空调和制冷中英文对照外文翻译文献

中文资料翻译

India HVAC&R Goes Global

The total market size in 2008 for the HVAC&R industry in India was approximately $2.5 billion. That year, India produced roughly 5 million refrigerators, 2.5 million room air conditioners, packaged air conditioners of various capacities, and packaged chillers of reciprocating, scroll, screw and absorption types.

Other HVAC&R products manufactured in India include air-handling units, fan-coil units, refrigeration systems for cold rooms and freezer rooms; low-temperature brine chillers for industry; and commercial refrigeration equipment for food stores and supermarkets. The following stories describe some Indian companies that are making their mark internationally.

Heat Pumps in Denmark

Thermax absorption heat pumps and chillers are finding increasing acceptance with European and U.S. clients that want energy-efficient equipment. Businesses are demanding systems that can reduce carbon emissions and help cope with global warming.

Over the last decade, Thermax has worked in optimizing energy use in Denmark by installing absorption heat pumps for centralized heating, which is a reverse application of centralized cooling with absorption chillers. Hot water from a central generation facility is used for space heating in town buildings. The heating companies reduce the energy intensity at generating centers by tapping low-grade heat from other sources such as geothermal heat from sandstone aquifers or waste heat from town

incinerators.

Since its first installation in 1999, Thermax absorption heat pumps are operating in several district heating installations. Recently, the company is fulfilling an order for a 3.4 MW steam absorption chiller to be installed in downtown Copenhagen as part of a district cooling project. The total capacity of the plant is 15 MW, which uses the output of the Thermax chiller, free cooling using seawater and ammonia chillers. The plant will save approximately 2,500 tons (2268 Mg) of carbon dioxide per year.

In Spain, Thermax has commissioned chillers in hotels and office buildings that run on water heated by solar panels. Clients elsewhere in Europe also use Thermax chillers that work on exhaust gas from fuel cells or excess steam from old boilers that use wood waste.

In the United Kingdom, large retailer Tesco has installed Thermax chillers at two stores as part of a plan to reduce its carbon footprint through various measures, including using energy-saving devices. The chillers use water from the cogeneration system that Tesco has installed for generating power.

In the United States, a 1,100 kW test engine installed at a plant of a leading plastics manufacturer in Ohio generated a great deal of waste heat. Thermax harnessed this waste heat to drive an absorption chiller. Waste heat is converted to energy savings as chilled water from this system is used for process cooling in the plant. More than 150 business customers in the United States are gaining from energy profits and green reputations by installing Thermax chillers. Recently, the University at Albany-State University of New York，replaced its old, inefficient cooling system with a 1,400 ton (4924 kW) chiller that works on hot water. The university has gained 35% energy efficiency with substantial savings in operating and maintenance costs. The Henry Ford Museum in Detroit and Colorado School of Mines in Golden, Colo., also have Thermax chillers.

Under a recent strategic agreement, Trane, a leading global indoor comfort systems and service provider for the North American market, will source and distribute Thermax chillers.

Heat Wheels in Australia

What do a hospital in Australia, a university in Florida, a high-tech commercial building in Dubai, a church in Brazil, the Olympic stadium and airport in Beijing and an indoor swimming pool in Tasmania have in common? The indoor air quality provided by DRI, Desiccant Rotors International, is a heat wheel manufacturer in

Delhi. A flagship company of the Pahwa Enterprises, it is the largest privately held HVAC group in India.

King Edward Memorial Hospital (KEM) in Perth, Australia, is a renowned, state-owned health-care provider for women,with more than 400 beds and a large staff of specialists. KEM is geared to provide the highest standards of health care and patient servicing, where indoor air quality plays a vital role. The original HVAC installation carried out 30 years ago was ahead of its time. It incorporated heat recovery wheels (HRW) to save energy and provide better indoor air quality. The wheels were imported from the United States and the aluminum substrate was supplied in 20 segments. With the passage of time, the substrate disintegrated and fell off in all four wheels. As a result, the wheels became non-operational and KEM Hospital and the authorities had a tough time finding a supplier that could supply new wheels in sections that could pass through the doorways without breaking down the walls of the AHU room. They also had difficulty finding an installer who could dismantle the old steel frames, also in sections, so the building could remain intact.

Fortunately, DRI, through its Australian agent agreed to custom manufacture a five-segment wheel in its factory, ship it to the site, install and commission the new wheel, all under the supervision of a local consultant. With the completion of the retrofit project, KEM Hospital’s indoor air quality improved. Among other projects DRI has done are the Beijing Olympics; Pacific Controls, which is Dubai’s first green building; and the second tallest building in China, which is the 450 m (1,476 ft) tall Nanjing Green Land Square, which are all equipped with Ecofresh wheels produced in Delhi.

Other DRI facts:

? Largest global producer of enthalpy wheels;

? World’s only AHRI and Eurovent certified rotors manufacturer;

? Integrated rotor manufacturing facility;

? Wo rld-class rotor (enthalpy as well as desiccant) test facility;

? Sales network spread over India, U.S., Brazil, Europe, UAE,Turkey, Africa, China, Malaysia, Philippines, Japan, Korea and Australia; and

? Awarded AHRI certification performance award for ac hieving a 100% success rate for seven consecutive years.

Heat Pumps in Europe

Blue Star began exporting drinking water coolers to the Gulf countries in the

Middle East as early as 1974. The large stainless steel storage tank design of the coolers was suitable for India and the Gulf countries where city water supply was intermittent. Although local buyers initially resisted buying Blue Star coolers, with improved quality and timely deliveries the company’s sky-blue water coolers became visible at every mosque and school in Dubai and Kuwait.

In the early 1990s, Blue Star made large investments in new plant, machinery, technology and R&D for HVAC&R products to handle the growing market within the country. In 1999, the company started exporting ducted air conditioners of up to 7.5 ton (26 kW) capacity, as well as window and split room ACs. A substantial part of these products were specially designed for an American company; prototypes were built and tested in India and the U.S., to suit the needs of the U.S. manufacturer for the Middle East market. Labeled with the U.S. brand name, but with the words “Made in India,” customers no longer hesitated to buy such products. As many as 170,000 unitary products were sold within a few years.

Buoyed by this success in the Middle East, the American company decided to enter the European market with its brand and once again chose Blue Star to design ductable heat pumps for this market, using R-407C refrigerant (instead of R-22 in the Middle East) with a sleek appearance, compact footprint, stringent safety and noise requirements. Eleven thousand units have been shipped to Europe.

With $500,000 in exports in 1999, today the company has nearly $25 million in exports and ships drinking water coolers, ducted split ACs and heat pumps, and air-handling units, fan coil units, scroll chillers, screw chillers, close control packaged ACs, as well as special units for the telecom market. A large number of distributors and business partners help the company to cater to the growing market in various neighboring countries. With an increased R&D spending, Blue Star plans to ship more products to the international market.

Coolers in Europe

Air-cooled fluid coolers (ACFC) are as the radiator in your car, helping to keep the engine cool, by circulating cooling water through the engine jacket and the radiator. They are larger in cooling capacity and are used in captive power plants to cool the diesel engines or gas turbines that drive the electric generators.

With scarcity of water and shortage of electric power in most parts of the developing world, International Coil Ltd (ICL) of Delhi has developed ACFCs to cool the jackets of diesel engines or gas turbines running generators in 8 MW power plants

or larger capacity with multiples of 8 MW, used by industry to run their plants, instead of cooling towers, which consume large amounts of water.

With hundreds of installations of ACFCs in India, millions of cubic meters of water are being saved, proving them to be a good environment-friendly solution. Certified by AHRI, these ACFCs can also be supplied with Heresite coating to reduce corrosion in saline atmospheres. Internationally reputable manufacturers of power plants running on diesel engines or gas turbines including Rolls Royce of England, MAN of Germany, Wartsila of Finland and Cummins of the U.S., have signed OEM agreements with ICL to use ACFCs on their supplies of generators to most parts of the developing world.

MEP Contracting in Middle East

In the early 1970s, the Middle East embarked on ambitious plans of modernization and building construction.

With a small domestic population, the region depended heavily on construction labor from the Indian subcontinent, which is only a few hours away by air. Arab and European companies with offices in the Gulf lured experienced Indian HVAC engineers with salaries three to four times higher than salaries prevailing in India, free company cars, petrol cheaper than water and no income tax. Voltas, being one of the largest HVAC companies, suffered crippling manpower losses that took time to replenish with the help of freshly graduated engineers.

In a way, these events turned out to be a blessing in disguise, because Arab employers were so impressed with Indian engineering skills that many of them started doing business with Voltas in joint ventures, which took on large HVAC contracts initially and then went in for complete electro-mechanical projects, including electrical and plumbing.

HVAC for Queen Mary II

The experience gained from work in the Gulf States and contacts established with international suppliers all over the world of equipment and accessories, including piping, sheet metal, and insulation, led to Voltas’s ambition to take on the world.

So, Voltas bid and won contracts in 30 countries and three continents, including the HVAC contract for Hong Kong Airport and the largest luxury liner ever built, Queen Mary II, while it was under construction in a French port.

The company is part of the $62.5 billion Tata Group and is the number two air-conditioner brand in the country. The firm manufactured the first room air

conditioner in 1954. It has overseas offices in Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Qatar, Bahrain, Singapore and Hong Kong.

Author：Hiru M. Jhangiani

Nationality：India

Originate from：Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal of 24 (2004) 55-60

印度暖通空调与冰箱工业走向世界

2008年，印度的暖通空调与冰箱工业的市场总量为25亿美元。那一年，印度大约生产了500万台冰箱，250万台室内空调，组装出多种功能的空调和往复，滚动，螺杆，吸收等类型的冷却装置。

在印度，其他类型的暖通空调与冰箱产品包括冷藏室和冷冻室的空气处理机组、风机盘管机组、制冷系统；工业用低温盐水机组，食品商店和超级市场的商业用制冷设备。下面的几个故事描述了一些正在使自己的品牌走向国际的印度公司。

丹麦的热汞

契马黑吸收热汞越来越多地被那些想要获得节能设备的欧洲和美国客户的认可。现在的企业都在要求暖通空调和制冷设备能减少碳的排放量，以应对全球性变暖。

在过去的十年里，契马黑曾在丹麦通过为集中供暖系统安装吸收热泵的方法优化能源的使用，这是用吸收式制冷机集中冷却的反向运用。中央系统设施中的热水被用于城市建筑物的室内供暖。供热公司通过像砂岩含水层的地热能源或城镇焚化炉的废热等其他热能来源来供应低品质的热能的方式来降低生产中心的能源强度。

自1999年的首次安装以来, 契马黑的吸收热泵目前正运行于几个地区的供热装置中。最近,该公司正在完成一笔3.4兆瓦的蒸汽吸收式制冷机组订单，这个机组安装在哥本哈根市中心，作为地区冷却项目的一部分。设备总容量为15兆瓦，使用的是契马黑的冷却装置输出，通过海水和氨冷却装置达到免费冷却。该工厂将每年节省约2500吨(2268兆克)的二氧化碳排放。

在西班牙, 契马黑的冷却装置已经委托装入了用太阳能供应热水的酒店和办公大楼。欧洲其他地区的客户也用契马黑冷却装置来排出燃料油箱内的废气或旧锅炉中的过量蒸汽以避免木材的浪费。

在英国，大型零售商乐购在其中的两家商店安装契马黑冷却装置作为通过各

种方法来减少碳排放量这一计划的一部分，包括用节能装置。冷却装置用的是用于乐购发电的冷热电联产系统产生的水。

在美国，一台1100千瓦的测试引擎安装在一间俄亥俄州领先的塑料制造商的工厂内，这样的工厂会产生大量的废热。契马黑利用这个余热作为吸收式制冷机的动力。余热转化为能量储蓄是因为来自这个系统的冷冻水被用于冷却工厂生产过程中产生的热。超过150个美国的客户通过安装契马黑冷却系统来获得能源上的利益和绿色环保的良好声誉。最近，奥尔巴尼洲大学纽约城市学院用一个有1400吨(4924千瓦)的热水冷却装置来代替旧的、低效率的冷却系统。这所大学在操作和维护成本上的实质性节约能够达到35%的能源效率。在底特律的亨利福特博物馆和的地雷和科罗拉多州金山的科罗拉多州矿业学院也有契马黑冷水机。

在最近的战略协议中,在北美市场被誉为全球领先的室内舒适系统和服务提供商的特灵空调会生产提供契马黑冷水机。

澳大利亚的热车轮

澳大利亚的医院、佛罗里达州的大学、迪拜高科技的商业建筑、巴西的教堂、北京的奥林匹克竞技场和机场、塔斯马尼亚岛的室内游泳池，这些建筑它们有什么共同特点呢？都是由DRI（国际干燥转子）—一个德里的热车轮制造商来提供的优质室内空气。它是Pahwa集团旗下的公司，印度最大的民间暖通空调集团。

在澳大利亚佩思的爱德华国王纪念医院(凯恩美),是一家非常著名且专门为女性提供服务的国有医疗机构，拥有超过400个床位和许多专家。凯恩美提供最高水准的医疗保健和患者服务,因此室内空气质量起着至关重要的作用。原来的暖通空调30年前就超过了它的使用时间。它采用热回收车轮(HRW)来节约能源和提供更高质量的室内空气。转轮是从从美国进口的，铝基板由20块组成。随着时间的推移，基体瓦解四个轮子都开始下降。结果，转轮开始不工作，凯恩美医院和当地政府经过了一段艰难的去寻找能提供新的轮子的供应商的时期，且要求这些轮子能被分成几个部分通过门廊,从而不必打通空气调节装置室的墙。同样，寻找到一个能够分几个部分拆除旧的钢结构来确保建筑保持完好的安装工人也十分困难。

幸运的是, 国际干燥转子通过在澳大利亚的代理公司，同意在他的工厂定制一个五部分的机轮，并用轮船运到澳洲，安装和调试新的机轮都是在当地的顾问

的监督下进行的。由于新转轮的安装完成，凯恩美医院的室内空气品质有了显著改善。其他DRI已经完成项目有北京的奥运会馆，迪拜的第一个绿色建筑——太平洋控股；中国第二高建筑，450米(1476英尺)高的南京绿地广场，这些都配置有德里生产的自动净化车轮。

其他DRI事迹：

?全球最大的焓轮生产商；

?世界上唯一的AHRI和EUROVENT双重认证的转子制造商；

?综合转子制造设备；

?世界级的转子(焓以及除湿)测试设备；

?销售网络覆盖印度、美国、巴西、土耳其、阿拉伯联合酋长国、欧洲、非洲、中国、马来西亚、菲律宾、日本、韩国和澳大利亚；

?授予AHRI认证的连续7年实现100%成功率。

欧洲的供暖装置

早在1974年，蓝星公司就开始出口饮用水冷却器给中东地区的海湾国家。大型不锈钢储罐设计冷却器很适合印度与海湾国家，那里的城市供水是断断续续的。尽管当地的购买者最初抵制购买蓝星冷却器,但质量的改进和及时的交货，使这个公司的天蓝冷水器在迪拜、科威特的清真寺和学校变得随处可见。

在20世纪90年代初，蓝星公司在空调制冷领域的工厂、设备、技术和研发方面都做出了巨大的投资，以此来应对这不断增长的国内外市场需求。1999年，公司开始出口管机空调达到7.5吨(26千瓦)的水平，与自动控制窗口和活动房间一样。这些产品中很大一部分是专为一家美国公司设计的；设备的原型在印度和美国完成建造和测试。以适应美国制造商在中东市场的需求。贴上美国的品牌名称，但却写着“印度制造”，顾客在买这样的商品时将不会再犹豫。在几年之内，多达17万件统一的产品已出售。

值得一提的是，这次在中东的成功使那些美国公司决定进军欧洲市场，并且再次选择蓝星来为这次的市场设计进口热泵。这次的设计采用R-407C这种具有雅致的外观、紧凑的足迹、严格的安全和噪音控制要求的制冷剂(而不是在中东的R-22)光滑形状、严格的安全及噪声的要求。11万件这样的产品已销往欧洲。

从1999年的50万美元出口额开始，到今天，该公司已拥有近2500万美元在出

口和装载的应用水冷却器、管机分离空调和热泵、空气处理机组、风机盘管机组、往复式冷水机、螺杆冷水机、装载关闭控制空调，以及为电信市场制造的特殊机组。大量的分销商和商业伙伴帮助该公司满足了众多周边国家日益扩大的市场需求。随着在研发资金投入方面的增加，蓝星公司计划将为国际市场出口更多的产品。

欧洲的冷却机

流动风冷却器(ACFC)在你的汽车里是作为一种散热器，通过在发动机汽缸和散热器两者之间的不断循环冷却，来确保发动机保持在一定温度内。他们在冷却能力上有着更大的优势,可用于自保电厂中冷却驱动电动发电机的柴油机或燃气轮机。

由于在发展中国家，许多地区都存在着缺乏水和缺乏电力地情况，因此在德里的国际线圈有限公司(ICL)已经开发了流动风冷却器来冷却柴油机引擎或燃气轮机，并创造出发电机组在8兆瓦或是8兆瓦的倍数的更大容量的电厂，这些电力在工业上被用于工厂运作，而不是需要消耗大量水的冷却塔。

由于在印度有着大量的流动风冷却器设施，百万立方米的水被节约下来，这也证明他们是一个解决环境友好问题的好方法。经过AHRI的认证,这些流动风冷却器也可以配置上赫尔斯特酚醛塑料涂层以减少盐碱地区的腐蚀。国际著名发电机制造商包括英国的罗尔斯·罗伊斯，德国的MAN，芬兰的瓦锡兰和美国的康明斯，已经和ICL签署了OEM协议，在他们的柴油发动机或燃气涡轮机上的配备流动风冷却器，以供给大部分发展中国家。

中东的机电合同

在70年代早期，中东走上了雄心勃勃的现代化和房屋建筑之路。

由于当地人口量少，该地区主要依靠印度来的劳动力来建设房屋,仅仅需要几个小时就可以空运过来。阿拉伯和欧洲的公司在海湾地区设有分公司和办事处,并开出高出印度平均薪资水平三四倍作为印度暖通空调工程师的工资,以及免费的公司车辆，汽油比水还便宜，且没有所得税。Voltas,是其中最大的一个暖通空调公司，遭受了严重的人力损失，不得不花时间去培养刚毕业不久的工程师。

在某种程度上说,这些事件竟然是因祸得福,因为印度工程师地技能给阿拉伯雇主留下了如此之深的印象，其中有很多人与Voltas开始做合资生意,这些合作起

初大部分在暖通空调合同上，后来渐渐完善到完整的机电工程，包括电子和管道。为玛丽女王二世而设计的暖通空调

在海湾地区获得的工作经验和与全球各地包括管道、金属板和绝缘材料等设备与配件的国际供货商建立的联系促使Voltas的野心转向世界。

所以，Voltas参与竞标，并在30个国家和三大洲赢得了合同，其中包括为香港机场和在法国港口建造的那个时期最大的豪华客轮“玛丽女王二世”的暖通空调合同。

该公司是总资产达625亿美元的Tata集团的一部分,是国内排名第二的空调品牌。这家公司制造的第一个室内空调是在1954年。它海外的办事处有迪拜、阿布扎比、卡塔尔、巴林、新加坡和香港等国家和地区。

红外数据通信技术外文翻译文献

红外数据通信技术外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique, drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos

etc. characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage. Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit customer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish customer’s operation demand. Keywords: Infrared dray；Code；Decoding；LM386；Red outside transceiver 1 Introduction 1.1 research the background and significance Infrared Data Communication Technology is the world wide use of a wireless connection technology, by the many hardware and software platforms supported. Is a data through electrical pulses and infrared optical pulse switch between the wireless data transceiver technology.

暖通专业词汇中英文对照

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1. 热力学thermodynamics 2. 热源heat source 3. 热力学平衡状态thermodynamic equilibrium state 4. 稳态steady state 5. 非稳态unsteady state 6. 可逆过程reversible process 7. 不可逆过程irreversible process 8. 热力学第一定律first law of thermodynamics 9. 热力学第二定律second law of thermodynamics 10. 热力学第三定律third law of thermodynamics 11. 内能internal energy 12. 焓enthalpy 13. 熵entropy 14. 热量heat 15. 理想气体ideal gas 16. 相变change of phase 17. 汽化vaporization 18. 蒸发evaporation 19. 沸腾boiling 20. 沸点boiling point 21. 凝结condensation 22. 饱和状态saturation state

23. 饱和温度saturation temperature 24. 饱和压力saturation pressure 25. 饱和液体saturation liquid 26. 饱和蒸汽saturation vapor 27. 过饱和supersaturation 28. 湿蒸汽wet vapor 29. 过热superheat 30. 过热蒸汽superheated vapor 31. 过热度degree of superheat 32. 过冷subcooling 33. 过冷液体subcooled liquid 34. 气-液混合物liquid-vapor mixture 35. 干度quality 36. 冷凝点condensation point 37. 冷凝液condensate 38. 共沸混合物azeotropic mixture 39. 共沸性azeotropy 40. 共沸点azeotropic point 41. 凝固solidification 42. 熔化fusion 43. 熔点melting point 44. 升华sublimation

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Improve the concept of financial supervision in rural areas1 Xun Qian Farmers in China's vast population, has some large-scale production of the farmers, but also survival-oriented farmers, huge differences between the financial needs of rural finance intermediation makes complex, together with agriculture itself is the profit low, natural and market risks high risk decision to weak agricultural industry characteristics, resulting in the cost of rural financial transactions is far higher than the city, also decided to organize the rural financial system in terms of operation or in the market has its own special characteristics. 20 years of financial reform, financial development while the Chinese city made impressive achievements, but the rural finance is the entire financial system is still the weakest link. Insufficient supply of rural finance, competition is not sufficient, farmers and agricultural enterprises in getting loans and other issues is also very prominent, backward rural financial system can no longer effectively support the development of modern agriculture or the transformation of traditional agriculture and the building of new socialist countryside, which to improve the rural financial supervision new topic. China's rural financial regulatory problems (A) the formation of China's financial regulatory system had "a line three commission " (People's Bank, the Securities Regulatory Commission, Insurance Regulatory Commission and the Banking Regulatory Commission) financial regulatory structure. Bank These stringent requirements, different management and diversification of monitoring has its positive role, but it also had some negative effects. First, inefficient supervision, supervision of internal consumption of high costs, limited financial industry business development and innovation space. Second, the regulatory agencies, regulatory bodies and the information asymmetry between central banks, banking, securities, and insurance mechanisms of coordination between regulatory bodies are not perfect. Information between central banks and regulatory agencies is difficult to share, is difficult to create effective monitoring force. Basically between the various 1American Journal of Agricultural Economics，2009.

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