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翻译 省略法

翻译 省略法
翻译 省略法

Omission

指省去那些在译文中不言而喻的字词,或省去那些译出来反而会显得突兀、累赘或不合汉语的表达习惯的词语。

(一)省略人称代词

一般说来,英文的句法比汉语严格,每个句子一般都有完整的主谓宾。而汉语的表达习惯则往往会在指代关系明确的情况下,几个谓语借用上下文提到一个共同的主语,不必一个个重复,因此,作主语及作宾语的人称代词汉译时往往会省略。

如:Give him an inch and he?ll take an ell.得寸进尺。

Follow the river and you will get to the sea.顺藤摸瓜。

(二)省略物主代词

英语用物主代词多于汉语。

如:She puts on her clothes.

她穿上衣服。

(三)省略非人称代词

用来表示时间、天气、自然环境或距离的非人称代词it,用来代替不定式短语或从句作形式主语的先行代词it,和强调句式中的it,汉译时往往省略。

如:It was a cold morning of spring when I went to see her.

我在一个寒冷的春天早晨去见她。

—What day is it today?

—It is Saturday.

—今天星期几?

—星期六。

(四)省略并列连词,and和or

如:This little room is warm and cosy.

这个小房间温暖舒适。

She wentsintosthe room and closed the door.

她走进房间,关上门。

All I am,or can be,I owe to my angel mother.

我之所有,我之所能,都归功于我慈爱的母亲。

(五)省略从属连词

汉语中的逻辑关系往往是隐含在句子含义中的,由语序加以体现。因此,英语中一些表示原因、条件或时间的从属连词有时可省略。

如:Because everyone uses language to talk,everyone thinks he can talk about language.

人人都用语言交谈,人人也就自认能够谈论语言。

(六)省略冠词

冠词是英语中有而汉语没有的词类。一般来说,除了带明显指示意义的定冠词和含有明显的“一个”、“每一个”意思的不定冠词要译以外,其他往往可省而不译。

(七)省略介词

介词的译法比较复杂,可译成动词短语,介词短语,定、状语短语等,还有的可以省略。

(八)省略不言而喻的词

(九)省略重复的名词

(十)省略为语气关系而多加的副词或连词

省略法是指在翻译中,原文中有些词在译文中可以省略,不必翻译出来。因为译文中虽然没有这个词,但是已经具有了原文这个词所表达的意思,或者这个词在译文中的意义是不言而喻的。省略的目的在于使译文更加通顺流畅,更符合译文习惯。但需要注意的是,省略并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去,省略不能改变原文的意义。现从语法角度和修辞角度分别举例探讨省略法:

一、从语法角度来看

(一)省代词

1.省略作主语的人称代词

(1)省略作主语的人称代词

根据汉语习惯,前句出现一个主语,后句如仍为同一主语,就不必重复出现。英语中通常每句都有主语,因此人称代词作主语往往多次出现,这种人称代词汉译时常常可以省略。

I had many wonderful ideas, but I only put a few into practice.

我有很多美妙的想法,但是只把少数付诸实践了。

He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.

他瘦弱憔悴,看上去一副可怜相。

(2)英语中,泛指人称代词作主语时,即使是作第一个主语,在汉语译文中往往也可以省略。

We live and learn.

活到老,学到老。

When will he arrive?—You can never tell.

他什么时候到?——说不准。

The significance of a man is not in what he attained but rather in what he longs to attain.

人生的意义不在于已经获取的,而在于渴望得到什么样的东西。

2.省略作宾语的代词

英语中有些作宾语的代词,不管前面是否提到过,翻译时往往可以省略。

The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revealed them.

他越是想要掩盖他的错误,就越是容易暴露。

Please take off the old picture and throw it away.

请把那张旧画取下来扔掉。

3.省略物主代词

英语句子中的物主代词出现的频率相当高。一个句子往往会出现好几个物主代词,如果将每个物主代词都翻译出来,那么汉语译文就显得非常罗嗦。所以在没有其他人称的物主代词出现的情况下,在翻译时物主代词大多被省略。

I put my hand into my pocket.

我把手放进口袋。

She listened to me with her rounded eyes.

她睁大双眼,听我说话。

(二)代词it的省略

it起着代词的作用,在译文中,当它被用作非人称或没有意义的时候,往往可以省略。Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.

外面一团漆黑,大雨倾盆。

He glanced at his watch; it was 7:15.

他一看表,是七点一刻了。

It took me a long time to reach the hospital.

我花了很长时间才到了医院。

It is the people who are really powerful.

人民才是最强大的。

(三)省略连接词

汉语词语之间连接词用得不多,其上下逻辑关系常常是暗含的,由词语的次序来表示。英语则不然,连接词用得比较多。因此,英译汉时在很多情况下可不必把连接词译出来。

He looked gloomy and troubled.

他看上去有些忧愁不安。(省略并列连接词)

As it is late, you had better go home.

时间不早了,你最好回家去吧。(省略表示原因的连接词)

If sinter comes, can spring be far behind?

冬天来了,春天还会远吗?(省略表示条件的连接词)

If I had known it, I would not have joined in to.

早知如此,我就不参加了。(省略表示条件的连接词)

John rose gloomily as the train stopped, for he was thinking of his ailing mother.

火车停了,约翰郁郁地站了起来,因为他想起了病中的母亲。(省略表示时间的连接词)

(四)省略冠词

1.英语有冠词,汉语没有冠词;因此,英译汉时往往可将冠词省略。

A teacher should have patience in his work.

当教员的应当有耐心。(省略不定冠词A)

The horse is a useful animal.

马是有益的动物。(省略定完词The)

It is out of the question to fly to the moon in the past.

在过去,飞往月球是绝对办不到的事情。(省略定完词The)

The moon was slowly rising above the sea.

月亮慢慢从海上升起。(省略定冠词The)

2.英译汉时,省略原文中的冠词是一般情况。但在某些场合,冠词却不能省略,可以翻译为“一个,每一,这个,那个”等。例如:

He left without saying a word.

他一句话不说就走了。

Egbert said he was getting a dollar a mile.

埃格伯特说,他(开车)每天一英里就赚一块钱。

This is the book you wanted.

这就是你要的那本书。

(五)省略介词

一般说来,表示时间和地点的英语介词,译成汉语如出现在句首,大都可以省略,出现在句尾大都不省略。

1.省略表示时间的前置词

The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.

一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。

比较:中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。

(介词译成汉语在句首时可以省略,在句尾就没有省略)

On J uly 1, 1997, Hongkong returned to the People’s Republic of China.

一九九七年七月,香港回归了中华人民共和国。

2.省略表示地点的前置词

Smoking is prohibited in public places.

公共场所不准吸烟。

In winter, it is much colder in the North than it is in the South.

冬天,北方的天气比南方冷得多。

然而,表示地点的英语介词在译文句首往往可以省略,但放在动词后面却一般不省略,如:

He stood by the desk.

他站在桌旁。

I stayed in my brother’s house.

我住在弟弟家里。

(四)省略动词

英语句子中一般必须有谓语动词。而汉语我顺子的谓语并不一定非由动词充当,形容词和名词等同样可以作谓语。英译汉时可根据汉语的习惯适当省略原文中的某些动词。主要有两类:一些连系动词和一些与具有动作含义的名词等搭配使用的动词。

When the pressure gets low, the boiling-point becomes low.

气压低,沸点就低。

Delivery must be effected within the time stated on the purchase order.

必须在购货单规定的时间交货。

二、从修辞角度看

(一)英语句子中有些短语重复出现,或者具有相同意义的词重复出现,英译汉时可按情况作适当省略。

University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.

报考大学的人,有工作经验的优先录取。(如果不作省略,译成“报考大学的人,有工作经验的,比没有工作经验的,优先录取”,就显得累赘。)

Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason.

双方均不得无故解除合同。(如果译成“...没有原因和理由”的话,就不够精炼。)

(二)根据汉语习惯,译文中可以省略一些可有可无的词。

There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.

没有下雪,但叶落草枯。(此句如果译成“...树叶从树上落下来,草也枯萎了”就嫌累赘。)

There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of nature or the mechanisms of man’s hands and will master them all in the end.

仍然具有这种信念,普通的人要比自然的力量或人类造出来的机器更伟大,而且最终会控制它们。(这里,The mechanisms of man’s hands不必译为“人类的手造出来的机器”。)

3省略法:省略法即是在不影响原文意义完整的前提下,把一些表示模糊概念的词不译出来的方法。例如:

王冕一路风餐露宿,九十里大站,七十里小站,一径来到山东济南府地方。

——(儒林外史)第一回

译文:

Braving the wind and dawn,Wand Mian traveled day after day past large posting stations and small,till he came to the city of Jinan.

原文中用了“九十”和“七十”这两个表示模糊概念的数词,来说明王冕日夜不停地赶路,译文中省去了这两个表示模糊概念的数词,译文的意义仍然自流、流畅。

?词的省略也是汉译英时常见的现象。与词的增补情况相反,原文中有些词语从译文

的角度来看往往是多余的,可以或必须删去,决不能只字不漏地生搬硬套过来,不然会引起文理不通、意思含糊等弊病。词的省略的目的正是为了使译文符合英语的表达习惯和修辞特点。

?省略词语决不意味着可以随意删节原文的词句,而必须同样遵守一些原则。大致有

三点,即省去的词语必须是:

?1、在译文中看来是可有可无的或是多余的2、其意思已经包含在上下文里

?3、其含义在译文中是不言而喻的

?一、原文中重复出现的词语

?汉语中为了讲究句子的平衡、气势、韵调,常常使用排比、对仗、重复等修辞手段。

因此汉语句子中,一些词或词组重复使用的现象和结构类似、含义相同的几个词或词组组连用的现象,是相当普遍地。英语则不然。

?因此,在翻译时,汉语原文中含义重复的词语往往只译出其中一个。其余部分省略?如铜墙铁壁

?Bastion of iron

? A wall of bronze

?能说会道

?To have the gift of the gab

?下面进一步举例说明句中重复词语的省略

?在抗日战争中,八路军和中国人民组成了一道铜墙铁壁。

?During the Anti-Japanese War, the Chinese people and the Communist-led Eighth

Route Army built up a bastion of iron/ a wall of bronze.

?增加的画线部分是为了让西方读者更好地了解背景——当时的八路军是由共产党领

导的

?等他回国再说!

?Let’s wait until he is back to China

?Chinglish: …and speak it again

?他一开口总是三句话不离他女朋友。

?He can hardly open his mouth without talking about his girlfriend.

?广大人民群众是懂得这个道理的。

?汉英对比里的主语

?如广大、人民跟群众分别译出,就是all the people masses显得多余累赘

?Masses就是表示广大、所有的人民群众

?This point is well understood by the masses.

?这架电视机真是价廉物美。

?This television set is really cheap and fine

?没有必要译成cheap in price and fine in quality,本身cheap就是指价格上的

便宜

?那位小伙子有点愣头愣脑的。

?That young fellow is somewhat rash( in the head).

?那时候党中央的所在地就在保安。

?The (place of) Central Committee of the Party was then in Baoan.

?汉语中有不少虚词如“就”、“又”、“还”、“都”等词可以不译

?她就是这种脾气。

?That is her temper!

?如用this就没有用that能表达出“就是”的语气

?师生关系愈好,就愈有利于教学水平的提高。

?The better/ closer relations between teachers and students, the more chances

for improving teaching.

?有些前后意思已经很明确的动宾短语,可以省去搭配的动词不译,只译宾语。

?总理在出席音乐会之前,还有许多工作要做。

?The premier had a lot of work to do before the concert.

?没有必要译成before attending…

?她连续讲了两个小时的法语,没有出现任何错误。

?She has been talking in French for two hours without any mistakes.

?我们中心祝愿非洲人民取得争取独立和自由的更大胜利!

?We sincerely wish the African people’s bigger victory for freedom and

independence!

?我在等待几个高中同学的到来。

?I’m waiting for some classmates in middle-school.

?他们为国家作的贡献比我们所作的贡献要大的多。

?They have done much more contributions for the state than we have.

?动词或形容词分别带相同的宾语可以只翻出其中一个宾语,其余的省略不译

?我们要培养分析问题、解决问题的能力

?We should develop our ability to analyze and solve problems.

?要推迟战争的爆发,就要反对那样的绥靖政策,不管是军事的绥靖、政治的绥靖、

还是经济的绥靖,都要反对。

?To delay the outbreak of war, it is necessary / essential to oppose the policy

of appeasement like that, militarily, politically and economically. ?…to oppose the military, political and economic policy of appeasement .

?我们说,长征是历史记录上的第一次,长征是宣言书,长征是宣传队,长征是播种

机。

?原文连续用了四个排比句,作为句子主语的“长征”一词反复出现四次,这显然是

为了强调。但是译成英语时,则省略重复的部分。

?We declare that, the Long March is the first of its kind in the annals of

history, that it is a manifesto, a propaganda force, a seeding machine ?有时汉语句子重复使用谓语动词是为了加强语气和平衡句子,译成英语可省去重复

的词

?生也好,死也好,我们要忠于党,忠于人民,忠于祖国。

?Live or die, we should be loyal to our Party, to our people and to our

motherland.

?俘虏望望沈振新,又望望其他的人,没有再说下去。

?Looking at Shen Zhenxin, then at the others, the prisoner fell silent. ?我们必须坚持社会主义道路,坚持人民民主专政即无产阶级专政,坚持共产党领导,

坚持马列主义、毛泽东思想。

?We must adhere to the socialist road, the people’s democratic dictatorship

namely the dictatorship of the proletariat, the Communist Party’s leadership and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought.

?郭沫若同志曾说:“中国人民历来是勇于探索、勇于创造、勇于革命的。”

?Comrade Guomoruo once said: “The Chinese people always been courageous

enough to probe into things, to make inventions and make revolution.

?要是下三天的雨,难道我就在这儿住三天不成?

?Am I to stay here for three days if it rains that long?

?我昨天没进城,一来是因为天气不好,二来是因为我不舒服。

?I did not go to town yesterday both because of the nasty weather and the fact

that I was not feeling well.

?二、原文中表示范畴的词语

?汉语里有些名词,如“任务”、“工作”、“情况”、“状态”、“问题”、“制

度”、“事业”、“局面”、“情景”、“面貌”等等通常有具体的含义,自然应当照译。但是它们用来表明范畴时,则失去了具体含义,一般可以省略不译,或者用抽象名词代译。

?如,“分析问题”中的“问题”一词,就有具体含义,非译出不可。而“人民内部

矛盾问题”中的“矛盾”就是一种“问题”,“问题”则是表示“矛盾”所属的范畴,不必译出,只需译作

?Contradictions among the people

?中国足球的落后状态必须改变。

?The backwardness of Chinese football must be changed.

?师生关系愈好,就愈有利于教学水平的提高。

?The better/ closer relations between teachers and students, the more chances

for improving teaching (level×).

?我还鲜明地记得和周恩来总理第一次见面的情景。

?I still remember clearly my first meeting with Premier Zhou Enlai.

?迅速改变我国贫穷落后的面貌,是我国各族人民的强烈愿望。

?It is the burning desire of all the people to end our country’s poverty and

backwardness quickly.

?To quickly end our country’s poverty and backwardness is the burning desire

of the Chinese people of all nationalities.

?我们已经结束了文化革命时期社会动乱不安和纷扰不安的局面。

?We have end/ put an end to the social unrest and upheaval during that period

of the Cultural Revolution.

?无数先烈为中国的革命事业献出了生命。

?Countless martyrs have laid down their lives for the Chinese revolution.

?在党的领导下,中国人民已经完成了解放事业。

?Under the leadership of the Party, the Chinese people have succeeded in their

liberation.

?前怕狼后怕虎的态度不能造就干部。

?“Fearing dragons ahead and tigers behind” will not produce cadres.

?这种自满情绪会严重影响到你学习的进步的!

?Such arrogance will severely affect your study.

?除了进行公开真诚的交流,否则两国间的紧张局势不能得到缓解。

?Without open-heart/ sincere communication, the tension between the two

countries cannot be eased.

?她的疯狂行为真让人难以理解。

?Her madness is so difficult to understand.

?三、可省去影响译文行文或修辞效果的词。

?汉语中,有时为了语言生动、简练,常用具体形象或成语作比喻,有时为了加强语

气,可以连续使用好几个短句。在翻译这类句子时,某些词语往往省去不译,或加以简化和压缩。不然译文必然拖泥带水,松散无力,反而失掉原文的特色。

?所谓的简化和压缩无非是:1)译出主要的和不可缺少的词语,略去次要的或不言而

喻的词语。2)将具体的词语抽象概括为笼统的概念词。

?下面将举例说明

?匪军所至,杀戮人民,奸淫妇女,焚毁村庄,掠夺财物,无所不用其极。(《毛选》

第四卷)

?原文采用排比手法,连续用了四个动宾词组,读起来铿锵有力,达到了强调的修辞

效果。

?They massacred the people, raped women, burned villages and looted property.

?大大减弱了原句的气势。

?应采用及物动词的独立用法,即不直接带宾语,才能收到行文有力的效果

?Wherever the bandit troops went, they massacred and raped, burned and looted,

and stopped at nothing.

?对于胜利了的人民,这权力是如同布锦菽栗一样的不可以须臾离开的东西。(《毛选》

第四卷)

?须臾表示片刻

?原文中的四字词组“布锦菽栗”用来比喻人民生活中的头等要素

?“吃”“穿”。如果逐字译成cloth and silk, bean and grain则不但罗嗦,而且

不符合英语表达习惯。

?应概括译成

?Food , clothing

?Like food and clothing, this power is something a victorious people cannot

do without even for a moment.

?花园里面是人间的乐园,有的是吃不了的大米白面,穿不完的绫罗绸缎,花不完的

金银财宝。(周而复《上海的早晨》)

?原文中的“大米白面”,“绫罗绸缎”,“金银财宝”等四字词组分别指吃、穿、

?可直截了当译成food,clothes,money

?虽然丧失了原文四字词组的特点和其比喻性,但在文字表达上仍不失为简洁明了,

并符合英语习惯。如果按照原文逐字译出,句子会显得累赘,臃肿

?The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could

be consumed and more money than could be spent.

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