2020年高考英语一轮复习讲义 第2部分 板块2 第1讲 名词和数词

第1讲名词和数词

[全国卷考情分析]

题型

分类

典题试做命题解读

语法

填空

1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also

made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere 5 to

10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart

disease and early deaths from all causes (cause)．

2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft

surfaces, do exercises to strengthen (strength) your leg

muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes.

3．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)This switch has decreased

pollution(pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs

and made drinking water safer for people.

4．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I'm a scientist (science) who studies

animals such as apes and monkeys.

1.给出名

词提示

词，考查

名词的

数。

2．不同词

性和词形

之间的相

互变化。

短文

改错

1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Last winter when I went there again,

they had a big separate house to raise dozens of

chicken.chicken→chickens

2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)When I was little, Friday's night was our

family game night.Friday's→Friday

3．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)In the summer holiday following my

eighteen birthday，I took driving lessons.eighteen→

eighteenth

4．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Besides，they often get some useful

informations from the https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c44202516.html,rmations→information

1.可数名

词单复数

的错用。

2．混淆名

词的可数

与不可

数。

3．考查序

数词和基

数词的基

本用法。

考点一名词的数

[先试做题组]

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．(2019·嘉兴测试)Portman's educational background has influenced one of her projects(project)．

2．(2019·武昌区调研)Driven by the curiosity(curious) in my heart, I came to China and took part in a cruise(乘船度假) along part of the river last year.

3．(2019·福建省高三质检)“Alaya, you don't have to do this if you don't want to. Nobody is forcing you.”Though I said I wasn't going to do it, my feet(foot) carried me toward the pool.

Ⅱ.单句改错

4．(2019·郑州质量预测)I liked the airs there because it was fresh and clean.Many stars were up high in the sky and the moon looked bright.airs→air 5．(2019·武汉调研)Considering my case, my teacher offered me several detailed approach and advised me to set a short-term goal to improve my math. approach→approaches

[再解读要点]

名词按其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数之分，不可数名词没有单复数之分。

一、可数名词的数

可数名词都有单数和复数之分。

1．名词复数的规则变化

不可数名词包括专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词，一般没有单复数之分。1．常考的不可数名词

抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常见的和常考的有：

(1)有些物质名词用复数形式表示与原来不同的事物。

paper(纸)—papers(证件，论文)

custom(风俗习惯)—customs(海关)

arm(胳膊)—arms(武器，装备)

air(空气)—airs(摆架子，装腔作势)

(2)有一些物质名词用复数形式，表示由大量该物质组成的事物。

sand(沙子)—sands(沙滩，沙漠)

water(水)—waters(水域，水体)

time(时间)—times(时代)

wood(木头，木材)—woods(树林)

(3)有些物质名词用复数形式表示不同的种类，如food, wine, metal, fish, vegetable等。

The wines of France are among the best in the world.

法国的葡萄酒是世界上最好的。

三、与名词有关的词形转化

1．名词后缀

-(t)ion表行为或状态；-ment表行为或结果；-er/or表人物；-ist/ian表专家或从事……的人；-ice表性质，状态；-dom表集体，领域或状态。

2．名词与形容词之间的转化

(1)“名词＋y”构成形容词。例如：rain—rainy；cloud—cloudy等。

(2)“名词＋ly”构成形容词。例如：friend—friendly；mother—motherly等。

(3)“名词＋ish”构成形容词。例如：fool—foolish；child—childish等。

(4)“动词＋able”构成形容词。例如：accept—acceptable；agree—agreeable 等。

(5)“名词＋en”构成形容词。例如：gold—golden；wood—wooden等。

考点二名词的固定搭配和所有格

[先试做题组]

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．(2019·石家庄联考)I would appreciate it if you could take me into consideration(consider). Looking forward to receiving your reply.

2．(2019·陕西检测一)What happiness(happy) should we find in reviewing the past，and what regrets?

Ⅱ.单句改错

3．(2019·郑州质量预测)Now I'm feeling regretful and disturbed. I'm not sure whether a computer's repair shop can get the documents back. computer's→computer [再解读要点]

一、固定搭配

名词构成的固定搭配主要有两类：“动词＋名词＋介词”和“介词＋名词”。常考的高频短语：

1．介词＋名词

with patience耐心地by chance/accident偶然

at a loss不知所措in advance提前

in favor of支持，赞成on purpose故意地

beyond recognition无法辨认

in great demand需求量很大

2．动词＋名词＋介词

have/gain access to可以获得

take advantage of利用，趁……之机

make use of利用

find fault with挑……的错

keep pace with与……同步

put an end to结束……

take notice of注意到

catch sight of看见

do damage to损害……

attach importance to重视……

take the place of取代，代替

take pride in以……自豪

take possession of占有

make preparations for为……做准备

make contributions to对……做出贡献

二、名词的所有格

1．有生命的名词，其所有格一般在名词后加-'s。

his father's boss 他爸爸的老板

2．表示时间、城市、地域、团体、机构等非生命的事物后也可加-'s表示其所有格。

today's paper 今天的报纸

England's shore 英国的海岸

the car's design 这辆车的设计

We accepted the invitation without a moment's hesitation.

我们毫不犹豫地接受了邀请。

3．在某些习惯用语中，也需要加-'s所有格。

for friendship's sake 为了友情

at a stone's throw 一箭之远

at one's finger's tip 手头上有

at arm's length 保持距离；在伸手可及处

at one's wits' end 黔驴技穷

4．无生命的名词，借用of表示所属关系。

the window of the room 这个房间的窗户

5．如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词后加-'s，如果不是共有的则两个名词后都要加-'s。

Jane and Mary's mother 简和玛丽的妈妈(共有，暗示简和玛丽是姐妹关系) Jane's and Mary's mothers 简的妈妈和玛丽的妈妈(不是共有，分别指两位妈妈)

6．双重所有格：“a/two/some ...＋名词＋of＋名词's/名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格，“of＋名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人，不能表示事物。

a friend of her mother's 她妈妈的一个朋友

two photos of hers 她的两张照片

考点三数词

[先试做题组]

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．—What's the date today?

—It's the fourth(four) of July.

2．There are buses to the station every twentieth(twenty) minute.

Ⅱ.单句改错

3．It's a big city with a population of about 7 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c44202516.html,lions→million

4．I want to have a pen friend，hopefully a girl in her early twenty，and with interests similar to mine.twenty→twenties

[再解读要点]

一、基数词

1．常用基数词表

(1)one and a half后的名词用复数，谓语动词一般用单数，不过事实上也可用复数。

(2)①当hundred，thousand，million，billion前面有基数词时，用单数形式，词尾不加-s；前面有many，several，a few修饰时，仍用单数形式。如：several billion years。②表示概数时，用ten，hundred，thousand，billion的复数形式加of，后面接复数名词。如：thousands of lakes and forests。

(3)表示某人的大约年龄，即“几十多岁”时，使用基数词的复数形式。“in sb.'s＋整十的基数词的复数”意为“在某人几十多岁时”。如：in his fifties。

(4)表示世纪年代

表示“在……世纪……年代”时在数字后加-'s或-s。

the early 1920s/1920's

the early twenties

the mid-eighties

二、序数词

1．常用序数词表

[易错提示]21以上的多位数词，只将末位数变为序数词，前面的其他位数

仍用基数词。如：21st→twenty-first；22nd→twenty-second；33rd→thirty-third；100th→one hundredth

2．序数词前冠词的使用

(1)序数词前一般要加定冠词the。

This is the first one.这是第一个

(2)序数词前有时可用不定冠词a，此时不强调顺序。“a＋序数词”相当于another，表示“又一个，再一个”。

You'd better try a third time.你最好再试一次。

(3)序数词用作副词时，不用冠词。

First come，first served.近水楼台先得月。

(4)序数词之前已有物主代词、指示代词或名词所有格修饰时，不再用定冠词。

I'll never forget that first lesson taught by Mr.Wang.

我将不会忘记王老师教我的第一堂课。

(5)序数词用在由“序数词＋名词”构成的形容词中时，不用定冠词。

There is a first-class hotel over there.

那儿有一家一流的宾馆。

三、分数和百分数

1．分数的表示法

(1)分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母用复数。

分数特殊表示法

1

2a(one)half；1

4a(one)quarter

3

4three-quarters；21

4two and a quarter

11

2one and a half；2

3

5two and three-fifths

[名师点津]三分之一既可说one-third，也可说a third。

(2)分子与分母之间加in/out of，分子在前，分母在后，分子分母都用基数词，one in/out of ten十分之一。

2．百分数的表示法

表示百分数直接将数词放在单词percent前面即可，如twenty percent百分之二十。

[名师点津]分数和百分数后面不能直接接名词或代词，而用以下形式：分数/百分数＋of＋冠词/限定词＋名词/代词，其谓语动词与of后的名词在人称和数上保持一致。

Two-thirds of the books are about science.

三分之二的书是关于理科的。

Only 30 percent of the work was done yesterday.

昨天只完成了百分之三十的工作。

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．The books(book) which you bought yesterday are so interesting.

2．Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste a wide variety of apples(apple).

3．The lives(life) of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the effects of a Frenchman from Paris called Gin.

4．The company has got lots of new equipment(equipment)．

5．I had no choice(choose) but to prepare for it, though.

6．Some schools will have to make adjustments(adjust) in agreement with the national soccer reform.

7．There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some thought(think) and then let me know.

8．Only a few dollars can help to fill a child's(child) hungry stomach.

9．I am still thankful to my uncle for teaching me to ride a bike on my ninth(nine) birthday.

10．—Why not buy a second-hand car first if you don't have enough money for a new one?

—That's a good suggestion(suggest).

Ⅱ.单句改错

1．“Reading for pleasure” plays a more important role in one's grow than one's family background.grow→growth

2．As a witness, he gave the police a vivid descriptions of the accident.descriptions→description

3．You can't legally take possessions of the property until three weeks after the contract is signed.possessions→possession

4．We are told that Professor Chen lives on the twenty-two floor of this building.twenty-two→twenty-second

5．Two-fifth of the machines on display are new items.

Two-fifth→Two-fifths

Ⅰ.语法填空

(2019·南昌二模)When I was an international student in China，I was lucky to experience Chinese New Year.The build-up was exciting as everywhere 1.________(decorate) with red.

Some fellow students and I decided to travel from Xi'an to Guilin for the festival.Travel during that time is quite 2.________ adventure－many people journey home 3.________(see) their families and everywhere is very busy.

On the eve of New Year，we watched the CCTV New Year's Gala.Although we didn't really understand everything，it was good to be lost 4.________ the atmosphere of the occasion！At New Year，families make 5.________(taste) dumplings together as part of the celebrations.On New Year's Day，and for several weeks afterwards，you can hear firecrackers and fireworks everywhere，and the air 6.________(smell) strongly of dynamite(火药) and smoke.This was adventurous for us!

Being in China during New Year somewhat meant 7.________(lonely) though it was a great experience.I can 8.________(absolute) explain it with how international students in the UK might feel at Christmas if 9.________ (have) no loved ones around them.

Overall，my first Chinese New Year was an amazing experience 10.________ I'll never forget.

【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。作者在中国留学期间，曾经有幸和同学一起边旅行边体验中国的新年，这个经历使作者一直难以忘怀。

1．was decorated[准备过程令人激动，因为处处都装饰着红色。主句用一般过去时，故从句也应用一般过去时。decorate与主语之间是动宾关系，故用被动语态。]

2．an[空前是quite，空后是名词，故可判断此处是“quite＋不定冠词＋名词”结构。当名词前没有形容词修饰时，quite要放在冠词前。] 3．to see[很多人回家看望自己的家人。分析句子结构并根据句子可知，空处应是不定式作目的状语，故填to see。]

4．in[句意：尽管我们不能真的听懂所有的内容，但是沉浸在这种节日的气氛中是极好的。be lost in sth.“沉浸在……中”，是固定搭配。] 5．tasty[家家都包美味的饺子。空处修饰dumplings，故用形容词tasty“美味的，好吃的”。]

6．smells[主语是表示单数意义的“the air”，故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。smell在此是系动词，意为“闻起来”，不能用于被动语态，故填smells。] 7．loneliness[句意：尽管新年期间待在中国是很美好的经历，但它稍微让人感到孤单。mean是及物动词，后接名词作宾语。loneliness“寂寞，孤独”。] 8．absolutely[空处修饰谓语动词explain，故用副词absolutely“完全地”。] 9．having[分析句子结构可知，此处是“连词＋非谓语动词”结构，涉及“状语从句的省略”这一语法现象。非谓语动词的逻辑主语是主句的主语，即“international students”。have和“international students”之间是主动关系，故用现在

分词having。]

10．that/which[句意：总体来说，第一次在中国过新年是令人惊喜的经历，一次我永远不会忘怀的经历。空处引导定语从句，在从句中作宾语，先行词是experience，故用that或which。]

Ⅱ.短文改错

Of all the teachers in my primary school，the one who impressed me most was Mrs.Huang.She was my five grade teacher.She was able to making learning fun and I liked her classes very much.Besides，she made me leader of many group project，which gave me confidence.That was with her help that I soon became top student in our class.Looked back on it，I'm very proud for having such an excellent teacher.The reason why I did so good was that she made me to feel confident.I am really grateful to her and I hoped one day I will become a teacher like her.

【答案】

Of all the teachers in my primary school，the one who impressed me most was

Mrs.Huang.She was my five

fifth grade teacher.She was able to

making

make learning fun

and I liked her classes very much.Besides，she made me leader of many group

project

projects，which gave me confidence.That

It was with her

help that I soon became ∧

a ) top student in our class.

Looked

Looking back on it，I'm very

proud for

of having such an excellent teacher.The reason why I did so

good

well was that

she made me to feel confident.I am really grateful to her and I hoped

hope one day I will

become a teacher like her.

终稿-高考英语-长难句-名词冠词代词和数词

专题三名词、冠词、代词和数词 综合演练 Ⅰ.语法填空 (2018山东德州夏津一中高三第一次月考) Woodblock paintings(木版画)are often hung at homes during the Chinese Lunar New Year. For many Chinese, the bright-colored paintings are quite time-limited. As soon as the festival comes to an end, these print works will be at once thrown away.1, these short-lived New Year paintings require a year of hard work by the artists, many of 2 have devoted their entire life to this traditional folk art. Yang Luoshu, a 92-year-old man from Weifang City, Shandong Province, is3 those who have had a great love of the art. Yang has worked as 4 craftsman for 77 years, and has kept improving his carving skills with every piece of work. Yangjiabu New Year woodblock paintings, which Yang has fallen in love with, 5(appear) in the Ming Dynasty. As a national cultural heritage, it is now one of China's three 6(representative) of traditional folk paintings for the New Year, together with Tianjin's Yangliuqing and Suzhou's Taohuawu. 7(run) a centuries-old folk art family workshop named Tongshunde, Yang has carved all kinds of images, including flowers, birds, mountains, rivers and traditional Chinese gods. But he realized that something must be changed 8 (make) sure handmade New Year paintings live on. “We are now thin king about development, allowing the paintings to be more 9(create),” he said. For him, the next thing to do is to find qualified successors to ensure that the skills 10(pass) to younger generations. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.7.8.9.10. 答案 [语篇解读]本文为记叙文。文章介绍了木版画大师杨洛书的故事。

高考英语专题一名词

考点一名词 名 词 一、可数名词单数变复数的规则 1.规则变化 规则例词 一般情况下,在词尾直接加-s book—books cap—caps tree—trees 以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词,在词尾加-es glass—glasses box—boxes watch—watches brush—brushes

2.不规则变化

注意:1.fish的“数” ?

2.penny的复数形式 ? 2 pennies ? 2 pence 3.hair的“数” ? ?

4.people指“人”时是person的一种复数形式,指“民族”时其复数形 式为peoples。 one person一个人two people两个人 a people一个民族two peoples两个民族 二、名词所有格 1. 加-'s词尾的规则 2.用法 （1）用于表来人或其他有生命的名词。表示所有关系类别用途、目的或起源。Is this Mr. Black's ofie? 这是布莱克先生的办公室吗? I took over my father's company last year.我是去年接管我父亲的公司的。children's bookstore儿童书店 (2)用于表示时间距离、价格等的名词。 Have you read today's newspaper?你读今天的报纸了吗? We're going to have a six weeks' summer vacation.我们将有一-个为期六个星期的暑假。

It's only half an hour's drive from here to the nearesthospital. 从这里到最近的医院开车仅有半小时的路程。 I bought 100 dollars' worth of books.我买了100美元的书。 (3)表示国家、城市、天体等的名词常用- 's结构。 China's industry 中国的工业 the ciy' enironment这座城市的环境the earth's suface地球的表面 (4)用以构成不同的节日。 April Fo's Day愚人节Children'sDay儿童节 Mothe's Day母亲节Teaches Day教师节 (5)用来表示店铺、医院、学校、住宅及公共建筑时，名词所有格后常常不出现它所修饰的名词。 at the barber's (shop)在理发店at Dick's (home)在迪克家 at the Whites' ( home )在怀特家里at the doctor's ( ffice)在医院at the tailor's ( shop)在裁缝店 (6)-'s用于学位中。 a Bachelor's degree学土学位 a master's degree硕士学位 a doctor's degree博士学位 (7)有时为了避免重复，可以单独使用-'s所有格，在句中相当于名词My views are quite different from my father's.我的观点与我父亲的非常不同。 My camera is the same as Ron's.我的照相机和罗恩的一样。 (8)由and连接的两个或多个名词，表示共同拥有时，只将最后一个名词变为所有格形式;如果是各自所有，则每个名词都要变成所有格 Jonh and Mary’s school Jonh’s and Mary’s schools (9)不定代词后加else,在else后加“-'s” somebody else's possessions 3.of所有格

高考语法精华讲解

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