加州大学伯克利分校介绍

加州大学伯克利分校介绍

伯克利在世界范围内拥有崇高的学术声誉，在其所拥有的100多个子学科里，有众多世界级的学术大师(或称学术大牛)。曾在伯克

利工作和深造的诺贝尔奖得主不少于65位，其中包括22位教授和

校友。9位图灵奖更是位居世界第一。伯克利与相距不远同样地处

美国西海岸的斯坦福，以及东海岸的哈佛、麻省理工一起，被誉为“美国社会不朽的学术脊梁”。

2009年的诺贝尔奖，更是有3位得主与伯克利有关，这是世界

上任何一所大学都少有出现过的情况。其中2009年诺贝尔经济学奖

授予给美国伯克利加州大学经济学家奥利弗·威廉森(伯克利HASS

商学院的教授)和美国印第安纳州大学经济学教授埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆。2009年生理学奖的得主为伊丽莎白·布莱克本(ElizabethBlackburn)，卡罗尔-格雷德(CarolGreider)和杰克·绍

斯塔克(JackSzostak)。伊丽莎白·布莱克是在伯克利工作期间作出

诺奖工作，当时卡罗尔-格雷德是伯克利的研究生，在伯克利读PHD

期间和她导师一起努力做出了诺奖工作。

加州大学伯克利分校介绍

如果说美国形成史是一部由西向东不断开发的历史，那么，加州大学伯克利分校UniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley就是美国“西部

大开发”中的“智力开发”基地，与紧随其后的密歇根大学、伊利

诺大学香槟分校是所谓的公立大学“三巨头”。伯克利师资力量雄厚，教职工(包括研究、教学和公共服务人员)总数近1.1万，其中

有1,640名全日制教员，450名兼职教员，他们中有不少是世界最

著名的小说家、诗人、思想家及科学家，包括9名诺贝尔奖获得者，98名美国科学院院士(仅次于哈佛大学)，60名美国工程学院院士

(仅次于麻省理工学院)，还拥有比美国任何一所大学都多的古根海

姆会员和美国科学基金颁发的“青年研究学者总统奖”获得者。在

伯克利的教员中，还有14位曾获得美国国家科学奖章，6位曾获普

利策奖，139位美国文理科学会会员，15位麦克阿瑟研究员。早在

20世纪30年代，美国教育委员会向2000名著名学者进行调查，结

果伯克利加大以其“杰出的”和“适宜的”学科建设而跻身美国一

流学府之列--这是美国200余年来公立大学向东部常春藤大学发出

的首次挑战。

加州大学伯克利分校UniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley是美国

最激进的两个学校之一(另一个是哥伦比亚大学)。60年代嬉皮文化、反越战运动、东方神秘主义文化、回归自然文化等都是起源于这里。当年伯克利的代言人便是诗人爱伦金斯堡。最近这十几年是高科技

的天下，伯克利又开始缔造新的神话，因为身在硅谷边缘，近年来

学校毕业生中出现了许多新型的亿万富翁。从该校工程系毕业的英

特尔公司总裁安得鲁可以说是伯克利新的代言人。

伯克利加州大学也曾多次出现在好莱坞电影里面，比如著名导演李安(AnnLee)执导的《绿巨人》(TheHulk)就从伯克利加大的实验室

出来的。电影拍摄的场所就在伯克利的校园内，一些常见场景还有

校园周围美丽的湾区(BayArea)和学校正对着海湾出口上的金门大桥。电影《阿甘正传》里面学生运动的领袖就来自伯克利，当时那辆车

上还有“BerkeleytoWashingtonDC”字样。电影《毕业生》的女主

人公就读的学校就是伯克利。这个伟大爱情故事发生的地点也是伯

克利,这个美国人都非常欣赏的学校,曾听过一位名人这样描述对她

的印象：有一种迷人,浪漫的气质!

材料概论英文版武汉理工大学

Material:Solids used by man kind to produce items which constitute the support for his living environment Characteristics of materials ◆Have certain compositions; ◆Can be processed; ◆With certain shape and color; ◆Can be used and reused or recycled. ◆特点: ?具有一定的成分和配比； ?可成型加工； ?保持一定形状和外观； ?具有使用价值并可回收再利用。 材料性能的决定因素 ◆组成材料的各元素的原子结构， ◆原子间的相互作用、相互结合， ◆原子或分子在空间的排列分布和运动规律, ◆原子集合体的形貌特征。 Classification of materials ◆Atomic structures ◆Nature of chemical bonds: ?Metallic bond 金属键 ?Ionic bond 离子键 ?Covalent bond 共价键 ?Secondary bond 次价键 ?Van der Waals bond 范德华力 ?Hydrogen bond 氢键 Classification: ◆metals and their alloys:- metallic bonding ◆Organic polymers: Covalent bonding & secondary bonding ◆Ceramics:Ionic bonding & covalent bonding

氢脆对钢的影响概述1

氢脆对钢的影响概述 摘要本人介绍了氢脆的相关背景和氢脆的几种形式，分别为:氢化学反应脆裂，内氢脆裂和氢环境脆裂。然后，根据国内外 的一些研究，论述了氢脆对低合金钢、不锈钢以及高强度钢种的影响。最后，根据氢脆的机制概括了一些氢脆的预防方法。 关键词氢脆，不锈钢，低合金钢，高强度钢. INFLUENCE OF HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMNET ON STEEL ABSTRACT This article describes the background of hydrogen embrittlement and several forms of hydrogen embrittlement. The form of hydrogen embrittlement are as follows: chemical reaction of hydrogen embrittlement, the hydrogen embrittlement and hydrogen environment embrittlement crack. Then, the author of several studies at home and abroad, discusses the hydrogen embrittlement of low alloy steel, stainless steel and the impact of high-strength steel. Finally, according to the mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement outlines some methods of prevention of hydrogen embrittlement. KEY WORDS hydrogen embrittlement; stainless steel; low alloy steel; high strength steel 前言 氢脆是由于电化学作用产生的原子氢渗入金属材料而产生脆性破坏的一种现象。它是氢系统设计中的一个大问题，在宇航工业中由于材料氢脆曾多次造成事故。据“氢安全使用手册”介绍，“材料损坏和材料不相容性所造成的事故，各占事故总数的3%。使用同氢不相容的材料曾造成多次事故，而材料的氢脆又是造成多次事故的一个原因。” 关于氢对铁基材料性能的影响和造成的事故早有所知，对它进行的研究也有近百年的历史了，但是研究不够深入，了解也很肤浅。人们所熟悉的氢脆大多都是材料在酸洗或电镀过程中吸收氢所造成的。氢脆机理是非常复杂的，需要用复杂的数学模型来描述和分析。美国有些单位采用一些先进方法来研究氢脆现象，如布朗恩大学使用断裂力学/扩散/减聚力分析方法，哥伦比亚大学和美国国家宇航实验室使用统计模型。近年来，有些研究人员利用了有效理论数学分析来研究氢在金属中的运动，加强了对氢运动和效应的理论基础研究，这将进一步邦助改进材料的性态。目前的研究提高了发现金属晶格中小量氢的能力。 1 氢脆的几种形式 从广义上来讲，氢脆断裂是属于腐蚀断裂的一种，因为氢脆也是由于电化学作用引起钢材脆性破坏的现象。氢脆断裂是电化学反应在阴极产生的原子状态氢(H)渗入钢中而导致的脆性断裂。应力腐蚀断裂则是由于电化学反应阳极溶解的结果。费尔普斯已证明阳极溶解和阴极氢脆过程都可使高强度钢产生应力腐蚀裂纹。为此布朗等还测量了正在长大的应力腐蚀

武汉理工大学 大学英语2 作业二

武汉理工大学大学英语（2）-作业二 一、单项选择题(每题有且只有1个正确答案) 1、You didn’t understand what I said , for you to me just now． A. wouldn’t listen B. weren’t listening C. hadn’t listen D. haven’t listened 2、— Have you known each other for long？ — Not very long , we started to work in the company． A. after B. before C.

when D. since 3、Come on , I want to tell you a secret now．But you must it from other people． A. remain B. keep C. leave D. prevent 4、It has been ten years since the Labour Party came into ______ in that country. A. control B. force

C. power D. charge 5、 China is a wonderful place and there is ______ to see and enjoy. A. a lot of B. many C. much D. many more 6、How strange it is the children are so quiet! A. whether

武汉理工大学 基础英语 2002

武汉理工大学2002年研究生入学考试题 课程代号619 课程名称基础英语 Section One: Reading Comprehension (30) Direction: In this section there are four reading passages followed by 25 multiple-choice questions. Read them and write your answers on your ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Education was of primary importance to the English colonists and was conducted at home as well as in established schools. Regardless of geographic location or finances, most Americans learned to read and compute numbers. For many, the Bible and other religious tracts were their only books; however, the excellent language contai ned in such works usually made them good primers. Many families owned one or more of Shakespeare’s works, a copy of John Bunyan’s classic A Pilgrim’s Progress, and sometimes collections of Engli sh literary essays, poems, or hi storical speeches. In 1647 the Massachusetts School Law required every town at least 50 households to maintain a grammar school. The law was the first to mandate public education in America. In the middle colonies at the time, schools were often dependent on religious societies, such as the Quakers and other private organizations. In the South, families employed private tutors or relied on the clergy to conduct education. At the outset, most elementary schools were for boys, but school s for girls were established in the eighteenth century in most cities and large towns. In spite of the informal atmosphere of most American schools, the literacy rate in the colonies of mid-eighteenth century America was equal to or higher than in most European countries. Before the American Revolution, nine colleges had been founded, including Harvard, William and Mary, Yale, the College of New Jersey (now Princeton), Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth, and Kings College (later Columbia University). By 1720 the natural sciences and modern languages were being taught, as well as courses in practical subjects such as mechanics and agriculture. At the end of the 18th century, medical schools were established at the College of Philadelphia and at King’s College. 1. Which of the following words best describes the English colonists’ attitude toward education? (A) Indifference (B) Distrustful (C) Enthusiastic (D) Casual 2. According to the passage, most Americans learned how to _____. (A) write (B) read (C) farm (D) speak a foreign language 3. According to the passage, all of the following sometimes substituted for school books EXCEPT ______. (A) historical speeches (B) works of Shakespeare (C) literary essays (D) biographies 4. According to the passage, the Massachusetts School Law applied to every town with how many households? (A)Less than 50 (B)Exactly 50 (C)Fifty or more (D)Fifteen 5. According to the passage, the middle colonies often depended upon which group to provide education? (A)Private organizations (C)Established primary schools (B)Colleges (D)Businesses 6. According to the passage, who often conducted education in the South? (A)Public school teachers (B)Doctors (C)Clergy (D)Politicians 7. How well educated were Americans in comparison to most European countries? (A) Much worse (B)The same or better (C)Far better (D)Less or equal 8. According to the passage, all the following subjects are mentioned as being taught in colleges in the 1700s EXPECT

螺丝电镀后氢脆问题及解决方案

螺丝电镀后氢脆问题及解决方案 直接说结论：以合金钢作原料生产的10.9级、12.9级、14.9级高强度螺栓电镀后（或仅酸洗后），必须在第一时间除氢脆处理，除氢脆处理的方法是：200度烘箱加热3- 4小时析出氢原子。 以下内容是唠叨： 第二次世界大战初期，英国皇家空军一架Spitpie战斗机由于引擎主轴断裂而坠落，机毁人亡，此事曾震惊英国朝野。1975年美国芝加哥一家炼油厂，因一根15cm 的不锈钢管突然破裂，引起爆炸和火灾，造成长期停产。法国在开采克拉克气田时， 由于管道破裂，造成持续一个月的大火。我国在开发某大油田时，也曾因管道破裂发 生过井喷，损失惨重。在军事方面还有：美国“北极星”导弹因固体燃料发动机机壳破 裂而不能发射，美空军F-11战斗机在空中突然坠毁等。途中行驶的汽车因传动轴突然断裂而翻车，正在机床上切削的刀具突然断裂等事故枚不胜举。这些灾难性的恶性事故，瞬时发生，事先毫无征兆，断裂无商量，严重地威胁着人们生产财产安全。起初 科学工作者们对出事原因，众说纷纭，一筹莫展。后来经过长期观察和研究，终于探 明这一系列的恶性事故的罪魁祸首——氢脆。 1、氢脆的原因 氢脆通常表现为钢材的塑性显著下降，脆性急剧增加，并在静载荷下（往往低于 材料的σb）经过一段时间后发生破裂破坏的趋势。众所周知，氢在钢中有一定的溶解度。炼钢过程中，钢液凝固后，微量的氢还会留在钢中。通常生产的钢，其含氢量在 一个很小的范围内。氢在钢中的溶解度随温度下降而迅速降低，过饱和的氢将要析出。

氢是在钢铁中扩散速度最快的元素，其原子半径最小，在低温区仍有很强的扩散 能力。如果冷却时有足够的时间使钢中的氢逸出表面或钢中的氢含量较低时，则氢脆 就不易发生。如果冷却速度快，钢件断面尺寸比较大或钢中氢含量较高时，位于钢件 中心部分的氢来不及逸出，过剩的氢将进入钢的一些缺陷中去，如枝晶间隙、气孔内。若缺陷附近由于氢的聚集会产生强大的内压而导致微裂纹的萌生与扩展。这是由于缺 陷吸附了氢原子之后，使表面能大大降低，从而导致钢材破坏所需的临界应力也急剧 降低。 一般的说，钢的氢脆发生在室温附近的-50~100℃之间。温度过低时氢的扩散速 度太慢，聚集少不会析出；高温时氢将被“烤”出钢外，氢脆破坏也不大会发生。随着 科学的发展，人们又发现氢脆机理的新观点：氢促进了裂纹尖端区塑性变形，而塑性 变形，又促进了氢在该区域内浓集，从而降低了该区的断裂应力值，这就促进了微裂 的产生，裂纹的扩展也伴随着塑性流变。

氢脆理论分析

HIC 的类型 1、 氢气压力引起的开裂 溶解在材料中的H 在某些缺陷部位析出气态氢H 2（或与氢有关的其它气体），当H 2的压力大于材料的屈服强度时产生局部塑性变形，当H 2的压力大于原子间结合力时就会产生局部开裂。某些钢材在表面酸洗后能看到象头发丝一样的裂纹，在断口上则观察到银白色椭圆形斑点，称为白点。 白点的形成是氢气压力造成的。钢的化学成分和组织结构对白点形成有很大影响，奥氏体钢对白点不敏感；合金结构钢和合金工具钢中容易形成白点。钢中存在内应力时会加剧白点倾向。 焊接件冷却后有时也能观察到氢致裂纹。焊接是局部冶炼过程，潮湿的焊条及大气中的水分会促进氢进入焊接熔池，随后冷却时可能在焊肉中析出气态氢，导致微裂纹。焊接前烘烤焊条就是为了防止氢致裂纹。 2、氢化物脆化 许多金属（如Ti 、Zr 、Hf 、V 、Nb 、Ta 、稀土等）能够形成稳定的氢化物。氢化物属于一种脆性相，金属中析出较多的氢化物会导致韧性降低，引起脆化。 3、氢致滞后断裂 材料受到载荷作用时，原子氢H 向拉应力高的部位扩散形成H 富集区。当H 的富集达到临界值时就引起氢致裂纹形核和扩展，导致断裂。由于H 的扩散需要一定的时间，加载 后要经过一定的时间才断裂，所以称为氢致滞后断裂。 氢致滞后断裂的外应力低于正常的抗拉强度，裂纹试件中外加应力场强度因子也小于断裂韧度。 氢致滞后断裂是可逆的，除去材料中的氢就不会发生滞后断裂。 即使在均匀的单向外加应力下，材料中的夹杂和第二相等结构不均匀处也会产生应 力集中，导致氢的富集。 设应力集中系数为α，则σh =ασ，应力集中处的氢浓度为： 式中，C H －合金中的平均氢浓度；V H －氢在该合金中的偏摩尔体积（恒温、恒压下加入 1 摩尔氢所引起的金属体积的变化）。 若氢的浓度达到临界值C th 时断裂，对应的外应力即为氢致滞后断裂的门槛应力σth ，即： ?若σ th 裂； ? 若σ＞σth ，经过时间 t f 后，发生断裂，且应力越大，滞后断裂时间越短。

武汉理工大学复试英语常见口语问题

2012考研初试成绩已经公布，接下来就是复试，其中的英语口语可以说是让很多英语不是很好的学生发怵， 针对这种情况，武理同起点考研在校研究生团队结合往年的辅导经验，总结了一下考研英语口语复试中常见的 问题及应对策略，希望能给正在准备复试的同学有所帮助。 首先必有的一个环节就是自我介绍，考生可以提前背一些自认为最容易把握的模板，并把自己的特色加在 8 里面，这将会为你在老师心中的印象加分不少。其实，把一种模板掌握得很熟练，足矣。 在自我介绍完了，老师就会开始问你问题这里列出一些常见的问题，可以认真准备。注意在准备的过程中， 要结合自己的经历和见解来准备答案，让自己回答的问题和整个的自我介绍融为一个整体。 在每一年的面试中都会有很多相同的问题，这些问题看起来很平常，却有很多陷阱。回答这些常见的看起 来很平常的问题，是很有艺术的。 传统面试问题（Sample Traditional Interview Questions） 1、"What can you tell me about yourself?" （"关于你自己，你能告诉我些什么？"） This is not an invitation to give your life history. The interviewer is looking for clues about your character, qualifications, ambitions, and motivations. 这一问题如果面试没有安排自我介绍的时间的话。这是一个必问的问题。考官并不希望你大谈你的个人历 史。是在寻找有关你性格、资历、志向和生活动力的线索。来判断你是否适合读MBA。 The following is a good example of a positive response. "In high school I was involved in competitive sports and I always tried to improve in each sport I participated in. As a college student, I worked in a clothing store part-time and found that I could sell things easily. The sale was important, but for me, it was even more important to make sure that the customer was satisfied. It was not long before customers came back to the store and specifically asked for me to help them. I'm very competitive and it means a lot to me to be the best." 下面是一个积极正面回答的好例子："在高中我参加各种竞争性体育活动，并一直努力提高各项运动的成绩。 大学期间，我曾在一家服装店打工，我发现我能轻而易举地将东西推销出去。销售固然重要，但对我来说，更 重要的是要确信顾客能够满意。不久便有顾客返回那家服装店点名让我为他们服务。我很有竞争意识，力求完 美对我很重要。" 2、"What would you like to be doing five years after graduation?"（"在毕业以后5年内你想做些

武汉理工大学研究生 英语口语考试 unit3 music

Music Do you think music makes you smarter and healthier? I think music can make us smarter and healthier. Studies show that music has a strong effect on our mood levels and emotions, and also on how we think and our general intelligence.Music can make people calmer and more relaxed. The music we listen to can have a profound effect on our test scores and our ability to quickly process information.And it can help students to integrate both sides of the brain for more efficient learning and reduce errors.If we’ve ever played an instrument, studies show that we’re already ahead of the curve. Playing an instrument is a great way to test out our creative thinking and push our brain to process information in a new way. I think music can make us smarter and healthier. Music plays a significant role in our life, it can make you relaxed, give you inspiration, and make your life colorful. Studies show that music has a strong effect on our mood level and emotions, and also on how we think and our general intelligence. The music we listen to can have a profound effect on our test scores and our ability to quickly process information. Music can help me concentrate. When I am feeling anxious or stressed , a piece of good music can bring me a pleasant feeling and good mood, I will be better to equipped to concentrate and focus my attention on a fairly lengthy task. Music can be a great pick-me-up for when you are stressed. Tuning in to one of your favourite songs can be incredibly soothing and help to reduce anxiety. Music can help increase endurance , listening to certain music could actually help you run faster. The best choices for exercise are up-beat songs that match the tempo of your running stride and which can have a metronomic effect on the body, enabling you to run for longer. Music can actually have a significant positive impact on patients with long-term illnesses, such as heart disease, cancer and respiratory conditions.Numerous trials have shown that music can help lower heart rate, blood pressure and help relieve pain, anxiety and improve patient quality of life. If you’ve ever played an instrument, studies show that you’re already ahead of the curve. Playing an instrument is a great way to test out your creative thinking and push your brain to process information in a new way. Some other activities that make people smarter and healthier. I think regular exercise can make people healthier, smarter and happier. Working out regularly may make us stronger and reduce the risk of illness. It can also lessen the possibility that you’ll lose brain function as you age. And exercise can help us to deal with stress in our studies, relationships or any area of life, because exercise is a form of stress itself and helps condition our body to deal with it. Even a little exercise can also make us calmer and more relaxed. And our brain is able work faster and more efficiently after exercise.

氢脆的介绍及断口形貌

氢脆断裂的失效分析 1. 氢损伤的特点和分类 氢损伤指在金属中发生的一些过程，这些过程导致金属的承载能力因氢的出现而下降。 氢损伤可以按照不同方式分类。按照氢损伤敏感性与应变速度的关系分为两大类。第一类氢损伤的敏感性随应变速度的增加而增加，其本质的是在加载前材料内部已存在某种裂纹源，故加载后在应力作用下加快了裂纹的形成和扩展。第二类氢损伤的敏感性随应变速度的增加而降低，其本质是加载前材料内部并不存在裂纹源，加载后由于应力与氢的交互作用逐渐形成裂纹源，最终导致材料的脆性断裂。 1.1第一类氢损伤 第一类氢损伤包括以下几种形式： (1)氢腐蚀由于氢在高温高压下与金属中第二相夹杂物货合金添加物发生化学反应，生 成的高压气体，这些高压气体造成材料的内裂纹和鼓泡，使晶界结合力减弱，最终使金属失去强度和韧性。 (2)氢鼓泡过饱和的氢原子在缺陷位置(如夹杂)析出后，形成氢分子，在局部造成很高氢 气压，引起表面鼓泡货内部裂纹。 (3)氢化物型氢脆氢与周期表中ⅣB或ⅤB族金属亲和力较大，容易生成脆性的氢化物 相，这些氢化物在随后受力时成为裂纹源和扩展途径。 氢在上述三种情况下造成了金属的永久性损伤，使材料的塑性或强度降低，即使从金属中除氢，这些损伤也不能消除，塑性或强度也不能恢复，故称为不可逆损伤。 1.2第二类氢损伤 第二类氢损伤包括以下几种形式： (1) 应力诱发氢化物型氢脆在稀土、碱土及某些过渡族金属中，当氢含量不高时，氢在固溶体中的过饱和度较低，尚不能自发形成氢化物。在加载后，由于应力作用，使氢在应力集中处富集，最终形成氢化物。这种应力应变作用诱发的氢化物相变。只是在较低的应变速度下出现的。然而，一旦出现氢化物，即使去载荷除氢，静止一段时间后，再高速变形，塑性也不能恢复故也属于不可逆氢脆。 (2) 可逆氢脆含氢金属在缓慢的变形中逐渐形成裂纹源,裂纹扩展后最终发生脆断。但在未形成裂纹前,去载荷除氢,静止一段时间后再高速变形,材料的塑性可以得到恢复,为可逆氢脆。加载之前材料若已含有氢则称为内部氢脆,而在致氢环境中加载则称为外氢脆。人们通常所说的氢脆主要是指可逆氢脆,这是氢损伤中最主要的一种破坏形式,因此有时把氢损伤简单地称为氢脆。本文主要针对这种形式的氢损伤。 2. 氢脆断口的特征 2.1 裂纹起源 工件如果不承受高水平的外加拉伸应力或残余拉伸应力,则氢脆裂纹通常起源于工件内部或近表面处。工件如果存在严重的应力集中,比如表面有尖锐的缺口,开裂可能起源于近表面处。 2.2 裂纹形貌 氢脆断口与其它脆性断口很相似,容易混淆,因此在进行失效分析时应慎重对待断口花

大学英语(2)武汉理工大学 在线作业

大学英语（2）在线作业 一、单选(共计100分,每题2.5分) 1、I know Jonathan quite well and never doubt B he can do a good job of it. A. whether B. what C. when D. what 2、Winning or losing is temporary, but friendship D . A. expects B. lives C. Remains D. Lasts 3、He didn’t B and so he failed the examination. A. work enough hard B. work hard enough C. hard work enough D. hard enough work 4、With everything she needed A ,she went out of the shop,with her hands full of shopping bags. A. bought B. to buy C. buying

D. buy 5、—This is the worst film ever produced. Do you think so? — B . A. You’re wrong B. I don’t think so, I’m afraid C. Not at all D. No, that’s not real 6、You can, A the sky is clear, see as far as the old temple on top of the mountain, but not today. A. when B. where C. though D. because 7、The self-important manager didn’t seem to B much importance to my advice. A. apply B. attach C. judge D. consider 8、The buildings and the landscape are well D . A. combined B. alternated

武汉理工大学研究生 英语口语考试 unit5 culture

What do you suggest us to do to protect chinese culture in relation to chinese language? 高浩：hey guys。我昨晚上网的时候发现了一篇很有趣的文章，它的标题是2014 年度中国语言生活状况报告发布，讲的是中国的语言文化现状及其他的重要性。读到这篇文章之前我都不敢相信语言文化在我们中国传统文化中占据着如此重要的地位。 高浩：Hey,guys! Last night, I found an interesting article when I was surfing the internet. Its item is Annual Report Of Chinese Language Life In 2014,it talks about the importance and present situation of Chinese language culture. Not until I read this article did I believe that language culture occupy such an important place in our Chinese traditional culture. 王凡：语言文化在我们社会发展中当然起着非常重要的作用。一些成语和谚语就反应了古代人的智慧，如勤能补拙，而当下的一些流行语如世界那么大，我想去看看，则反映当代人的一些生活状态。除了普通话以外，一些能够代表当地特色文化的方言也很具有研究价值。 王凡：The language culture do plays an important role in Chinese social development. Some Idiom and Proverb reflect the wisdom of ancient people, like Diligence redeems stupidity, and some popular words recently ，like so big is the world that I can`t forbidden myself to walk around，can totally present Contemporary people`s living style. In addition to Mandarin, some dialects which can stand for the local characteristic culture have too much value for us. 张家强：我很同意你们的观点，但是我也了解到随着时间的流逝，一些方言正逐渐流失和被遗忘，还有很多国人越来越不注重汉语的学习. 张家强：I can`t agree with you any more .But I also learn that with time going by, some dialects is being lose and forgotten, and many Chinese people are ignoring the importance of learning Chinese . 许斌：我也注意到了这种现象。语言文化是中国文化一个重要的方面，我们应该保护语言文化。对此大家有什么好的建议吗？ 许斌：I also have noticed this appearance. The language culture is very important part of our Chinese culture, we should try our best to protect them from being lose. And do you have any good ideas for this? 张家强：政府应作一个好的领导者，政府应当制定一些相应的法律法规来保护和促进中国语言文化的发展，让我们的保护语言文化的行动有一个好的方向和准则。张家强：In the protection of Chinese traditional culture，the government should be a good leader and commander. Some law should be made to protect and help the development of Chinese language culture. Only with the guide of the government can we make a contribution to the language culture.

氢脆的本质

试述氢脆的本质 我认为位错井捕氢学说比较合理的解释了氢脆的本质。 实际金属材料内部存在大量的缺陷,它们都是氢的陷阱，陷阱增大材料的吸氢量,减慢氢的扩散速度,使氢发生偏聚,从而降低该处的界面结合力。而且氢促进了位错的平面滑移，阻碍了交滑移。从而加剧位错塞积。导致位错分布和塑性变形的不均匀性。如果在应力作用下形变速率较小，形变温度又不太低的话，那么氢原子的运动速度与位错运动速度是相适应的，这时不会产生氢或位错的大量堆积，也就不会发生氢脆；当在应力作用下移动着的位错及氢气团运动至晶界或其他障碍物时，会产生位错的堆积，同时必然造成氢在晶界或解理面的富集，在位错堆积的端部形成较大的应力集中，从而形成裂纹，富集的氢原子不仅易导致裂纹形成，而且有使其发生扩展的趋势，最后造成脆性断裂。也就是说，由于氢的存在使得位错的堆积更加严重，更加快速，从而在较低的载荷下就发生脆断。 以上观点是参考相关文献后我个人对氢脆的理解 举例分析由氢引起的金属失效问题 某型机翼盖板用30CrMnSiNi2A钢螺钉规格为M6,采用氯化铵镀镉工艺在螺钉表面镀镉后再经(190±10)℃×23 h除氢。在装配后的存放期间该螺钉发生了断裂,具有明显的延迟特征,断裂位置位于螺杆与钉头转接处(螺纹退刀槽)处,初步分析为氢脆断裂。作者对此进行了进一步失效分析,并对其进行了生产工艺改进,以确定该螺钉的失效模式及主要原因。 1理化检验与结果 1.1化学成分 用ICP-AES型电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪分析试样的化学成分(质量分数,%)为 0.29C,1.12Si,1.18Mn,1.08Cr,1.76Ni,0.012P,0.000 8S; 满足GJB 1951-1994的要求。 1.2断口形貌 从宏观断口形貌可见,该螺钉断裂于钉头与螺杆转接处, 断口洁净且较平齐,无明显的塑性变形;断口表面呈结晶颗粒状,在光镜下呈闪光小刻面特征;断口表面无明显的放射棱线特征,上侧边缘存在微小的剪切唇边。 由宏观断口形貌可见,断裂起源于螺钉断口次表面,源区微观上为典型的沿晶特征,表面洁净未见冶金和加工缺陷;断口的扩展区亦以沿晶特征为主，瞬断区为韧窝特征,沿晶和沿晶与韧窝混合特征区域面积占断口90%以上。另在源区和扩展区均可见二次裂纹,扩展区局部位置存在沿晶与韧窝的混合特征。对断口各区域进行能谱分析,没有发现硫、氯等腐蚀性元素,也未见镉等其它外来元素。 1.3显微组织 在螺钉断口附近取样,经抛光腐蚀后用光学显微镜下观察。螺钉组织为马氏体组织,组织均匀,未见异常。 1.4拉伸性能 对与断裂螺钉同批次的螺钉进行拉伸试验,检测螺钉的实际断裂载荷。结果表明,断裂螺钉的 实际破断力约为32 kN。螺钉在拉伸试验中断裂于退刀槽底部,槽底处直径为4.5 mm,计算出螺钉材料的抗拉强度约为2 010 MPa(缺口强度),强度偏高。螺钉拉伸断口微观上为典型的韧窝特征。对与断裂螺钉同工艺、同批次的螺钉进行了冲击试验,冲击试验断口同为韧窝特征。 1.5 显微硬度 螺栓显微硬度测试结果为520.6,495.9,506.1,518.5,525.6HV0.3,平均值为513.3HV0.3,相当 于49.8 HRC。正常螺栓为45 HRC。螺栓的实际硬度均高于设计要求的36~40 HRC。测试结

武汉理工大学 基础英语 2005

武汉理工大学2005年研究生入学考试题 课程代号317 课程名称基础英语 Section One: Reading Comprehension (30) Direction: In this section there are four reading passages followed by 20 multiple-choice questions. You should decide on the best choice and BLACKEN the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET Questions 1 to 10 are based on the following passage After two decades of growing student enrollments and economic prosperity, business schools in the United States have started to face harder times. Only Harvard's MBA School has shown a substantial increase in enrollment in recent years. Both Princeton and Stanford have seen decreases in their enrollments. Since 1990, the number of people receiving Masters in Business Administration (MBA) degrees, has dropped about 3 percent to 75,000, and the trend of lower enrollment rates is expected to continue. There are two factors causing this decrease in students seeking an MBA degree. The first one is that many graduates of four-year colleges are finding that an MBA degree does not guarantee a plush job on Wall Street, or in other financial districts of major American cities. Many of the entry-level management jobs are going to students graduating with Master of Arts degrees in English and the humanities as well as those holding MBA degrees. Students have asked the question, “Is an MBA degree really what I need to be best prepared for getting a good job?” The second major factor has been the cutting of American payrolls and the lower number of entry-level jobs being offered. Business needs are changing, and MBA schools are struggling to meet the new demands. 1. What is the main focus of this passage? (A) Jobs on Wall Street (C) Changes in enrollment for MBA schools (B) Types of graduate degrees (D) How schools are changing to reflect the economy 2. The word “prosperity” in line 1 could be best replaced by which of the following? (A) success (B) surplus (C) nurturing (D) education 3. Which of the following business schools has NOT shown a decrease in enrollment? (A) Princeton (B) Harvard (C) Stanford (D) Yale 4. The phrase “trend of” in line 4 is closest in meaning to which of the following? (A) reluctance of (B) drawback to (C) movement toward (D) extraction from 5. Which of the following descriptions most likely applies to Wall Street? (A) a center for international affairs (C) a shopping district (B) a major financial center (D) a neighborhood in New York 6. The word “plush” in line 7 most probably means “_______” (A) legal (B) satisfactory (C) fancy (D) dependable 7. According to the passage, what are two causes of declining business school enrollments? (A) lack of necessity for an MBA and an economic recession (B) low salary and foreign competition (C) fewer MBA schools and fewer entry-level jobs (D) declining population and economic prosperity 8. The first paragraph (lines 1-4) is mainly concerned with which of the following? A. Factors contributing to the decline in MBA students. B. A current trend affecting the nation’s business schools. C. The difference between Harvard, Priceton, and Stanford. D. Two decades of hard times for business schools. 9. As used in line 12, the word “struggling” is closest in meaning to“_______”. (A) evolving (B) plunging (C) starting (D) striving 10. Which of the following might be the topic of the paragraph? (A) MBA schools’ efforts to change (C) a history of the recent economic changes (B) future economic predictions (D) descriptions of non-MBA graduate programs