《Maritime Economics》翻译

第二章航运市场的组织

Shipping is an exciting busniss,surrounded by false beliefs,misconceptions and even taboos（禁忌的事情）.The facts of the matter are straightforward（简单明了）enough and,when stripped （剥去）of their emotional and sentimental（伤感的，多愁善感的）overtone s（弦外之音，言外之意）in clinical(冷静的)analysis,are much less titillati ng(性挑逗，刺激) than the popular literature and maritime folklore（民间传说）lead one to expect.

航运是一担激动人心的生意，充斥着错误的信条，错误的观点，甚至禁忌的事情。当我们用冷静的分析来剥去它情感的和多愁善感的弦外之音，事情的本质就会变得足够得简单明了，也不再那么引人遐想的如通俗文学和海运传说那样般挑逗人心。

2.1 Introduction

Our aim in this chapter is to sketch (简述，素描)the economic framework of the shipping industry.Like the street map of a city,it will show how the different parts of the maritime business fit together and where shipping fits into the world economy.We will try to understand exactly what the industry does and identify the economic mechanisms that make the shipping market place operate.

我们本章的目标是简述航运业的经济结构。像一个城市的街道地图一样，它会展示海运业不同部分如何组成一个整体，海运业处于世界经济的哪个位置。我们会尝试准确理解这个行业做什么，也会搞清楚使航运市场运行的经济机制。

We start by defining the maritime market and reviewing the businesses that are involved in it.This leads on to a discussion of demand for international transport and its defining ？characteristics.Who are its customers,what do they really want and what does transport cost?The overview of the demand is completed with a brief survey of the commodities traded by sea.In the second half of the chapter we introduce the supply of shipping,looking at the transport system and the merchant fleet used to carry trade.We also make some introductory comments about ports and the economics of supply.Finally,we discuss the shipping companies that run the business and the governments that regulate them.The conclusion is that shipping is ultimately a group of people----shippers,shipowners,brokers,shipbuilders,bankers and regulators----who work together on the constantly changing task of transporting cargo by sea.To many of them,shipping

is not just a business.It’s a fascinating (令人着迷的，fascinate 使。。。着迷，蛊惑)way of life. 我们从给海运市场下定义和复习涵盖在其中的商业开始。这会导致对国际运输业的需求和定义的特性的讨论。谁是它的消费者，它真正想要什么，运输要花费什么。用一个对海运货物的简单调查就能弄明白它的完整需求。

在本章的第二部分，我们会介绍航运业的供给，查看它的运输系统以及用于贸易运输的商船。我们也会对港口和供给经济做一些介绍性的说明。最后，我们会讨论操作这个商业的航运公司已经监管规范航运公司的政府。结论是航运是一组人———承运人，船东，经纪人，造船方，银行和监管机构----他们一起致力于这个不断变化的海运货物任务。对他们许多人来说，航运不只是一个生意。它是一个令人着迷的生活方式。

2.2 overview of the maritime industry.

In 2005 ,the shipping industry transported 7.0 billion tons of cargo between 160 countries.It’s a truly global industry.Business based in Amsterdam,Oslo(奥斯陆，挪威首

都),Copenhagen,London,Hamburg,Genoa（意大利西北部的州及其首府）,Piraeus（希腊东南部港市）,Dubai,Hong Kong,Singapore,Shanghai,Tokyo,New York,Genova（日内瓦城（瑞士西南部城市）and many other maritime centres compete on equal terms（以平等地位）.English is the common language ,which nearly everyone speaks.Ships,the industry’s main assets,are phycically mobile,and international flags allow shipping companies to choose their legal jurisdiction（司法权，管辖权）,and with it their tax and financial environment.It’s also ruthlessly（残酷无情地）competitive,and some parts of the industry still conform（顺从，遵照）to the perfect competition’s model developed by classical economists in the nineteenth century.

在2005年，航运业在160个国家之间运输了70亿吨的货物。这真的是一个全球性的行业。阿姆斯特丹，奥斯陆，哥本哈根，伦敦，汉堡，热内亚，。。。，迪拜，香港，新加坡，上海，东京，纽约，日内瓦和许多其他海运中心以平等地位相互竞争。英语是人人都说的通用语言。这个行业的主要资产—轮船是可以移动的。国际旗帜允许航运公司来选择他们合法的司法权，税收已经金融环境。竞争是残酷无情的，一部分市场依然遵照古典经济学家在19世纪创立的完全竞争市场模型。

Merchant shipping accounts for roughly a third of the total maritime activity as can be seen from Table 2.1,which devides the maritime business into five groups:vessel(船，而非帆船) operations(i.e.也就是说those directly involved with ships) ;shipbuilding and marine engineering;marine resources,which include offshore（近海，近岸）oil,gas ,renewable energy and minerals;marine fisheries,including aquaculture （水产业，大于渔业fishery）and seafood processing;and other marine activities,mainly tourism and services.

When all these businesses are taken into account (take into consideration),the marine industry’s turnover ( 营业额)in 2004 was $1 trillion.Although these figures contain many estimates,they make a useful starting point because they put the business into context（在一定背景下分析）and provide a reminder of the other businesses with which shipping shares the oceans.Many of them use ships too—fishing ,offshore,submarine cables,research and ports are examples—providing diversification opportunities for shipping investors.

从表2.1中可以看出，商船运输大概占到所有海运活动的三分之一，他们把海运生意分成了五部分：直接跟船有关的活动；造船和海洋工程；包括了近海石油，燃气，可再生能源和矿物的海洋资源；涵盖水产业和海鲜加工的海洋渔业；以及其他海运活动，主要是旅游和服务业。

当把所有这些贸易考虑进去，海运业2004年的营业额是一万亿美元。尽管这些数字里面有很大的估计成分，但是他们开了一个好头。因为这些分析在一定背景下进行，也给涉及海洋的生意提供了一个提醒器。这其中的许多人也使用船---渔业，近海石油，潜艇光缆，研究和港口都是例子---给航运投资者提供了多样的机会。

In 2004,merchant shipping was much the biggest ,with a turnover of about $426 billion.The business had grown very rapidly during the previous 5 years,due to the freight market boom which was just starting in 2004.In 2007 it operated a fleet of 74,398 ships,of which 47,433 were cargo vessels.Another 26,880 merchant vessels were engaged in fishing ,research,port services,cruise and other offshore industry(see Table 2.5 for details) .This makes shipping comparable in size with the airline industry,which has about 15,000 much faster aircraft.？

2004年，商船运输所占比重最大，其营业额约为4260亿美元。由于刚刚开始于2004年的货运市场繁荣，商船运输在过去五年快速成长。2007年，航运业有74,398艘船在岗，货

船就达到47,433艘。另外26,880艘船主要从事于渔业，研究，港口服务，休闲和其他近海行业（详情参见表2.5）。这使得海运从规模上得以与航空业相提并论，后者有15，000艘更快的飞机。

It employs about 1.23 million seafare rs（船员，航海家）,of whom 404,000 are officers（高级船员）and 823,000 are rating s（水手，普通海员）,with smaller numbers employed onshore in the various shipping offices and services.These are relatively small numbers for a global industry.

航运业雇佣了大概123万船员，其中有40万是高级船员，82万是普通船员，还有少数的职工在岸上从事各种相关服务。对于一个全球性行业，这个数字相对来说是比较小的。

Naval (海军的，船的)shipping is worth about $ 170 billion a year,which includes

personnel,equipment and armaments（军备，武器装备）.Although not strictly involved in commerce（['k?m?:s]）,navies are responsible for its protection and preservin g（保护）open lines of commercial navigation on the major waterways（航道）of the world.About 9000 thousand naval vessels,including patrol craft（船，航天器，飞机）,operate worldwide with annual orders for about 160 new vessels.？Cruise and ports complete the vessel operation section.There are around 3,000 major ports and terminals around the world,with many thousands of smaller ones engaged in local trades.So this is a major industry.

海军用船大概价值1700亿美元一年，其中包括了人员，设备和军备。严格来讲，尽管并非与商业有关，但是海军要对其保护对象负责和对在世界上主要的航道上的商业航行的公共线路负责。大概有9000艘的海军船队，包括巡逻船，？。旅游和港口完成了船舶营运部分。世界上大概有3000个主要港口和节点，另有上千个服务于当地贸易的小港口。所以港口是一个主要的行业。

Supporting these core activities are the shipbuilding and marine equipment industries.There are over 300 large merchant shipyards building vessels over 5000 dwt worldwide ,and many more small ship- and boatbuilding yards with a turnover of around $67 billion in 2004.

In 1990s,the annual investment in cargo ships was $20 billion,but in 2007 $187 billion’s worth of new ships were ordered and shipbuilding capacity was growing rapidly.

Another $53 billion was spent on second hand ships,a very large figure in comparision with previous years.

In addition,a network of ship repair yards maintain merchant ,naval and offshore ships.The shipyards are supported by the marine equipment manufacturers,paint manufacturers and suppliers of the host of equipment needed to construct and maintain the complex mechanical structures which we refer to as merchant ships.Their turnover in 2004 was $90 billion.

支持这些核心活动的是造船业和海洋设备业。世界上有超过300个能造吨位超过5000吨的大型商业造船厂，同时，许多小的造船造艇厂在2004年的营业额大概为670亿美元。

90年代，货船的年投资是200亿美元，但是2007，价值1870亿美元的新船被订购。同时，造船能力也在快速增长。另外530亿美元花在了二手船投资上，这跟往年比起来是一个非常巨大的数字。另外，一个由修理厂组成的网络囊括了商船，海军船和近海船。造船厂主要由海洋设备制造商，油漆制造商以及需要用来修建和维护复杂机械结构设备的供应商，这里我们更倾向指商船。他们在2004年的营业额是900亿。

2.3 The international transport industry

The modern international transport system consists of roads,railways,inland

waterways,shipping lines and air freight services,each using different vehicles.In practice,the

system falls into 3 zones:inter-regional transport,which covers deep-sea shipping and air freight;short-sea shipping,which transport cargoes short distances and ofen distributes cargoes brought in by deep-sea services;and inland （在内地，在内陆）transport, which includes road,rail,river and canal transport.

现代国际运输系统由公路，铁路，内河航道，海运航线以及航空运费服务组成，每一部分都使用不同的工具。在实践中，这个体统被分为三部分：地区间运输，包括深海运输和空运；短途海运，短距离运输货物和经常发送由深海运输带来的货物；内陆运输，包括公路，铁路和运河运输。

Deep-sea shipping and air freight

For high-volume inter-regional cargoes deep-sea shipping is the only economic transport between the continental landmass es（大陆，大地）. Traffic is particularly heavy on the routes between the major industrial regions of Asia, Europe and North America, but theglobal transport network is now very extensive广阔的, covering many thousands of ports

and offering services ranging from low-cost bulk transport to fast regular liner services.Air freight started to become viable（切实可行的，有望实现的）for transporting high-value commodities betweenregions in the 1960s. It competes

with the liner services for premium[?pri:mi?m]额外费用，高价的

cargo such as electronic goods, processed textiles, fresh fruit, vegetables and automotive[??:t??m??t?v] 汽车的spare parts.Since the 1960s air freight has grown at over 6% per annum ['?n?m]年, reaching 111 billion tonmiles (btm) by 2005. Maritime trade has been growing more slowly, averaging 4.2%

growth per annum over the same period, but the volume of cargo is much larger. Compared with the 28.9 trillion ton miles of maritime cargo in 2005, air freight still accounted for only 0.4% of the volume of goods transported between regions. Its contribution has been to widen the range of freight transport by offering the option of very fast but high-cost transport.

深海运输和空运

对于高价值跨地区货物，深海运输是唯一的洲际大陆间的经济运输方式。亚洲，欧洲，北美等主要工业地区间的路线上的交通十分拥堵，但是现在全球运输网络十分广阔，覆盖了上千个港口以及提供了从低成本干散货运输到快速的班轮服务。60年代，空运用于地区间运输高价值商品开始变得切实可行。其开始和班轮运输竞争高价运输的货物。比如电子产品，加工纺织品，新鲜的水果蔬菜，和汽车配件。从60年代开始，空运开始以每年超过6%的速度增长，并在05年达到1110亿吨英里。海运贸易一直增长得较为缓慢，同时期每年增长4.2%。但是货物的体积大得多。与05年28.9万亿吨英里的海运货物相比，空运始终只占到地区间运输货物体积的0.4%。它的贡献是始终是通过提供十分快速但是高价的运输选择来拓宽货运范围。

Short-sea shipping

Short-sea shipping provides transport within regions. It distributes the cargo delivered to regional centres such as Hong Kong or Rotterdam by deep-sea vessels, and provides

a port-to-port service, often in direct competition with land-based transport such

as rail. This is a very different business from deep-sea shipping. The ships are generally

smaller than their counterpart s（相对应的人或事，能力或职位等）in the deep-sea trades, ranging in size from 400 dwt

to 6,000 dwt, though there are no firm rules. Designs place much emphasis on cargo flexibility.

Short-sea cargoes include grain, fertilizer, coal, lumber, steel, clay, aggregates, containers, wheeled vehicles and passengers. Because trips are so short, and ships visit

many more ports in a year than deep-sea vessels, trading in this market requires great

organizational skills:

It requires a knowledge of the precise capabilities of the ships involved, and a flexibility to arrange the disposition of vessels so that customers’requirements are met in an efficient and economic way. Good positioning（定位）, minimisation of ballast['b?l?st] leg s（一段旅程）空载航段（ballast water ,

压舱水）, avoiding being caught over weekends or holidays and accurate reading of the

market are crucial for survival.

The ships used in the short-sea trades are generally smaller versions of the ships trading deep-sea. Small tankers, bulk carriers, ferries, container-ships, gas tankers and vehicle carriers can be found trading in most of the regions on short-haul routes. Short-sea shipping is also subject to many political restrictions. The most important is cabotage['k?b?tɑ:?]沿海运输贸易权，, the practice by which countries enact

（颁布法律） laws reservin g coastal trade to ships of

their national fleet. This system has mainly been operated in countries with very long coastlines（海岸线）, such as the United States and Brazil, but is no longer as prevalent（流行的）as it

used to be.

短途海运提供区域内交通运输。短途海运用深海船分送被投递到地区中心的货物，比如香港，鹿特丹，并且提供港口间的服务，这和以陆地基础的运输方式比如铁路直接竞争。尽管没有固定的规则，短途海运的船舶一般要比深海的小一些，尺寸在400到6000载重吨。设计十分强调货物的流动性。短途货物包括粮食，肥料，煤炭，木材，钢铁，粘土，集装箱，有轮子的运输工具和旅客。因为旅途非常短，而且短途船在一年内停靠的港口数量远大于远洋船，在这样的市场上交易需要组织技巧。这需要对相关船舶运载能力的准确了解，以及安排船舶使用的

流动性，才能用高效而经济的方法满足客户的要求。好的定位，空载航段的最小化，避免船舶在周末或假期被困在港口，对市场的准确解读对生存至关重要。短途运输中使用的船舶一般是远洋运输的缩小版本。在许多短途运输路线上，可以经常看到小游轮，干散货船，渡轮，集装箱船，载气船，交通工具运输船在的地区进行贸易往来。短途海运也是许多政治限制的话题。最重要的就是沿海贸易权，即国家颁布保护本国船队的船在沿海的贸易的法律。这种方法在海岸线长的国家被主要采用，比如美国和巴西。但它现在也没有以前流行了。

Land transport and the integration of transport modes

The inland transport system consists of an extensive network of roads, railways, and

waterways using trucks, railways and barges（驳船）. It interface s（界面，不同学科、阶层的连接点） with the shipping system

through ports and specialist terminals, as shown in Table 2.2, and one of the aims of modern transport logistics is to integrate these transport systems so that cargo flows

smoothly and with minimum manual（手工的，人工的） handling from one part of the system to another.7

This is achieved in three ways: first, by adopting international standards for the units in

which cargoes are transported, and these standards are applied to containers, pallets（托盘）,

packaged lumber, bales（大包） (e.g. of wool) and bulk bags; second, by investing in integrated

handling systems designed to move the cargo efficiently from one transport mode to another; and third, by designing the vehicles to integrate with these facilities – for example,

by building rail hopper（储料器，漏斗，） cars which speed up the discharge（船飞机卸货，放电，履行职能）of iron ore and building

open-hatch（船的舱口，孵化） bulk carriers with hold s that exactly comply（顺从，遵从comply with）with the standards for packaged

lumber.

陆运以及不同运输模式的组合

内陆运输有一个广泛的网络组成，这个网络由公路，铁路和使用火车，铁路，驳船的水路运输组成。如表2.2中所展示，内陆运输系统和海运系统通过港口和特殊码头连接起来。现代运输物流的目的之一就是让这些运输系统组成一体，让货物平稳流动，通过最少得人工装卸从一个系统的一部分到另一个系统。

这通过三种方法可以实现：

首先，通过在货运中采取国际标准的方法，以及将这些标准运用在集装箱，托盘，包装的木材，大包毛线，干散货包；第二，通过购入设计能将货物高效地从一种运输模式到另一种运输模式的一体式装卸系统；第三，通过将工具设计成与设备组成一体，比如，通过建造能加速装卸铁矿石的有轨漏斗车，制造干散船顺应标准

As a result, t ransport companies operate in a market governed by a mix of

competition and cooperation. In many trades the competitive element is obvious: rail competes with

road; short-sea shipping with road and rail; and deep-sea shipping with air freight for higher-value cargo. However, a few examples show that the scope of competition is much wider than appears possible at first sight. For example, over the last 50 years bulk

carriers trading in the deep-sea markets have been in cut-throat competition with the

railways. How is this possible? The answer is that users of raw materials, such as power

stations and steel mills, often face a choice between use of domestic and imported raw

materials. Thus, a power station at Jacksonville in Florida can import coal from Virginia

by rail or from Colombia by sea. Or container services shipping from Asia to the US West Coast and then transporting the containers by rail to the East Coast are in competition

with direct services by sea via the Panama Canal. Where transport accounts for a large proportion of the delivered cost, there is intense competition. But cost is not the

only factor, as shown by the seasonal trade in perishable goods such as raspberrie s and

asparagus. These products travel as air freight because the journey by refrigerated ship

is too slow to allow delivery in prime condition. However, the shipping industry has tried to recapture that cargo by developing refrigerated containers with a controlled atmosphere to prevent deterioration.

因此，运输公司在一个充满竞争与合作的市场下运作。在很多贸易中，竞争十分明显：铁路与公路竞争；短途海运与铁路和公路竞争；长途海运与空运竞争高价货物。然而，一些实例能证明竞争的范围比第一眼看上去要大得多。比如说，在过去的50年，远洋运输的干散货船一直在和铁路进行着扼喉的竞争。这怎么可能呢？答案就是原材料的使用者，比如发电站，钢铁厂经常面临一个选择：国内材料还是进口材料。因此，佛罗里达州的杰克逊维尔的发电站可以从弗吉尼亚用铁路运煤或者从哥伦比亚海运。从亚洲到美国西海岸的集装箱，然后将这些集装箱通过铁路运到东海岸与直接用海运通过巴拿马运河有竞争。哪里货运成本占到固定成本的一大部分，哪里就有紧张的竞争。但是成本并非唯一因素，正如季节性的易损货物贸易中，比如草莓，。这些产品需要通过空运因为通过冷藏船太慢了而不能保证品质。然而，航运业已经尝试通过发明能控制温度进而防止腐烂的冷藏集装箱来重新抢得货物。

Although the different sectors of the transport business are fiercely competitive, technical development depends upon close cooperation because each component in the transport system must fit in with the others by developing ports and terminals designed for efficient cargo storage and transfer from one mode to another. There

are many examples of this cooperation. Much of the world’s grain trade is handled by

a system of barges, rail trucks and deep-sea ships. The modal points in the system are highly automated grain elevators which receive grain from one transport mode, store it temporarily and ship it out in another. Similarly, coal may be loaded in Colombia or Australia, shipped by sea in a large bulk carrier to Rotterdam, and distributed by a small short-sea vessel to the final consumer. The containerization of general cargo is built around standard containers which can be carried by road, rail or sea with equal facility. Often road transport companies are owned by railways and vice

versa. One way or another, the driving force which guides the development of these transport systems is the quest to win more business by providing cheaper transport and

a better service.

2.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF SEA TRANSPORT DEMAND

The sea transport product

The merchant shipping industry’s product is transport. But that is like saying that restaurants

serve food. It misses out the qualitative part of the service. People want different food for different occasions, so there are sandwich bars, fast-food chains and cordon bleu restaurants. The Rochdale Report, one of the most thorough investigations of the

shipping industry ever carried out, commented on these sectoral divisions within the industry as follows:

Shipping is a complex industry and the conditions which govern its operations in one sector do not necessarily apply to another; it might even, for some purposes, be better regarded as a group of related industries. Its main assets, the ships themselves,

vary widely in size and type; they provide the whole range of services for a variety

of goods, whether over shorter or longer distances. Although one can, for analytical purposes, usefully isolate sectors of the industry providing particular types of service, there is usually some interchange at the margin which cannot be ignored.8

Like restaurateurs, shipping companies provide different transport services to meet the

specific needs of different customers, and this gives rise to three major segments in the

shipping market, which we will refer to as liner, bulk and specialized shipping. The liner

business carries different cargoes, provides different services and has a different economic structure than bulk shipping, whilst the ‘specialist’market segments which

focus on the transport of cars, forest products, chemicals, LNG and refrigerated produce

each have their own, slightly different, characteristics. But as Rochdale points out, they

do not operate in isolation. They often compete for the same cargo –for example, during

the 1990s the container business won a major share of the refrigerated trade from the

reefer fleet. In addition, some shipping companies are active in all the shipping sectors

and investors from one sector will enter another if they see an opportunity.

So although there is some market segmentation, these markets are not isolated compartments. Investors can, and do, move their investment from one market sector to

another,9 and supply–demand imbalances in one part of the market soon ripple across

to other sectors. In what follows we will first explore the characteristics of the world trade system which creates the demand for different types of transport service; then we

discuss how this translates into price and qualitative aspects of the transport product;

and finally, we discuss how this has led to segmentation in the shipping business (ground we have already covered historically in Chapter 1, but which we will now examine in a more structured way). Is shipping one industry or several?

P78

中国姓氏英语翻译大全

中国姓氏英语翻译大全 A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C: 蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha

常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁--Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too 段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F:

范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊--Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H:

韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua 宦--Huan 黄--Wong/Hwang 霍--Huo 皇甫--Hwang-fu 呼延--Hu-yen I: J: 纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬--Chi 居--Chu 贾--Chia 翦/简--Jen/Jane/Chieh 蒋/姜/江/--Chiang/Kwong

(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案

Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、

中国姓氏英文翻译大全S-Z

A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C: 蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha 常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁--Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too 段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F:

范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊--Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H: 海--Hay 韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua 宦--Huan 黄--Wong/Hwang 霍--Huo 皇甫--Hwang-fu 呼延--Hu-yen I: J: 纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬--Chi 居--Chu 贾--Chia 翦/简--Jen/Jane/Chieh 蒋/姜/江/--Chiang/Kwong 焦--Chiao 金/靳--Jin/King 景/荆--King/Ching

中文姓氏的英文翻译对照表

中文姓氏的英文翻译对照表 中文姓氏的英文翻译对照表.txt我们用一只眼睛看见现实的灰墙，却用另一只眼睛勇敢飞翔，接近梦想。男人喜欢听话的女人，但男人若是喜欢一个女人，就会不知不觉听她的话。在互联网上混的都时兴起个英文名字，一是方便注册用户名，二是有个好英文名容易显得自己比较Cool。但是起英文名时，中文姓氏还是要保留的，并且姓氏一般都有专门的英文翻译，比如“刘德华”的英文名是Andy，刘姓对应的英文翻译是Lau，所以全称便是“Andy Lau”。当然了，我们一般人直接用汉语拼音作为姓氏的英文翻译也可以，但在比较正式的场合下，最好还是用相应的英文翻译。 姓氏的英文翻译跟汉语拼音是有一些细微差别的，这主要由中西方人发音的不同特点来决定的。比如，从声母上来看，D开头的姓，英文翻译对应的是T，G对应的是K，X对应的是HS，Z、J 一般对应的是C，韵母也会有一些细微差别。详细的，请参考如下中文姓氏的英文翻译对照表，正在起英文名的朋友可以看看。 A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C: 蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha

常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁--Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too 段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F: 范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei

中国姓氏英语翻译大全

中国姓氏英语翻译大全 A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C: 蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha 常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁--Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too 段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F: 范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊--Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H: 海--Hay 韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua 宦--Huan 黄--Wong/Hwang 霍--Huo 皇甫--Hwang-fu 呼延--Hu-yen I: J: 纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬--Chi

医学专业英语翻译

医学专业英语翻译 医学专业英语翻译如下： portable electric dental engine 轻便电动钻牙机，轻便牙钻portable hearing aid 袖珍助听器 portable microtome 手提式切片机 portable monitor 手提式监护仪 portable obstetric table 轻便产床 portable operating table 轻便手术台 portable photoelectric colorimeter 便携式光电比色计 portable suction unit 便携式吸引器 portable testing set 便携式测试仪器 portable typewriter 手提式打字机 portable X-ray machine 手提式X 光机 portacid 移酸滴管，滴酸器 portal 门，入门 portal venography 门静脉造影术 port B/L 港口提单 portcaustic 腐蚀药把持器 porte 柄 porte-acid 移酸滴管，滴酸器

porte-aiguille 持针器 porte-caustique 腐蚀药把持器 porte-ligature 深部结扎器，缚线把持器porte-meche 填塞条器 porte-noeud 瘤蒂结扎器 porte-polisher 握柄磨光器 porterage 搬运费 portial impression trays 局部牙托portion 部分，段，份 portligature 深部结扎器，缚线把线器port of arrival 到达港 port of delivery 交货港 port of departure 出发港 port of destination 到达港目的港 port of discharge 卸货港 portogram 门静脉造影片 portoraphy 门静脉造影术portovenogram 门静脉造影片 posion 阴离子，阳向离子 position 位置，状态 positioner 定位器（牙），位置控制器

双语：中国姓氏英文翻译对照大合集

[ ]

步Poo 百里Pai-li C: 蔡/柴Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑Cheng 崔Tsui 查Cha 常Chiong 车Che 陈Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程Cheng 池Chi 褚/楚Chu 淳于Chwen-yu

D: 戴/代Day/Tai 邓Teng/Tang/Tung 狄Ti 刁Tiao 丁Ting/T 董/东Tung/Tong 窦Tou 杜To/Du/Too 段Tuan 端木Duan-mu 东郭Tung-kuo 东方Tung-fang F: 范/樊Fan/Van

房/方Fang 费Fei 冯/凤/封Fung/Fong 符/傅Fu/Foo G: 盖Kai 甘Kan 高/郜Gao/Kao 葛Keh 耿Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭Kung 勾Kou 古/谷/顾Ku/Koo 桂Kwei 管/关Kuan/Kwan

郭/国Kwok/Kuo 公孙Kung-sun 公羊Kung-yang 公冶Kung-yeh 谷梁Ku-liang H: 海Hay 韩Hon/Han 杭Hang 郝Hoa/Howe 何/贺Ho 桓Won 侯Hou 洪Hung 胡/扈Hu/Hoo

花/华Hua 宦Huan 黄Wong/Hwang 霍Huo 皇甫Hwang-fu 呼延Hu-yen J: 纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬Chi 居Chu 贾Chia 翦/简Jen/Jane/Chieh 蒋/姜/江/ Chiang/Kwong 焦Chiao 金/靳Jin/King 景/荆King/Ching

(完整版)医学专业英语

cardiovascular diseases; 脑垂体的功能the function of pituitary; 泌尿道urinary tract; 分子molecule; 动脉artery; 内分泌学endocrinology; 呼吸困难dyspnea; 唾液saliva; 组织学histology; 血液循环blood circulation; 血液学hematology; 生理学physiology; 解剖学anatomy; 女性生殖系统femal reproductive system; 神经细胞nerve cell; 免疫学immunology; 消化不良dyspepsia; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 胚胎学embryology; 心理学psychology; 细胞学cytology; 原生质protoplasm; 细胞膜cell membrane; 细胞核nucleus; 细胞质(浆)cytoplasm; 脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid; 能半渗透的semipermeable; 分子生物学molecular biology; 碳水化合物carbohydrate; 有区别性的differentially; 使…完整intact; 根据according to; 遗传特性hereditary trait; 渗滤diffusion; 转换transaction; 蓝图blueprint; 染色体chromosome; 色素pigment; 排出废液excrete waste fluid; 散开disperse; 脉冲信号impulse; 核糖核酸ribonucleic acid; 损害正常功能impair the normal function; 污染环境pollute environment; 功能失调malfunction; 致病因子causative agents; 易受侵害的人群vulnerable groups; 局部化的感染localized infection; 花柳病venereal disease; 抗原与抗体antigen&antibody; 肌电图electromyogram; 多发性硬化multiple sclerosis; 心电图electrocardiograph; 疾病的后遗症sequelea of disease; 光纤技术fiber optic technology; 造血系统hematopoietic system; 致命的疾病fatal disease; 体液body fluid; 无副作用的治疗hazard-free treatment; 无侵犯的实验检查non-invasive laboratory test; 核磁共振nuclear magnetic resonance; 葡萄糖耐糖实验the glucose-tolerance test; 乐观的预后optimistic prognosis; 超声波检测法ultrasonography; 病史medical history; 随访活动follow-up visit; 营养不良nutritional deficiency; 使细节显著highlight detail; 脑电图electroencephalogram; 缺血的组织blood-starved tissue; 肌纤维muscle fiber; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 消化道alimentary canal; 肌腹fleshy belly of muscle; 横纹肌striated muscle; 肌肉痉挛cramps of muscle; 肌肉收缩muscle contraction; 肌肉附着点attachment of the muscle; 肌肉放松relaxation of muscle; 动脉出血arterial hemorrhage; 止端insertion;起端origion;供血blood supply; 屈肌flexor; 蛋白分子protein molecule; 纤维结缔组织fibrous connective tissue; 伸肌extensor; 意志力willpower; 横切面transverse section; 起搏器pacemaker; 肌萎缩muscle atrophy; 重症肌无力myasthenia gravis; 弥散性局部缺血diffuse ischemia; 常染色体隐性autosomal recessive; 全身性感染systemic infection; 受累的肌肉muscle involved; 显著相关性significant correlation; 神经末梢nerve terminal; 自体免疫反应autoimmune reaction; 神经支配innervation; 肌营养不良muscular dystrophy; 慢性营养不良chronic mulnutrition; 先天性肌病congenital myopathy; 预期寿命life expectancy; 免疫紊乱immunologic derangemant; 发病高峰年龄the peak age of onset; 胸腺肿瘤thymoma; 呼吸肌受累the involvement of respiratory muscle; 感染性肌炎inflammatory myositic; 去神经支配denervation; 矿物质吸收mineral absorption; 机械应力mechanical stress; 骨基质有机部分the organic parts of bone matrix; 青春期早熟premature puberty; 蛋白溶解酶protein-digesting enzyme; 破骨细胞osteoclast; 松质骨spongy bone; 骨折fracture; 不规则骨irregular bone; 骨骼系统skeletal system; 维生素吸收vitamin absorption; 骨钙丧失the loss of calcium from bone; 生长激素growth hormone;

医学英语翻译常用专业词汇

这里汇聚了中西医学行业的大部分英语词汇和详细解说，如果要查询相关词汇，你可以点此word 文档工具栏的“编辑”，找到“查找”，然后点开输入你要查询的词汇就可以查询了。 西医篇： 1、医院部门及科室名称 2、医务人员名称 3、诊断和治疗常用词汇 4、常见疾病名称 5、常见手术名称 6、常用药物名称 7、常用护理术语 8、常用临床医学术语 9、医疗器材 10、医学英语快速记忆－后缀 11、主要人体系统名称 12、医院类型名称 13、医学词汇 14、医学常用字首与字根 1.医院部门及科室名称 out-patient department 门诊部 In-patient department 住院部 Nursing department 护理部 Admission office 住院处 Discharge office 出院处 Registration office 挂号处 Reception room, waiting room 侯诊室 Consultation room 诊察室 Isolation room 隔离室 Delivery room 分娩室 Emergency room 急诊室 Ward 病房室 Department of internal medicine 内科 Department of surgery 外科 Department of pediatrics 儿科 Department of obstetrics and gynecology 妇科 Department of neurology 神经科 Department of ophtalmology 眼科 E.N.T.department 耳鼻喉科 Department of stomatology 口腔科 Department of urology 泌尿科 Department of orthopedic 骨科 Department of traumatology 创伤科 Department of endocrinology 内分泌科

中国姓氏英文翻译大全

中国姓氏英文翻译大全 A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C: 蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha 常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁 --Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too 段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F: 范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅 --Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊 --Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H: 海--Hay 韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua 宦--Huan 黄--Wong/Hwang 霍--Huo 皇甫--Hwang-fu 呼延--Hu-yen I: J: 纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬--Chi 居--Chu 贾--Chia 翦/简 --Jen/Jane/Chieh 蒋/姜/江/--Chiang/Kwong 焦--Chiao 金/靳--Jin/King 景/荆 --King/Ching 讦--Gan K: 阚--Kan 康--Kang 柯--Kor/Ko 孔--Kong/Kung 寇--Ker 蒯--Kuai 匡--Kuang L: 赖--Lai 蓝--Lan 郎--Long 劳--Lao 乐--Loh 雷--Rae/Ray/Lei 冷--Leng 黎/郦/利/李--Lee/Li/Lai/Li 连--Lien 廖--Liu/Liao 梁--Leung/Liang 林/蔺--Lim/Lin

医学英语课后翻译答案完整版

医学英语课后翻译答案完 整版 Revised by Jack on December 14,2020

Translation： Unit one 1 医院，在现代意义上，就是由专业人员和专业的设备为病人提供医疗服务的机构，通常但也不总是提供长期的住院治疗。它的历史意义，直至最近，是给退伍战士提供服务的地方。 2 在现代社会，从广义上说，医院或者由它所处的国家的政府提供资助，或者在私营部门通过竞争在经济上生存下来。目前，为医院提供赞助的通常有公共部门，医疗机构，赢利或者非赢利的，医疗保险公司或者教会，包括直接由教会提供捐赠。在历史上，医院通常由宗教机构或者教会的成员或领导来建立和资助。与此不同的是，现代医院主要由专业的内科医生、外科医生和护士组成，在过去这些工作主要由成立医院的宗教机构或者志愿者来完成。 3 一些病人去医院只是去接受诊断和治疗，然后离开，不在医院过夜（门诊病人）；也有一些病人被收入院，在医院过夜，甚至长达几个星期或几个月（住院病人）。医院的等级划分通常由它们所提供的医疗设施的类型和为住院病人提供的医疗服务，以及其他的在门诊所提供的医疗服务水平所决定。（医院与其他医疗机构的区别在于它具有将病人收住院并为住院病人提供医疗服务的能力，而其他一类通常称为诊所。） Unit two 1它们平均是每两位医生为一千位病人提供预防性和初级医疗服务。下一级别的为城镇医疗中心，这些中心通常主要为一万到三万位病人

提供门诊医疗服务。每一个中心有十到三十个床位，中心的专业医生为医士(助理医师）。这两个较低级别的医疗机构构成了乡村合作医疗系统，为大多数的乡村病人提供医疗服务。 2强调公共卫生和预防性治疗为主的医疗政策始于50年代早期，在那个时候，共产党开始有大批的人口流动，（动员群众）参与大规模的“爱国卫生运动”，目的在于改进较差的环境卫生，预防某些疾病。 3这一转变对农村医疗卫生产生了一系列重要影响，合作医疗缺乏资金来源，致使赤脚医生数量减少，这就意味着健康教育、初级保健和家庭保健都受挫，在一些村庄，卫生状况和饮用水(水源检测这个大家自己看哈）很少得到监控。 Unit three 1金刚烷阻碍(阻断）了由m2蛋白质形成的离子通道，这一通道在vRNPs释放进入细胞质的过程中是至关重要的。对金刚烷的排斥（耐药）迅速形成，大多数的人类传染性H1N1和H3N2病毒，一些H5N1病毒，大多数的欧洲猪H1N1、H1N2和H3N2病毒都能抵制（耐受）金刚烷。 2（然而），万一（一旦）发生流行性疾病（大流行），鸡蛋供应就会短缺，相反的是，细胞培养是可高度控制的系统，可以促使疫苗的大批量生产，包括这些对抗高致病性H5N1的禽流感病毒（可以促使包括那些针对高致病性H5N1病毒在内的疫苗大批量生产），通过以狗肾传代细胞或者非洲绿猴子肾细胞生产的流感疫苗的纯度和免疫能力

中国姓氏英文翻译大全

中国姓氏英文翻译大全 A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C: 蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha 常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁--Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too 段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang

E: F: 范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊--Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H: 海--Hay 韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua 宦--Huan 黄--Wong/Hwang 霍--Huo 皇甫--Hwang-fu 呼延--Hu-yen I: J:

医学英语翻译常用专业词汇

医学英语翻译常用专业词汇 学英语教学担负着促使医学生从外语学习阶段向使用阶段过渡的任务,下面为大家分享医学英语翻译常用专业词汇，希望对大家有用。 医学英语翻译常用专业词汇如下： M (①meter ②molar) ①米②容积克分子的（溶液） MA (milliampere) 毫安（培） maceration 浸渍，浸软 maceration tank 浸渍槽 macerator 浸渍器 Mach 马赫（音速单位） machcardiogram (abbr. MCG) 心机械图（即对心电、心音、颈动脉波，心尖搏动图进行同步 记录，可对各图型和时相及其相互关系进行研究） machine(abbr. mach.) 机，机器，装置 machine parts 机器零件 machinery 机器，机械装置 macro- 巨，大，长，宏观 macroanalysis 常量分析 macrochemistry 常量化学

macroroentgenogram X 射线放大照片macroroentgenography X 射线放大工业照像术 made-up 人工的，制成的，预制的 madisterion 拔毛镊 madisterium 拔毛镊 madistor 晶体磁控管 magamp 磁性放大器 magazine ①杂志，期刊②箱，盒，办片匣，暗盒③软片盒magic 魔术，不可思议的 magic eye ①电眼②光调谐指示管 magic lantern 幻灯 magmeter 直读式频率计 magnalium 镁铝合金 magnesia anastomosis tube 镁氧吻合管 magnesium (abbr. Mg) 镁 magnet 吸铁器，磁铁 magnet for eye 眼用吸铁器 magnetic 磁（性）的 magnetic amplifier 磁性放大器，磁增强器 magnetic attraction 磁吸引 magnetic belt 磁性治病带 magnetic core memory 磁心存储器

中国姓氏英文翻译大全

中国姓氏英文翻译大全- - [b][u]中国姓氏英文翻译大全- -[/u][/b] A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C:

蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha 常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁--Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too

段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F: 范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou

古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊--Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H: 海--Hay 韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua 宦--Huan 黄--Wong/Hwang

中文姓氏英文翻译

中文姓氏英文翻译 A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C: 蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha 常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁--Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too

段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F: 范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊--Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H: 海--Hay 韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua 宦--Huan 黄--Wong/Hwang

AZ中国人姓氏的英语翻译

从A到Z：中国人姓氏的英语翻译A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C: 蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao

崔--Tsui 查--Cha 常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁--Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too

端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F: 范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou

古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊--Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H: 海--Hay 韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua

医学英语翻译

医学英语翻译的标准 一．忠实和通顺。 对于医学专业方面的翻译而言，译文应该至少达到两个标准：忠实和通顺 (1)忠实，指译文必须忠于原文的内容，在内容上不应增添删减；也要忠实于原文的风格、语气等。但要注意．盲目追求与原文表面结构的一致并不是忠实。 例1: A woman with child came to see her doctor. 【误译】一位带着孩子的妇女来看病。 【鹿译】一位孕妇来看病。 例2: The complaints of the patient did not answer to the proper manifestations of the disease. 【醍坪】病人的主诉没有回答此病的适当表现。 【应泽】病人的主诉不符合此病应有的表现。 (2)通顺，指译文语言必须合乎汉语的语法规范，用词造句应符合汉语的习惯，避免文理不通、逐词死译、晦涩难懂，在忠实的基础上达到通顺。 例1：Illness prevented him from going there. 【误译】疾病妨碍他去那里。 【应译】他因病未去那里。 例2: The medicine will make you feel better, 【误译】此药会使你感到好些。 【应译】你服此药后会感到好想。 Exercises 1. 按忠实、通顺的标准，修改下列各句的译文 1) The amount of sleep required depends upon age of the individual. 【误译】睡眠的需要量取决于一个人的年龄。 2) The sound heard in the heart is due to the closing of the valves. 【误译】心脏里听到的声音是由于瓣膜的关闭。 3) Through this membrane materials are allowed to pass into the protoplasm． 【误译】通过这层膜，物质被允许进入原生质． 4) Half an hour passed before the patient came to. 【误译】在患者苏醒之前，半小时过去了。 5) Two screening test are in common use, 【误译】两种筛选实验在常用。 6) It is reported that in the world today there are about 55 million people who have tuberculosis. 【误译】它被报道，日前世界上大约有5 500万人患结核病。