英国文学选读复习要点

A Brief Revision

Geoffrey Chaucer

Geoffrey Chaucer is the “father of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets of England. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. Chaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. Geoffrey Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. Chaucer must be ranked among the most learned and accomplished of English poets.

The Canterbury Tales is his masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature. The Book of the Duchess was composed by Chaucer probably as a memorial poem for the Duchess of Lancaster, who died of the plague.

The Canterbury Tales

The Canterbury Tales should be an immense work of 124 stories but only 24 were written. Incomplete as they are, The Canterbury Tales covers practically all the major types of medieval literature. The Canterbury Tales was written in heroic couplet.

General tone: happy, easy, lively, humorous.

Terms:

Rhyme: the repetition of sounds at the ends of words is called rhyme. When words rhyme at the end of lines of poetry it is called end rhyme.

Heroic couplet: Iambic pentameter lines rhymed in pairs. It is called heroic because in England, especially in the 18th century, it was much used for heroic (epic) poems.

Iambic pentameter is a meter in poetry, consisting of an unrhymed line with five iambs or feet, felt by many to be the most powerful of all metrical forms in English poetry.

Renaissance

Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture, architecture, and literature. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the Roman Catholic Church.

Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, The Renaissance humanist thinkers voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and perform wonders.

Renaissance in England

The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and the establishment of the foundations of capitalism. Because of the War of Roses within the country and its weak and unimportant position in world trade, Renaissance came later in England than other European countries. But when it did come, it was to produce some towering figures in the English, and — world literary heritage — William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, Sir Thomas More, Francis Bacon and a number of humanist scholars.

William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets the world has ever known. He was man of the late Renaissance who gave the fullest expression to humanist ideals. With his 37/38/39 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems, he has established his giant position in world literature. His works have been translated into every major language in the world. He has been given the highest praises by various scholars and critics in the world over. His contemporary poet and dramatist Ben Jonson dedicated a poem in praise of him: “… he was not of an age, but

for all tim e!” That is definitely true.

Shakespeare was born in Stratford-on-Avon, a small town to the northwest of London. Shakespeare’s achievements

1. Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations of the people.

2. Shakespeare’s humanism: More important than his historical sense of his time, Shakespeare in his plays reflects the spirit of his age.

3. Shakespeare’s characters are “round”, in the sense that they have many aspects or dimensions.

4. Shakespeare’s originality: Shakespeare drew most of his materials from sources that were known to his audience; some from Roman dramas, some from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and some from other writers’ plays. But his plays are original because he instilled into the old materials a new spirit that gives new life to his plays.

5. Shakespeare as a great poet: Shakespeare was not only a great dramatist, but also a great poet.

6. Shakespeare as master of the English language: Shakespeare was the master of the English language.

Hamlet

Hamlet is considered to be the summit of Shakespeare’s art. It is the profoundest ex pression of Shakespeare’s humanism and his criticism of contemporary life.

Romeo and Juliet

Romeo and Juliet It is Shakespeare’s first romantic tragedy.

Sonnet: a 14-line poem, predominantly in iambic pentameter. The English (or Shakespearean) sonnet is usually arranged into 3 quatrains and a couplet, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. The couplet is usually the conclusion.

Some important works of Shakespeare:

1) Comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, Love’s Labour’s Lost, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado about Nothing无事生非, As You Like It皆大欢喜, Twelfth Night, The Merry Wives of Windsor, All’s well That Ends Well终成眷属, Measure for Measure一报还一报.

2) Tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida.

3) Tragi-comedies: Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale, The Tempest.

4) Histories: Henry IV, Henry VI.

Theme

The theme of Hamlet is revenge

The theme of King Lear is vanity.

The theme of Othello is jealousy.

The theme of Macbeth is desire.

Francis Bacon

Bacon is the founder of modern science in England. He, a philosopher, scientist and essayist, lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge.

Essays

58 essays were included in Bacon’s Essays. They are famous for their brevity, compactness, and powerfulness. These essays cover a wide variety of subjects concerning various aspects of life, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, beauty, studies, riches, youth and age, garden, death, and many others. They have won popularity for their precision, clearness, brevity and force. The 17th century was one of the most turbulent periods in English history. It was a period when absolute monarchy impeded the further development of capitalism in England and the bourgeoisie

could no longer bear the control of the landed nobility. The contradictions between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak and resulted in a revolutionary outburst.

The English revolution took place in the middle of 17th century. Among the causes of this revolution was the growth of capitalism, the break-up of serfdom and Puritan movement.

In 1642, the Civil War broke out between the king and the Parliament. With the support of the people and the leadership of Oliver Cromwell, the English bourgeoisie won the victory. In 1649 Charles I was captured and beheaded. England became a commonwealth under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell. After his death, monarchy was again restored by King Charles II in 1660. It was called a period of the Restoration

There were two leaders in the English Revolution. Cromwell was the man of action and Milton the man of thought.

John Milton

In English literature John Milton ranks with Shakespeare and Chaucer. During his retirement from public life, he produced his masterpieces: the epic Paradise Lost, its sequel, Paradise Regained; and the poetic tragedy Samson Agonistes.

Paradise Lost

Paradise Lost is long epic poem divided into 12 books. The theme is the fall of men: man’s disobedience and the loss thereupon of Paradise. In this epic poem Satan is the most successfully portrayed character. He was evil, rebellious, courageous, heroic and tragic.

Milton’s style

Milton is difficult to read, because of his involved style with frequent inversion (probably owing to the influence of Latin syntax) and very complicated sentence structures. His sentences are often long, sometimes running into a dozen, or even more lines. To express his sublimity of thought, he wrote in a style that is unsurpassed in its sonority, eloquence, majesty and grandeur. Daniel Defoe

Daniel Defoe is considered one of the greatest fiction writers of 18th-century England. Defoe was a very good story-teller. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, while leave on the reader an impression of casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its best.

Robinson Crusoe

The story of Robinson Crusoe is well-known throughout the world. It tells of how Robinson Crusoe, an English mariner, having shipwrecked on an island, managed to struggle for live for 28 years there and rescued a black man, whom he named Friday, from the cannibals (person who eats human flesh). Later, Robinson got hold of a ship and sailed home. The book’s “realistic” touch and ingenuity (originality) aroused great interest from the readers both in England and abroad.

Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist.

Jonathan Swift

Jonathan Swift is a master satirist.

Gulliver’s Travels

Gulliver’s Travels is his best work, a social and political prose satire, in the form of a book of travels. It is partly burlesque of travelers’ tales, and partly realistic wonder-book with a very different satirical aim. As a whole, the book is one of the most effective and devastating criticism

and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life—socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound. The book is also an artistic masterpiece.

Jonathan Swift himself is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear, and vigorous. There are no ornaments in his writing, but it becomes homes to the reader. Romanticism

Romanticism was a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress Movement in Germany, it held that classicism, dominant since the 16th centu ry, failed to express man’s emotional nature and overlooked his profound inner forces. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations above those of society. As a reaction to the industrial revolution, it looked to the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature for inspiration. It gave impetus to the national liberation movement in 19th-century Europe.

The features of Romanticism were:

1) The romantics were against the modes of thinking in the 18th century which saw man as a social animal.

2) They emphasize the special qualities of each individual

3) So Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of human spirit.

4) In essence it tends to see the individual as the very center of life and all experience. They also place the individual at the center of art and make literature most valuable as an express of his or her unique feelings and particular attitudes, and value its accuracy in portraying the individual’s experiences.

Attitudes towards Individualism:

Middle ages: emphasize on God; man lived chiefly for the future world

Renaissance period: man is the center of all concern; emphasized on the dignity of man and the importance of the present life

Enlightenment: saw man as social man; the general or universal characteristics of human behavior were more suitable subject matter

Romanticism: Saw man as an individual in the solitary state; Emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind; Value the exploration and evaluation of the inner self; A prominence of first-person lyric poem “I” – the direct person of the poet; A change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit William Blake

Literarily William Blake was the first important romantic poet, showing contempt for the rule of reason, opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century, and treasuring the individual’s imagination. He is considered to be a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century. William Wordsworth

Wordsworth is the most representative poet of English Romanticism. Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language. He was a worshipper of nature from his childhood. In 1842, he received the government pension and in the following year, he succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate. In 1798, Wordsworth and Coleridge jointly published the Lyrical Ballads. The publication of this book marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, i.e., with classicism, and the beginning of the Romantic revival in England.

Definition of a poet and poetry

He (poet) is a man speaking to men: a man, it is true, endowed with more lively sensibility, more enthusiasm and tenderness, who has a greater knowledge of human nature, and a more comprehensive soul, than are supposed to be common among mankind. Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling;

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Poets are born and not made. A poem should not be judged as a mirror of truth—as we judge science--but as a thing in itself, almost as a living organism. Poems should be judged only according to their own lights and not according to any established precept or precedent.

Lake Poets

Wordsworth, Coleridg e and Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England. The three traversed the same path in politics and in poetry, beginning as radicals and ends as conservatives.

Jane Austen

The major theme of her novel is love and marriage toward which she holds on a practical idealism—love should be justified by reason and disciplined by self-control.

Generally speaking, Jane Austen was a writer of the 18th–century, though she lived mainly in the 19th century.

Her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear-sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality. She shows contemptuous feelings towards snobbery, stupidity, worldliness and vulgarity through subtle satire and irony. Austen’s main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. In her works, she characterizes a human being not at moments of crisis, but in the most trivial incidents of everyday life. Her characteristic theme is that maturity is achieved through the loss of illusions. Faults of character are corrected when through tribulation, lessons are learned.

Because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior, Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity, and she has been regarded as one of the greatest of all novelists.

George Gordon Byron

He is well known in China.Don Juan, the long satirical epic, is generally considered his masterpiece. As a leading Romanticist, Byron’s chief contribution is his creation of the “Byronic hero”, a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and conventions. The Byronic hero became an idol of the young.

Percy Bysshe Shelley

One of the leading Romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language He is known to Chinese readers mainly for his Ode to the West Wind(1820), whose ending “If winter comes, can spring be far behind?” has given courage to many revolutionaries faced with reverses, even death.

John Keats (1795-1821)

The one artistic aim in Keats’ poetry was to create a beautiful world of imagination as opposed to the sordid reality of his day.

2020年1月浙江自学考试试题及答案解析英国文学选读试卷及答案解析

浙江省2018年1月高等教育自学考试 英国文学选读试题 课程代码：10054 Part I. Choose the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A. (10%) Section A A B (1)Jonathan Swift（） A. The Rainbow (2)D.H. Lawrence （） B. Adam Bede (3)Emily Brontё（） C. Gulliver’s Travels (4)Thomas Hardy （） D. Wuthering Heights (5)George Eliot（） E. Far From the Madding Crowd Section B A B (1) Middlemarch（） A. Shylock (2) Jane Eyre（） B. Sir Peter Teazle (3) The Merchant of Venice（） C. Mr. Rochester (4) Mrs. Warren’s Profession（） D. Will Ladislas (5) The School for Scandal（） E. Vivie Part II. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or a phrase according to the textbook. (5%) 1. In Paradise Lost, the author intended to expose the ways of Satan and to “justify the ways of _________ to men.” 2. As the greatest novelist of the Victorian period, Charles Dickens set out a full map, and a large -scale criticism of the _________century. 3. In Jane Austen’s novels, stories of _________ and marriage provide the major themes. 4. In the novel Tess of the D’Urbervilles, the two men Alec and _________ are both agents of the destructive force of the society. 1

王守仁《英国文学选读》译文汇总.

Unit 1 Geoffrey Chaucer 1343-1400 夏雨给大地带来了喜悦送走了土壤干裂的三月沐浴着草木的丝丝经络顿时百花盛开生机勃勃西风轻吹留下清香缕缕田野复苏吐出芳草绿绿碧蓝的天空腾起一轮红日青春的太阳洒下万道金辉小鸟的歌喉多么清脆优美迷人的夏夜怎好安然入睡美丽的自然撩拨万物的心弦多情的鸟儿歌唱爱情的欣欢香客盼望膜拜圣徒的灵台僧侣立愿云游陌生的滨海信徒来自全国东西南北众人结伴奔向坎特伯雷去朝谢医病救世的恩主以缅怀大恩大德的圣徒那是个初夏方临的日子我到泰巴旅店投宿歇息怀着一颗虔诚的赤子心我准备翌日出发去朝圣黄昏前后华灯初上时分旅店院里涌入很多客人二十九人来自各行各业不期而遇都到旅店过夜这些香客人人虔心诚意次日要骑马去坎特伯雷客房与马厩宽敞又洁净店主的招待周到而殷勤夕阳刚从地平线上消失众人同我已经相互结识大家约好不等鸡鸣就起床迎着熹微晨光干燥把路上可是在我叙述故事之前让我占用诸位一点时间依我之见似乎还很必要把每人的情况作些介绍谈谈他们从事什么行业社会地位属于哪个阶层容貌衣着举止又是如何那么我就先把骑士说说骑士的人品出众而且高尚自从军以来就驰骋于疆场待人彬彬有礼大度而豪爽珍惜荣誉节操和骑士风尚为君主效命创辉煌战绩所到国家之远无人能比转战于基督和异教之邦因功勋卓著缕缕受表彰他攻打过亚历山大利亚在普鲁士庆功宴上有他这位佼佼者多次坐首席从立陶宛直打到俄罗斯同级的骑士都大为逊色攻克阿给西勒有他一个还出征到过柏尔玛利亚夺取烈亚斯和萨塔利亚他还

多次游弋于地中海跟随登陆大军将敌战败十五次比武他大显身手为捍卫信仰而浴血奋斗在战场上三次杀死敌将高贵的武士美名传四方他还侍奉过柏拉西亚国君讨伐另一支土耳其异教军没有一次不赢得最高荣誉他骁勇善战聪慧而不痴愚他温柔顺从像个大姑娘一生无论是在什么地方对谁也没有讲过半个脏字堪称一个完美的真骑士他有一批俊美的千里马但是他的衣着朴实无华开价的底下是结识的布衣上上下下到处是斑斑污迹他风尘仆仆刚从战场归来片刻未休息就急忙去朝拜 Unit 2 William Shakespeare 1564-1616 生存或毁灭这是个必答之问题是否应默默的忍受坎苛命运之无情打击还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌并将其克服此二抉择就竟是哪个较崇高死即睡眠它不过如此倘若一眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患那么此结局是可盼的死去睡去但在睡眠中可能有梦啊这就是个阻碍当我们摆脱了此垂死之皮囊在死之长眠中会有何梦来临它令我们踌躇使我们心甘情愿的承受长年之灾否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨如暴君之政骄者之傲失恋之痛法章之慢贪官之侮或庸民之辱假如他能简单的一刃了之还有谁会肯去做牛做马终生疲於操劳默默的忍受其苦其难而不远走高飞飘於渺茫之境倘若他不是因恐惧身后之事而使他犹豫不前此境乃无人知晓之邦自古无返者所以「理智」能使我们成为懦夫而「顾虑」能使我们本来辉煌之心志变得黯然无光像个病夫再之这些更能坏大事乱大谋使它们失去魄力第二场同前凯普莱特家的花园罗密欧上罗密欧没有受过伤的才会讥笑别人身上的创痕朱丽叶自上方

英国文学史及选读__期末试题及答案

考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s

罗经国《新编英国文学选读》(第4版)教材【复习笔记+考研真题典型题详解】-第1~6章【圣才出品】

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英国文学选读一考试大题必备 重点题目分析(人物分析 诗歌分析 三大主义)

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