英文参考文献及翻译
（
二 零 一 五 年 六 月
英文参考资料翻译 题 目：多层横机针织织物面料的开发 学生姓名：张文在 学 院：轻工与纺织学院 系 别：服装设计与工程系 专 业：服装设计与工程 班 级：服装设计与工程11-1班 指导教师：邱莉 讲师
Development of Multi-Layer Fabric on a Flat Knitting
Machine
Abstract
The loop transfer technique was used to develop the a splitable multi layer knit fabric on a computerized multi gauge flat knitting machine. The fabric consists of three layers: inner-single jersey, middle-1X1 purl and, outer-single jersey. By varying the loop length the multi layer knit fabric samples were produced,namely CCC-1, CCC-2 and CCC-3. The above multi layer fabrics were knitted using 24s Ne cotton of combined yarn feed in feeders 3, 4, and 4 respectively. The influence of loop length on wpc,cpc and tightness factor was studied using linear regression. The water vapor and air permeability properties of the produced multi layer knit fabrics were studied using ANOVA. The change of raw material in three individual layers could be useful for the production of fabric for functional, technical, and industrial applications.
Keywords: multi layer fabric, loop length, loop transfer, permeability prope
1.INTRODUCTION
capable of manufacturing engineered fabric in two dimensional, three dimensional of bi-layer, and multilayer knit fabrics. The feature includes individual needle selection, the presences of holding down sinkers, racking, transfer, and adapted feeding devices combined with CAD. The layered fabrics are more suitable for functional and technical applications than single layer fabrics. These fabrics may be non-splitable (branching knit structure, plated fabric, spacer fabric) and splitable (bilayer,multilayer). The functional knitted structure of two different fabric layers based on different textile components (hydrophobic and hydrophilic textile material) is used to produce leisure wear, sportswear and protective clothing to improve the comfort. The separation layer is polypropylene in contact with skin, and the absorption layer will be the outside layer when cotton is used for the knit fabric .
Garments made of plant branch structured knit fabrics facilitate the transport of sweat from the skin to the outer layer of the fabric very fast and make the wearer more comfortable. Qing Chen et al .reported that the branching knitted fabrics made from different combinations of polyester/cotton yarns with varying linear density and various knitted structure produced in rib machine improved water transport properties. The Moisture comfort characteristics of plated knitted fabric was good, reported by the authors findings from three layer plated fabric of cotton (40s), lycra (20 D) and superfine polypropylene (55 dtex/72 f) was used as a raw material in face, middle and ground layers respectively . The applications in wearable electronics for the multilayer fabric are wider. Novel multi-functional fibers structure include three layered knit fabric embedded with electronics for health monitoring. The knit fabric consists of 5% spandex and 95% polypropylene in –1stlayer, -2nd layer composed of metal fibers to conduct electric current to embedded electronics + PCM and the 3rd layer is composed of highly hydrophilic cotton . In flat knitting, two surface (U-,V-,M-,X- and Y-shaped) and three surface layers (U-face to face, U- zigzag and X-shaped) spacer fabric were developed from hybrid glass filament and polypropylene for light weight composite applications.H
Cebulla et al produced three dimensional performs like open cuboid and spherical shell using the needle parking method. The focus was in the area of individual needle selection in the machine for the production of near net-shape performs. The multi layered sandwich knit fabric of rectangular core structure (connecting layer: rib), triangular core structure (connecting layer:interlock), honeycomb core structure (connecting layer: jersey combined with rib), triple face structure 1 (connecting layers are not alternated), Triple face structure 2 (connecting layers are alternated) were developed on a flat-knitting machine for technical applications .
In this direction the flat knitting machine was elected to produce splittable multi layer knit fabric with varying loop length and loop transfer techniques. The influence of loop length on wpc, cpc and tightness factor was studied for the three individual layers in the fabric. The important breathability properties of the fabric such as water vapor permeability and air permeability were studied. The production technique used for this fabric has wide applications such as in functional wear, technical textiles, and wearable textiles.
2.MATERIALS AND METHODS
The production of multi-layer knit fabrics such as CCC-1, CCC-2 and CCC-3 cotton yarn with the linear density of 24s Ne was fed in the knit feeder.For layered fabric development, a computerized multi gauge flat knitting machine and combined yarn feed was selected like 3, 4 and 4 respectively, shown in the Table I. Q. M. Wang and H. Hu [9] was the selected yarn feed in the range of 4 –10 for the production of glass fiber yarn composite reinforcement on a flat knitting machine. The intermediate between integral and fully fashioned garment was produced using the “half gauging or
needle parking” technique. The use of only alternate needles on each bed of the flat knitting machine was used for stitch formation, The remaining needles did not participate in stitch formation in the same course,but the loops formed were kept in the needle head until employed for stitch formation again, thus freeing needles to be used as temporary parking places for loop transfer . For production of layered fabric and fully fashioned
garment, the loop transfer stitch is essential part of the panel. The running-on bars were used for transferring of loops either by hand or automatically from one needle to another needle depending on the machine. The principle of the loop transfer is shown in the Figure
1.
FIGURE. 1. Principle of loop transfer.
(a)The delivering needle is raised by a cam in the carriage. The loop is stretched over the transfer spring. (b)The receiving needle is raised slightly from its needle bed. The receiving needle enters the transfer spring of delivering needle and penetrates the loop that will be transferred. (c)The delivering needle retreats leaving the loop on the receiving needle. The transfer spring opens to permits the receiving needleto move back from its closure. Finally, loop transference is completed.
TABLE I. Machine & Fabric parameters.
2.1 Fabric Development
Using STOLL M1.PLUS 5.1.034 software the needle selection pattern was simulated is shown in Figure 2.In Figure3, feeder 1, 2 and 3 are used for the formation of three layer fabric (inner-single jersey,middle-1X1 purl and outer-single jersey) respectively. With knit stitches the outer and inner layer knit fabrics are formed by means of selecting the alternate working needles in each bed. But the middle layer fabric is formed by free needles in each bed with the help of loop transfer and knit stitches.
FIGURE 2. Selection of Machine & pattern parameters.
FIGURE 3. Needle diagram for the multi-layer knit fabric.
2.2TESTING
The produced multi layer knit fabric was given a relaxation process and the following tests were carried out. The knitted fabric properties are given in Table II. and the cross sectional view of the fabrics is shown in Figure 4.
FIGURE 4. Cross Sectional view of Multi-layer knit fabric.
2.3 Stitch Density
The courses and wale density of the samples in outer,middle and inner layer were calculated individually in the direction of the length and width of the fabric.The average density per square centimeter was taken for the discussion.
2.4 Loop Length
In outer, middle and inner layers of various combinations in multi layer fabric, 20 loops in a course were unraveled and the length of yarn in cm (LT) was measured. From the LT value the stitch length/loop length was measured by using
Stitch length/loop length in cm (L) = (LT)/20 (1)
The average loop length (cm) was taken and reported in Table II.
2.5 Tightness Factor (K)
The tightness of the knits was characterized by the tightness factor (K). It is known that K is a ratio of the area covered by the yarns in one loop to the area occupied by the loop. It is also an indication of the relative looseness or tightness of the knitted structure. For determination of TF the following formula was used
Tightness Factor (K) = √T/l (2)
Where T= Yarn linear density in Tex, l = loop length of fabric in cm. The TF of three layers (outer, midd le, and inner) were calculated separately is given in Table II.
TABLE II. Multi-layer knitted fabric parameters
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The water vapor permeability of the multi layer knit fabrics were analyzed and shown in Figure 8. It can be observed that a linear trend is followed between water vapor permeability and loop length. With increases in loop length, there is less resistance per unit area, so, the permeability property of the fabric also increased. Anova data show increases
in loop length yield a significant difference in the water vapor permeability of the multi fabrics [F (2, 15) > Fcrit]. The regression analysis was done between CCC-1and CCC-2 and CCC-2 and CCC-3 for studying the influence of the number of yarn feeds.R2 values shows 0.755 for both comparisons. The water vapor permeability of the fabric is highly influenced by the length of the loop in the fabric and less by the number of yarn feed in the fabric.
The air permeability of the multi layer knit fabricswas analyzed and is shown in Figure 8. It can be observed that the air permeability of the CCC-1,CCC-2, and CCC-3 fabrics is linear with loop length.
FIGURE 8. Water Vapor Permeability & Air Permeability of fabric.
As loop length in the fabric increased, air permeability also increased. The Anova- single factor analysis also proves that there is a significant difference at 5 % significance level between the air permeability characteristics of multi layer fabrics produced from various loop length [F (2, 15) > F crit] shown in Table IV. To study the influence of the combination yarn feed, the regression analysis was done between CCC-1 and CCC-2 and
CCC-2 and CCC-3. It shows R2 =0.757. So, the air permeability of the fabric is may not be dependent on the number of yarns fed, but more influenced by the loop length.
4. CONCLUSIONS
In flat knitting machine using a loop transfer technique, multi layer fabrics were developed with varying loop length. With respect to loop length, the loop density and tightness factor were analyzed.Based on analysis the following conclusions were made:
TABLE III. Permeability Characteristics of Multi-layer knit fabrics.
TABLE IV. ANOVA single factor data analysis.
For multi-layer fabric produced with various basic structures (single jersey and 1x1 purl), the change of loop length between the layers has no significant difference.The wpc and cpc had an inverse relationship with the loop length produced from CCC combination multilayer fabrics.The combination yarn feed is an important factor affecting the tightness factor and loop lengths of the individual layers in knitted fabrics.The water vapor and air permeability properties of the multi layer knit fabrics were highly influenced by the change in loop length followed by the combination yarn feed.
多层横机针织织物面料的开发
摘要
循环传输技术被用于开发一种计算机化多针距的横机上的一个多层编织织物。织物由三层组成：内汗布，中间1X1金银丝和，外汗布。通过改变环长度的多层针织织物样品生产的，即CCC-1，CCC-2和CCC-3。上述多层织物分别用24秒的组合纱原料中馈电线3，4和4氖棉针织。采用线性回归环路长度的WPC上，中国共产党和气密性因素的影响进行了研究。所产生的多层编织物的水蒸汽和空气透过性性能进行使用ANOVA分析。原材料的变化在三个单独的层可以用作功能性面料的生产,技术和工业应用。
关键词：多层织物，线圈长度，移圈，透气性
1.引言
能够制造工程结构在二维,三维微悬臂,多层针织面料。功能包括个人针选择、压低伸卡球的存在,货架,转移和调整喂养设备与CAD相结合。分层织物更适合比单层面料功能和技术的应用程序。这些面料可能non-splitable(分支编织结构、镀织物间隔织物)和splitable(双层、多层)。两种不同面料的功能性针织结构层根据不同纺织组件(疏水性和亲水性纺织材料)是用于生产休闲装,运动装和防护服,提高舒适度。分离层聚丙烯接触皮肤,和吸收层时将外面的一层棉用于针织物。
结构化针织面料制成的服装工厂分支促进运输汗水从皮肤的外层织物非常快,让穿着者更加舒适。分支针织面料制成的不同组合涤棉纱线不同线密度和各种针织罗纹机生产的结构提高水运属性。镀针织物的水分舒适特性很好,报告的作者发现从三层镀织物棉(40s),莱卡(20 D)和超细聚丙烯(55分特/ 72 f)被用作原料的脸,中间和地面层分别[2]。多层织物的应用程序在可穿戴电子产品越来越宽。新颖的多功能纤维结构包括三个分层织物嵌入式电子健康监测。氨纶织物由5%,95%的聚丙烯- 1 stlayer,2层组成的金属纤维进行电流嵌入式电子产品+ PCM和第三层是由高度亲水的棉花。在横机织物,两个表面(U、V、M - X,y型)和表面三层(U-face,U -曲折和X形)间隔织物是由玻璃纤维和聚丙烯混合轻质复合应用程序[5]。H Cebulla 等产生三维执行开放长方体和球壳使用针停车方法。重点是在个人领域的机针选择分析钣制带轮近净执行附近的生产。矩形核心结构的多层针织织物(连接层:肋)、三角核心结构(连接层:联锁装置)、蜂窝芯材结构(连接层:球衣加上肋),三面结构1(连接层不是交替),三面结构2(连接层交替)就在横编机技术开发应用。
在这个方向针织横机当选产生可剥离多层织物不同循环长度和循环转移技术。女警官循环长度的影响,党和紧张因素是研究个人三层织物。重要的水蒸气渗透性等织物的透气性能和空气渗透率进行了研究。这种织物使用的生产技术已经广泛的应用,如功能,技术纺织品和可穿戴的纺织品。
2.材料和方法
多层编织物如CCC-1，CCC-2和CCC-3棉纱与24S的线密度氖是在针织feeder.For层状织物的发展，一个计算机化的多针距的横机进料并生产分别合并送纱被选定象图3,4和4中，表IQM Wang和所示H.胡是选择的纱线原料中的4的范围内 - 10用于生产玻璃纤维纱复合增强在平坦的针织机。积分充分老式服装之间的中间用的是“半计量或针停车”技术生产。仅交替针上各床的横机的使用被用于缝合形成，剩余的针没有参加缝合形成在同一过程，但所形成的线圈保持在针头，直到再次用于缝合形成，从而释放针被用作临时停车的地方环传递。对于生产多层织物，充分塑造服装，循环转移线圈是面板的重要组成部分。磨合上杆被用于循环通过手动或自动的转移从一个针到根据在机器上的另一针。
（一）递送针被抬起由在托架的凸轮。环路伸过来的传送弹簧。（二）接受针稍微偏离其针床上升。接收针进入递送针的传送弹簧并穿过将要传送的循环。（三）提供针撤退留下的接受针循环。转移春天打开允许接收needleto移回其关闭。最后，循环转移完毕。
2.1面料开发
使用斯托尔M1.PLUS5.1.034软件进行模拟示于图2.In Figure3，进料器1，2和3的选针图案被用于三个层织物（内单面针织，中间-1X1金银丝的形成和外汗布）分别。与编织线圈的外层部和内层针织织物是通过选择在每个床的交替工作针的方式形成。但中间层织物通过免费针在每个床上移圈和编织针的帮助下形成的。
2.2性能测试
所产生的多层编织物被赋予了松弛过程和以下试验进行。针织物性能列于表中。织物的剖视图示于图4。
图4 多层编织物的断面图
2.3线圈密度
课程和在外部，中间和内层样品的纵行密度分别计算在每平方厘米的织物。平均密度的长度和宽度取为讨论的方向。
2.4线圈长度
在多层织物的各种组合的外，中，内层，20中的循环过程被解开并测量纱在厘米（LT）的长度。从LT值针迹长度/线圈长度是使用
线迹长度/环路长度以cm（L）=（LT）/20（1）
平均循环长度（cm）的一部分取出并且报导在表中。
2.5紧密系数
针织的紧密度的特点是紧密系数（K）。已知的是，K是在一个循环包括的纱线由循环占据的区域的面积的比率。它也是编织结构的相对松动或密封性的指示。为了测定TF的中和下式用于
密性因子（K）=√T/升（2）
其中T =在特克斯纱线线密度，升=织物在厘米的环路长度。三层（外层，中层，和内层）分别计算的TF被列于表中。
3结果与讨论
该多层编织织物的水蒸气渗透性进行了分析，并显示在图8可以观察到，一个线性趋势随后水蒸汽渗透性和环路长度之间。与增加的环路长度，有每单位面积较小的阻力，所以，织物的透气性属性也增加。方差分析数据显示增加环路长度得到在多面料[F（2,15）> Fcrit]的水蒸汽渗透性的显著差异。该回归分析CCC-1和CCC-2和CCC-2和CCC-3之间进行用于研究的纱线feeds.R2值的数量的影响示0.755两个比较。织物的水蒸气渗透性的高度由在织物和较少的循环由送纱在织物的数目的长度的影响。
该多层编织fabricswas的透气性分析，并示于图中可以观察到，CCC-1，CCC-2，和CCC-3织物的透气度是线性的环路长度。
如在织物环的长度增加，透气度也增加了。所述Anova-单因素分析也证明了有在来自不同环路长度[F（2,15）> F暴]在表中示出产生多层织物的透气性特性之间的5％显着性水平显著差异。研究组合纱线进料的影响，该回归分析CCC-1和CCC-2和CCC-2和CCC-3之间进行。它显示了R2=0.757。所以，织物的空气渗透性可以不依赖于纱线供给的数量，但由环路长度更影响。
4结论
使用循环传输技术在针织横机,多层织物开发不同循环长度。循环对长度、密度和紧度的因素进行了分析。基于分析以下结论:
与各种基本结构（单面和1x1的双反面）生产的多层织物，环路长度的层之间的变化没有显著区别.木塑和协调会与来自CCC组合多层织物制作的环路长度成反比。结合纱线饲料是一个重要因素影响个人的紧张因素和循环长度层针织面料。水蒸气和多层编织织物的透气性能的各个层的紧密性因子和环长度通过随后的结合纱线中环长度的变化是高度影响的重要因素。
关于力的外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
五、外文资料翻译 Stress and Strain 1.Introduction to Mechanics of Materials Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. It is a field of study that i s known by a variety of names, including “strength of materials” and “mechanics of deformable bodies”. The solid bodies considered in this book include axially-loaded bars, shafts, beams, and columns, as well as structures that are assemblies of these components. Usually the objective of our analysis will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deformations produced by the loads; if these quantities can be found for all values of load up to the failure load, then we will have obtained a complete picture of the mechanics behavior of the body. Theoretical analyses and experimental results have equally important roles in the study of mechanics of materials . On many occasion we will make logical derivations to obtain formulas and equations for predicting mechanics behavior, but at the same time we must recognize that these formulas cannot be used in a realistic way unless certain properties of the been made in the laboratory. Also , many problems of importance in engineering cannot be handled efficiently by theoretical means, and experimental measurements become a practical necessity. The historical development of mechanics of materials is a fascinating blend of both theory and experiment, with experiments pointing the way to useful results in some instances and with theory doing so in others①. Such famous men as Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made experiments to adequate to determine the strength of wires , bars , and beams , although they did not develop any adequate theo ries (by today’s standards ) to explain their test results . By contrast , the famous mathematician Leonhard Euler(1707-1783) developed the mathematical theory any of columns and calculated the critical load of a column in 1744 , long before any experimental evidence existed to show the significance of his results ②. Thus , Euler’s theoretical results remained unused for many years, although today they form the basis of column theory. The importance of combining theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident as we proceed with
数据库外文参考文献及翻译.
数据库外文参考文献及翻译 数据库外文参考文献及翻译数据库管理系统——实施数据完整性一个数据库，只有用户对它特别有信心的时候。这就是为什么服务器必须实施数据完整性规则和商业政策的原因。执行SQL Server的数据完整性的数据库本身，保证了复杂的业务政策得以遵循，以及强制性数据元素之间的关系得到遵守。因为SQL Server的客户机/服务器体系结构允许你使用各种不同的前端应用程序去操纵和从服务器上呈现同样的数据，这把一切必要的完整性约束，安全权限，业务规则编码成每个应用，是非常繁琐的。如果企业的所有政策都在前端应用程序中被编码，那么各种应用程序都将随着每一次业务的政策的改变而改变。即使您试图把业务规则编码为每个客户端应用程序，其应用程序失常的危险性也将依然存在。大多数应用程序都是不能完全信任的，只有当服务器可以作为最后仲裁者，并且服务器不能为一个很差的书面或恶意程序去破坏其完整性而提供一个后门。SQL Server使用了先进的数据完整性功能，如存储过程，声明引用完整性（DRI），数据类型，限制，规则，默认和触发器来执行数据的完整性。所有这些功能在数据库里都有各自的用途;通过这些完整性功能的结合，可以实现您的数据库的灵活性和易于管理，而且还安全。声明数据完整性声明数据完整原文请找腾讯3249114六,维-论'文.网 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c416523527.html, 定义一个表时指定构成的主键的列。这就是所谓的主键约束。SQL Server使用主键约束以保证所有值的唯一性在指定的列从未侵犯。通过确保这个表有一个主键来实现这个表的实体完整性。有时，在一个表中一个以上的列（或列的组合）可以唯一标志一行，例如，雇员表可能有员工编号（ emp_id ）列和社会安全号码（ soc_sec_num ）列，两者的值都被认为是唯一的。这种列经常被称为替代键或候选键。这些项也必须是唯一的。虽然一个表只能有一个主键，但是它可以有多个候选键。 SQL Server的支持多个候选键概念进入唯一性约束。当一列或列的组合被声明是唯一的， SQL Server 会阻止任何行因为违反这个唯一性而进行的添加或更新操作。在没有故指的或者合适的键存在时，指定一个任意的唯一的数字作为主键，往往是最有效的。例如，企业普遍使用的客户号码或账户号码作为唯一识别码或主键。通过允许一个表中的一个列拥有身份属性，SQL Server可以更容易有效地产生唯一数字。您使用的身份属性可以确保每个列中的值是唯一的，并且值将从你指定的起点开始，以你指定的数量进行递增（或递减）。（拥有特定属性的列通常也有一个主键或唯一约束，但这不是必需的。）第二种类型的数据完整性是参照完整性。 SQL Server实现了表和外键约束之间的逻辑关系。外键是一个表中的列或列的组合，连接着另一个表的主键（或着也可能是替代键）。这两个表之间的逻辑关系是关系模型的基础;参照完整性意味着这种关系是从来没有被违反的。例如，一个包括出版商表和标题表的简单的select例子。在标题表中，列title_id （标题编号）是主键。在出版商表，列pub_id （出版者ID ）是主键。 titles表还包括一个pub_id列，这不是主键，因为出版商可以发布多个标题。相反， pub_id是一个外键，它对应着出版商表的主键。如果你在定义表的时候声明了这个关系， SQL Server由双方执行它。首先，它确保标题不能进入titles表，或在titles表中现有的pub_id无法被修改，除非有效的出版商ID作为新pub_id出现在出版商表中。其次，它确保在不考虑titles表中对应值的情况下，出版商表中的pub_id的值不做任何改变。以下两种方法可
英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c416523527.html, Overview https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c416523527.html, is a unified Web development model that includes the services necessary for you to build enterprise-class Web applications with a minimum of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c416523527.html, is part of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c416523527.html, Framework,and when coding https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c416523527.html, applications you have access to classes in https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c416523527.html, Framework.You can code your applications in any language compatible with the common language runtime(CLR), including Microsoft Visual Basic and C#.These languages enable you to develop https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c416523527.html, applications that benefit from the common language runtime,type safety, inheritance,and so on. If you want to try https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c416523527.html,,you can install Visual Web Developer Express using the Microsoft Web Platform Installer,which is a free tool that makes it simple to download,install,and service components of the Microsoft Web Platform.These components include Visual Web Developer Express,Internet Information Services (IIS),SQL Server Express,and https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c416523527.html, Framework.All of these are tools that you use to create https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c416523527.html, Web applications.You can also use the Microsoft Web Platform Installer to install open-source https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c416523527.html, and PHP Web applications. Visual Web Developer Visual Web Developer is a full-featured development environment for creating https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c416523527.html, Web applications.Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sites and then publish them to a hosting https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c416523527.html,ing the development tools in Visual Web Developer,you can develop https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c416523527.html, Web pages on your own computer.Visual Web Developer includes a local Web server that provides all the features you need to test and debug https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c416523527.html, Web pages,without requiring Internet Information Services(IIS)to be installed. Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sites and then publish them to a hosting https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c416523527.html,ing the development tools in Visual Web Developer,you can develop https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c416523527.html, Web pages on your own computer.
科技文本的翻译
（一）科技英语特点和翻译原则 科技文本：科学专着、科学论文、科学报道、试验报告、技术规范、工程技术说明、科技文献以及科普读物等。 科技文本的特点：用词非常严谨，行文规范，注重客观；描述平易，一般不带感情色彩；准确，正式，逻辑严密。 1. 科技英语的词汇。 i. 普通词汇 ii．半专业词汇 半专业词所表达的意义根据不同的学科内容而定 .：1. pencil 光学中：光纤锥，射束 机械中：metal pencil 焊条 2. concentration
1）Electrode potential depends on the concentration of the irons.（浓度） 2) A concentration process is important now that the depletion of high grade ores is possible. (富集) iii．专业词汇 i.词义专一，构成呈多样化，前后词缀，如：auto-, a-, semi-,micro-等。 ii.外来词多 2.科技英语中长句较多, 汉译英时注意拆分 科技英语重表示某些复杂概念时用的长复合句大大多于一般英 语。长句特点是从句和短语多，同时兼有并列结构或省略，倒装顺序，结构显得复杂。但其所表达的科技内容严密性、准确性和逻辑性较强。 见4. . 3.科技英语专业术语性强，汉译英是强调术语翻译的正确性。 专业术语语义具有严谨性和单一性 平时阅读与所译材料同类的英文材料 给概念以约定俗成的译名 .：药品的“保存期”是“shelf life”而不是“storage period” 肺活量是“vital capacity”而不是“lung capacity” 科技英语重缩略语情况也比较多，需勤查相关专业词典或参考书，采用公认的缩略形式。
1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
10kV小区供配电英文文献及中文翻译
在广州甚至广东的住宅小区电气设计中,一般都会涉及到小区的高低压供配电系统的设计.如10kV高压配电系统图,低压配电系统图等等图纸一大堆.然而在真正实施过程中,供电部门(尤其是供电公司指定的所谓电力设计小公司)根本将这些图纸作为一回事,按其电脑里原有的电子档图纸将数据稍作改动以及断路器按其所好换个厂家名称便美其名曰设计(可笑不?),拿出来的图纸根本无法满足电气设计的设计意图,致使严重存在以下问题:(也不知道是职业道德问题还是根本一窍不通) 1.跟原设计的电气系统货不对板,存在与低压开关柜后出线回路严重冲突,对实际施工造成严重阻碍,经常要求设计单位改动原有电气系统图才能满足它的要求(垄断的没话说). 2.对消防负荷和非消防负荷的供电(主要在高层建筑里)应严格分回路(从母线段)都不清楚,将消防负荷和非消防负荷按一个回路出线(尤其是将电梯和消防电梯,地下室的动力合在一起等等,有的甚至将楼顶消防风机和梯间照明合在一个回路,以一个表计量). 3.系统接地保护接地型式由原设计的TN-S系统竟曲解成"TN-S-C-S"系统(室内的还需要做TN-C,好玩吧?),严格的按照所谓的"三相四线制"再做重复接地来实施,导致后续施工中存在重复浪费资源以及安全隐患等等问题.. ............................(违反建筑电气设计规范等等问题实在不好意思一一例举,给那帮人留点混饭吃的面子算了) 总之吧,在通过图纸审查后的电气设计图纸在这帮人的眼里根本不知何物,经常是完工后的高低压供配电系统已是面目全非了,能有百分之五十的保留已经是谢天谢地了. 所以.我觉得:住宅建筑电气设计,让供电部门走!大不了留点位置,让他供几个必需回路的电,爱怎么折腾让他自个怎么折腾去.. Guangzhou, Guangdong, even in the electrical design of residential quarters, generally involving high-low cell power supply system design. 10kV power distribution systems, such as maps, drawings, etc. low-voltage distribution system map a lot. But in the real implementation of the process, the power sector (especially the so-called power supply design company appointed a small company) did these drawings for one thing, according to computer drawings of the original electronic file data to make a little change, and circuit breakers by their the name of another manufacturer will be sounding good design (ridiculously?), drawing out the design simply can not meet the electrical design intent, resulting in a serious following problems: (do not know or not know nothing about ethical issues) 1. With the original design of the electrical system not meeting board, the existence and low voltage switchgear circuit after qualifying serious conflicts seriously hinder the actual construction, often require changes to the original design unit plans to meet its electrical system requirements (monopoly impress ). 2. On the fire load and fire load of non-supply (mainly in high-rise building in) should be strictly sub-loop (from the bus segment) are not clear, the fire load and fire load of non-qualifying press of a circuit (especially the elevator and fire elevator, basement, etc.
英文参考文献翻译完结
基于反馈神经网络肘关节力矩的动态预测 R.Song K.Y.Tong 健康技术与信息学系，香港理工大学 KowIoon，香港
摘要 肌肉模型是身体部分运动分析的一个重要组成部分。尽管许多研究已经集中在静态条件下,但是肌电信号（EMG）和关节转矩在自愿动态情况下之间的关系并没有被很好的研究。本研究的目的是调查的一个反馈人工神经网络的性能（RANN）自愿动态情况下的复杂肘扭矩估计。肌电信号和运动数据，其中包括角度和角速度，被用来作为估计在运动过程中预期的扭矩输入。此外，角度和角速度的预测精度的作用进行了研究，并比较两个模型。一个模型的肌电图和关节运动的投入和其他的模型只使用肌电图无运动数据输入。六例健康体检者，和两个平均角速度（60°S 7和90°S 7）三种不同负荷（0公斤，1公斤，2公斤）在手的位置被选择来训练和测试90°屈肘、全伸肘之间的递归神经网络（0 ~）。训练结束后，根平均平方误差（RMSE）预期的扭矩和扭矩之间的模型预测，在训练数据集的肌电图和关节运动的投入和测试数据集，分别为0.17±0.03 nm和0.35 + 0.06 nm。预期的扭矩和预测模型的RMSE值之间的扭矩，在训练数据集只有肌电输入和测试集，分别为0.57 t - 0.07 nm和0.73 T 0.11 nm。结果表明，肌电信号一起运动的数据提供了更好的性能预测的关节力矩；关节角度和角速度提供了重要信息的关节力矩的估计在自愿的运动。 关键词:肌肉骨骼模型，自愿的运动，反馈人工神经网络，逆动力学模型
第一章绪论 由于希尔提出了1938肌肉的经典论文，神经生理学和神经肌肉骨骼系统的生物力学已被广泛研究，使人体运动生成的原理可以发现（希尔，1938）。 探讨中枢神经系统（CNS）激发肌肉和其后的发展力和产生不同的人体运动，许多模型来描述和定性的肌肉骨骼系统的不同层次的性能（温特斯，1990；扎杰克和温特斯，1990）。一个被普遍接受的山为基础的神经肌肉骨骼系统由以下子模型，一步一步：肌肉兴奋-收缩模型；肌腱骨骼模型；动态模型（扎耶克，1989）。 图1 肌肉骨骼模型框图 图1显示了基于hillbased模型的运动生成。图1，肌肉兴奋收缩模型是用来估计中枢神经系统指挥肌肉活动的状态。肌腱模型产生的肌肉力量不仅基于肌肉激活状态，而且基于肌腱式长度和肌腱式收缩速度，这与关节角速度和角速度（温特斯和斯塔克，1988）。前项状态的肌肉力量，它决定了肌腱的依从性，还负责肌肉力在后一阶段（扎耶克，1989）。一旦所有负责的关节运动的肌肉力量已经发现，肌肉的力量与各自的肌肉力臂和的结果求和乘法可以产生关节力矩。所有子模型的数学积分可以用来描述关节运动是中枢神经系统的命令产生哪些参数斧负责关节力矩。 肌电信号反映肌肉的活动，和许多类似的肌电力矩的关系已经在静态和动态情况的研究（张等人，1997；麦森纳和莫润，1995）。肌肉的肌电信号也常被认
步进电机及单片机英文文献及翻译
外文文献： Knowledge of the stepper motor What is a stepper motor： Stepper motor is a kind of electrical pulses into angular displacement of the implementing agency. Popular little lesson: When the driver receives a step pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to set the direction of rotation at a fixed angle (and the step angle). You can control the number of pulses to control the angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time you can control the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, to achieve speed control purposes. What kinds of stepper motor sub-： In three stepper motors: permanent magnet (PM), reactive (VR) and hybrid (HB) permanent magnet stepper usually two-phase, torque, and smaller, step angle of 7.5 degrees or the general 15 degrees; reaction step is generally three-phase, can achieve high torque output, step angle of 1.5 degrees is generally, but the noise and vibration are large. 80 countries in Europe and America have been eliminated; hybrid stepper is a mix of permanent magnet and reactive advantages. It consists of two phases and the five-phase: two-phase step angle of 1.8 degrees while the general five-phase step angle of 0.72 degrees generally. The most widely used Stepper Motor. What is to keep the torque (HOLDING TORQUE) How much precision stepper motor? Whether the cumulative： The general accuracy of the stepper motor step angle of 3-5%, and not cumulative.
PLC论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
PLC论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 外文资料: PLC technique discussion and future development Along with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the competition plays more more strong; the operation that list depends the artificial has already can't satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also can't guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise. The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnel's labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc., well-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through person's brain and calculators, with the mode that person's machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best path We come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level only;And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new high tide. The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculationses of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to order the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the
文献翻译英文原文
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c416523527.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
英文论文及中文翻译
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c416523527.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专，肖鹏，熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日） 摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材