★《国际经济法作业》·答案版1

以下答案均为网络搜索所得，未完成的为网络搜索无果，各位同学见谅。

案例分析题

1、我国某工艺品公司与美国某公司洽谈一笔工艺品生意，经双方对交易条件多轮磋商后，就价格、数量、交货日期等基本达成协议。我公司随即于4月6日致电：“供应下列货物：A101，100件，1000美元／每件CIF纽约，5月底前交货，请先电汇1万美元，4月15日前回复有效。”对方于4月9日复电：“确认你方电报，我购A101共100件，按你方电报规定已汇交你方1万美元，该款在交货前由银行代你方保管。”请问：

（1）双方之间的要约和承诺是否有效？为什么？

答：这笔合同不成立。

根据《公约》规定，有关合同付款的添加或不同条件，均视为在实质上变更发价条件。对方最后复电改变了付款条件，我方要求对方电汇5%的货款，但外商将该笔货款修改为保证金，即为实质性的变更了发盘条件，应视为还盘。

（2）在上述案例中，假如我方公司明确通知对方不同意将货款交由银行保管，于是对方又于4月11日回电称：“完全确认你方4月6日来电。”请问双方合同是否成立？为什么？

2、中国A公司与法国F厂商约定：由公司按F厂商提供的图案生产花布，分7批运往西非某国销售。A公司完成第三批货时，突然收到德国G厂商的投诉通知，称：A公司所售花布图案侵犯了G厂商在西非该国的外观设计专利。为此，G厂商要求：A必须停止侵权行为并赔偿其有关损失。根据1980年《公约》，请问：（1）G厂商的要求能否成立，为什么？

答：G公司可以最终使用目的所在国知识产权法向A公司进行索赔，A公司应停止在西非销售该种花布。因为A公司是根据法国F商人的样品生产的，A公司未违反权利担保义务，所以不应该赔偿；前三批货物因为G 公司未提出侵权，所以正常履行；应该有法商承担赔偿责任。

（2）在上述案例中，如果中国A公司没有按照法国F厂商的要求将该批花布销往西非某国，而是擅自销往欧洲某国，在那里侵犯了H厂商的外观设计专利，如果H 提起诉讼并要求赔偿损失，应由谁承担赔偿责任？为什么？

3、中国某进出口公司与加拿大商人签订一份出口大米1000吨的合同，由中方负责货物运输和保险事宜。为此，中方与上海某轮船公司A签订运输合同租用“远达”号班轮的一个舱位。2007年6月15日，中方将货物在上海港装箱。随后，中方向中国某保险公司B投保海上货物运输保险。货轮在海上航行途中遭遇风险，使货物受损。请问：

（1）如果中方公司向保险公司B投保的是平安险，而货物在海上运输过程中，先遭受船舶搁浅，但没有造成大米的损失，之后不久再遭遇台风，致使500吨大米湿损，那么是否可从B处取得赔偿？为什么？

答：不能。因为平安险对货物因自然灾害造成的部分损失不予赔偿。货轮遭台风，使货物遭受部分损失，但由于平安险的责任范围不包括自然灾害引起的单独海损，故不能获得赔偿，除非已投保水渍险和一切险。

（2）如果中方公司投保的是一切险，而货物受损是由于货轮船员罢工，货轮被迫滞留中途港，在此期间部分大米被偷盗，那么能否从B处取得赔偿？为什么？

答：不能。因为一切险的责任范围包括被保险货物在运输途中由于自然灾害、意外事故及外来原因造成的全部损失或部分损失，但不包括战争险、罢工险等特殊附加险。即使投保人投保了一切险，仍须与保险人特别约定，经保险人特别同意后，才能把特别或特殊附加险的责任包括在保险人承保范围之内。由于卖方未投保特殊附加险，故无法取得赔偿。

4、中国A船务公司一轮船装载500吨香蕉运往欧洲某港口。船长签发了一式三份清洁提单。提单上载明了提单受《海牙规则》约束。船舶到达欧洲指定卸货港时，正值当时港口工人罢工，罢工期间无法卸货。请问：

（1）如果船员在罢工期间忘记开放货物舱通风，致使舱内香蕉全部腐烂，货主向法院起诉索赔。而承运人以香蕉变坏是由于工人罢工不能卸货所致，主张免责。承运人是否应当承担赔偿责任？为什么？

（2）如果香蕉腐烂是由于港口工人罢工时间过长所致，承运人是否可以对损失免责？为什么？

答：保险人根据水渍险条款对该货损不负赔偿责任，因为本案货损既不属于自然灾害造成，也不属于运输工具遭受的搁浅等海上灾害或火灾、爆炸意外事故所造成。本案货损是由运输工具本身的磨损所引起的，不属于水渍险条款所承保的危险，故保险人对本案货损不负赔偿责任。

5、（1）甲国A公司从乙国B公司进口一批冻火鸡供应圣诞节市场。合同规定卖方应当在9月底以前装船。但是卖方违反合同，推迟至10月7日才装船。当货物最后运抵甲国时，已经错过的圣诞节销售时机，因此A公司拒收货物，并主张撤销合同。

问：A公司的主张是否成立？为什么？

（2）同时A公司还从乙国C公司进口了一批普通冻肉鸡，合同规定卖方应在9月底以前装船。但是卖方推迟到11月才装船。货到甲国后，A公司同样拒绝收货并主张撤销合同，双方发生争议。事后查明，甲国肉鸡市场价格、供求关系始终保持平稳，无大变化。

问：A公司的主张是否成立？为什么？如果A公司主张不能成立，是否还有其他救济方法？

答：本案的两个卖方即甲公司和乙公司都没有按合同规定的时间装船，这是一种违反合同的行为。但A 公司是否因此有权拒收货物并主张撤销合同，应该视甲公司和乙公司违约的性质和因此对A 公司造成的损害程度而定。

《联合国国际货物买卖合同公约》第49 条规定，当卖方违约时，买方在下述情况下可宣布撤销合同：

①卖方不履行其在合同中或公约中规定的任何义务，已构成根本违反合同，或

②如果发生不交货的情况，卖方在买方规定的合理额外时间内仍不交货，或卖方声明他将不在买方规定的合理的额外时间内交货。

所谓根本违约，根据公约规定，是指“如果一方违反合同，结果使另一方蒙受损失，以至于实际上剥夺了他根据合同规定有权期待得到的利益。” 可见，公约是从违约的性质及其造成的损害程度来确定受损害一方的救济措施的。

我国《合同法》第94 条规定，有下列情形之一的，当事人可以解除合同：“在履行期限届满之前，当事人一方明确表示或者以自己的行为表明不履行主要债务；当事人一方迟延履行主要债务，经催告在合理期限内仍未履行；法律规定的其他情形。”可以看出，如果一方违约并未严重影响对方根据合同所期待的经济利益，法律并未授予对方当事人解除合同的权利。

在上述案例中，A 公司是否对甲公司、乙公司享有解约权应该分别视甲公司、乙公司各自的违约情况和性质而定。

甲公司交货的时间虽然只比合同规定的晚了几天，但却使这批火鸡赶不上节日市场供应，将给买方带来严重后果，使买方订立合同时所期待的利益全部丧失。因此，甲公司的违约构成了根本违约，A 公司有权拒收货物并要求撤销合同。

乙公司供应的是普通冻肉鸡，这是常年供应的商品，不含有供应圣诞节的火鸡含有的节日消费因素。乙公司虽然也延迟交货，但因此而造成的买方的损失较之甲公司的违约所造成的损失要轻微得多。

事后的调查证明，英国肉鸡市场的价格在9、10、11 三月中并无大的变化，也就是说，乙公司的违约尚不构成根本违约，按中国合同法，此项违约也不构成“严重影响订立合同所期望的经济利益”。因此，对于乙公司的违约行为，A公司只能要求损害赔偿，却不能拒收货物，也不能要求撤销合同。

根据《联合国国际货物买卖合同公约》和我国《合同法》规定，只有当卖方购成根本违约时，买方才有权拒收货物并要求撤销合同；未构成根本违约，合同不能撤销，买方不能拒收货物，只能要求损害赔偿。

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unit1响尾蛇伤 我们在西波顿种植西瓜和香瓜供应市场。我家有一块瓜地和花圃在紧靠甘蔗地的谷仓背后。一天，我从工具棚里拿了把镰刀想去砍个西瓜自己吃。他们是不许我拿这把刀的，因为它的刀刃比我的胳膊还长。但它是切西瓜的最好工具。一刀下去，西瓜就一分为二了。 我正沿着瓜地边走边拍打着想找一个熟瓜，突然感觉脚好像被针一样的东西扎了一下。我为是踩在一堆蒺藜草上了。 转眼一看，却发现是一条响尾蛇。我知道响尾蛇在袭击之前都要发出响声以示警告的，而我对那响声的熟悉程度决不亚于我熟悉鹌鹑。后来我才明白它是没有时间警告，我肯定是一脚踩在它的嘴巴上了。我边往家飞奔，边大声喊叫，满脑子想的都是自己肯定要死了。妈妈赶快解下围裙用上面的带子绑在我的膝盖上部。她扶我到前屋的沙发上躺下，让玛莎照看我。当时在场的既没有一个男人也没有一匹马。最近的住宅是豪威尔先生家，但他家没有马。再远点的是吉姆·安德森家，穿过田地抄近路也有半英里的距离。妈妈冲向安德森家。安德森的一个儿子跳上马就直奔城里，在安德森家打工的克拉克的儿子用车把妈妈送回家。回到家，妈妈发现围裙带已被玛莎解开了，因为我直叫系得太紧。妈妈给我重新绑上，她用力很猛以致于我失声叫了起来。 然后，妈妈又到门廊朝那条通往城里的路张望。这条路位于安德森和豪威尔两家领地中间，一直延伸到小山顶端，因此从这里你可以看见所有路过的人或物。我总是远远就能辨认出我们的马车和汤姆，尤其是爸爸赶车的时候。这时，如果得到允许，汤姆就会因为急于吃到马槽里的东西而撒腿跑起来，爸爸也总是允许它这么做的。 赫伯·安德森的意见是首先找爸爸，如果他不在就找麦肯斯医生，再不成就找菲尔德或别的医生。 妈妈一边盯着看谁的马先出现，一边不时地进屋安慰我。 终于，妈妈说道：“你爸爸来了。” Read more 误解 这是个古老的故事，的确是要说到1864年的事。那时，英国军队驻扎在牙买加的一个团养了只官兵都喜爱的大猴子。那是只善于思考、极有主见的猴子，他的行为习惯和举止总是令军官们开心不已。他的居所对着军官食堂的窗户，尽管身上系着很长但不重的链子，他照样自得其乐，淘气逗人。比如有一天，他觉得一位年轻军官羞侮了他，便立即把食堂窗户敲得惊天动地。军官们只好把他的居所移到一个不太招眼的地方，但他依旧自娱自乐。任何活生生的东西，只要胆敢闯入他链长所及的范围内，就免不了被折腾得手忙脚乱一阵子。而那些倒霉的鸡鸭，却经常误入他的领地。那就会被他一下子抓住，有时竟被他扼杀，不过更多的时候，他都是恶作剧地对这些痛苦的阶下囚实施全身或半身拔毛手术，然后再放开。 然而，有一只鸡却让他突然强烈地喜欢上了。他是逮住了它，但他即不拔毛也不扼杀，反倒是百般怜惜、抚爱有加。这种毫无顾忌的举动使那只不幸的鸡恐怕是宁受拔毛之刑吧。猴子拧它，揉它，抚摸它，搂抱它，把它举得高高地，令它展翅起舞，又把它放开一会儿，可当它试图逃脱时又顽皮地将它两腿一抓。可那只鸡怎么地都不领情，反倒是完全误解了猴情猴意。但猴子却始终不渝，牢牢地紧握着这个心肝宝贝不放松。他满以为忠贞不渝的柔情蜜意即能赢得芳心归，没想到讨好卖乖了一番却不成功，因而更加大献殷勤：不一样地抚摸，更挚着地摩挲，更卖力地搓揉，还逗得它更欢快地舞蹈。可万分钟情也未能赢得回眸一顾。终于，在猴子极其亲昵的拥抱中，鸡给整死了，至死也未能理解猴的一片赤诚。 猴子处于极度悲伤之中。可想而知，他好不容易发现心爱之鸡，而这心爱之鸡未能回报丝毫之柔情，竟弃他而去！可悲复可怜！他开始着手祭奠的仪式，每一动作都表现出他沉痛

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