塑料的性能外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
外文资料翻译
资料来源：书籍
文章名：Chapter 2 The Properties of Plastics 书刊名：《English for Die & Mould Design and Manufacturing》
作者：刘建雄王家惠廖丕博主编
出版社：北京大学出版社，2002
章节：2.2 The Properties of Plastics
页码：P24~P31
文章译名：塑料的性能
The Properties of Plastics
Plastics are organic materials made from large molecules that are constructed by a chain-like attachment of certain building-block molecules. The properties of the plastic depend heavily on the size of the molecule and on the arrangement of the atoms within the molecule. For example, polyethylene is made from the ethylene building block that is initially a gas.Through a process called polymerization, a chain of ethylene molecules is formed by valence bonding of the carbon atoms within the ethyle ne molecule. The high molecular weight product which results iscal led a polymer. Hence, the designation polyethylene is used todisti nguish the high- molecular-weight plastic from its gaseous counterp art, ethylene, which is the monomer that becomes polymerized.The “poly”refers to the “many”ethylene building block molecules
or monomers, which join to form the polyethylene plastic molecule. Frequently, the term “resin”is used, interchangeably with “poly
mer”to describe the backbone molecule of a plastic material. Ho wever, “resin”is sometimes used to describe a syrupy liquid of both natural and synthetic resin.
Plastics, in the finished product form, are seldom comprised e xclusively of polymer but also include other ingredients such as fillers, pigments, stabilizers, and processing aids. However, design ation of the plastic material or molding compound is always taken from the polymer designation.
Broadly speaking plastics may be divided into two categories: thermoplastics and thermoset plastics. The classes of materials are so named because of the effect of temperature on their properties .
2.2.1Thermosets
Thermoset plastics are polymers which are relatively useless in their raw states. Upon heating to a certain temperatureaa chemical reaction takes place which causes the molecules to bond together or cross-link. After vulcanization and polymerization, or curing,the thermoset material remains stable and cannot return to its origi nal state. Thus, a”?thermo-seta” identifies those materials that become set in their useable state resulting from the addition o f heat. Normally, a thermoset polymer is mixed with fillers and reinforcing agents to obtain the properties of a molding compound. Thermosets are the hardest and stiffest of all plastics, are chem ically insoluble after curing, and their properties are less affec ted by changes in temperature than are the heat-sensitive thermopl astics. The closest non-plastic counterparts to thermosets in prope rties are ceramics. Common examples of thermoset plastics are: phe nolics, melamine, urea, alkyds, and epoxies. Molding compounds made from these polymeric resins always contain additional fillers and reinforcing agents to obtain optimum properties.
2.2.2Thermoplastics
Thermoplastic polymers are heat-sensitive materials which are solids at room temperature,like most metals. Upon heating, the thermopla stics begin to soften and eventually reach a melting point and b ecome liquid. Allowing a thermoplastic to cool below its melting
point causes resolidification or freezing of the plastic. Successiv e heating and cooling cycles cause repetition of the melting-freez ing cycle just as it does for metals.
The fact that thermoplastics melt is the basis for their proc essing into finished parts. Thermoplastics may be processed by any method which causes softening or melting of the material. Exampl es of thermoplastic fabrication techniques using melting are: injec tion molding, extrusion, rotational casting, and calendering. Fabric ation methods which take advantage of softening below the melting point are: thermoforming (vacuum or pressure), blow molding, and forging. Of course, normal metal-cutting techniques can also be applied to thermoplastics in the solid state. Common examples of thermoplastics are: polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride (PV
C), and nylon (polyamide).
2.2.3Fillers
Plastics often contain other added materials called fillers. Fi llers are employed to increase bulk and to help impart desired p roperties. Plastics containing fillers will cure faster and hold c loser to established finished dimensions, since the plastic shrinka ge will be reduced. Wood flour is the general-purpose and most c ommonly used filler. Cotton frock, produced from cotton linters, i ncreases mechanical strength. For higher strength and resistance to impact, cotton cloth chopped into sections about 1/2-inch square c an be processed with the plastic. Asbestos fiber may be used as a filler for increased heat and fire resistance, and mica is u sed for molding plastic parts with superior dielectric characterist ics. Glass fibers, silicon, cellulose, clay, or nutshell flour may also be used. Nutshell flour is used instead of wood flour where a better finish is desired. Plastic parts using short fiber fil lers will result in lower costs, while those with long fiber fil lers having greater impact strengths are more expensive. Other m aterials, not defined as fillers, such as dyes, pigments, lubrican ts, accelerators, and plasticizers may also be added. Plasticizers are added to soften and improve the moldability of plastics. Fi ller and modifying agents are added and mixed with the raw plast ic before it is molded or formed.
2.2.4Properties of Plastics
1.General Properties
The problem of selecting plastic materials is that of finding the material with suitable properties from the standpoint of inten ded service, methods of forming and fabricating, and cost.
New and improved plastic materials possessing almost any desired c haracteristic are being introduced continually. There are plastics that do not require plasticizers that have greater flexibility und er lower temperatures, and are stable under higher temperatures. S ome resist water, acids, oils, and other destructive matter. The wide use of plastics testifies to their value; however, fundamenta l limitations should be considered when applying a new material o r adapting an old material to new applications.
2.Effects of Temperature
Plastics are inclined toward rigidity and brittleness at low t emperatures, and softness and flexibility at high temperatures. The y are fundamentally unstable dimensionally with respect to temperat ure, and are susceptible to distortion and flow when subjected to elevated temperatures. The thermoplastics are particularly suscepti ble, while the thermosetting plastics are much more resistant, dif fering, however, only in degree. The distinction between the therm al stability of the thermosetting and thermoplastic resins is not well defined. A true distinction can be drawn only between indi vidual plastics, rather than between classes of plastics. High tem peratures not only seriously reduce the mechanical properties of p lastics, but also accelerate the destructive action of external ag ents to which they are sensitive. Continuous heating also may ind uce brittleness and shrinkage in heavily plasticized materials by volatilization of plasticizers. The use of one plastic in contact with a dissimilar plastic in a proposed application should be c hecked first in the light of possible a”?migration of plasticizer a”
, sometimes resulting in discoloration or hardening of one of the plastics.
In general, moderate temperatures are required for storage of plas
tics over long periods; low temperatures are to be avoided becaus e of the low-temperature brittleness of most of the plastics, and high temperatures should be avoided because of the rapid loss o f mechanical properties, volatilization of plasticizers, and the su sceptibility of a large number to distortion.
Plastics, with only a few exceptions, are extremely sensitive to the effects of water. High- humidity atmospheres induce water absorption and varied resulting effects, depending upon the composi tion and formulation of the plastics. Increased water content plas ticizes some materials, and there is a general lowering of the m echanical properties. Water absorption is responsible for swelling in certain plastics and the ultimate decomposition of a few. Mois t or wet atmospheres may extract plasticizers from heavily plastic ized materials and also provide conditions favorable to fungal gro wth. In recent years, however, new plastics have come into use t hat have first-class moisture resistance and may contain water ind efinitely while resisting other influences at the same time.
Extremely dry environments may cause brittleness in certain pla stics as a result of loss of water that normally contributes to their plasticity. Cyclic wet and dry atmospheres are more destruct ive to plastics than continuous exposure at constant humidity beca use of the mechanical stresses induced in the plastics by swellin g and shrinking with moisture absorption and moisture emission. Re latively constant, moderate to low humidities are preferred for pl astic storage because of the adverse effects of water on the str ucture and properties of these materials, and the possibility of plasticizer loss by extraction and fungal attack in moist atmosphe res
3.Effects of Light
Prolonged exposure to sunlight will affect adversely all plastics with exception of tetrafluoroethylene (Teflon). The change induced by the ultraviolet components may vary in kind and severity from slight yellowing to complete disintegration as a result of the chemical degradation of the polymeric compound or plasticizers. Los s of strength, reduced ductility, and increased fragility usually accompany such action. Many plastics are offered in special formul
ations containing “ultraviolet inhibitors”which should be utilize d when this influence is present. Exposure of plastics to sunligh t during storage should be avoided, especially when the transparen cy of clear materials is to be preserved.
4.Weight
As a family, plastics are light when compared to metals. Most plastics have a specific gravity between 1.35 and 1.45, which is less than that of magnesium.
5.Electrical Resistivity
Plastics have excellent electrical resistivity making them have wide application as an insulating material. In the high-frequency applications, plastics are particularly advantageous and, consequentl y, are being used to a large extent in the fields of radar and television.
6.Heat Insulation
Plastics have low heat conduction and, consequently, have appli cation as an insulating material. In particular, they are used as handles for appliances and tools subjected to heat.
Fabrication
The principal characteristic of plastics from fabrication standp oint is case of molding. Both thermosetting and thermoplastic mate rials lend themselves to molding irregular and complex shapes with relatively short curing cycles.
Plastics may be joined by using various cements, chemical solv ents, and mechanical fasteners. Heat-sealing, which parallels somewh at the welding process of metals, is used extensively in joining light thermoplastic films. In such cases, dielectric heating is th e technique usually used. Friction adhesion has had moderate app lication also in the joining of small thermoplastic parts.
Plastics can be machined with conventional machine tools. Howev er, certain cautions should be exercised. In order to maintain a good finish, a heavy flow of coolant should be used so as to a void temperatures that will distort the work. In some thermosettin
g laminates (glass, for example), the customary high-speed steel t ool will not stand up in view of the abrasive action of the la minating material. Here, either tungsten carbide or ceramic cutting tools must be used.
7.Effects of Oxygen
Organic plastics are nearly all subject to oxidation when expo sed to the atmosphere. The process is accelerated by high tempera tures and light; but, over long periods of time, oxidative deteri oration may take place at room temperature. Oxidation susceptibilit y depends largely upon the chemical nature of the plastic and it s compounding. Materials with the greatest number of double bonds in their molecular structure will generally be the most sensitive to oxidation. Yellowing and a gradual loss of strength and ductil ity are the principal results of oxidative processes.
Oxidation is not a problem of great magnitude in storage, sin ce the rigid plastics are rather resistant to oxidative deteriorat ion under moderate conditions.
8.Effects of Loading
Under moderate conditions the common thermoplastic materials are subject to distortion and flow when significantly loaded. Such pla stics cannot be expected to maintain a high degree of mechanical stability over extended periods when subjected to stress; especiall y is this true when they are also exposed to relatively high te mperatures. The thermoplastics should, however, ma- intain themselve s fairly well when not subject to load or when subjected to onl y moderate load. Recently, fillers, such as glass wool, have been added to thermoplastics to further improve this property.
The thermosetting plastics are much more load-stable than the thermoplastics because of their structure and the inclusion of fil lers in their formulation. In the laminated form they provide a rather high order of distortion and creep resistance. When not su bjected to mechanical stress they may be considered to be highlys table. These materials, however, may suffer creep over long period s, especially when maintained at elevated temperatures.
The thermoplastic types should not be subjected to load when stored; and, whenever possible, the loading of stress-bearing therm osetting moldings or laminates should be removed or reduced.
10.Chemical Stability
Plastics, in general, possess a high degree of inherent stabil ity with respect to chemical deterioration. In many instances, thi s stability may be fortified by the addition of the proper stabi lizers during compounding. While there is vast difference from one plastic to another, the general statement may be made that there is a plastic available to resist virtually any commercial chemical ..
塑料的性能
热塑性塑料熔体是热塑性塑料加工成品的基础。热塑性塑料可以用任何方法加工，导致材料软化或熔化。t的例子采用熔融的气塑制造技术有：注射成型、挤压、旋转铸造和压延。利用熔点以下软化的制造方法有：热成型(真空或压力)，吹塑，锻造。当然，普通的金属切削技术也可以应用于固态热塑性塑料.热塑性塑料的常见例子CS为：聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯(PVC)和尼龙(聚酰胺)。
2.2.3填料
塑料是由大分子制成的有机材料，由某些积木分子组成的链状附着体构成。塑料的性能在很大程度上取决于o的大小。f分子和原子在分子内的排列。例如，聚乙烯是由最初是气体的乙烯构件制成的。通过聚合法乙烯分子中的碳原子价键形成了一条乙烯分子链。高分子量的产物被称为聚合物。因此，聚乙烯是用来区分高分子量塑料与其气态对应物乙烯，乙烯是聚合的单体。“poly”指的是“多”et。聚烯类物质的组成分子或单体，它们连接在一起形成聚乙烯塑料分子。经常使用“树脂”一词，并与“聚合物”互换来形容背板。塑料的分子。然而，“树脂”有时被用来描述天然和合成树脂的糖浆液体。塑料，以成品的形式，很少被包括在内。广泛的聚合物，但也包括其他成分，如填料，颜料，稳定剂，和加工助剂。然而，塑料材料或模塑化合物的名称总是从聚合物称广义地说，塑料可分为两类：热塑性塑料和热固性塑料。由于温度的影响，
2.2.1热固性材料
热固性塑料是一种聚合物，在其原始状态下是相对无用的。在加热到一定温度时，会发生化学反应，使分子结合在一起，或交叉链接。经过硫化、聚合或固化后，热固性材料保持稳定，不能恢复到原来的状态。因此，“热集”识别了那些成为由于加温而处于可用状态。通常，热固性聚合物与填料和增强剂混合，以获得模塑化合物的性能。
热固性塑料是所有塑料中最坚硬、最坚硬的，固化后不溶于化学，其性能受温度变化的影响小于热敏热塑性塑料。抽搐。与热固性材料最接近的非塑性材料是陶瓷。热固性塑料的常见例子有：酚醛、三聚氰胺、尿素、醇酸和环氧。成型化合物f这些树脂总是含有额外的填料和增强剂，以获得最佳的性能。
2.2.2 热塑性塑料
热塑性聚合物是一种热敏材料，在室温下是固体，就像大多数金属一样。加热后，热塑性塑料开始软化，最终达到熔点，变成液体。允许热塑性塑料冷却到其熔点以下会导致溶解。塑料的冻结或冻结。连续的加热和冷却循环会导致熔化-冻结循环的重复，塑料通常含有其它被称为填料的附加材料。使用填料来增加体积并帮助赋予所需的性能。含有填料的塑料将更快地固化并保持更紧密以确定成品尺寸，由于塑料收缩将减少。木粉是一种通用的，也是最常用的填充剂.棉质长袍，由棉短绒制成，增加。机械强度。为了更高的强度和抗冲击能力，将棉布切成约1/2英寸的方形，可以用塑料加工。石棉纤维可用作填充剂提高了耐热性和耐火性，云母用于成型具有优良介电特性的塑料零件。玻璃纤维、硅、纤维素、粘土或壳面也可以使用。n在需要更好的光洁度的地方，
用utshell面粉代替木粉。使用短纤维填料的塑料零件会降低成本，而长纤维填料的成本会更高。行动能力更昂贵。其他未定义为填料的材料，如染料、颜料、润滑剂、促进剂和增塑剂也可加入。增塑剂被添加到软化和IM中。证明塑料的可模塑性。填充剂和改性剂在成型或成型之前，先加入原塑料，然后与其混合。
2.2.4塑料性能
1.一般特性
塑料材料的选择问题是从服务目的、成型方法、制造方法、成本等方面寻找性能合适的材料。新的和改进的塑料材料具有几乎任何所需的特性正在不断引入。有些塑料不需要具有更大柔韧性的增塑剂。呃温度低，在高温下是稳定的。有些能抵抗水、酸、油和其他破坏性物质。塑料的广泛使用证明了它们的价值；然而，基本的l在应用新材料或使旧材料适应新应用时，应考虑模仿。
2.温度效应
塑料在低温下倾向于刚性和脆性，在高温下倾向于柔软和灵活。就温度而言，它们在尺寸上基本上是不稳定的。，并且在高温下易受变形和流动的影响。热塑性塑料特别敏感，而热固性塑料则更耐高温，差别很大。然而，吴只在学位方面。热固性树脂和热塑性树脂的热稳定性之间的区别还没有很好地界定。只有在单个pl之间才能进行真正的区分。不是在塑料类之间。高温不仅严重降低了塑料的力学性能，而且加速了外界因素对Wi的破坏作用。它们很敏感。连续加热也可通过增塑剂的挥发而在严重增塑材料中引起脆性和收缩。一种塑料与迪西米的接触在提议的应用中，LAR塑料应首先根据可能的“增塑剂迁移”进行检查，有时会导致其中一种塑料变色或硬化。
一般来说，塑料的长期储存需要适度的温度；由于大部分塑料的低温脆性，所以必须避免低温。由于力学性能的迅速丧失、增塑剂的挥发和大量变形的敏感性，应避免Gh 温度的升高。
塑料，除了少数例外，对水的影响极为敏感。高湿度的大气会引起不同的吸水率，并会产生不同的影响，这取决于成分。塑料的配方。水分含量的增加使一些材料的力学性能普遍下降。吸水是导致宫颈肿胀的原因。在塑料和最终分解的几个。潮湿或潮湿的大气可以从高度塑化的材料中提取增塑剂，也可以为真菌的生长提供有利条件。参考文献然而，在过去的几年里，新塑料已经投入使用，它们具有一流的防潮性能，并且在抵抗其他影响的同时，也可能无限期地含有水。
极度干燥的环境可能会导致某些塑料材料的脆性，这是由于水分的流失，而水的流失通常会导致塑料的可塑性。循环潮湿和干燥的大气对塑料比连续暴露在恒定湿度下，由于机械应力在塑料中引起的溶胀和收缩与吸湿和水分排放有关。相对由于水对这些材料的结构和性能的不利影响，以及增塑剂lo的可能性，所以在塑料储存中首选恒定、中、低湿度。潮湿大气中的SS提取与真菌攻击
3.光的影响
长时间暴露在阳光下会对所有塑料产生不利影响，但四氟乙烯除外（特氟隆）。紫外线成分引起的变化可能与S的种类和严重程度不同由于聚合物或增塑剂的化学降解
而完全崩解。失去强度，降低延性，增加脆性通常是accom。有这样的行动。许多塑料是以含有“紫外线抑制剂”的特殊配方提供的，当这种影响存在时，应加以利用。期间塑料暴露于阳光下应避免储存，特别是在要保持透明材料的透明度时。
4.韦特
作为一个家庭，塑料与金属相比是轻的。大多数塑料的比重在1.35到1.45之间，比镁的比重小。
5.电阻率
塑料具有优异的电阻率，因而作为一种绝缘材料有着广泛的应用。在高频应用中，塑料特别有利，因此Y，在很大程度上被用于雷达和电视领域。
6.绝热
塑料具有低导热性，因此作为绝缘材料有着广泛的应用。特别是，它们被用作受热的电器和工具的把手。
7.制造
从制造角度看，塑料的主要特点是成型。热固性材料和热塑性材料都适合于用Re 成型不规则和复杂的形状。固化周期短。
塑料可以使用各种水泥、化学溶剂和机械紧固件连接。热密封与金属的焊接过程平行，在连接热密封中得到了广泛的应用。热塑性薄膜。在这种情况下，电介质加热是通常使用的技术。摩擦粘着在小型热塑性零件的连接中也有一定的应用。
塑料可以用传统的机床加工。但是，应采取某些警告措施。为了保持良好的光洁度，应使用大量的冷却剂，以避免温度升高。会扭曲作品的模型。在一些热固性层压板(例如玻璃)中，由于层压材料的磨料作用，传统的高速钢工具将不会起立。艾尔。在这里，必须使用碳化钨或陶瓷刀具。
8.氧效应
有机塑料在暴露于大气中时几乎都会受到氧化。这一过程是由高温和光加速的，但在很长一段时间内，氧化恶化。可能在室温下发生。氧化敏感性在很大程度上取决于塑料的化学性质及其复配。m中双键数最大的材料分子结构通常对氧化最敏感。变黄和逐渐失去强度和延展性是氧化过程的主要结果。
氧化不是一个很大的储存问题，因为硬质塑料在中等条件下是相当抵抗氧化劣化的。
9.加载效应
在适当的条件下，普通热塑性材料在显著加载时会发生变形和流动。这种塑料不可能维持高度的机械稳定。当他们承受压力时，会长时间处于状态；尤其是当他们也暴露在相对较高的温度下时。然而，热塑性塑料应该是属于自己的。当不受负荷或只承受中等负荷时，良好。最近，在热塑性塑料中加入了玻璃棉等填料，以进一步改善这一性能。热固性塑料由于其结构和填料的存在，比热塑性塑料具有更高的负载稳定性。在层叠形式中，它们提供了一个相当不错的高次变形和抗蠕变性能。当没有受到机械应力时，它们可以被认为是高度稳定的。然而，这些材料可能会长期蠕变，特别是在高温下保持。
热塑性材料储存时不应承受载荷；凡有可能，应移除或减少承受应力的热固性模塑或层压板的负荷。
10.化学稳定性
一般来说，塑料在化学退化方面具有高度的内在稳定性。在许多情况下，加入适当的稳定剂可以加强这种稳定性。在复合过程中。虽然一种塑料和另一种塑料有很大的不同，但一般的说法是，有一种塑料可以抵抗几乎任何商业化学品。
中英文文献翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
文献翻译英文原文
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c41133060.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
人力资源管理外文文献翻译
文献信息： 文献标题：Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management（影响人力资源管理未来的挑战和机遇） 国外作者：Dianna L. Stone，Diana L. Deadrick 文献出处：《Human Resource Management Review》, 2015, 25(2):139-145 字数统计：英文3725单词，21193字符；中文6933汉字 外文文献： Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management Abstract Today, the field of Human Resource Management (HR) is experiencing numerous pressures for change. Shifts in the economy, globalization, domestic diversity, and technology have created new demands for organizations, and propelled the field in some completely new directions. However, we believe that these challenges also create numerous opportunities for HR and organizations as a whole. Thus, the primary purposes of this article are to examine some of the challenges and opportunities that should influence the future of HR. We also consider implications for future research and practice in the field. Keywords: Future of human resource management, Globalization, Knowledge economy Diversity, Technology 1.Change from a manufacturing to a service or knowledge economy One of the major challenges influencing the future of HR processes is the change from a manufacturing to a service or knowledgebased economy. This new economy is characterized by a decline in manufacturing and a growth in service or knowledge as the core of the economic base. A service economy can be defined as a system based on buying and selling of services or providing something for others (Oxford
酒店服务质量管理外文文献翻译
文献出处：Borkar S, Koranne S. Study of Service Quality Management in Hotel Industry [J]. Pacific Business Review International, 2014, 6(9): 21-25. 原文 Study of Service Quality Management in Hotel Industry Borkar; Sameer Abstract It is an attempt to understand the role of quality improvement process in hospitality industry and effectiveness in making it sustainable business enterprise. It is a survey of the presently adopted quality management tools which are making the hotels operations better focused and reliable and meet the customer expectations. Descriptive research design is used to know the parameters of service quality management in hospitality industry. Exploratory research design is undertaken to dig out the service quality management practices and its effectiveness. Data analysis is done and presented; hypothesis is tested against the collected data. Since the industry continuously tries to improve upon their services to meet the levels of customer satisfaction; Study presents tools for continuous improvement process and how it benefits all the stake holders. It can be inferred from the study that the hotel implement continuous improvement process and quality management tools to remain competitive in the market. The study involves hotels of highly competitive market with limited number of respondents. This limits the study to hotel industry and has scope of including other hospitality service providers as well. Keywords:Customer Satisfaction, Perception, Performance Measurement, Continuous, Improvement Process. Introduction It has brought paradigm shifts in the operations of hospitality industry. The overall perspective of the industry is changed due to introduction of new techniques
旅游管理专业论文外文文献翻译
外文资料译文及原文 译文(一) 消费者体验旅游和品牌的结合 米契尔罗伯特 定义消费者体验旅游 制造工厂参观，公司博物馆和公司访客中心表现为被不同名字已知的观光事业片段：制造业观光事业，工业的吸引、工业的观光事业和工业的遗产观光事业。在每一个描述性的长期的共同目标是在消费者学习品牌，其运作，生产过程，历史和历史意义的时候建立一个消费者和品牌之间的纽带。有人建议在这里CET代表一个统一的主题的旅游。这个术语捕捉消费者的消费能力发现更多关于他们所消费的品牌，而制造商可以在与该工厂的客人接触的30-120分钟时间里建立与这些消费者更密切的关系。 参与的品牌 品牌经理寻求解决在三个层次消费者的需求： （1）功能（对消费者提供解决问题的办法）; （2）符号（提供心理欲望满意度）; （3）经历（提供感官快乐，品种，认知，刺激） CET可以通过视觉地介绍品牌，运作，生产工艺，历史和历史意义加强消费者和品牌之间的纽带。这种纽带可以被看作是个人品牌参与和品牌忠诚度的提高。认知参与反映了消费者对产品的兴趣（或学习更多）。CET可以通过刺激消费者对于品牌和生产过程的想象提高消费者的认知水平。此外，积极口碑沟通刺激满足旅客可能会比其他形式的促销更可信。 缺乏现有的直接研究关注 迄今为止，CET已经在行销文学中受到一点注意。米契尔和米契尔（2001年）对此内容这种的旅游网站进行了评估。此外，这些相同的作者已经评估食物和饮料工业中的现象（米契尔和米契尔，2000年），非营利部门（米契尔和米契尔，2001年b），和整体经济（米契尔等， 2001）。米契尔和米契尔（2002）为学者提出了格式，用来评估在当地的服务领域这些设施的地方利益。该主题通常包括对整合营销的简要讨论，但已收到直接研究的关注很有限。
英文文献翻译
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
客户关系管理外文文献翻译(2017)
XXX学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院：计算机与软件工程学院 专业：计算机科学技术(软件工程方向) 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：GoyKakus.THE RESEARCH OFCUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT STRATEGY [J]. International Journal of Management Research & Review, 2017, 1(9): 624-635. 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 客户关系管理战略研究 Goy Kakus 摘要 客户关系管理解决方案，通过为你提供客户业务数据来帮助你提供客户想要的服务或产品,提供更好的客户服务、交叉销售和更有效的销售,达成交易,保留现有客户并更好地理解你的客户是谁。本文探讨了客户关系管理模型在获得、保持与发展策略方面的优势。然而,我们对其定义和意义还存在一些困惑。本文通过考察关系营销和其他学科方面的相关文献，解释了客户关系管理的概念基础,从而对客户关系管理的知识作出了贡献。 关键词:客户关系管理模型, 客户关系管理的博弈改变者与关键策略 引言 CRM 是客户关系管理的简称。它的特征在于公司与客户的沟通,无论是销售还是服务相关的。客户关系管理这一术语经常用来解释企业客户关系,客户关系管理系统也以同样的方式被用来处理商业联系, 赢得客户,达成合同和赢得销售。 客户关系管理通常被考虑作为一个业务策略，从而使企业能够: *了解客户 *通过更好的客户体验留住客户 *吸引新客户 *赢得新客户和达成合同 *提高盈利 *减少客户管理成本 *通过服务台等工具软件,电子邮件组织者和不同类型的企业应用程序，企业业务经常寻求个性化的在线体验。 设计精良的客户关系管理包括以下特征: 1．客户关系管理是一种以顾客为中心并以客户投入为基础的服务响应，一对一的解决客户的必需品, 买家和卖家服务中心直接在线互动,帮助客户解决他
供应商质量管理文献翻译(外文翻译-中英对照)
互利共赢的供应商质量控制 前言 近年来，随着对供应链的重视，供应商管理正逐渐成为企业和学术界的关注对象，IS0９000族标准以及QS 9０00标准都对供应商的管理提出了相应的要求，与供应商管理有关的研究成果正逐渐增多，一些软件巨头也推出了供应商关系管理的软件，但是在这些研究成果和应用软件中，涉及到的供应商质量控制的内容只是一些最基本的要求，而供应商质量控制恰恰是供应商管理的最基本、最重要的内容。另一方而，质量管理界对质量控制的研究取得了大量的成果，遗憾的是这些成果大多依然局限于企业的内部控制，仅仅研究从企业内部各环节如何改善产品的质量，而基于供应链的角度来研究质量控制的成果尚不多见。因此，系统地研究经济全球化形势下供应商质量控制的理论与方法，将有助于推动我国企业产品质量的快速提高和供应链竞争优势的形成与巩固。 1、质量与企业共存 质量一直是一个随着时代的变化而不断变化的概念,人们对质量的认识也往往因关注点不同而有所不同。如，早在1908年，通用汽车公司的工程师们在皇家汽车俱乐部会员们的面前拆解了3辆凯迪拉克轿车，并把这些零件混在一起,而后从中选择零件重新组装成车，然后驾车绝尘而去。这令在场的会员极为震惊，认为凯迪拉克车质量之高令人惊叹。显然在当时，汽车零件具有互换性是一种了不起的质量特性,这也是福特公司的Ｎ型车和T型车取得辉煌成功的重要原因.时至今日，即使农用三轮车的零部件也具有极高的互换性，零部件的标准化和互换性已经是理所当然的事情，不再是吸引顾客的重要质量特性.可见质量的内涵是不断变化的.那么究竟什么是质量呢？ （１)市场竟争就是企业间对“顾客”的争夺，在日益激烈的“顾客"争夺战中，质量、价格、交付（交付日期、方式和手段）和服务是企业常用的四个法宝，其中质量是根本，离开质量其他三项将变得毫无意义，因此可以说质量己成为市场竞争的焦点.它反映了产品是否能够反映顾客需求、能否满足顾客需求，从面决定了产品的市场前途。有鉴于此，质量己成为一项全球性运动,世界上所有优秀企业无一不把质量作为企业战略的关键内容，从战略的角度来规划质量。 （2）对于企业经营者来说,认识到质量对企业的重要意义只是经营企业的第一步,重要的是如何利用科学的方法来保证产品和服务的质量，使顾客满意，来保证过程和工作的质量来获互利共炭的供应商质量控制得良好的业绩。 众所周知,企业管理是社会生产力发展到一定程度的历史产物,质量管理作为企业管理的组成部分,同样也是社会发展的客观要求，特别是顾客处于主导地位的今天,要使顾客满意，就必须有过硬的产品质量和服务质量，这就要求企业积极推行先进的质量管理理论与方法，不断进行质量管理创新. ２、企业与供应商质量控制 随着生产社会化的不断发展，企业的生产活动分工越来越细,专业化程度越来越强，促使生产技术水平越来越高,产品质量得到大幅度改善。通常，某一产品不可能由一个企业从最初的原材料开始加工直至形成顾客最终使用的产品，往往是通过多个企业分工协作来完成.另外，先进生产方式的广泛应用,如准时生产、敏捷制造、零库存等，使企业与供应商的关系愈加紧密，企业与供应商的关系也由单纯的买卖关系向互利共底的合作关系演变。 ISO 900０族标准自1987年诞生以来受到了世界各国的一致追捧,全球约５0多万家企业通过ISO90０1质量管理体系认证足以说明这套管理标准在引领国际管理潮流方面的巨大成功。在备受企业欢迎的新版标准ＩSO9000：2０00中，互利的供应商关系被作为八项质量管理原则之一，充分体现了供应商关系管理在企业经营实践中的作用和价值。企业要贯彻这一原则,就必须
旅游品牌定位外文翻译文献
旅游品牌定位外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
原文： Destination brand positions of a competitive set of near-home destinations Abstract: Although the branding literature commenced during the 1940s, the first publications related to destination branding did not emerge until half a century later. A review of 74 destination branding publications by 102 authors from the first 10 years of destination branding literature (1998–2007) found at least nine potential research gaps warranting attention by researchers. In particular, there has been a lack of research examining the extent to which brand positioning campaigns have been successful in enhancing brand equity in the manner intended in the brand identity. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of an investigation of brand equity tracking for a competitive set of destinations in Queensland, Australia between 2003 and 2007. A hierarchy of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) provided an effective means to monitor destination brand positions over time. A key implication of the results was the finding that there was no change in brand positions for any of the five destinations over the four year period. This leads to the proposition that destination position change within a competitive set will only
英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c41133060.html, Overview https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c41133060.html, is a unified Web development model that includes the services necessary for you to build enterprise-class Web applications with a minimum of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c41133060.html, is part of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c41133060.html, Framework,and when coding https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c41133060.html, applications you have access to classes in https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c41133060.html, Framework.You can code your applications in any language compatible with the common language runtime(CLR), including Microsoft Visual Basic and C#.These languages enable you to develop https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c41133060.html, applications that benefit from the common language runtime,type safety, inheritance,and so on. If you want to try https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c41133060.html,,you can install Visual Web Developer Express using the Microsoft Web Platform Installer,which is a free tool that makes it simple to download,install,and service components of the Microsoft Web Platform.These components include Visual Web Developer Express,Internet Information Services (IIS),SQL Server Express,and https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c41133060.html, Framework.All of these are tools that you use to create https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c41133060.html, Web applications.You can also use the Microsoft Web Platform Installer to install open-source https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c41133060.html, and PHP Web applications. Visual Web Developer Visual Web Developer is a full-featured development environment for creating https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c41133060.html, Web applications.Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sites and then publish them to a hosting https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c41133060.html,ing the development tools in Visual Web Developer,you can develop https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c41133060.html, Web pages on your own computer.Visual Web Developer includes a local Web server that provides all the features you need to test and debug https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c41133060.html, Web pages,without requiring Internet Information Services(IIS)to be installed. Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sites and then publish them to a hosting https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c41133060.html,ing the development tools in Visual Web Developer,you can develop https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c41133060.html, Web pages on your own computer.
仪表板外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Dashboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a control panel placed in the front of the car. For other uses, see Dashboard (disambiguation). The dashboard of a Bentley Continental GTC car A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel (IP), or fascia) is a control panel located directly ahead of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. Contents 1.Etymology 2.Dashboard features 3.Padding and safety 4.Fashion in instrumentation 5.See also 6.References Etymology Horse-drawn carriage dashboard Originally, the word dashboard applied to a barrier of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or other debris "dashed up" (thrown up) by the horses' hooves.[1] Commonly these boards did not perform any additional function other than providing a convenient handhold for ascending into the driver's seat, or a small clip with which to secure the reins when not in use. When the first "horseless carriages" were constructed in the late 19th century, with engines mounted beneath the driver such as the Daimler Stahlradwagen, the simple dashboard was retained to protect occupants from debris thrown up by the cars' front wheels. However, as car design evolved to position the motor in front of the driver, the dashboard became a panel that protected vehicle occupants from the heat and oil of the engine. With gradually increasing mechanical complexity, this panel formed a convenient location for the placement of gauges and minor controls, and from this evolved the modern instrument panel,
工商管理专业外文文献翻译
Project Budget Monitor and Control Author：Yin Guo-li Nationality：American Derivation：Management Science and Engineering.Montreal: Mar 20, 2010 . With the marketing competitiveness growing, it is more and more critical in budget control of each project. This paper discusses that in the construction phase, how can a project manager be successful in budget control. There are many methods discussed in this paper, it reveals that to be successful, the project manager must concern all this methods. 1. INTRODUCTION The survey shows that most projects encounter cost over-runs (Williams Ackermann, Eden, 2002,pl92). According to Wright (1997)'s research, a good rule of thumb is to add a minimum of 50% to the first estimate of the budget (Gardiner and Stewart, 1998, p251). It indicates that project is very complex and full of challenge. Many unexpected issues will lead the project cost over-runs. Therefore, many technologies and methods are developed for successful monitoring and control to lead the project to success. In this article, we will discuss in the construction phase, how can a project manager to be successful budget control. 2. THE CONCEPT AND THE PURPOSE OF PROJECT CONTROL AND MONITOR Erel and Raz (2000) state that the project control cycle consists of measuring the status of the project, comparing to the plan, analysis of the deviations, and implementing any appropriate corrective actions. When a project reach the construction phase, monitor and control is critical to deliver the project success. Project monitoring exists to establish the need to take corrective action, whilst there is still time to take action. Through monitoring the activities, the project team can analyze the deviations and decide what to do and actually do it. The purpose of monitor and control is to support the implementation of corrective actions, ensure projects stay on target or get project back on target once it has gone off target。