泽西北部的自家屋内闲躺着。我们嬉笑着,照看着埃米,随后就早早就寝了。

次日,9月10日,我们忙碌起来,杰里米将从纽瓦克飞往加利福尼亚出差。我将带埃米北上去纽约州温德姆我父母的家中。这样,杰里米回来时可以去那里接我们。

那天早晨,不知什么原因,他特想要照料埃米。他给她喂奶、给她洗澡、给她穿衣。他把两辆车的行李都装好,把埃米在汽车座椅上安置妥当,并吻了吻她。而后当我们开车离开时他站到一边挥手告别。

我到达温德姆时,杰里米打来电话。他飞往旧金山的航班被取消了。他不打算搭乘下一班飞机在凌晨

两点到达目的地。“该死,”他说。“我想回家,美美地睡上一夜,明天早点起身。”他将赶上第一班航班飞离纽瓦克。联合航空公司的第93次航班。

星期二早晨我正在厨房里设法打开一盒炸圈饼的盒盖时,听到父亲在说什么世贸中心的事。我向起居室的电视瞧去,看见屏幕上出现了从世贸中心大楼的银色外墙上被燻黑的洞中窜出的大火。这时电话响了,父亲对着话筒说道,“哦,感谢上帝,是你啊。”我跑进起居室,父亲脸色苍白地把话筒递了过来。“是杰里米,”他说。

我夺过话筒,说道,“杰尔。” “你好,”他说。“听着,飞机上有几个坏蛋。”“什么?”“三个家伙控制了飞机。他们头上戴着红色的束发帶,声称带着一颗炸弹。”我当即哭了。“我爱你,”他说。“我爱你,”我说。

“只往好处想”

我浑身颤抖,想要呕吐,可同时我很清楚,我还是可以尽一切可能帮助杰里米的。

“我感到我是无法从这儿活着出去了,”他说。随后他又说,“我可不想死。”接着他咒骂起来。

“你不会死的,”我对他说。“杰尔,心里就装着我和埃米吧,只往好处去想。”

“好,”他回答道。“不要去想那些糟糕的事,”我说。

“你得答应我,你将来要高高兴兴地生活下去,”他说。“务必让埃米知道我非常爱她。不论你将来作出什么决定,我都支持你。”稍停片刻,杰里米又对我说,“一位乘客说他们正在用飞机撞击世贸中心,这是真的吗?”

我正站在起居室里看着电视上播放此事,心想:我是否该告诉他?

“他们想要炸毁这架飞机呢,还是想用它去撞击什么东西?”他几乎在对我大声喊叫道。

“他们不会去撞世贸中心了,”我说。“为什么?”“因为整个世贸中心都在燃烧了。”

他说约有30到35位乘客,都被驱赶到客舱的后部,但,不知怎的,却无人看管他们。

“那么驾驶员们的情况如何?”我问道。“你们之间联络过没有?”

“没有。那几个家伙就这么站了起来,喊叫着冲进了驾驶舱。后来就再也没有听到有关驾驶员们的情况。”

正在那时,我们从电视上看到一架飞机撞进了五角大楼。心想,上帝保佑那不是杰里米的飞机。

我把新发生的这次攻击告了杰里米,他再次咒骂起来。五角大楼一事可能使他受到极大震惊,使他认清他和待在客舱后面的其他乘客的命运完全掌握在他们自己的手中。“好,我这就去进行表决,”他说。“另外有三个身材和我一样高大的人,我们打算去袭击那个带炸弹的家伙。你看行吗?”

“他们有枪吗?”我问道。

“没有,我没有看到枪。我见到刀子。”他开玩笑说,“我这里还有早餐用的牛油刀呢。”停了一会儿,他说,“我想我可以制服那个带炸弹的家伙。你觉得那是一颗真的炸弹吗?”

“我认为不是真的炸弹,那是在吓唬你们。” “行,我这就去干,”杰尔说。

“隐隐约约的尖叫声”

“我觉得你必须去干,”我对他说。“你身强力壮,又勇敢,我爱你。”

“好,我这就把话筒搁下离开这儿,我会马上回来再拿起它的,”杰尔说。我把话筒递给父亲,跑进盥洗室,在水池上呕吐起来。

我父亲把话筒放到耳边,有两三分钟光景什么都听不到。而后他听到隐隐约约的尖叫声。他想,他们正干上了。这必然会引起喧闹。隔了约莫一分半钟,又传来一阵低沉的尖叫声,就像人们坐过山车时发出的叫声那样。随后便沉寂了下来。

我坐在起居室的长沙发上,浑身乏力。过了一会儿,我起身向厨房走去,几乎与从相反方向走来的父亲相撞。他想必刚挂上电话,他在哭泣。他拥抱了我。我瞧着他哭着,我有点麻木了。

“等一等,你是不是认为他死了?”我说。

他除了放声大哭之外再也说不出话来。我大概重复问了五次之多。接着,当我终于明白过来之后,我瘫倒在地上。

“寻找杰里米”

在接下的几个月里,我花了大量时间寻觅杰里米。每当我痛楚万分之际,我常听到他在耳边安慰我的

声音。我去了飞机坠毁的地方。我渴求了解第93次航班上发生的事情以及杰里米为何而身故。

如今我发现我已改变了看法。不是因为我不想了解到底发生了什么,而恰恰是我相信我将永远不可能真正理解911事件。是否有人出于某种原则性的问题向我们宣战了?或是他们出于妒忌?或是他们想炫耀其强悍?是否我们这个国家的人越轨了,做得过分了,伤及了人家自古而来的情感?杰里米和我所熟悉的世界只不过是我们所居住的房子、几处散步的地方、几个朋友以及我们所热爱的家人。如今一切全完了,但却始终无人能真正弄清这到底是怎么回事。

我觉得杰里米一直认为他生来就肩负有崇高使命。我也并不认为杰里米乘坐上第93次航班是出于偶然。一位具有足够挫败恐怖行径体能的旅客正好搭乘了那天被劫持的飞机中唯一一个可以有机会进行反击劫机者的航班,这不仅仅是一种巧合。

杰里米去世时31岁,和我结婚了五年,和他的女儿相处了三个月都不到。可我认为我们是幸福的。他与我之间未留下任何未尽之言或未竟之事。他总是努力给埃米和我带来我们所需的一切。有时,当我留神观察和倾听时,我仍然能感到他就在我的身边,在我有生之年指引我向前。

Unit 5

Text

Is it ever proper for a medical doctor to lie to his patient? Should he tell a patient he is dying? These questions seem simple enough, but it is not so simple to give a satisfactory answer to them. Now a new light is shed on them.

TO LIE OR NOT TOLIE—

THE DOCTOR'S DILEMMA

Sissela Bok

Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients -- to speed recovery or to conceal the approach of death? In medicine as in law, government, and other lines of work, the requirements of honesty often seem dwarfed by greater needs: the need to shelter from brutal news or to uphold a promise of secrecy; to expose corruption or to promote the public interest.

What should doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man coming in for a routine physical checkup just before going on vacation with his family who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form of cancer that will cause him to die within six months? Is it best to tell him the truth? If he asks, should the doctors deny that he is ill, or minimize the gravity of the illness? Should they at least conceal the truth until after the family vacation?

Doctors confront such choices often and urgently. At times, they see important reasons to lie for the patient's own sake; in their eyes, such lies differ sharply from self-serving ones.

Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill do not want to know the truth about their condition, and that informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide. As one physician wrote: "Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truth's sake, and that is 'as far as possible do no harm.'"

Armed with such a precept, a number of doctors may slip into deceptive practices that they assume will "do no harm" and may well help their patients. They may prescribe innumerable placebos, sound more encouraging than the facts warrant, and distort grave news, especially to the incurably ill and the dying.

But the illusory nature of the benefits such deception is meant to produce is now coming to be documented. Studies show that, contrary to the belief of many physicians, an overwhelming majority of patients do want to be told the truth, even about grave illness, and feel betrayed when

they learn that they have been misled. We are also learning that truthful information, humanely conveyed, helps patients cope with illness: helps them tolerate pain better, need less medicine, and even recover faster after surgery.

Not only do lies not provide the "help" hoped for by advocates of benevolent deception; they invade the autonomy of patients and render them unable to make informed choices concerning their own health, including the choice of whether to be patient in the first place. We are becoming increasingly aware of all that can befall patients in the course of their illness when information is denied or distorted.

Dying patients especially -- who are easies to mislead and most often kept in the dark -- can then not make decisions about the end of life: about whether or not they should enter a hospital, or have surgery; about where and with whom they should spend their remaining time; about how they should bring their affairs to a close and take leave.

Lies also do harm to those who tell them: harm to their integrity and, in the long run, to their credibility. Lies hurt their colleagues as well. The suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are scrupulously hones with their patients; it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of "defensive medicine," and thus it injures, in turn, the entire medical profession.

Sharp conflicts are now arising. Patients are learning to press for answers. Patients' bills of rights require that they be informed about their condition and about alternatives for treatment. Many doctors go to great lengths to provide such information. Yet even in hospitals with the most eloquent bill of rights, believers in benevolent deception continue their age-old practices. Colleagues may disapprove but refrain from objecting. Nurses may bitterly resent having to take part, day after day, in deceiving patients, but feel powerless to take a stand.

There is urgent need to debate this issue openly. Not only in medicine, but in other professions as well, practitioners may find themselves repeatedly in difficulty where serious consequences seem avoidable only through deception. Yet the public has every reason to be wary of professional deception, for such practices are peculiarly likely to become deeply rooted, to spread, and to erode trust. Neither in medicine, nor in law, government, or the social sciences can there be comfort in the old saying, "What you don't know can't hurt you."

医生可以对病人撒谎吗?医生应该告诉病人他已经病入膏肓了吗?这些问题看起来很简单,但是要给出令人满意的回答却并不那么简单。

撒谎还是不撒谎——医生的难题

为了对病人有好处——为了加快病人康复或不让病人知道死亡的来临——医生到底该不该撒谎?医疗行业与法律、政府及其他行业一样,往往显得对诚实与否的问题不那么看重,要紧的倒是另外的一些事情,譬如,应设法避免可怕的消息造成的打击,或是应考虑恪守保密的诺言,或是需要揭露腐败行为或促进公众利益等。

举例说吧。一个46岁的男子,在与家人外出度假之前进行常规体格检查,虽然他自我感觉良好,但医生发现他患了某种癌症,6个月内就会死去。这时,医生该怎么对他讲呢?是不是最好对他讲实话?要是他问起检查结果,医生该不该否认他得了病?该不该将病情的严重性缩小到最低限度?该不该将真情至少隐瞒到他全家度假之后?

医生们常常面临这样的非常紧迫的选择。他们不时认为,为了病人自身的利益,撒谎很有必要,在他们看来,这种谎言与利己的谎言截然不同。

研究结果表明,大多数医生深信身患重病的人不想知道他们的真实病情,如果将真情相告,则有可能

使他们完全失去希望,结果使他们恢复得更慢或恶化得更快,甚至会自寻短见。正如一位内科医生写道:“我们这个职业,传统上恪守一条信条,那就是:'尽可能不造成伤害',这一信条胜过为讲真话而讲真话的美德”。

有了这样一个指导原则,一些医生可能渐渐习惯于采用他们认为对病人很可能有益而“无害”的骗人做法。他们可能开出无数帖安慰剂,说一些没有事实根据的打气的话,并歪曲严重的病情,对那些患有不治之症和濒临死亡的病人,则尤其如此。

然而,现在开始有人提出证据,说明这种欺骗旨在给病人带来好处的说法是虚幻的。研究结果表明,与许多医生的想法相反,绝大多数病人确实想知道真实情况,甚至是严重的病情。当他们了解到医生没有对他们讲真话的时候,他们感到自己被玩弄了。我们还获悉,将真实情况妥当地告诉病人,能帮助他们与病魔作斗争,有助于他们更好地忍受疼痛,减少用药,甚至在手术后更快地康复。

谎言不仅不能提供鼓吹“仁慈”欺骗的人们所希望的那种“帮助”,它还侵犯了病人的个人自由,使他们不能对有关自己健康的问题作出明达的选择,包括要不要就医这一首要的选择。我们越来越意识到,病人发病期间,在不知病情或未被如实地告知病情的情况下,他们会遭到什么样的不幸。

特别是濒临死亡的病人——他们最易受骗也最会被人蒙在鼓里——因此而不能作出临终前的种种有关抉择: 是否要住进医院,或进行手术,在何处与何人度过所剩下的一点时间,以及如何处理完自己的事务而后与世长辞。

谎言也伤害说谎的人,损害他们的诚实,并最终损害他们的信誉。谎言还伤害他们的同事。由于病人怀疑有欺骗行为,许多对病人十分开诚布公的医生的工作也因此受到影响。病人的不信任使医疗诉讼案增多,造成医生避免风险的“防御性诊治”增多,而这些又进而有损于整个医疗事业。

剧烈的冲突正在出现。病人开始学会催问真实情况。根据病人应享有的权利的规定,医生应将病情和可供选择的治疗方案通告病人。许多医生尽可能向病人提供这些情况。然而,即使在对病人的权益考虑得最周到的医院里,信奉“仁慈”欺骗的医生们继续他们传统的古老做法。同事们也许不赞同,但避免公开表示反对。护士们对不得不日复一日地参与欺骗病人的做法也许深恶痛绝,但要抵制却感到无能为力。

及时对这个问题进行公开辩论非常必要。不仅在医疗业,而且在其他行业,从业者不断发现,自己常处于似乎不采用欺骗手段就无法避免严重后果的困难处境。但是公众完全有理由对职业性欺骗保持警惕,因为这种做法特别容易变得根深蒂固,蔓延滋长,并损害信任。无论医疗界、法律界、政府机构还是社会科学界,都不应从“不知者,不为所害”这句老话中得到丝毫慰藉。

Unit 6

Text

"Don't ever mark in a book!" Thousands of teachers, librarians and parents have so advised. But Mortimer Adler disagrees. He thinks so long as you own the book and needn't preserve its physical appearance, marking it properly will grant you the ownership of the book in the true sense of the word and make it a part of yourself.

HOW TO MARK A BOOK

Mortimer J. Adler

You know you have to read "between the lines" to get the most out of anything. I want to persuade you to do something equally important in the course of your reading. I want to persuade you to "write between the lines." Unless you do, you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading.

You shouldn't mark up a book which isn't yours. Librarians (or your friends) who lend you books expect you to keep them clean, and you should. If you decide that I am right about the usefulness of marking books, you will have to buy them.

There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes and furniture. But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession. Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of

yourself, and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it. An illustration may make the point clear. You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher's icebox to your own. But you do not own the beefsteak in the most important sense until you consume it and get it into your bloodstream. I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your bloodstream to do you any good.

There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets and best-sellers -- unread, untouched. (This individual owns wood-pulp and ink, not books.) The second has a great many books -- a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. (This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.) The third has a few books or many -- every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back. (This man owns books.)

Is it false respect, you may ask, to preserve intact a beautifully printed book, an elegantly bound edition? Of course not. I'd no more scribble all over a first edition of "Paradise Lost" than I'd give my baby a set of crayons and an original Rembrandt! I wouldn't mark up a painting or a statue. Its soul, so to speak, is inseparable from its body. And the beauty of a rare edition or of a richly manufactured volume is like that of painting or a statue. If your respect for magnificent binding or printing gets in the way, buy yourself a cheap edition and pay your respects to the author.

Why is marking up a book indispensable to reading? First, it keeps you awake. (And I don't mean merely conscious; I mean wide awake.) In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tends to express itself in words, spoken or written. The marked book is usually the thought-through book. Finally, writing helps you remember the thoughts you had, or the thoughts the author expressed. Let me develop these three points.

If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it must be active. you can't let your eyes glide across the lines of a book and come up with an understanding of what you have read. Now an ordinary piece of light fiction, like, say, "Gone with the Wind," doesn't require the most active kind of reading. The books you read for pleasure can be read in a state of relaxation, and nothing is lost. But a great book, rich in ideas and beauty, a book that raises and tries to answer great fundamental questions, demands the most active reading of which you are capable. You don't absorb the ideas of John Dewey the way you absorb the crooning of Mr. Vallee. You have to reach for them. That you cannot do while you're asleep.

If, when you've finished reading a book, the pages are filled with your notes, you know that you read actively. The most famous active reader of great books I know is President Hutchins, of the University of Chicago. He also has the hardest schedule of business activities of any man I know. He invariably read with pencil, and sometimes, when he picks up a book and pencil in the evening, he finds himself, instead of making intelligent notes, drawing what he calls " caviar factories" on the margins. When that happens, he puts the book down. He knows he's too tired to read, and he's just wasting time.

But, you may ask, why is writing necessary? Well, the physical act of writing, with your own hand, brings words and sentences more sharply before your mind and preserves them better in your memory. To set down your reaction to important words and sentences you have read, and the questions they have raised in your mind, is to preserve those reactions and sharpen those questions. You can pick up the book the following week or year, and there are all your points of agreement,

disagreement, doubt and inquiry. It's like resuming an interrupted conversation with the advantage of being able to pick up where you left off.

And that is exactly what reading a book should be: a conversation between you and the author. Presumably he knows more about the subject than you do; naturally you'll have the proper humility as you approach him. But don't let anybody tell you that a reader is supposed to be solely on the receiving end. Understanding is a two-way operation; learning doesn't consist in being an empty receptacle. The learner has to question himself and question the teacher. He even has to argue with the teacher, once he understands what the teacher is saying. And marking a book is literally an expression of your differences, or agreements of opinion, with the author.

There are all kinds of devices for marking a book intelligently and fruitfully. Here's the way I do it:

1. Underlining: of major points, of important or forceful statements.

2. Vertical lines at the margin: to emphasize a statement already underlined.

3. Star, asterisk, or other doo-dad at the margin: to be used sparingly, to emphasize the ten or twenty most important statements in the book.

4. Numbers in the margin: to indicate the sequence of points the author makes in developing a single argument.

5. Number of other pages in the margin: to indicate where else in the book the author made points relevant to the point marked; to tie up the ideas in a book, which, though they may be separated by many pages, belong together.

6. Circling of key words or phrases.

7. Writing in the margin, or at the top or bottom of the page, for the sake of: recording questions (and perhaps answers) which a passage raise in your mind; reducing a complicated discussion to a simple statement; recording the sequence of major points right through the book. I use the end-papers at the back of the book to make a personal index of the author's points in the order of their appearance.

The front end-papers are, to me, the most important. Some people reserve them for a fancy bookplate, I reserve them for fancy thinking. After I have finished reading the book and making my personal index on the back end-papers, I turn to the front and try to outline the book, not page by page, or point by point (I've already done that at the back), but as an integrated structure, with a basic unity and an order of parts. This outline is, to me, the measure of my understanding of the work.

“不要在书上做记号!”无数教师、图书管理员和家长都曾这样建议。但是莫蒂默·艾德勒并不同意。他认为只要你拥有这本书而且不需要保护它的外观,做记号将会让你真正意义上拥有这本书并且使它成为你的一部分。

怎样在书上做记号

你知道读书要“深入字里行间”,以求最充分的理解。我劝你在读书过程中做一件同样重要的事情。我想劝你“在字里行间写字”。不这样做,你的读书就不可能是最有效的。

你不应该在不是你自己的书上做记号。借给你书的图书管理员(或你的朋友) 希望你保持书的整洁,再说你也应该这样做。如果你认为我说的在书上做记号颇有益处这番话是对的话,你就得自己买书。

一个人拥有书的方法有两种,第一种是花钱取得财产所有权,就像你花钱买衣服和家具一样。但花钱买书只是占有它的前奏。只有在你将它化为你自己的一部分之后,你才完全占有了它。而把你自己变为书的一部分的最好方法就是在书中写字。打个比方也许可以把这一点说清楚。你买下一块牛排,把它从肉铺的冰箱里转移到你的冰箱中。但从最重要的意义上来说,你还没有占有它,除非你吃下它并将它吸收进你

的血液之中。我的论点是,书的营养也只有在被吸收进你的血液中时,才能对你有所裨益。

书籍拥有者可以分为三种。第一种人藏有全部标准的成套书和畅销书——既没有读过,也没有碰过。(这位占有的只是纸浆和油墨,而不是书。) 第二种人藏书很多——有几本从头至尾读过,大部分浅尝辄止,但全都跟新买时一样整洁光亮。(此君很可能想使书真的为其所有,但因错误地过分关注书籍的外观而裹足不前。)第三种人藏书或多或少——因不断使用,每本书都弄成书角卷起,破旧不堪,装订破损,书页松散,全书从扉页至末页画满了记号,涂满了字句。(此人是书的真正拥有者。)

你或许会问,将一本印刷精美、装帧雅致的书保存完好,难道也是不恰当的吗?当然不是。我决不会在一本初版的《失乐园》上乱涂乱写,就像我不会把一幅伦勃朗的原作连同一盒蜡笔交给我的婴孩任意涂抹一样!我决不会在一幅油画或一尊塑像上画记号。可以说,它们的灵魂与其躯体是不可分开的。一部珍本或一本装帧华美的书的美,同一幅油画或一尊塑像的美是一样的。如果你对华美的装帧或印刷的尊重妨碍你读书,那就买一种便宜的版本,将你的敬意献给作者。

为什么在书上做记号对阅读是必不可少的呢?首先,它会使你保持清醒。(我不是仅仅指它让你神志清醒;我的意思是它能使你全神贯注。)其次,如果阅读是一种能动的行为,那么它就是思考,而思考常常需借助口头的或书面的语言来表达。作了记号的书,通常是读者认真思考过的书。最后,写可以帮助你记住你阅读时的思想,或作者所表达的思想。让我进一步就这三点谈一谈。

如果阅读的目的不仅仅是消磨时间,那就应该是一种积极的思维活动。

仅仅让你的眼睛在书上扫视一遍,你就不可能对所读的内容有所理解。当然,一部普通的消遣小说,譬如说《飘》,并不需要那种最积极的思维式的阅读。作为消遣的书,可以轻松地读而不会有所失。但一本思想丰富、文字华美,试图提出带根本性的重大问题并加以回答的伟大著作,则要求你尽可能地进行最积极的阅读。你不能像欣赏瓦利先生的低声吟唱那样,学到约翰·杜威的思想。你得花费气力方可获得。漫不经心是做不到这一点的。

如果当你读完一本书的时候,书页上写满了你的批注,你就知道你的阅读是积极的了。我所知道的最有名的采用积极方式阅读伟大著作的人,是芝加哥大学的校长哈钦斯。他也是我所知道的公务最繁忙的人。他读书时总是拿着铅笔。有时,当他在晚上拿起书和铅笔的时候,发觉自己不是在做有意义的笔记,而是在页边空白处画些他称之为“鱼子酱工厂”的东西,一出现这种情况,他就放下书本。他知道自己太累,读不下去了,完全是在浪费时间。

但是,你或许会问,写有何必要呢?要知道,亲手书写的动作会使词语和句子更加鲜明地呈现在你的脑海里,更好地储存在你的记忆中。将你对所读的重要词语和句子的感受写下来,将它们在你脑子里引起的问题记下来,就可以将这些感受长久保存下来,并可以使那些问题更加明确起来。当你下周或来年重新拿起这本书的时候,你的各种观点,同意的、反对的、怀疑的、质询的,统统一目了然。这如同谈话一度被打断,现在又可以在上次停下的地方接着谈下去了。

读书就该这么个读法: 你同作者应进行对话。很可能作者在有关的问题上比你懂得多,你接近他的时候表示适度的谦恭是很自然的。但不要轻信他人,以为读者只有全盘接受的份儿。理解是一种双向活动。学习并不是往空的容器中装东西。学生应当向自己也向教师提问题。一旦理解了教师所讲的内容,他甚至还得与教师展开争论。而在书上做记号,实际上就是表达你赞同或不赞同作者观点的一种方式。

在书上做记号,有各种各样好的、行之有效的方法。现将我的做法叙述如下:

1. 在文字下面划线: 划出主要论点及重要的或者有力的论述。

2. 在页边空白处划竖线: 强调已划线的论述部分。

3. 在页边空白处画五星或六星记号,或其他小符号: 这种记号宜珍惜着用。可用来强调书中十处或二十处最重要的论述。

4. 在页边空白处写数字: 标明作者展开一个论据的各点顺序。

5. 在页边空处写其他页的页码: 标明作者在本书其他地方所写的与本论点有关的论点,也可以通过这一办法将书中虽分散各处,但密切有关的观点联系起来。

6. 在关键字眼或短语上画圆圈。

7. 在页边空白处或上下两端加批注: 其目的是记下某段文章在你脑子里引起的问题(也许还有答案);简要记下复杂的论述;记录贯串全书的一系列的重要论点。我利用书末的衬页将作者的观点按出现的先后次序编成一个索引。

书前的衬页对我来说是最重要的。有些人将它们留作贴花哨的藏书票用。我将它们留作奇思异想的天地。在我读完一本书并在卷尾衬页上做好我的个人索引之后,我便翻到卷首,试着将全书作一概述,不是逐页地或逐点地进行(那个我在卷尾已经做了),而是作为一个整体,基本上前后连贯,各部分排列有序。对我来说,这个概述表明了我对该著作理解的程度。

Unit 7

Text

A young man finds it very difficult to say no to a woman as a result he gets into trouble. The restaurant to which he has agreed to take his luncheon date is far too expensive for his small pocketbook. How, then, will he be able to avoid the embarrassing situation?

THE LUNCHEON

W.Somerset Maugham

I caught sight of her at the play, and in answer to her beckoning I went over during the interval and sat down beside her. It was long since I had last seen her, and if someone had not mentioned her name I hardly think I would have recognised her. She addressed me brightly.

"Well, it's many years since we first met. How time does fly! We're none of us getting any younger. Do you remember the first time I saw you? You asked me to luncheon."

Did I remember?

It was twenty years ago and I was living in Paris. I had a tiny apartment in the Latin Quarter overlooking a cemetery, and I was earning barely enough money to keep body and soul together. She had read a book of mine and had written to me about it. I answered, thanking her, and presently I received from her another letter saying that she was passing through Paris and would like to have a chat with me; but her time was limited, and the only free moment she had was on the following Thursday; she was spending the morning at the Luxembourg and would I give her a little luncheon at Foyot's afterwards? Foyot's is a restaurant at which the French senators eat, and it was so far beyond my means that I had never even thought of going there. But I was flattered, and I was too young to have learned to say no to a woman. (Few men, I may add, learn this until they are too old to make it of any consequence to a woman what they say.) I had eight francs (gold francs) to last me the rest of the month, and a modest luncheon should not cost more than fifteen. If I cut out coffee for the next two weeks I could manage well enough.

I answered that I would meet my friend -- by correspondence -- at Foyot's on Thursday at half past twelve. She was not so young as I expected and in appearance imposing rather than attractive, she was, in fact, a woman of forty (a charming age, but not one that excites a sudden and devastating passion at first sight), and she gave me the impression of having more teeth, white and large and even, than were necessary for any practical purpose. She was talkative, but since she seemed inclined to talk about me I was prepared to be an attentive listener.

I was startled when the bill of fare was brought, for the prices were a great deal higher than I had anticipated. But she reassured me.

"I never eat anything for luncheon," She said.

"Oh, don't say that!" I answered generously.

"I never eat more than one thing. I think people eat far too much nowadays. A little fish, perhaps. I wonder if they have any salmon.

Well, it was early in the year for salmon and it was not on the bill of fare, but I asked the waiter if there was any. Yes, a beautiful salmon had just come in, it was the first they had had. I ordered it for my guest. The waiter asked her if she would have something while it was being cooked.

"No," she answered, "I never eat more than one thing. Unless you have a little caviare. I never mind caviare."

My heart sank a little. I knew I could not afford caviare, but I could not very well tell her that.

I told the waiter by all means to bring caviare. For myself I chose the cheapest dish on the menu and that was a mutton chop.

" I think you are unwise to eat meat," she said. " I don't know how you can expect to work after eating heavy things like chops. I don't believe in overloading my stomach."

Then came the question of drink.

"I never drink anything for luncheon," she said.

"Neither do I," I answered promptly.

"Except whiter wine," she proceeded as though I had not spoken. "These French white wines are so light. They're wonderful for the digestion."

"What would you like?" I asked, hospitable still, but not exactly effusive.

She gave me a bright and amicable flash of her white teeth.

"My doctor won't let me drink anything but champagne."

I fancy I turned a trifle pale. I ordered half a bottle. I mentioned casually that my doctor had absolutely forbidden me to drink champagne.

"What are you going to drink, then?"

"Water."

She ate the caviare and she ate the salmon. She talked gaily of art and literature and music. But I wondered what the bill would come to. When my mutton chop arrived she took me quite seriously to task.

"I see that you're in the habit of eating a heavy luncheon. I'm sure it's a mistake. Why don't you follow my example and just eat one thing? I'm sure you'd feel ever so much better for it."

"I am only going to eat one thing." I said, as the waiter came again with the bill of fare.

She waved him aside with an airy gesture.

"No, no, I never eat anything for luncheon. Just a bite, I never want more than that, and I eat that more as an excuse for conversation than anything else. I couldn't possibly eat anything more unless they had some of those giant asparagus. I should be sorry to leave Paris without having some of them."

My heart sank. I had seen them in the shops, and I knew that they were horribly expensive. My mouth had often watered at the sight of them.

"Madame wants to know if you have any of those giant asparagus," I asked the waiter.

I tried with all my might too will him to say no. A happy smile spread over his broad, pries-like face, and he assured me that they had some so large, so splendid, so tender, that it was a marvel.

"I'm not in the least hungry," my guest sighed, "but if you insist I don't mind having some asparagus."

I ordered them.

"Aren't you going to have any?"

大学英语精读第一册课文翻译

第一单元 课程开始之际,就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其实。 学习英语的几种策略 学习英语决非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语,然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种: 1.不要以完全相同的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差?其实,责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑,必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习,有用的词汇必须牢记,而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2.密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过,为什么我们说“我对英语感兴趣”是“I’m interested in English”,而说“我精于法语”则是“I’m good at French”?你可曾问过自己,为什么以英语为母语的人说“获悉消息或密秘”是“learnthenewsorsecret”,而“获悉某人的成功或到来”却是“learn of someone’s success or arrival”?这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时,你不仅必须注意词义,还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。 3.每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力,而且有助你培养说的技能。除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外,你还可以听英语广播,看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段,你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意,然后在反复地听。 你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的xx。 4.抓住机会说。的确,在学校里必须用英语进行交流的场合并不多,但你还是可以找到练习讲英语的机会。例如,跟你的同班同学进行交谈可能就是得到一些练习的一种轻松愉快的方式。还可以找校园里以英语为母语的人跟他们

大学英语精读1课文翻译

大学英语精读1课文翻译 Unit1 Some Strategies or Learning English 学习英语绝非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语,然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种。 1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差?其实,责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑,必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习,有用的词汇必须牢记,而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2.密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过,为什么我们说 "我对英语感兴趣"是"I'm interested in English",而说"我精于法语"则是"I'm good at French"?你可曾问过自己,为什么以英语为母语的人说"获悉消息或秘密"是"learn the news or secret",而"获悉某人的成功或到来"却是"learn of someone's success or arrival"?这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时,你不仅必须注意词义,还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。 3.每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力,而且有助你培养说的技能。除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外,你还可以听英语广播,看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段,你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意,然后再反复地听。你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的东西。 4.抓住机会说。的确,在学校里必须用英语进行交流的场合并不多,但你还是可以找到练习讲英语的机会。例如,跟你的同班同学进行交谈可能就是得到一些练习的一种轻松愉快的方式。还可以找校园里以英语为母语的人跟他们随意交谈。或许练习讲英语最容易的方式是高声朗读,因为这在任何时间,任何地方,不需要搭档就可以做到。例如,你可以看着图片或身边的物件,试着对它们详加描述。你还可以复述日常情景。在商店里购物或在餐馆里吃完饭付过账后,假装这一切都发生在一个讲英语的国家,试着用英语把它表演出来。

大学英语精读3单词

Glossary lesson 1 academic 学院的adolescence 青春期adolescent 青少年时期adulthood 成年 affection 喜爱 affirm 断言 agenda 日程表 anxiety 焦虑 attitudinal 态度的 baptist bounce 跳跃 capability 能力contribute 贡献 counsel 建议 crisis 危机 definite 清楚的developmental 发育的distinct 区分,差别distressed 悲伤 dorm 公寓,宿舍(大学生)

encyclopedia 百科全书endeavor 尝试endowment 天赋 ethical 道德的ethnic evaluate 估算,评估excessive 过分的,极度的feminine 女性的 financial 财政的 functional 职务的 genetic 基因的 guilt 内疚 heighten 提高 inherit 遗传,继承inhibition 压抑的情绪interact 交流 interaction 合作 involve (成功的)必要条件journal 期刊 masculine 男性的 maturity 成熟 mistrust 不信任

newscast 新闻广播parental 父母的 peer 同龄人 perceive 理解 position 工作 prejudiced 偏见 project 规划 rebel 抗议 relate 理解,同情某人resentment 怨恨 role 职责 seminary 学院的separation 分开 sexual 2性的 shrink 缩水 stressful 有压力的superior 优秀的theological 神学的unquestionably 毫无疑问的lesson2

新概念英语第四册原文翻译详细笔记

Finding fossil man 发现化?石?人 Why are legends handed down by storytellers useful? We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace. 读到flint 打?火?石anthropomorphic ?人格 化拟1anthropo ?人类 的让步?一?一trace back date back read of read about a trace of ?一些

大学英语精读第一册课文翻译全

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[实用参考]大学英语精读第三版第四册课文及课文翻译.doc

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大学英语精读第一册课 文翻译 Pleasure Group Office【T985AB-B866SYT-B182C-BS682T-STT18】

第一单元 课程开始之际,就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其实。 学习英语的几种策略 学习英语决非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语,然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种: 1.不要以完全相同的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差其实,责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑,必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习,有用的词汇必须牢记,而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2.密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过,为什么我们说“我对英语感兴趣”是“I’m interested in English”,而说“我精于法语”则是“I’m good at French”你可曾问过自己,为什么以英语为母语的人说“获悉消息或密秘”是“learn the news or secret”,而“获悉某人的成功或到来”却是“learn of someone’s success or arrival”这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时,你不仅必须注意词义,还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。 3.每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力,而且有助你培养说的技能。除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外,你还可以听英语广播,看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段,你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意,然后在反复地听。你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的东西。

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