经济学名词解释(英文)

Accounting profit会计利润: Total revenue minus total explicit cost

Ability-to-pay principle能力支付原则: The idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden Absolute advantage绝对优势: The comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity

Adverse selection逆向选择: The tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable from the standpoint of an uninformed party

Agent代理人: A person who is performing an act for another person, called the principal

Aggregate-demand curve: a curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at each price level

Aggregate risk: risk that affects all economic actors at once

Aggregate-supply curve: a curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at each price level Appreciation: an increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy

Arrow’s impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定理: A mathematical result showing that, under certain assumed conditions, there is no scheme for aggregating individual preferences into a valid set of social preferences Average fixed cost平均固定成本: Fixed costs divided by the quantity of output

Average revenue平均收益: Total revenue divided by the quantity sold Average tax rate平均税率: Total taxes paid divided by total income Average total cost平均总成本: Total cost divided by the quantity of output Average variable cost平均可变成本: Variable costs divided by the quantity of output

Automatic stabilizers: changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action

Balance trade: a situation in which exports equal imports

Benefits principle受益原则: The idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services

Bond: a certificate of indebtedness

Budget constraint预算约束: The limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford

Budget deficit预算赤字: An excess of government spending over government receipts

Budget surplus预算盈余: An excess of government receipts over government spending

Business cycle经济周期: Fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production

Capital资产: The equipment and structures used to produce goods and services

Capital flight: a large and sudden reduction in the demand for assets located

in a country

Cartel 卡特尔: A group of firms acting in unison

Catch-up effect: the property whereby countries that start off poor tend to grow more rapidly that countries that start off rich

Central bank: an institution designed to oversee the banking system and regulate the quantity of money in the economy

Circular-flow diagram循环流向图: A visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms Closed economy: an economy that does not interact with other economies in the world

Collective bargaining: the process by which unions and firms agree on the terms of employment

Commodity money: money that takes the form of a commodity with intrinsic value

Coase theorem科斯定理: The proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own

Collusion共谋: An agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge

Common resources共同资源: Goods that are rival but not excludable Comparative advantage比较优势: The comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost

Compensating differential补偿性工资差别: A difference in wages that

arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs Competitive market竞争性市场: A market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker Complements互补性商品: Two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other

Condorcet paradox: the failure of majority rule to produce transitive preferences for society

Compounding: the accumulation of a sum of money in, say, a bank account, where the interest earned remains in the account to earn additional interest in the future

Constant returns to scale规模报酬不变: The property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output

Consumer price index (CPI): a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer

Consumer surplus消费者剩余: A buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays

Consumption: spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing

Cost成本: The value of everything a seller must give up producing a good Cost-benefit analysis成本收益分析: A study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good

Crowding out: a decrease in investment that results from government borrowing

Crowding-out effect: the offset in aggregate demand that results when expansionary fiscal policy raise the interest rate and thereby reduces investment spending

Cross-price elasticity of demand需求的交叉价格弹性: A measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good

Currency: the paper bills and coins in the hands of the public

Cyclical unemployment: the deviation of unemployment from a market distortion, such as a tax

Deadweight loss无谓损失: The fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax

Demand curve需求曲线: A graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded

Demand deposits: balances in bank accounts that depositors can access on demand by writing a check

Demand schedule需求表: A table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded

Depreciation: a decrease in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreigh currency it can buy

Depression: a severe recession

Diminishing marginal product边际产品递减: The property whereby the

marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases Discrimination歧视: The offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristics

Diseconomies of scale规模不经济: The property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases

Discount rate: the interest rate on the loans that the Fed makes to banks Discouraged workers: individuals who would like to work but have given up looking for job

Diversification: the reduction of risk achieved by replacing a single risk with a large number of smaller unrelated risks

Dominant strategy占优策略: A strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players

Economic profit经济利润: Total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs

Economics经济学: The study of how society manages its scarce resources Economies of scale规模经济: The property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases

Efficiency效率: The property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources

Efficiency wages效率工资: Above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivity

Efficient scale: the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost

Elasticity: a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants

Equilibrium: a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded

Equilibrium price: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded

Equilibrium quantity: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price

Equity: the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society

Excludability: the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it

Explicit costs: input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm Export: goods produced domestically and sold abroad

Externality: the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the wellbeing of a bystander

Factors of production: the inputs used to produce goods and services Federal reserve (Fed) : the central bank of the united states

Fiat money: money without intrinsic value that is used as money because of government decree

Finance: the field that studies how people make decisions regarding the allocation of resources over time and the handling of risk

Financial intermediaries: financial institutions through which savers can

indirectly provide funds to borrowers

Financial markets: financial institutions through which savers can directly provide funds to borrowers

Financial system: the group of institutions in the economy that help to match one person’s saving with another person’s investment

Fisher effect: the one-for-one adjustment of the nominal interest rate to the inflation rate

Fractional-reserve banking: a banking system in which banks hold only a fraction of deposits as reserves

Frictional unemployment: unemployment that results because it takes time for workers to search for the jobs that best suit their tastes and skills Fundamental analysis: the study of a company’s accounting statements and future prospects to determine its value

Future value: the amount of money in the future that an amount of money today will yield, given prevailing interest rates

Fixed costs: costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced Free rider: a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it

Game theory: the study of how people behave in strategic situations

GDP deflator: a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100

Government purchases: spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal governments

Gross domestic product GDP: the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time

Horizontal equity: the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amount

Human capital: the accumulation of investment in people, such as education and on-the-job training

Idiosyncratic risk: risk that affects only a single economic actor

Implicit costs: input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm Import quota: a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically

Imports: goods produced abroad and sold domestically

Income effect: the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curve

Income elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income

Indexation: the automatic correction of a dollar amount for the effects of inflation by law or contract

Indifference curve: a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfaction

Inferior good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand

Inflation: an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy

Inflation rate: the percentage change in the price index from the preceding period

Inflation tax: the revenue the government raises by creating money Informationally efficient: reflecting all available information in a rational way In-kind transfers: transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cash

Internalizing an externality: altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions

Investment: spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new housing

Job search: the process by which workers find appropriate jobs given their tastes and skills

labor force: the total number of workers, including both the employed and the unemployed

Labor-force participation rate: the percentage of the adult population that is in the labor force

Law of demand: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises

Law of supply: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises

Law of supply and demand: the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into

balance

Liberalism: the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies deemed to be just, as evaluated by an impartial observe behind a “veil of ignorance”

Libertarianism: the political philosophy according to which the government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements but not redistribute income

Life cycle: the regular pattern of income variation over a person’s life Liquidity: the ease with which an asset can be converted into the economy’s medium of exchange

Lump-sum tax: a tax that is the same amount for every person Macroeconomics: the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth

Marginal changes: small incremental adjustments to a plan of action Marginal cost: the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production

Marginal product: the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input

Marginal product of labor: the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor

Marginal rate of substitution: the rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for another

Marginal revenue: the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold

Marginal tax rate: the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income Market: a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or services Market economy: an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services

Market failure: a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently

Market for loanable funds: the market in which those who want to save supply funds and those who want to borrow to invest demand funds Market power: the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices

Maximin criterion: the claim that the government should aim to maximize the well-being of the worst-off person in society

Median voter theorem: a mathematical result showing that if voters are choosing a point along a line and each voter wants the point closest to his most preferred point, then majority rule will pick the most preferred point of the median voter

Menu cost: the costs of changing prices

Microeconomics: the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets

Model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply: the model that most economists use to explain short-run fluctuations in economic activity around its long-run trend

Monetary neutrality: the proposition that changes in the money supply do not affect real variables

Monetary policy: the setting of the money supply by policymakers in the central bank

Money: the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people

Money multiplier: the amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves

Money supply: the quantity of money available in the economy monopolistic competition: market structures in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical

Monopoly: a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes

Moral hazard: the tendency of a person who is imperfectly monitored to engage in dishonest or otherwise undesirable behavior

Multiplier effect: the additional shifts in aggregate demand that result when expansionary fiscal policy increases income and thereby increases consumer spending

Mutual fund: an institution that sells shares to the public and uses the proceeds to buy a portfolio of stocks and bonds

Nash equilibrium: a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the more firms

National saving: the total income in the economy that remains after paying for consumption and government purchases

Natural-rate hypothesis: the claim that unemployment eventually returns to its normal, or natural, rate, regardless of the rate of inflation

Natural rate of unemployment: the normal rate of unemployment around which the unemployment rate fluctuates

Natural resources: the inputs into the production of goods and services that are provided by nature, such as land, rivers, and mineral deposits Negative income tax: a tax system that collects revenue from high-income households and gives transfers to low-income households

Net capital outflow: the purchases of foreign assets by domestic residents minus the purchases of domestic assets by foreigners

Net exports: the value of a nation’s exports minus the value of its imports; also called the trade balance

Nominal GDP: the production of goods and services valued at current prices Nominal interest rate: the interest rate as usually reported without a correction for the effects of inflation

Nominal variables: variables measured in monetary units

Normal good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand

Normative statement: claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be

Oligopoly: a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or

identical products

Open economy: an economy that interacts freely with other economies around the world

Open-market operations: the purchase and sale of U.S. government bonds by the Fed

Opportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item

Perfect complement: two goods with right-angle indifference curves Perfect substitutes: two goods with straight-line indifference curves Permanent income: a person’s normal income

Phillips curve: a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment

Physical capital: the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services

Positive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as It is Pigovian tax: a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality Positive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as it is Poverty line: an absolute level of income set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in poverty

Poverty rate贫困率: The percentage of the population whose family income falls below an absolute level called the poverty line

Present value: the amount of money today that would be needed to produce, using prevailing interest rates, a given future amount of money

Price ceiling: a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold

Price discrimination: the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customers

Price elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price

Price elasticity of supply: a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price

Price floor: a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold Principal: a person for whom another person, called the agent, is performing some act

Prisoner s’dilemma: a particular “game”between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial

Private saving: the income that households have left after paying for taxes and consumption

Private goods: goods that are both excludable and rival

Producer price index: a measure of the cost of a basket of goods and services bought by firms

Producer surplus生产者剩余: the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost

Production function生产函数: the relationship between quantity of input used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good

Production possibilities frontier: a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology

Productivity: the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time

Profit 利润: Total revenue minus total cost

Progressive tax累进税: a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers

Proportional tax比例税: a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of income

Public goods: goods that are neither excludable nor rival

Public saving: the tax revenue that the government has left after paying for its spending

Quantity demanded: the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase

Quantity supplied: the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell

Random walk: the path of a variable whose changes are impossible to predict

Rational expectations: the theory according to which people optimally use all the information they have, including information about government

policies, when forecasting the future

Real exchange rate: the rate at which a person can trade the goods and services of one country for the goods and services of another

Real GDP: the production of goods and services valued at constant prices Real interest rate: the interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation Real variables: variables measured in physical units

Recession: a period of declining real incomes and rising unemployment Reserve ratio: the fraction of deposits that banks hold as reserves

Reserve requirements: regulations on the minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold against deposits

Regressive tax累退税: a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers

reserves: deposits that banks have received but have not loaned out

Risk averse: exhibiting a dislike of uncertainty

Rivalry竞争: the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s use Sacrifice ratio: the number of percentage points of annual output lost in the process of reducing inflation by 1 percentage point

Scarcity稀缺性: the limited nature of society’s resources

Screening筛选: an action taken by an uninformed party to induce an informed party to reveal information

Shoeleather costs: the resources wasted when inflation encourages people to reduce their money holdings

Shortage: a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied

Signaling信号显示: an action taken by an informed party to reveal private information to an uninformed party

Stagflation: a period of falling output and rising prices

Stock: a claim to partial ownership in a firm

Store of value: an item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future

Strike: the organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a union Substitutes替代品: two goods for which an increase in the piece of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other

Substitution effect替代效应: the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer along a given indifference curve to a point with a new marginal rate of substitution

Sunk cost沉淀成本: a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recovered

Supply curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied

Supply schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied

Supply shock: an event that directly alters firms’ costs and prices, shifting the economy’s aggregate-supply curve and thus the Phillips curve

Surplus过剩: a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity

demanded

Tariff关税: a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically

Tax incidence税收归宿: the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market

Technological knowledge: society’s understanding of the best ways to produce goods and services

Total cost: the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production

Total revenue: the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output

Total revenue (in a market): the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold Trade balance: the value of a nation’s exports minus the value of its imports; also called net exports

Trade deficit: an excess of imports over exports

Trade policy: a government policy that directly influences the quantity of goods and services that a country imports or exports

Trade surplus: an excess of exports over imports

Tragedy of the commons公共地的悲剧: a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole

Transaction costs交易成本: the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain

Unemployment rate: the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed Unemployment insurance: a government program that partially protects

生物药剂学与药物动力学专业名词英文及相关名词解释

生物药剂学与药物动力学专业名词英文及相关名词解释 第一章绪论 1、生物药剂学（biopharmaceutics）：研究药物及其剂型在体内的吸收、分布、代谢与排泄过程，阐明药物的剂型因素、机体的生物因素与药物效应三者之间相互关系的科学。 2、吸收（absorption），分布（distribution），代谢（metabolism），排泄（excretion）——ADME 3、转运（transport）：吸收+分布+排泄，处置（disposition）：分布+代谢+排泄，消除（elimination）：代谢+排泄 第二章药物的吸收 1、药物吸收（absorption of drug）：指药物从给药部位进入体循环的过程。 2、膜转运（membrane transport）：物质通过生物膜的现象。 3、跨细胞途径（transcellular pathway）：指一些脂溶性药物借助细胞膜的脂溶性、或者特殊转运机制的药物借助膜蛋白的作用、或者大分子和颗粒状物质借助特殊细胞的作用等，而穿过细胞膜的转运途径。 4、细胞间途径（paracellular pathway）：指一些水溶性小分子物质通过细胞连接处微孔而进行扩散的转运途径。 5、被动转运（passive transport）：不需要消耗能量，生物膜两侧的药物由高浓度侧向低浓度侧转运的过程。 6、单纯扩散/被动扩散（simple diffusion），促进扩散/易化扩散（facilitated diffusion） 7、膜孔转运（membrane pore transport）：物质通过细胞间微孔按单纯扩散机制转运的过程。 8、主动转运（active transport）：需要消耗能量，生物膜两侧的药物借助载体蛋白的帮助由低浓度向侧向高浓度侧转运的过程。 9、膜动转运（membrane mobile transport）：通过细胞膜的主动变形将物质摄入细胞内或从细胞内释放到细胞外的转运过程。包括入胞作用（endocytosis），出胞作用（exocytosis） 10、多药耐药（multidrug resistance, MDR）：外排转运体对抗肿瘤药物的外排作用会导致肿瘤细胞内药量减少，从而对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用下降。 11、胃排空（gastric emptying）：胃内容物从胃幽门排入十二指肠的过程。 12、肝首过效应（live first pass effect）：经胃肠道给药的药物在尚未吸收进入血液循环前即在肝脏被代谢，而使进入血液循环的原形药量减少的现象。 13、肝肠循环（enterohepatic cycle）：指经胆汁排入肠道内的药物，在肠道中被重新吸收，经门静脉又返回肝脏的现象。 14、pH-分配假说（pH-partition hypothesis）：药物的吸收取决于吸收部位pH条件下未解离型药物的比例和油/水分配系数的假说。 15、生物药剂学分类系统（biopharmaceutics classification system, BCS）：根据药物的体外溶解性和肠道渗透性的高低，对药物进行分类的一种科学方法。 16、吸收数（absorption number, An）：反映药物在胃肠道渗透性高低的函数。（无单位！） 17、剂量数（dose number, Do）：药物溶解性能的函数。 18、溶出数（dissolution number, Dn）：反映药物从制剂中释放速度的函数。

遗传学名词解释

1 Chromosomal disorders:染色体结构和数目异常而导致的疾病。如Down’s综合征(+21)，猫叫综合征(5p-)。 2 Single gene disorders: 由于控制某个性状的等位基因突变导致的疾病称之。 3 Polygenic disorders:一些常见病和多发病的发生由遗传因素和环境因素共同决定，遗传因素中不是一对等位基因，而是多对基因共同作用于同一个性状。 4 Mitochondrial disorders：是指线粒体DNA上的基因突变导致所编码线粒体蛋白质结构和数目异常，导致线粒体病。线粒体是位于细胞质中的细胞器，故随细胞质(母系)遗传。 4 Somatic cell disorders: 体细胞中遗传物质突变导致的疾病。 5 分离律 (Law of segregation)基因在体细胞内成对存在，在生殖细胞形成过程中，同源染色体分离，成对的基因彼此分离，分别进入不同的生殖细胞。细胞学基础：同源染色体的分离。 6 自由组合律（law of independent assortment）在生殖细胞形成过程中，不同的非等位基因，可以相互独立的分离，有均等的机会组合到—个生殖细胞的规律性活动。 7 连锁与互换定律-（law of linkage and crossing over）位于同一染色体上的两个基因，在生殖细胞形成时，如果它们相距越近，一起进入同一生殖细胞的可能性越大；如果相距较远，它们之间可以发生交换。 8 Gene mutation: DNA分子中的核苷核序列发生改变，导致遗传密码编码信息改变，造成基因表达产物蛋白质的氨基酸变化，从而引起表型的改变。 9 Point mutation：指单个碱基被另一个碱基替代。转换(transition)：嘧啶之间或嘌呤之间的替代。颠换(transversion)：嘧啶和嘌呤之间的替代。 10 Same sense mutation：碱基替换后，所编码的氨基酸没有改变。多发生于密码子的第三个碱基。 11 Missense mutation：碱基替换后，改变了氨基酸序列。错义突变多发生于密码子的第一、二个碱基 12 Nonsense mutation：碱基替换后，编码氨基酸的密码子变为终止密码子（UAA、UGA、UAG），多肽链合成提前终止。 13 Frame shift mutation：在DNA编码序列中插入或丢失一个或几个碱基，造成插入或缺失点下游的DNA编码框架全部改变，其结果是突变点以后的氨基酸序列发生改变 14 dynamic mutation ：人类基因组中的一些重复序列在传递过程中重复次数发生改变导致遗传病的发生，称动态突变。

微观经济学名词解释和中英文对照

【经济人】 从事经济活动的人所采取的经济行为都是力图以自己的最小经济代价去获得自己的最大经济利益。 【需求】 消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。 【供给】 生产者在一定时期内在各种价格水平下愿意并且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。 【均衡价格】。 一种商品的均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格。 【供求定理】。 其他条件不变的情况下，需求变动分别引起均衡价格和均衡数量的同方向的变动，供给变动引起均衡价格的反方向变动，引起均衡数量的同方向变动。 【经济模型】。 经济模型是指用来描述所研究的经济事物的有关经济变量之间相关关系的理论结构。 【弹性】 当一个经济变量发生1%的变动时，由它引起的另一个经济变量变动的百分比。 【弧弹性】 表示某商品需求曲线上两点之间的需求量的变动对于价格的变动的反应程度。 【点弹性】 表示需求曲线上某一点上的需求量变动对于价格变动的反应程度。 【需求的价格弹性】 表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的该商品的需求量变化的百分比。【需求的交叉价格弹性】。 表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量的变动相对于它的相关商品的价格变动的反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的另一种商品的需求量变化百分比。 【替代品】 如果两种商品之间能够相互替代以满足消费者的某一种欲望，则称这两种商品之间存在着替代关系，这两种商品互为替代品。 【需求的收入弹性】 需求的收入弹性表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量变动对于消费者收入量变动的反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当消费者的收入变化百分之一时所引起的商品需求量变化的百分比。 【恩格尔定律】。 在一个家庭或在一个国家中，食物支出在收入中所占的比例随着收入的增加而减少。用弹性的概念来表述它则可以是：对于一个家庭或一个国家来说，富裕程度越高，则食物支出的收入弹性就越小；反之，则越大。 【总效用和边际效用】 总效用是指消费者在一定时间内从一定数量的商品的消费中所得到的效用量的总和。边际效用是指消费者在一定时间内增加一单位商品的消费所得到的效用量的增量。 【边际效用递减规律】 在一定时间内，在其他商品的消费数量保持不变的情况下，随着消费者对某种商品消费的增

药剂学英文术语

生物药剂学英文汉译英要求 Biopharmaceutics生物药剂学 Absorption吸收 Distribution分布 Metabolism代谢 Excretion排泄 Transport转运 Disposition处置 Elimination消除 Transcellular pathway细胞通道转运 Paracellular pathway细胞旁路通道转运 Passive transport被动转运 Pore transport膜孔转运 Carrier-mediated transport载体媒介转运 Facilitated diffusion易化扩散、促进扩散 Active transport主动转运 Membrane mobile transport膜动转运 Pinocytosis胞饮作用 Phagocytosis吞噬作用 First pass effect首过效应 pH-partition hypothesis pH-分配假说 Dissolution溶出 Parenteral drug delivery注射给药 Oral cavity mucosa drug delivery口腔粘膜给药Transdermal drug delivery皮肤给药 Nasal mucosa drug delivery鼻粘膜给药 Pulmonary drug delivery肺部给药 Rectal drug delivery直肠给药 Ophthalmic drug delivery眼部给药 Distribution分布 Accumulation蓄积 Apparent volume of distribution表观分布容积Metabolize, metabolism代谢 Biotransformation生物转化 Inhibition酶抑制作用 Inhibitor酶抑制剂 Induction酶诱导作用 Inducer酶诱导剂

遗传学名词解释

1、原核细胞：没有核膜包围的核细胞，其遗传物质分散于整个细胞或集中于某一区域形成拟核。如：细菌、蓝藻等。 2、真核细胞：有核膜包围的完整细胞核结构的细胞。多细胞生物的细胞及真菌类。单细胞动物多属于这类细胞。 3、染色体：在细胞分裂时，能被碱性染料染色的线形结构。在原核细胞内，是指裸露的环状DNA分子。 4、姊妹染色单体：一条染色体(或DNA)经复制形成的两个分子，仍由一个着丝粒相连的两条染色单体。 5、同源染色体：指形态、结构和功能相似的一对染色体，他们一条来自父本，一条来自母本。 6、染色体组：在通常的二倍体的细胞或个体中，能维持配子或配子体正常功能的最低数目的一套染色体。或者说是指细胞内一套形态、结构、功能各不相同，但在个体发育时彼此协调一致，缺一不可的染色体。 7、一倍体：具有一个染色体组的细胞或个体，如，雄蜂。 8、单倍体：具有配子(精于或卵子)染色体数目的细胞或个体。如，植物中经花药培养形成的单倍体植物。 9、二倍体：具有两个染色体组的细胞或个体。绝大多数的动物和大多，数植物均属此类 10、二价体：一对同源染色体在减数分裂时联会配对的图象。 11、联会：在减数分裂过程中，同源染色体建立联系的配对过程。 12、染色质或染色体：指细胞间期核内能被碱性染料(洋红、苏木精等)染色的纤细网状物质，现在是指真核细胞间期核中DNA、组蛋白、非组蛋白、以及少量RNA组成的一串念珠状的复合体。当细胞分裂时，核内的染色质便螺旋化形成一定数目和形状的染色体。 13、超数染色体：有些生物的细胞中出现的额外染色体。也称为B染色体。 14、联会复合体：是同源染色体联会过程中形成的非永久性的复合结构，主要成分是碱性蛋白及酸性蛋白，由中央成分(central element)向两侧伸出横丝，使同源染色体固定在一起。 15、姊妹染色单体：二价体中一条染色体的两条染色单体，互称为姊妹染色单体。 16、反应规范：遗传型对环境反应的幅度（某一基因型在不同环境条件下反应的范围。） 17、交叉的端化：交叉向二价体的两端移动，并且逐渐接近于末端的过程叫做交叉端化。 18、受精：雄配子(精子)与雌配子(卵细胞)融合为1个合子过程。 19、双受精： 1个精核(n)与卵细胞(n)受精结合为合子(2n)，将来发育成胚。另1精核(n)与两个极核(n+n)受精结合为胚乳核(3n)，将来发育成胚乳的过程。 20、胚乳直感：在3n胚乳的性状上由于精核的影响而直接表现父本的某些性状，这种现象称为胚乳直感或花粉直感。 21、果实直感：种皮或果皮组织在发育过程中由于花粉影响而表现父本的某些性状，则另称为果实直感。 22、无融合生殖：雌雄配子不发生核融合的一种无性生殖方式。认为是有性生殖的一种特殊方式或变态。 23、细胞周期：从一次有丝分裂结束到下一次有丝分裂开始的时期。 25、无性生殖：通过亲本营养体的分割而产生许多后代个体，这一方式也称为营养体生殖。例如，植物利用块茎、鳞茎、球茎、芽眼和枝条等营养体产生后代，后代与亲代具有相同的遗传组成。 26、性状：生物体所表现的形态特征和生理特性。 27、单位性状：把生物体所表现的性状总体区分为各个单位，这些分开来的性状称为。 28、显性性状：当两个具有相对性状的纯合亲本杂交时，子一代出现的一个亲本性状。

遗传学名词解释大全

autoregulation 自我调节：基因通过自身的产物来调节转录。 autosome 常染色体：性染色体以外的任何染色体。 auxotroph 营养缺陷型：微生物的一种突变体，它不能合成生长所需的物质，培养时必须在培养基中加入此物质才能生长。 back mutation 回复突变：见reversion bacteriophage (phage) 一种感染细菌的病毒。 balance model 平衡模型：关于遗传变异比例的一种模型，它认为自然选择维持了群体中大量遗传变异的存在。 balanced polymorphism 平衡多态现象：稳定的遗传多态现象是由自然选择来维持的。 Barr body 巴氏小体：在正常雌性哺乳动物的核中有一个高度凝聚的染色质团，它是一个失活的X染色体。 base analog 碱基类似物：一种化学物质，其分子结构和DNA的碱基相似，在DNA的代谢过程中有时会取代正常碱基，结果使DNA的碱基发生突变。 bead theory 串珠学说：已被否定的学说，认为基因附着在染色体上，就象项链上的串珠。它既是突变单位又是重组单位。 binary fission 二分分裂：一个细胞分裂为大小相近的两个子细胞的过程。binomial distribution 二项分布：具有两种可能结果的 biparental zygote 双亲合子：又称双亲遗传(biparental inheriance)，衣藻(chlamydomonas) 的合子含有来自双亲的DNA。这种细胞一般很少见。 biochemical mutation 生化突变，见自发突变(autotrophic mutation)。bivalent 二价体：在第一次减数分裂时彼此联合的一对同源染色体。bottleneck effect 瓶颈效应：一种类型的漂变。当群体很小时产生这种效应，结果使基因座中有的基因丢失了。 branch-point sequence 分支点顺序：在哺乳动物细胞中的保守顺序：YNCURAY(Y: 嘧啶,R:嘌呤, N:任何碱基)，位于核mRNA内含子和II 类内含子3'端附近，其中的A可通过5'-2'连接的方式和内含子5'端相连接，在剪接时形成套马索状结构。 broad-sense heritability 广义遗传力：表型方差中所含遗传方差的百分比。cotplot 浓度时间乘积图：一个样本单位单链DNA分子复性动力学曲线。以结合为双链的量为纵坐标，以DNA浓度和时间的乘积为横坐标作出的DNA复性动力学曲线 C value C值：生物单倍体基因所含的DNA总量。 CAAT element CAAT元件：真核启动子上游元件之一，常位于上游-80bp附近，其功能是控制转录起始频率，保守顺序是 5'-GGCCAATCT-3'。 cancer 癌：恶性肿瘤，细胞失控，异常分裂且在生物体内可播散。 5'-capping -5'加帽：在 mRNA加工的过程中在前体 mRNA分子的5'端加上甲基核苷酸的“帽子”。 catabolite repression (glucose effect) 分解代谢物阻遏（糖效应）：当糖存在时能诱发细菌操纵子的失活，即使操纵子的诱导物存在也是如此。 cDNA 互补DNA：以mRNA为模板，以反转录酶催化合成的DNA的拷贝。 cDNA clone cDNA分子克隆：将cDNA片段装在载体上转化细菌扩增出多克隆的过程，最终可建立cDNA文库。

曼昆宏观经济学名词解释-(中英文)

宏观经济学 第十五章MEASUREING A NATION’S INCOME一国收入的衡量 Microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets. 微观经济学：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。 Macroeconomics the study of economy-wide phenomena,including inflation,unemployment,and economic growth 宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。 GDP is the market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. 国内生产总值GDP：给定时期的一个经济体内生产的所有最终产品和服务的市场价值 Consumption is spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchased of new housing. 消费：除了购买新住房，家庭用于物品与劳务的支出。 Investment is spending on capital equipment inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new housing. 投资：用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。 Government purchases are spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal government. 政府支出：地方、州和联邦政府用于物品和与劳务的支出。 Net export is spending on domestically produced goods by foreigners (exports) minus spending on foreign goods by domestic residents (imports) 净出口：外国人对国内生产的物品的支出（出口）减国内居民对外国物品的支出（进口）。 Nominal GDP is the production of goods and services valued at current prices. 名义GDP：按现期价格评价的物品与劳务的生产。 Real GDP is the production of goods and services valued at constant prices. 实际GDP：按不变价格评价的物品和服务的生产。 GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100. GDP平减指数：用名义GDP与实际GDP的比率计算的物价水平衡量指标。

药剂学常见名词解释

1、药剂学：是研究药物制剂的基本理论、处方设计、制备工艺和合理应用的综合性技术科学。 2、剂型（药物剂型）：为适应治疗或预防的需要而制备的药物应用形式即称为药物剂型。 3、药物制剂：在各种剂型中都包含有许多不同的具体品种，将其称为药物制剂。亦根据药典或药政管理部门批准的标准、为适应治疗或预防的需要而制备的药物应用形式的具体品种，称为药物制剂。 4、生物药剂学：是研究药物在体内的吸收、分布、代谢与排泄的机制及过程，阐明药物因素、剂型因素和生理因素与药效之间关系的边缘科学。 5、药物动力学：是采用数学的方法，研究药物的吸收、分布、代谢与排泄的经时过程及其与药效之间关系的科学，对指导制剂设计、剂型改革、安全合理用药等提供了量化的控制指标。 6、药典：是一个国家记载药品标准、规格的法典。它由权威医药专家组成的国家药典委员会编辑、出版，由国家政府颁布、执行，具有法律约束力。 7、《中华人民共和国药典》：简称《中国药典》。（现行《中国药典》2010版——ChP.2010） 8、药品生产质量管理规范：简称GMP 。 9、处方药：是必须凭执业医师或职业助理医师处方才可调配、购买并在医生指导下使用的药品。 10、非处方药：是由专家遴选的、不需执业医师或职业助理医师处方并经过长期临床实践被认为患者可以自行判断、购买和使用并能保证安全的药品。 11、溶解度：指在规定温度和压力下溶质在一定体积溶剂中溶解的量。 12、分配系数（P ）：指药物在两个不相混溶的溶剂中溶解并达到平衡时浓度的比值。 水 油；度在水相中药物的质量浓度在油相中药物的质量浓C C P P == 13、晶型：指晶态物质晶格内分子的排列形式。 14、多晶型（同质多晶现象）：药物常存在有一种以上的晶型。 15、吸湿性：指固体表面能从周围环境空气中吸附水分的现象。 16、临界相对湿度：粉末吸湿达到平衡时的相对湿度称为临界相对湿度。 17、被动扩散：药物分子通过被动扩散方式透过生物膜，即由高浓度区向低浓度区移动。 18、主动扩散：一些生命必需物质和有机酸、碱等弱电解质的离子型等，通常不能透过微孔，且脂溶性小，必须借助载体或酶促系统透过生物膜转运，这种过程成为主动转运。 19、促进扩散：指一些非脂溶性物质或亲水性物质，借助细胞膜上转运蛋白的帮助，由膜的高浓度一侧向低浓度一侧，顺浓度梯度或电化学梯度差扩散或转运的过程。 20、吸收：指药物从给药部位进入体循环的过程。 21、溶出速度：指在一定条件下，单位时间内药物溶解进入溶液主体的药量。 22、药物的分布：指药物从给药部位进入血液后，由循环系统运送体内各脏器组织（包括靶细胞）的过程。 23、表观分布溶剂：指药物在体内的分布达到平衡状态时，体内总药量与血药浓度的比值。是按照血药浓度推算体内药物总量在理论上占有的体液容积。 24、血脑屏障：脑组织对外来物质有选择地摄取的能力称为血脑屏障。 25、胎盘屏障：由胎盘将母亲与胎儿血液隔开的屏障。 26、药物的代谢：指药物在体内吸收、分布的同时，在机体各种酶以及体液环境作用下，可发生一系列化学反应，导致药物化学结构的改变。 27、药物的排泄：指药物及其代谢物经不同途径排出体外的过程。 28、隔室模型：最常用的药物动力学模型。 29、消除：指体内药物不可逆失去的过程，主要包括代谢和排泄。 30、消除速度常数（k ）：大多数药物从体内的消除符合表观一级速度过程，其速度与药量之间的比例常数k 称为表观一级消除速度常数，简称消除速度常数，其单位为时间的倒数。 31、生物半衰期：血浆药物浓度消除一半所需的时间。 32、清除率（Cl ）：指机体或机体的某些消除器官、组织在单位时间内清除掉相当于多少体积的流经血液中的药物。清除率是表示机体或组织器官中清除药物的速率或效率的药动学参数。 33、生物利用度：衡量血管外给药用药剂量中进入体循环的相对数量与在大循环中出现的相对速率。 34、粉体：指细小固体粒子的集合体。 35、粒子：粉体运动的最小单元，包括粉末（粒径小于100μm ）和颗粒（粒径大于100μm ）。

遗传学名词解释

一、名词解释：（每小题3分，共18分） 1、外显子：把基因内部的转译部分即在成熟mRNA中出现的序列叫外显子。 2、复等位基因：在种群中，同源染色体的相同座位上，可以存在两个以上的等位基因，构成一个等位基因系列，称为复等位基因。 3、F因子：又叫性因子或致育因子，是一种能自我复制的、微小的、染色体外的环状DNA分子，大约为大肠杆菌全长的2%，F因子在大肠杆菌中又叫F质粒。 4、F'因子：把带有部分细菌染色体基因的F因子叫F∕因子。 5、母性影响：把子一代的表型受母本基因型控制的现象叫母性影响。 6、伴性遗传：在性染色体上的基因所控制的性状与性别相连锁，这种遗传方式叫伴性遗传。 7、杂种优势：指两个遗传组成不同的亲本杂交产生的杂种一代在生长势、生活力、繁殖力、抗逆性以及产量和品质等性状上比双亲优越的现象。 8、隔裂基因：真核类基因的编码顺序由若干非编码区域隔开，使阅读框不连续，这种基因称为隔裂基因，或者说真核类基因的外显子被不能表达的内含子一一隔开，这样的基因称为隔裂基因。 9、细胞质遗传：在核外遗传中，其中由细胞质成分如质体、线粒体引起的遗传现象叫细胞质遗传。 10、同源染色体：指形态、结构和功能相似的一对染色体，他们一条来自父本，一条来自母本。 11、跳跃基因（转座因子）：指细胞中能改变自身位置的一段DNA序列。 12、基因工程：狭义的遗传工程专指基因工程，更确切的讲是重组DNA技术，它是指在体外将不同来源的DNA进行剪切和重组，形成镶嵌DNA分子，然后将之导入宿主细胞，使其扩增表达，从而使宿主细胞获得新的遗传特性，形成新的基因产物。 13、性导：利用F∕因子形成部分二倍体叫做性导(sex-duction)。 14、转导：以噬菌体为媒介，将细菌的小片断染色体或基因从一个细菌转移到另一细菌的过程叫转导。 15、假显性：(pseudo-dominant)：一个显性基因的缺失致使原来不应显现出来的一个隐性等位基因的效应显现了出来，这种现象叫假显性。 16、核外遗传：由核外的一些遗传物质决定的遗传方式称核外遗传或非染色体遗传。 17、常染色质与异染色质：着色较浅，呈松散状，分布在靠近核的中心部分，是遗传的活性部位。着色较深，呈致密状，分布在靠近核内膜处，是遗传的惰性部位。又分结构异染色质或组成型异染色质和兼性异染色质。前者存在于染色体的着丝点区及核仁组织区，后者在间期时仍处于浓缩状态. 18、等显性（并显性，共显性）：指在F1杂种中，两个亲本的性状都表现出来的现象。 19、限性遗传与从性遗传：限性遗传：是指位于Y染色体(XY型)或W染色体(ZW型)上的基因所控制的遗传性状只限于雄性或雌性上表现的现象。从性遗传：指常染色体上的基因控制的性状在表型上受个体性别影响的现象。 20、连锁群：存在于一个染色体上的各个基因经常表现相互联系，并同时遗传于后代，这种存在于一个染色体上在遗传上表现一定程度连锁关系的一群基因叫连锁群。 21、核型与核型分析：通常把有丝分裂中期染色体的形态、大小和数目称为核型，通过细胞学观察，取得分散良好的细胞分裂照片，就可测定染色体数目、长度、着丝粒位置、臂比、随体有无等特征，对染色体进行分类和编号，这种测定和分析称为核型分析。 22、位置效应：基因由于变换了在染色体上的位置而带来的表型效应改变的现象。 23、平衡致死品系：两个连锁的隐性致死基因，以相斥相的形式存在于一对同源染色体上，由于倒位抑制交换作用，永远以杂合状态保存下来，表型不发生分离的品系叫做平衡致死品系，也叫永久杂种。24、基因突变：是染色体上一个座位内的遗传物质的变化，从一个基因变成它的等位基因。也称点突变。从分子水平上看，基因突变则为DNA分子上具有一定遗传功能的特定区段内碱基或碱基顺序的变化所引起的突变，最小突变单位是一个碱基对的变化，是产生新基因的源泉，生物进化的重要基础，诱变育种的理论依据。 25、部分二倍体：含一个亲本的全部基因组和另一亲本部分基因组的合子叫部分二倍体或部分合子。 26、移码突变:在DNA复制中发生增加或减少一个或几个碱基对所造成的突变。 27、镶嵌显性:指在杂种的身体不同部位分别显示出显性来的现象. 28、表型模写（拟表型）:有时环境因子引起的表型改变和某基因突变引起的表现型改变很相似，这叫表型模拟或拟表型。 29、等位基因:等位基因是指位于同源染色体上，占有同一位点，但以不同的方式影响同一性状发育的两个基因。

经济学原理名词解释(英文版)

经济学原理名词解释 CHAPTER 1 Scarcity : the limited nature of society’s resources. Economics : the study of how society manages its scarce resources. Efficiency : the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources. Equity : the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society. Opportunity cost : whatever must be given up to obtain some item. Marginal changes : small incremental adjustments to a plan of action. Market economy : an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services. Market failure : a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently. Externality : the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. Market power : the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices. Productivity : the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time. Inflation : an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. Phillips curve : a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. Business cycle : fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production. CHAPTER 2 Circular-flow diagram : a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.

医学药理学英文名词解释

医学药理学英文名词解释 absorption吸收:是指药物从给药部位进入；adrenalinereversal肾上腺素升压；Adrenoceptorag.肾上腺素受体激动药；adversereaction不良反应：是指上市；Afterdepol.后除极：一个动作电位中0相；aftereffect后效应：指细菌接触抗生素后；agonist激动药:是指既有亲和力又有内在活性；aller absorption吸收:是指药物从给药部位进入血液循环的过程。 adrenaline reversal肾上腺素升压作用的翻转:a受体阻断药酚妥拉明等可取消去氧肾上腺素的升压作用，可以部分阻断去氧肾上腺素所致升高血压作用，使肾上腺素的升压作用翻转为降压作用，称为肾上腺素升压作用的翻转。 Adrenoceptor ag.肾上腺素受体激动药：一类化学结构与药理作用和肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素相似的药物，与肾上腺受体结合后激动受体，产生肾上腺素样作用，又称拟肾上腺素药。adverse reaction不良反应：是指上市的合格药品在常规用法、用量情况下出现的，与用药目的无关，并给患者带来痛苦或危害的反应。 Afterdepol.后除极：一个动作电位中0相除极后发生的除极，其频率较快、振幅较小，频荡性波动，膜电位不稳定，易引起异常冲动。根据时间分为早后除极和晚后除极。 after effect后效应：指细菌接触抗生素后，当药物消除或浓度降到最低抑菌浓度以下时，细菌的生长在一段时间内仍受持续抑制的效应。 agonist激动药:是指既有亲和力又有内在活性的药物，它能与受体结合并激动受体而产生效应。分为完全激动药和部分激动药。 allergic reaction变态反应:是药物引起的免疫反应，反应性质与药物原有效应无关，其临床表现包括免疫反应的各种类型。致敏原可以是药物本身或药物代谢产物，亦可能是制剂中的杂质或辅剂。 antagonist拮抗药:是指具有较强的亲和力，而无内在活性，拮抗药与受体结合但不能激动受体。antibacterual spectrum抗菌谱:指抗菌药物的抗菌作用范围。 antibacterual activity抗菌活性:是指抗菌药物抑制或杀灭病原菌的能力，这是由于各种病原菌或者同一菌种的不同菌株对同一种抗菌药的敏感性不同的关系。 aspirin asthma阿司匹林哮喘:有些哮喘患者服用阿司匹林或某些解热镇痛药后可诱发支气管哮喘，称为“阿司匹林哮喘”。 bacteriostatic drugs抗菌药:是指某种或某一类抗菌药物仅具有抑制病原菌生长繁殖的能力而无杀灭作用。 bactericidal drugs杀菌药:该类抗菌药物不但具有抑制病原菌生长繁殖的能力，而且具有杀灭的作用。 bacterial resistance细菌耐药性:是指病原菌对抗菌药物敏感性下降甚至消失的现象，这种病原菌称为耐药菌，造成抗菌药物对耐药菌感染的临床疗效降低或者无效。 blood-brain barrier，BBB血脑屏障:指由脑毛细血管形成的血浆与脑细胞外液间的屏障以及由脉络膜形成的血浆与脑脊液间的屏障。 bioavailability 生物利用度:是指药物从某制剂吸收进入血液循环的相对数量和速度。是评价药物制剂质量的一个重要指标。分为绝对生物利用度和相对生物利用度。chemotherapeutic index, CI化疗指数:是评价包括化学治疗药物在内的所有化学治疗药物有效性与安全性的重要指标，常以LD50/ED50或LD5/ED95，这一比列关系来衡量，这一比例关系称为化疗指数。化疗指数愈大，表明该化疗药物的治疗效果越好；而对机体的毒性越小，则临床应用价值越高。

遗传学名词解释及复习解答(部分)

名词解释 染色体chromosome是指细胞分裂过程中，由染色质聚缩而呈现为一定数目和形态的复合结构 细胞周期cell cycle是细胞分裂增殖的周期，细胞从上一次分裂结束到下一次分裂结束所经历的时期减数分裂miosis是性母细胞成熟时，配子形成过程中发生的一种特殊形式的有丝分裂，所形成的配子染色体数减半。 生活周期life cycle即个体发育过程或称生活史，有性生殖的动植物生活周期是指从合子到个体成熟再到死亡所经历的一系列发育阶段 半保留复制semiconservative replicationDNA复制时，形成的新链DNA分子一链来自原来的亲本DNA分子，一链来自于新合成的DNA分子，这种复制方式称为半保留复制 性状character是指生物体所表现的形态特征和生理特征的总称 测交test cross是指被测验个体与隐性纯合个体间的杂交 等位基因allele控制一对相对性状位于同源染色体上对应位点的两个基因 基因互作interaction of gene不同对基因间相互作用共同决定同一单位性状表现结果的现象 连锁遗传linkage指在统一同源染色体上的非等位基因连在一起而遗传的现象 连锁群linkage group存在于同一染色体上的基因群 基因突变gene mutation指基因内部发生了化学性质的变化，与原来的基因形成对性关系 野生型wild type自然群体中最常见的类型 整倍体euploid 染色体数目是x整数倍的个体或细胞 非整倍体aneuploid正常染色体数（2n）的基础上增加或减少1条或若干染色体的个体或细胞 基因组genome指一个生物单倍体的染色体的数目即生物体全部遗传物质的总和 数量性状quantitative trait表现连续变异的性状 遗传率heritability指遗传方差在总方差（表型方差）中所占的比值，可以作为杂种后代进行选择的一个指标。 近亲繁殖inbreeding指血统或亲缘关系相近的两个个体间的交配，其极端类型为自交 轮回亲本recurrent parent被用来连续回交的亲本 杂种优势heterosis指两个遗传组成不同的亲本杂交产生的杂种一代，在生长势、生活力、繁殖力、产量和品质上比其亲本优越的现象 细胞质遗传cytoplasmic inheritance由细胞内的基因即细胞质基因所决定的遗传现象和遗传规律 干细胞stem cell是一类具有自我复制能力的多潜能细胞，在一定条件下，它可以分化成多种功能细胞 孟德尔群体mendelian group在一个的群体内，个体间随机交配，遗传因子以各种不同的方式从一代传递到下一代，这种群体称为孟德尔群体 遗传漂变genetic drift在一个小群体内由于抽样误差造成的群体金银频率随机波动的现象 交换值crossing-over value指同源染色体的非姊妹染色单体间有关基因的染色体片段发生交换的频率 简答题： 1、有丝分裂和减数分裂的过程，遗传学意义。 有丝分裂的遗传学意义：P20 减数分裂的遗传学意义：P23-24 细胞有丝分裂的遗传学意义：（1）每个染色体准确复制分裂为二，为形成两个子细胞在遗传组成上与母细胞完全一样提供了基础。（2）复制的各对染色体有规则而均匀地分配到两个子细胞中去，使两个细胞与母细胞具有同样质量和数量的染色体。 细胞减丝分裂的遗传学意义：（1）雌雄性细胞染色体数目减半，保证了亲代与子代之间染色体数目

遗传学名词解释94257

遗传学名词解释 amitosis无丝分裂：细胞核拉长呈哑铃状分裂，中部缢缩形成2个相似的子细胞。分裂中无染色体和纺锤体形成。如：纤毛虫、原生生物、特化的动物组织。 mitosis有丝分裂：即体细胞分裂，通过分裂产生同样染色体数目的子细胞。在分裂中出现纺锤体。 a sexual reproduction无性生殖：通过有丝分裂，从一共同的细胞或生物繁殖得到的基因型完全相同的细胞 或生物。也即克隆（clone）。 sexual reproduction有性生殖：减数分裂和受精有规则地交替进行，产生子代的生殖方式。 endomitosis内源有丝分裂：即间期细胞的染色体复制后，但不发生核分裂，着丝点也不分裂。结果形成多线染色体。或染色体复制后着丝点分裂，但细胞核未分裂，则核内染色体成倍性增加，成为内源多倍体。 meiosis减数分裂：是一种特殊方式的细胞分裂，是在配子形成过程中发生的，包括两次连续的核分裂，但染色体只复制一次，因而在形成的四个子细胞核中，每个核只含有单倍数的染色体，即染色体数减少一半，所以把它叫做减数分裂。 alternation of generations世代交替：生活周期包括一个有性世代和一个无性世代,这样二者交替发生就称为世代交替。 allele等位基因：载荷在同源染色体对等的位点上的二个基因，这二个成对的基因称为等位基因。additive effect加性效应：是指各个基因位点上纯合基因型对基因型总效应的贡献的大小，这部分效应一般是累加性的。 dominant effect显性效应：是指同一基因位点内相对等位基因间的交互作用对基因型总效应的贡献。autopolyploid同源多倍体：指增加的染色体组来自同一物种，一般是由二倍体的染色体直接加倍得到。allopolyploid 异源多倍体：指增加的染色体组来自不同物种，一般是由不同种、属间的杂交种染色体加倍形成的。 apomixis无融合生殖：不经过雌雄配子融合而能产生种子的一种生殖方式，根据无融合生殖最后形成胚。aneuploid非整倍体：指体细胞核内的染色体不是染色体组的完整倍数，比该物种正常合子(2n)多或少一个以至若干个的现象。 atavism返祖遗传：在杂种后代重现祖先的某些性状，即为返祖遗传。 complementary effect互补作用：两对独立基因分别处纯合显性或杂合状态时，共同决定一种性状的发育。 当只有一对基因是显性，或两对基因都是隐性时，则表现为另一种性状，这种作用称为互补作用。（9：7）

经济学中常见术语(中英文对照)

经济学中常见术语(中英文对照)

经济术语 价格术语trade term (price term) 运费freight 单价price 码头费wharfage 总值total value 卸货费landing charges 金额amount 关税customs duty 净价net price 印花税stamp duty 含佣价price including commission 港口税portdues 回佣return commission 装运港portof shipment 折扣discount,allowance 卸货港port of discharge 批发价wholesale price 目的港portof destination 零售价retail price 进口许口证inportlicence 现货价格spot price 出口许口证exportlicence 期货价格forward price 现行价格（时价）current price 国际市场价格world (International)Marketpr ice 离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-free on board 成本加运费价（离岸加运费价）C&F-cost and freight

public sector 公共部门,公共成分 economic channels 经济渠道 economic balance 经济平衡 economic fluctuation 经济波动 economic depression 经济衰退 economic stability 经济稳定 economic policy 经济政策 economic recovery 经济复原 understanding 约定concentration 集中holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯 cartel 卡特尔 rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势 economic situation 经济形势 infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达 underdeveloped 不发达的 developing 发展中的