综合学术英语教程2答案 上海交通出版社

6io综合学术英语教程2 答案

Unit 1 Multidisciplinary Education

Keys to the Exercises

Approaching the Topic

1. 1) The aim of college education is to produce individuals who are well on their way to become experts in their field of interest.

2) The growing importance of producing professionals who have the skills to work with people from a diverse set of disciplines.

3) First, through an interdisciplinary approach; Second, through a multidisciplinary approach.

4) College education should produce individuals who may later become expert who are

interdisciplinary problem solvers.

2. 1) f2) d3) a4) e5) g6) m7) j8) k9) l10) i11) b12) h13) c

4. (1) offered (2) stresses (3) ability (4) different (5) approach

(6) increasingly (7) graduates (8) enter (9) positions (10) Employment

6. 1) Multidisciplinary studies.

2) They both believe that current college education should lay emphasis on multidisciplinary

studies, which is a prerequisite to producing future expert who are interdisciplinary problem solvers.

3) Open.

4) Open.

5) Open.

Reading about the Topic

3. 1) The students have brought to MIT their individual gifts, such as their own intellect, energy,

ideas, aspirations, distinctive life experience and point of view, etc.

2) They represent the geographic and symbolic center of MIT.

3) Names of intellectual giants.

4) Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, scientist, engineer, sculptor, inventor, city planner and

architect.

4.Set 1: 1) c2) e3) d4) h5) a6) g7) f8) b

Set 2: 1) e2) a3) h4) b5) c6) f7) d8) g

5.(b) Para. A (b) Para. B (a) Para. C (c) Para. D

(f) Para. E (e) Para. F (d) Para. G (g) Para. A

6. 1) Because for him, the simplicity he appreciated in nature became his ultimate standard in

design.

2) First was da Vinci’s complete disregard for the accepted boundaries between different f ields of knowledge. The second facet of da Vinci’s character was his respect for and fascination with nature. The third quality of da Vinci’s character was an enthusiastic demand for

hands-on making, designing, practicing and testing, and for solving problems in the real world.

3)“There is a good chance that you will never again live and work in a community with as many

different cultures and backgrounds as MIT.”(Para. F)

4) Because by doing so, the students can engage themselves in new intellectual adventures so as to use their time at MIT to its fullest potential.

5) It means that “They took the initiative to search for the deepest answers, instead of sitting back and letting things happen to them.”

7. Set 1: 1) h2) d3) a4) g5) f6) e7) b8) c

Set 2: 1) c2) g3) d4) a5) h6) f7) e8) b

8. 1) She wanted to describe for the new students three of his characteristics that particularly f it

with the value of MIT.

2) Because by doing so, the students can encounter the most stimulating minds and inspiring

role models, experience a life in a community with diversif ied cultures and backgrounds and participate in various new intellectual adventures, so that they can get the most out of their MIT education.

3) The three of Da Vinci’s characteristics will be the heritage of MIT to be inherited by the

students. She hoped that the new students would follow Da Vinci as well as a great many extraordinary MIT teachers as their role models to use their time to its fullest potential.

4) Multidisciplinary thinking is a mode of thinking that goes beyond disciplinary boundaries in order to gain new ideas and fresh perspectives.

9. 1) Human ingenuity will never devise any inventions more beautiful, nor more simple, nor more to the purpose than Nature does. (Para. A)

2) For Da Vinci, the simplicity he appreciated in Nature became his ultimate standard in design. (Para. B)

3) Be as determined in your curiosity as Leonardo da Vinci — and you will use your time at

MIT to its fullest potential. (Para. F)

4) MIT is a place of practical optimism and of passionate engagement with the most important problems of the world. (Para. G)

5) I had long since observed that people of accomplishment rarely sat back and let things

happen to them. (Para. H)

10. Many scientists and engineers at MIT pursue simplicity in their design and development of

technologies.

Exploring the Topic

4. 1) It is believed that a multidisciplinary approach to scientific education is of vital importance.

2) Second, a multidisciplinary emphasis is believed to be a prerequisite to training individuals.

3) It cannot be denied that these f irms are participating in turning out the future thinkers.

4) How about examining our problems about science and technology from a liberal arts

perspective.

5) Surprisingly, however, our universities and colleges fail to switch from the conventional

divisions and departmental sections to daily extracurricular multidisciplinary work.

5. Reading 1 begins with a contrast —“College education has always had the responsibility to ... However, ... we also see the growing importance of producing ...”. The introduction of Reading 2 is informative as well as interesting, which arouses the readers’ interest to go on reading. Integrated Exercises

2. (1) ultimate (2) spirit (3) feed (4) approach (5) property (6) represent

(7) discipline (8) aspiration (9) inspire (10) perspective (11) inherit (12) generate

3.

The members of a word family Chinese equivalent

inspire inspiration inspired inspiring v.激励n.灵感adj.有灵感的

generate generation generative generator adj.鼓舞人心的v.产生n.一代adj.有生产力

的n.发电机

aspiration aspire aspiring n.渴望v.渴望adj.有抱负的

inherit inheritance inheritor inherited v.继承n.继承物n.继承人adj.遗传的discipline disciplined disciplinary n.纪律adj.纪律严明的adj.有关纪律的represent representation representative v.代表n.表现n.代表者

anatomist anatomy anatomical n.解剖学家n.解剖学adj.解剖的

speculate speculation speculative speculator v.推测n.推测adj.推测的n.思索者celebrate celebration celebrated celebrity v.庆祝n.庆祝活动adj.著名的n.名人intellect intellectual intelligence intelligent n.智力adj.智力的n.智慧adj.有才智的collaborate collaboration collaborative

v.合作n.合作adj.合作的n.合作者collabotator

Integrate integrated integration v.合并adj.完整统一的n.整合

(1) inspiring (2) generation (3) collaborative (4) aspiring (5) Intelligent

(6) inherit (7) celebrity (8) speculated (9) representative (10) anatomical

4. (1) D(2) A(3) C(4) B(5) D(6) A(7) B(8) C(9) A(10) C

5. (1) Many celebrated researchers around the world are collaborating to develop a new vaccine.

(2) The scientists’ experiment generated an unexpected outcome.

(3) If the systems are restructured, their effectiveness will be ultimately integrated into the

global economy.

(4) The doctors speculate that he died of a stroke caused by a blow on the head.

(5) The murder trial attracted considerable public attention.

(6) The aspiration for college education inspires people in remote areas to work hard.

(7) He inherited his parents’ fortune after their death.

(8) He disregarded his father’s advice and left college.

(9) In this address, he asked the youngsters, who embody the spirits of the nation, to join the

campaign.

(10) The special diet incorporates many different fruits and vegetables.

7. (1) Whoever run the red light shows a complete disregard for public safety.

(2) Success, as he explained, was nothing more than a consistent pursuit of art and good luck.

(3) The new product has benef ited from research work at the crossroads between biological and

medical studies.

(4)It was amazing that his idea echoed well the great philosopher’s belief, which he claimed not

to have heard about before.

(5) The one-month intense training program prepared the team members well for possible

emergencies.

(6) The audience was deeply impressed with the vigor and power of the speech delivered by the

environmentalist.

(7) This traveling experience will provide you with a rare opportunity to sample a different way of

life.

(8) Using the limited time to its fullest potential is one of the must-have/required skills in adapting

to the fast-paced modern life.

(9) More and more countries are bringing robots to bear on their various problems.

(10) These students are encouraged from a very early age to follow their own boundless interests

well beyond the boundaries of conventional belief in obedient learning.

8.

A. (1) B(2) C(3) B(4) B(5) D

B. As multidisciplinary design has become a trend in the industry, there is a need for more

emphasis on multidisciplinary perspectives. Educational institutions should take their role in

training individuals who can function in a collaborative environment and be prepared to face

multifaceted projects that they may not have been exposed to. However, our universities and

colleges fail to shift from traditional divisions and departmental sections to multidisciplinary

work being practiced on a daily basis outside the classroom.

C. 1) F2) T3) F4) T5) T

D. (1) what learning is about (2) be inquisitive (3) learn a new subject

(4) analyze a new problem (5) teacher-taught (6) master-inspired

(7) self-learner (8) the trap of dogma (9) no single simple answer

(10) black and white (11) critical thinking (12) tolerant and supportive

(13) a new thesis topic (14) flexibility (15) style of leadership

Unit 2 The Scientific Method

Keys to the Exercises

Approaching the Topic

1. 1) The Scientific Method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring

knowledge, as well as correcting/integrating previous knowledge. It involves gathering

observable, empirical and measurable evidence, the collection of data through observation

and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.

2)Scientists put forward hypotheses to explain what is observed. They then conduct experiments

to test these hypotheses. The steps taken in the experiment must be capable of replication and

the results emerge as the same. What is discovered may lead to a new hypothesis.

3) Scientists are human and can be unintentionally biased; total objectivity is impossible.

4) Scientists are human and can be unintentionally biased. Science uses our senses and our senses

can be mistaken. We can never understand something as it really is because our very presence

affects what is being studied.

5) ① Science is both a body of knowledge and a process.

② Science is exciting.

③ Science is useful.

④ Science is ongoing.

⑤ Science is reliable.

⑥ Science is a community endeavor.

2. 1) c2) g3) e4) f5) a6) d7) h8) k9) b10) i11) j

4. (1) aspects (2) process (3) satisfy (4) technologies (5) puzzle

(6) collection (7) evidence (8) ensure (9) diversity (10) professional

6. 1) Science.

2) It brings to mind many different pictures: white lab coats and microscopes, a scientist peering through a telescope, the launch of the space shuttle, and so on.

3) Science can discover the laws to understand the order of nature.

4) Because it relies on a systems of checks and balances, which helps ensure that science moves

towards greater accuracy and understanding, and this system is facilitated by diversity within the scientific community, which offers a range of perspectives on scientific ideas.

5) Open.

Reading about the Topic

3. 1) The modern scientific method is characterized by confirmations and observations which

“verified”the theories in question, but some genuinely testable theories, when found to be

false, are still upheld by their admirers, which rescues the theory from refutation only at the

price of destroying, or at least lowering, its scientific status.

2) A theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non-scientific.

3) Their theories were constantly verified by their clinical observations. They always fitted and

were always confirmed.

4) Light must be attracted by heavy bodies (such as the sun).

5) There is the risk involved in a prediction: the theory is incompatible with certain possible

results of observation — in fact with results which everybody before Einstein would have

expected.

4. Set 1: 1) c2) a3) d4) b5) f6) e7) h8) g

Set 2: 1) b2) e3) a4) f5) d6) c7) h8) g

5. Para. A (b) Para. B (c) Para. C (e)

Para. D (e) Para. E (a) Para. F (d)

6. 1) Observations, hypotheses, and deductions, then conclusions.

2) You will need to research everything that you can f ind about the problem.

3) You shouldn’t change the hypothesis. Instead, try to explain what might have been wrong

with your original hypothesis.

4) An important thing to remember during this stage of the scientific method is that once you

develop a hypothesis and a prediction, you shouldn’t change it, even if the results of your

experiment show that you were wrong.

5) Because there is a chance that you made a miscue somewhere along the way.

7. Set 1: 1) c2) a3) d4) b5) f6) e7) h8) g

Set 2: 1) e2) g3) a4) f5) c6) b7) d8) h

8. 1) Observation, as the f irst stage of the scientific method, is a way of collecting information

from any possible sources, which can serve as a foundation in verifying a theory. In this

process, one should expect an event which could refute the theory. Only through being

refuted by new observations which are incompatible with the theory could it be falsified,

which ref lects its true

scientific virtue.

2) A hypothesis is a possible solution to a problem, based on knowledge and research, while a

theory is a hypothesis confirmed by the research findings. Every theory cannot be applied to

every situation; otherwise, it is not a good theory.

3) It is always possible to verify nearly every theory, but that would rescue the theory from

refutation at the price of destroying, or at least lowering its scientific status.

4) To falsify a theory is more valuable, because a theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non-scientific.

9. 1) Because of this personal experience and an interest in the problem, you decide to learn more

about what makes plants grow. (Para. B)

2) The experiment that you will design is done to test the hypothesis. (Para. D)

3) Through informal, exploratory observations of plants in a garden, those with more sunlight appear to grow bigger. (Para. H)

4) The judges at your science fair will not take points off simply because your results don’t

match up with your hypothesis. (Para. K)

5) You cannot prove the hypothesis with a single experiment, because there is a chance that you made a miscue somewhere along the way. (Para. Q)

10. Observation, the initial stage of the research, requires a thorough understanding of a research project you have chosen by collecting adequate information from various sources, and is

followed by the next stage known as hypothesis, an uncomplicated statement that defines

what you think the outcome of your experiment will be.

Exploring the Topic

4. 1) Science does not include explanations based on no empirical evidence.

2) The human nature of science, however, renders it unlikely to be free of personal prejudices,

misapprehensions, and bias.

3) The scope of science encompasses the whole universe and natural world.

4) Science is a process of deciding whether the acquired evidence may prove what is most

likely to be correct currently.

5) It is not possible to prove a hypothesis with a single experiment, as chances are that a

mistake was made somewhere in the process.

Integrated Exercises

2. (1) additional (2) illustrate (3) interpret (4) conduct (5) previous (6) involve

(7) design (8) verify (9) reflect (10) collect (11) research(12) support

3.

The members of a word family Chinese equivalent

acquire acquired acquisition v.获得adj.获得的n.获得物

project projected projecting projection n.计划adj.规划的adj.突出的n.规划method methodical methodology

methodological

n.方法adj.有方法的n.方法论adj.方法论的

identify identifiable identification identity unidentifiable v.识别adj.可辨认的n.鉴定、身份adj.无法识别的

empirical empirically empiricism adj.凭经验的adv.凭经验地n.经验论confirm confirmation confirmed v.确认n.证实adj.确认的

approach approachable approaching unapproachable v.接近adj.可接近的adj.逼近的adj.不易亲近的

theory theoretical theoretically theorist n.理论adj.理论上的adv.理论上地n.理论家emphasis emphasize emphatic emphatically n.强调v.强调adj.强调的adv.强调地achieve achievable achieved achievement v.取得adj.可以实现的adj.高度完美的n.成

就

commit commitment v.把……托付给n.承诺

constitute constituency constituent constitution constitutional constitutive v.组成n.选区n.组成部分n.宪法adj.宪法的adj.构成的

assume assumed assuming assumption v.假定adj.假装的conj.如果n.假定expose exposed exposure v.揭露adj.裸露的n.暴露

logical illogical illogically logician adj.逻辑上的adj.不合逻辑的adv.不合逻辑

地n.逻辑学家

(1) methodical (2) commitment (3) achievable (4) assume (5) illogical

(6) exposure (7) constitutive (8) emphatic (9) confirmation (10) identity

4. (1) A(2) B(3) A(4) D(5) A(6) B(7) C(8) A(9) D(10) B

5. (1) This observation motivated Newton to develop a theory of gravity.

(2) Other scholars attempt to approach the subject from an economical perspective.

(3) Participating in the activity will provide one with an initial taste of the objectives of

sociology.

(4) Scientists insisted there was a rational explanation for the strange phenomenon.

(5) To most young people, higher education is nothing but a process of acquiring knowledge.

(6) The study demonstrates the necessity of taking a much broader view in the matter.

(7) The new car’s design successfully integrates art and technology.

(8) China actually encountered the identical stages of its development in the early 1990s to the West.

(9) The virus can spread to a document or application between computers and render the

computer useless.

(10) If the sustainable development of small economies is facilitated, their effectiveness will be ultimately integrated into the global economy.

7. 1) We could not attend a conference without hearing some talks about change and challenge.

2) Things seem highly optimistic in the light of numerous reports, especially from country

districts.

3) I am in favor of the argument that urbanization should be controlled properly.

4) Something slowly began to dawn on me — I still loved what I did.

5) My computer does not work because it was rendered paralyzed by some viruses.

6) Experts are working on the plan in question. And they’ll come to an answer.

7) A national curriculum framework is logically incompatible with pupil-centered learning.

8) For many women success is often achieved at the price of their married life.

9) Many attempts had been made before I successfully entered a key university.

10) There is a good chance that it will turn fine tomorrow.

8. A. (1) B(2) A(3) C(4) A(5) B

B. Understanding scientific method is critical to your scientific endeavor. The scientific

method is a series of steps that serve as guidelines for scientific efforts, and a tool that

helps scientists solve problems and determine answers to questions in a logical format.

There are two forms of scientific method: the experimental method and the descriptive

method. The former employs numerical data and graphs, used in physical sciences, while the latter gathers Information through visual observation and interviewing, employed in

zoology and anthropology. The scientific method involves five steps, namely, identifying a problem, researching the problem, formulating a hypothesis, conducting an experiment and reaching a conclusion.

C. (1) The process of science, in contrast to the linear steps of the simplified scientific method, is iterative.

(2) Science circles back on itself so that useful ideas are built upon and used to learn even more about the natural world.

(3) Gregor Mendel showed that inheritance is particulate that information is passed along in discrete packets that cannot be diluted.

(4) Any point in the process leads to many possible next steps, and where that next step

leads could be a surprise.

(5) Science may involve many different people engaged in all sorts of different activities in different orders and at different points in time.

D. (1) natural world (2) investigations (3) basic question

(4) information (5) Experiments (6) detailed understanding

(7) built upon (8) deepen and extend (9) in the process

(10) testing (11) observation (12) new direction

(13) in different orders (14) represent (15) less important

Unit 3 Ancient China’s Contribution to Science

Keys to the Exercises

Approaching the Topic

1. 1) Needham is the world’s famous Sinologist and author of Science and Civilization in

China.

2) The European people just take these inventions for granted. All originated in China but

have long since been adopted by the West.

3) They helped to inspire the European agricultural and industrial revolutions.

4) It has won five literary awards in America and been translated into 43 languages.

5) His book, The Spirit of Chinese Invention, was approved by the Chinese Ministry of

Education for use in connection with the national secondary curriculum in China.

2. 1) f2) k3) c4) a5) o6) n7) g8) e

9) d10) m 11) i12) h13) j14) l15) b

4. (1) credit (2) considerable (3) befriended (4) breakthroughs (5) thoroughly

(6) flown (7) academic (8) embark (9) suggested (10) staff

6. 1) The overlooked great breakthroughs in ancient China.

2)Dr. Needham argued that a proper book on the history of Chinese science and technology

would have a wide bearing on the general history of thought and ideas.

3) He helped to bring due credit to China’s overlooked contribution to scientific innovation.

4) Yes, he does. Because he believed that a proper popular book would have a wide bearing on the general history of thoughts and ideas, which could not be possible if the book was too

academic.

Reading about the Topic

3. 1) Both Westerners and Chinese people are ignorant of the fact that the West imported a lot of inventions from ancient China.

2) Because more than half of the basic inventions and discoveries upon which the“modern world”rests come from China.

3) Because they take many great achievements for granted, and even the Chinese themselves lost sight of the truth, so their western inheritors wouldn’t trouble themselves to know the truth.

4) Because it is always more satisfying to the ego to think that they have reached their

present position alone and unaided, and that they are the proud masters of all abilities and

all crafts.

4. Set 1: 1) d2) e3) a4) b5) c6) g7) f8) h

Set 2: 1) d2) g3) e4) h5) b6) a7) c8) f

5. Para. A (e)Para. B (b)Para. C (f)Para. D (a)Para. E (a)

Para. F (a)Para. G (c)Para. H (g)Para. I (h) Para. J (d)

6. 1) The three inventions transform-ed completely the modern world and mark-ed it off from the ancient and the Middle Ages.

2) The European agricultural revolution, which laid the basis for the Industrial Revolution,

came about only because of the importation of Chinese ideas and inventions.

3) The truth that half of the basic inventions and discoveries originated from China needs to

be imparted to schoolchildren. The purpose is to let them know the truth and then to

bridge the chasm between the East and the West.

4) The bureaucratic organization of China in its earlier stages strongly helped science to

grow; only in its later ones did it inhibit further growth, and in particular prevented a

breakthrough which has occurred in Europe.

5) The author points out the reasons why China was developed in the past but backward at

present and why the West was underdeveloped in the past but advanced at present.

7. Set 1: 1) c2) g3) h4) b5) f6) d7) a8) e

Set 2: 1) c2) d3) g4) e5) a6) b7) f8) h

8. 1) The two readings both list a series of great inventions and discoveries that originated in

ancient China. Reading 1 tends to be factual, while Reading 2 is more critical of the fact

that the Chinese are ignorant of their ancient achievements and the Westerners simply take them for granted.

2) The argument in Reading 2 is more reasonable and acceptable since the author uses a lot of

examples and examines the question from both the Chinese and Western perspectives to

illustrate his point.

3) Reading 2 holds more obvious negative attitudes towards Westerners.

4) It would be better if the nations and the peoples of the world had a clearer understanding

of each other, allowing the mental gap between East and West to be bridged. (Reading 2)

The discoveries and inventions made in Europe in the seventeenth century and thereafter depended so much in so many cases on centuries of previous Chinese progress in science, technology and medicine. (Reading 3)

9. 1) He regarded the origins of these inventions as “obscure”and he died without ever

knowing that all of them were Chinese. (Para. B)

2) Chauvinistic Westerners, of course, always try to minimize the indebtedness of Europe to China in the ancient and the Middle Ages, but often the circumstantial evidence is

compelling. (Para. C)

3) In many cases we simply cannot identify the channels through which knowledge was

conveyed from East to West. (Para. C)

4) Modern science which developed in the seventeenth century was a mathematization of

hypotheses about nature, combined with experimentation. (Para. D)

5) One factor which must have great relevance here is the circumstance that the feudalism of Europe and China were fundamentally different. (Para. E)

10.The feudalism of China differed greatly from that of Europe in that its bureaucratic

organization promoted the growth of science in ancient China but inhibited its further

development later on.

Exploring the Topic

4. 1) Increasingly being bewitched by the advanced European technology, the Chinese have

forgotten their own achievements.

2) A book like that would be absolutely non-academic; it would nevertheless have a

far-reaching influence on the general history of thought and ideas.

3) The lesson to be drawn from the history of agriculture can best illustrate the ignorance of the egoistic westerners.

4) The Chinese and Westerners are equally surprised when they realize that modern

agriculture, modern shipping and even the essential design of the steam engine all

originated from China.

5) A clear understanding among the nations and the peoples of the world would be welcomed to bridge the gap between East and West.

5. 2) The deafening noise, and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on nerves.

Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do great injury to delicate

lungs. The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to the eyesight.

3) What was it that enabled them to become great or successful? Were they born with

something special? Or did their greatness have more to do with timing, devotion and,

perhaps, an uncompromising personality? The answer is a never surrender attitude. If great achievers share anything, it is an unrelenting drive to succeed. There is a tendency to think that they are endowed with something super-normal.

Integrated Exercises

2. (1) insight (2) expertise (3) obscure (4) backward

(5) undertake (6) ignorant (7) acknowledge (8) essential

(9) minimize (10) shatter (11) fading (12) illustration

3.

The members of a word family Chinese equivalent

insight insights insightful n.洞察力n.领悟adj.有深刻见解的

minimize minimized minimizing v.使减到最小adj.最小化的adj.极小值的circumstance circumstantial circumstantially n.环境adj.依照情况的、详尽的adv.依照情

况地

parallel paralleled unparallelled adj.平行的n.平行线adj.并行的adj.无法匹配

的

hypothesis hypothetical hypothetically n.假设adj.假设的,爱猜想的adv.假想地irrespective irrespectively respectively adj.不考虑的,无关的adv.无关地adv.各自

地

bureaucrat bureaucratic bureaucratically n.官僚adj.官僚的adv.官僚主义地

dazzle dazzled dazzling dazzlingly v.使目眩adj.眼花缭乱的adj.耀眼的adv.灿

烂地

essence essential essentially essentiality n.本质adj.基本的adv.本质上n.重要性,根

本性

undertake undertaking undertaker v.承担,保证n.事业n.承办人

gigantic gigantism adj.巨大的,庞大的n.巨人症

resurrect resurrection resurgent resurgence v.使复活n.复活,复活者adj.复活的n.再现inherit inherent inheritable inheritor inheritress v.继承adj.固有的adj.可继承的n.继承人n.

女继承人

illusion illusive illusionary illusionist n.幻觉adj.错觉的adj.幻影的n.魔术师astronomy astronomical astronavigation n.天文学adj.天文的n.太空航行

transform transformable transformer v.改变、变换adj.可转换的n.变压器backward backwards backwardness adj.向后的adv.向后地n.落后

contribution contributive contributory n.贡献、投稿adj.出资的、贡献的adj.捐助

的,导致的

indebted indebtedness adj.负债的n.债务,受恩惠

relevant irrelevance irrelevant relevance adj.相关的n.离题adj.不切题的n.关联

(1) insightful (2) transformation (3) respectively (4) dazzling (5) resurgent

(6) indebted (7) backwards (8) irrelevant (9) unparalleled (10) illusionary

4. (1) C(2) D(3) A(4) B(5) A(6) A(7) C(8) D(9) B(10) D

5. (1) Examples will be drawn from literature and popular media to illustrate the range of leadership and non-leadership behaviors and competencies.

(2) You’ll never be able to eliminate interruptions altogether but you can do a lot to minimize them.

(3) There is evidence that the movie reinforces negative stereotypes about women.

(4) The violence to property will do nothing to facilitate that investigation.

(5) Determination and effort enable-d the young man to acquire success.

(6) The project was held back by budget restraints.

(7) We will continue to press governments in the region to undertake political reforms.

(8) This level of economic growth is unprecedented and unique.

(9) This policy could isolate the country from the other permanent members of the United

Nations Security Council.

(10) The profound economic effect would accumulate day by day, and much of it might be

reversible.

7. (1) It must be realized that China experienced a great transformation in the last century.

(2) However, it is rather questionable whether the majority of Americans know the truth

about China and Chinese people.

(3) All of the information can be conveyed by simple graphs.

(4) It is essential that our children absorb this lesson into their outlook on the world.

(5) It is a lesson that all of us should take to heart.

(6) We must never lose sight of the fact that many inventions originated in China.

(7) Many of us take it for granted that technology is the top priority in economic

development.

(8) How was it that you had the right information at the right place and at the right time?

(9) I can think of no better illustration of the importance of higher education than the fact that many university graduates have become the leaders in various f ields.

(10) The demand for a raise ref lects as much a desire for the recognition of their success as for more money.

8. A. (1) C(2) B(3) D(4) D(5) C

B. China’s ancient great inventions and discoveries, as the forerunners of some of the

modern technologies, both enhance the quality of human life and change Chinese history of science. The most signif icant ones are papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing.

Paper, one of the most widely used and indispensable materials, led to subsequent

innovations like paper currency, woodblock printing and ceramic movable type printing.

The most important invention of gunpowder triggered a series of related discoveries like

fireworks, land mine-s，naval mine-s, exploding cannonballs, multistage rocket-s, etc. The compass, originally in a crude form, was followed by a magnetic device and a magnetic

needle for navigation in waters.

C. (1) He accidentally stumbled upon f ireworks by mixing 3 routine kitchen ingredients —

saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal and ignited them.

(2) The fireworks came to be used for auspicious occasions like wedding-s, religious

ceremonies and to celebrate victories and achievements, and even as rocket fuel.

(3) He was called the founder of f ire crackers.

(4) The gun powder tubes were found to be strong enough to launch arrows and this is how the rocket was conceptualized and used against the Mongolians in a Kai keng battle.

(5) He wanted to see how these rockets could be used for transportation.

D. (1) stumbling upon (2) sulfur (3) ignited (4) explosion (5) warding off

(6) auspicious (7) fuel (8) version (9) ghost (10) haunt (11) shooed off

(12) crackers (13) rocket fuel(14) attached(15) deliberately

Unit 4 Responsibility of Scientists

Keys to the Exercises

Approaching the Topic

1. 1) Hans Bethe was a distinguished scientist with remarkable contributions to several areas of

physics during his academic career, and also a Nobel Prize winner. As an exemplary scientist, Bethe was marked by his warmth, generosity, tenacity, and modest habits.

2) His major contributions include his 1939 research into how the sun generates its energy by

Converting hydrogen to helium using carbon as a nuclear catalyst and his central role in the “Manhattan Project”.

3) He used Los Alamos as a platform to address scientists there directly as well as scientists

around the world through the press.

4) Because he realized that it was time to rightly disarm and dismantle nuclear weapons.

5) Like chemical and biological weapons, nuclear weapons have the potential for mass

destruction, thus posing a great threat to humanity.

2. 1) b2) k3) c4) e5) m6) j7) a8) f9) d10) i11) h12) g13) l

4. (1) experimental (2) potential (3) identified (4) disappeared (5) zero

(6) Achieving (7) possession (8) safeguard (9) abandon (10) look

6. 1) Disarmament of nuclear weapons.

2) They think nuclear weapons could have the potential for mass destruction, thus posing a

great threat to humanity.

3) Open.

4) Open.

5) Open.

Reading about the Topic

3. 1) Einstein’s penetrating intellect gave rise to the birth of nuclear weapons. However, later in

his life, Einstein realized the potential harm of the invention and made serious efforts to deter the spread of nuclear weapons.

2) The major risk of nuclear energy is its potential for massive destruction that could bring an end to the human species.

3) Einstein never worked on the Manhattan Project to make the atomic bomb, and was deeply disturbed and saddened when the bombs were used on Japan.

4) There is no solution to the problem of atomic bombs except international control of atomic energy and, ultimately, the elimination of war.

5) The strong message he sent to humanity: “The splitting of the atom has changed everything

except our modes of thinking, and thus we drift toward unprecedented catastrophe.”It

indicates his cautious and objective attitude towards nuclear weapons.

4. Set 1: 1) d2) h3) c4) a5) f6) g7) b8) e

Set 2: 1) b2) e3) a4) h5) g6) c7) d8) f

5. Para. A (f) Para. B (e) Para. C (b) Para. D (d)

Para. E (a) Para. F (a) Para. G (c)

6. 1) Yes, there is. A good scientist is not necessarily successful, and vice versa.

2) Fritz Haber’s case implies that it is possible for a successful scientist to do ethically bad

things.

3) The role of the scientist can be defined by taking into account utilitarianism, obligation and virtue theory.

4) The authors believe that the Manhattan Project is a typical example of the obligation of

scientists made necessary only under extraordinary circumstances like a war.

5) Because either term has no meaning in that particular theory. Every approach brings out a

different aspect of “goodness”or“success”, but also leads to specific problems.

7.Set 1: 1) b2) h3) f4) e5) g6) a7) d8) c

Set 2: 1) d2) c3) h4) g5) e 6) a7) b8) f

8. 1) The authors of both articles both regard humanity as a crucial criterion in judging whether a scientist is successful.

2) The author of Reading 2 definitely would consider Einstein epitomized the qualities of a

successful scientist according to utilitarianism, obligation and virtue theory.

3) Utilitarianism, obligation and humanity.

4) Yes. Einstein would be regarded as a good and successful scientist. In terms of utilitarianism,

his penetrating intellect changed our view of the world. In terms of obligation, he felt it was his duty to inform President Franklin Roosevelt of the potential danger that the Germans would develop an atomic weapon to defeat the Allied powers. In terms of virtue, he never stopped fighting for the disarmament of weapons of mass destruction, urging scientists to act for the good of humanity.

9. 1) The German chemist Fritz Haber developed a method for synthesizing ammonia, thereby

making it possible to produce fertilizers cheaply and in large quantities. (Para. E)

2) Stubbornly, Haber rejected his wife’s every suggestion. (Para. G)

3) Sometimes ends do justify the means for successful science. (Para. I)

4) In the same way that the ancient Greeks made a list of the “cardinal”virtues and ranked

types of character, it should be possible to do the same for specific scientific virtues. (Para. J)

5) The physicist Paul Dirac was a famously anti-social person who would sometimes not speak

a word during dinner parties. (Para. K)

10.The example of the German chemist Fritz Haber illustrates that a successful scientist will do things both beneficial and detrimental to human beings.

Exploring the Topic

4. 1) Other nuclear states unanimously support the statement “Post-Cold War environment

requires nuclear deterrence”.

2) It is groundless to argue that a world without nuclear weapons would be a world full of

dangers.

3) International control of atomic energy is the only way to solve the problem.

4) The theoretical breakthrough on the power of mass converted to energy originated from his knowledge of the relationship between mass and energy.

5) Therefore, a utilitarian perspective may allow us to see a successful scientist involved in both good and bad deeds.

6.To start with, success is bad when it is achieved at the cost of the total quality of an

experience... What is worse, success that comes too easily is harmful... Worse still, certain

kinds of success can be destructive...

Integrated Exercises

2. (1) critical (2) abandon (3) reject (4) justify

(5) potential (6) foresee (7) lessen (8) eliminate

(9) distinction (10) awareness (11) valid (12) assess

3.

The members of a word family Chinese equivalent

admire admirable admiring admiringly v.敬佩adj.令人敬佩的adj.可敬佩的adv.可敬

佩地

deceive deceivable deceptive deception v.欺骗adj.欺骗性的adj.导致误解的n.骗术foresee forseeable v.预见adj.可预见的

eliminate elimination eliminating v.消除n.排除adj.排除的

potent potently potential adj.强大的adv.效力大地n.潜在的；潜力verify verifiable verification v.证实adj.可证实的n.证明

presume presumable presumably v.假定adj.可推测的adv.可能

prepare prepared preparedness v.准备adj.事先准备好的n.有准备

precede precedent unprecedented v.先于n.范例adj.前所未有的

critic criticize critical critically n.批评家v.评论adj.批判的adv.批判性地utilize utility utilitarian utilitarianism v.利用n.效用adj.功利主义的n.功利主义oblige obligate obligation obligatory v.迫使v.使某人负有责任n.义务adj.必要的virtue virtuous virtuousness n.美德adj.善良的n.高洁

evaluate evaluation evaluative v.评估n.评价adj.可估价的

fertile fertility fertilize fertilizer adj.富饶的n.丰富v.施肥n.化肥

argue argument argumentative argumentation v.争辩n.论点adj.好辩的n.争论

condemn condemnable condemnation v.谴责adj.应受责备的n.责备

moral morally morality adj.有道德的adv.有道德地n.道德

judge judgement judgmental v.审判n.判断adj.审判的

distinct distinctive distinction adj.清晰的adj.与众不同的n.区别

(1) critic (2) unprecedented (3) condemnation (4) foreseeable (5) verif ied

(6) judgmental (7) evaluative (8) admirable (9) virtuous (10) obligatory

4. (1) B(2) B(3) A(4) D(5) A(6) B(7) C(8) A(9) D(10) B

5. (1) Elimination of poverty and injustice is a cardinal objective of the organization.

(2) The new system is programmed to safeguard your computer against viruses.

(3) The unprecedented earthquake devastated the local economy.

(4) He always tried to minimize his own faults, while rejecting any advice from others.

(5) The traditional viewpoint on education still prevails today.

(6) We had no choice but to abandon the plan because we had discovered a fatal f law in the

original design.

(7) The bus driver withstood the acute pain in his broken leg and pulled over after the collision.

(8) A highly prestigious job may well indicate one’s prominent social status.

(9) Customers are often reminded to make a distinction between reliable information and

misleading advertisements about the product.

(10) It is very thoughtful of you to have provisionally attended to the case which otherwise

would have been left neglected.

7.(1) The classical theory, which was proposed in the early 17th century, still remains valid in

modern chemical thought.

(2) The recent report on air quality is alarming, which has presented to us a severe problem of air pollution.

(3) His idea on the structure of the universe, as contained in his best-known book, has had great influence on various fields of study.

(4) There is no solution to the pollution problem except ensuring global attention on the issue.

(5) Global warming is reported to have posed a great threat to many species.

(6) This chemical reaction, made possible by the catalyst and high temperature, is very violent.

(7) A better design is to be expected as experts are working hard on the remaining problems.

(8) The opportunity to start his own business is more attractive to him than entering a college, as seen from the practical viewpoint.

(9) Einstein’s discovery of the relationship between mass and energy gave the original insight into this theory.

(10)This conclusion makes us return to the questions that we started the essay with — how to

define scientific inventions, and how to give a valid evaluation as to the role they play in

modern society.

8. A. (1) D(2) C(3) D(4) C(5) A

B. The speech proposes and expounds on the duties of a scientist in the modern age. Advancing science and technology have brought about drastic changes to our everyday life, but have also given rise to serious worldwide problems. As a result, modern scientists are burdened with increasingly heavy responsibilities in addressing such big issues as population control, nuclear weapon checks and imbalance between plenty and poverty. In order to undertake

research, scientists need a proper environment in which they are guaranteed the freedom to work for public welfare. Therefore, scientists can be of great service to mankind in achieving peace and freedom.

C. (1) The goal for the twenty-f irst century is to create a world of informed and engaged citizens committed to creative public service.

(2) Experimentation is the best test.

(3) The strength of science lies in its provisional nature, its open-mindedness, and its capacity for doubt and uncertainty.

(4) Science’s experience with doubt and uncertainty might be its great lesson for humanity.

(5) Both are constructs of reason; both are engaged in a struggle against forces of unreason that have used scientists and their research for destructive purposes; both share the experimental method, and both strive to give expression to universal truths.

D. (1) experiment (2) open mind (3) received truth (4) marketability

(5) clinical researchers (6) research reports (7) puts at risk

(8) public confidence (9) makes products (10) seek truths

(11) educated circles (12) purposeful ignorance (13) challenge the assumption

(14) indifferent to (15) making common cause with

Unit 5 Scientific Discoveries

Keys to the Exercises

Approaching the Topic

1. 1) He slipped into a public bath.

2) By measuring the volume of the water it displaces.

3) They would stop and ponder about the puzzles they stumble upon, recognize their significances,

and make effort to pursue the leads to significant discoveries.

4) Most accidents that led to discoveries occurred in laboratories, which were themselves designed for explorations.

2. 1) c2) a3) h4) d5) b6) e7) g8) f9) j10) i

4. (1) interview (2) chemistry (3) evidence (4) foster (5) somewhat

(6) squeezes (7) half-heartedly (8) absorbing (9) danger (10) fascinates

6. 1) The philosophy of scientific research.

2) Scientific discoveries should be motivated by curiosity and persistent efforts.

3) Be prepared to think hard and long about the problems, and look deeply into the way things work.

4) Open.

5) Open.

Reading about the Topic

3. 1) The article mainly tells us that the discovery of penicillin needs a prepared and open mind, and also relevant knowledge is essential for scientific investigation.

2) Only when bacterial colonies are quite young.

3) At least four.

4) Among Chain, Fleming, and Florey.

5) Because he did not think it was worth while trying.

4. Set 1: 1) f2) d3) h4) g5) a6) e7) c8) b

Set 2: 1) h2) a3) b4) e5) d6) g7) f8) c

5.(f) Para. A (g) Para. B (d) Para. C (a) Para. D

(h) Para. E (e) Para. F (b) Para. G (c) Para. H

6. 1) It requires much more knowledge, insight, and effort than the initial description of event-s.

2) Because the recycled chickens were injected with a culture and had been vaccinated.

3) Cowpox vaccine and smallpox prevention.

4) His discovery turned vaccination from a peculiar procedure for a particular disease to a

theory connecting germs, vaccines, and disease prevention in general.

5) Experiments are not passive observations; they are actively planned according to some

conception to look for something.

7. Set 1: 1) d2) c3) a4) e5) h6) b7) f8) g

Set 2: 1) g2) f3) h4) e5) b6) a7) c8) d

8. 1) Both the authors cite similar examples, and employ them for contrast so as to illustrate their points.

2) Keeping an open mind ready to exploit new possibilities and connect the dots.

3) An open mind would enable one to see something in a new light, therefore connecting it to other phenomena to explain the causes and fully reveal significances.

4) Yes. They may share the same background as the themes of the two articles both revolve

around medical research.

9. 1) Accidental connection of dots led to the discovery that vaccination is a general method for

preventing infectious diseases. (Para. B)

2) However, the dispute changes neither the significance of the discovery nor its accidental

nature. (Para. C)

3) Smallpox vaccination was accepted strictly based on empirical success and as such it did not point to the possibility of vaccines for other diseases. (Para. D)

4) One no longer needs to wait for a lucky observation to suggest a vaccine for a specif ic

disease. (Para. E)

5) Experiments are not passive observations; they are actively planned according to some

conception to look for something. (Para. F)

10.Connecting the dots or making connections between different phenomena, though entailing

more knowledge and insight, will lead to a more significant discovery.

Exploring the Topic

4. 1) However, discovering the room that hides more doors leading to even greater treasures

involves an open mind ready for new possibilities and connecting the dots.

2) Fleming was totally capable of conducting many animal experiments which required little

chemical background.

3) Normally one’s own resources can be supplemented with seeking collaborators or employing assistants.

4) Neither the significance of the discovery nor its accidental nature can be altered by the

dispute.

5) Often it is not until someone examines a previous phenomenon from a new perspective and sees its significance that chance discoveries are made.

Integrated Exercises

2. (1) pursue (2) ignore (3) consume (4) sensational (5) investigation (6) infectious

(7) promote (8) injection (9) explore (10) encounter (11) exploit (12) foster

3.

The members of a word family Chinese equivalent

regular regularly irregular irregularly adj.有规律的adv.有规律地adj.无规律的

adv.无规律地

inspire inspiring inspiration v.激励adj.鼓舞人心的n.灵感

inject injectable injection v.注射adj.可注射的n.注射

different differently differentiate difference adj.不同的adv.不同地v.区别n.不同effective ineffective effectiveness adj.有效的adj.不起作用的n.有效

count countless countable v.计算adj.无数的adj.可数的

sensational sensation sensationally adj.轰动的n.感受adv.轰动地

lead leading mislead misleading v.领导adj.主要的v.误导adj.误导性的glory glorious glorify gloriously n.光荣adj.光荣的v.赞美adv.光荣地identify identification identifiable v.辨认n.鉴别adj.可辨认的

ignore ignorant ignorance v.不理睬adj.无知的n.无知

external internal externally adj.外面的adj.内部的adv.外面地cooperate cooperation cooperator v.合作n.合作n.合作者

repute reputable reputation disrepute v.认为adj.声誉好的n.声望n.坏名声justify justification justifiable v.为……辩护n.辩解adj.有理由的beneficent beneficence beneficently adj.仁慈的n.仁慈adv.仁慈地

evitable inevitable inevitably adj.可避免的adj.不可避免的adv.不可避免

地

responsible irresponsible responsibility adj.有责任的adj.不负责任的n.责任

inform information misinform informer v.通知n.信息v.误导n.通知者

(1) inspiration (2) mislead (3) responsibility (4) injection (5) reputable

(6) internal (7) countless (8) differentiate (9) adventurous (10) glorious

4. (1) C(2) A(3) C(4) D(5) D(6) C(7) D(8) A(9) B(10) B

5. (1) There is no evidence for the effectiveness of the new design.

(2) Language teachers often extract examples from grammar books.

(3) It was revealed that the frequent contact led to our intimate relationship.

(4) High school dropouts constitute a fundamental problem in large city slums.

(5) Four years elapsed before he returned.

(6) You can purify the contaminated air with a filtration system.

(7) The lecturer enlightened us about the latest astronomical discoveries.

(8) The attack was anticipated but its intensity came as a shock.

(9) It took a lot of hard work and dedication, but we persisted in finishing the project on time.

(10) A child may not differentiate between his imagination and the real world.

7. (1) They really made significant progress if they are viewed from the scientific point of view.

(2) As is so often pointed out, science is to explore various possibilities.

(3) In contrast, in space there is an absence of weather and therefore no such interference.

(4) It is not unusual for an infected person to contact other members of their family under such situations.

(5) One reason for the increase in computer crimes is that the crime often goes unreported.

(6) When it involves military technology, space programs go beyond simple aeronautics and

computer simulation.

(7) He lacked competence for solving the problems which involve factors in widely different

domains.

(8) We can recognize its significance only when it is seen in a new light.

(9) His expertise in this field complements his insight into human character.

(10) It occurred to me that he lacked the necessary expertise to perform this experiment.

8. A. (1) D(2) D(3) C(4) B(5) A

B. David Ellyard believes that discoveries in science originated in Italy in the early 16th

century. From there and then, we can trace a steady and ever-growing stream of discoveries about the workings of the natural world. Certainly there were sources further back, but many remained unknown. Both in China and Arabia, the spirit of free inquiry, the essential nutrient of science, had been crushed by centralized governments. And he thinks the most important discovery of all, the one that supports all the rest, was how to do science.

C. (1) T(2) F(3) F(4) T(5) T

D. (1) between two materials (2) an optical system (3) detector

(4) make an image (5) complex (6) the same path

(7) take (8) at different angles (9) application

(10) This device (11) elapsed (12) A break in the fiber

(13) decide the location (14) measurable (15) 100 km

Unit 6 Fraud and Academic Dishonesty

Keys to the Exercises

Approaching the Topic

1. 1) Because the pressure of an increasingly competitive research environment can lead to

scientific misconduct.

2) Because misconduct is detrimental to scientific progress in many ways.

3) It suggests that scientific misconduct may be more common than we suspect.

4) If there is discernible intent to deceive.

2. 1) e2) h3) m4) k5) n6) i7) b8) a9) o

10) l11) c12) f13) d14) g15) j

4. (1) F(2) F(3) T

5. (1) claimed (2) manipulated (3) offence (4) context (5) transferred

(6) reproduce (7) panel (8) assembled (9) mislabeled (10) misconduct

7. 1) Academic dishonesty.

2) Open.

3) Open.

4) Open.

5) Open.

Reading about the Topic

3. 1) Cases of scientific misconduct have increased, which highlights the need for better

safeguards against scientific misconduct.

2) Peer review, the referee system and replication.

3) In addition to the triple safety net, the United States has added extra protections, including

new laws and government investigative bodies.

4) His team claimed to have extracted stem cells from cloned human embryos and to have

cloned a dog.

5) Up to a third of the respondents had engaged in ethically questionable practices, from

ignoring contradictory facts to falsifying data.

6) To provide a sounding board for editors who are struggling with how to best deal with

possible breaches in research and publication ethics.

4. Set 1: 1) d2) f3) g4) a5) h6) b7) c8) e

Set 2: 1) e2) c3) a4) g5) b6) d7) h8) f

5. Para. A (c) Para. B (c) Para. C (g) Para. D (i) Para. E (k)

Para. F (a) Para. G (m) Para. H (d) Para. I (o) Para. J (e)

Para. K (e) Para. L (b) Para. M (p) Para. N (f) Para. O (h)

Para. P (j) Para. Q (j) Para. R (n) Para. S (l)

6. 1) Because most countries’ protective measures were either patchy or altogether absent. In

addition, a drastic rise in the number of scientific journals published around the world is

contributing to the problem.

2) To take some protective measures nationally and internationally is needed.

3) Because it can confuse researchers, overwhelm quality-control systems, encourage fraud and

distort the public perception of findings.

4) Because national investigative bodies and professional associations that oversee scientific

research either did not exist or refused to help.

5) The committee should add outsiders, and perhaps scientists from other countries, who know the field and can help ensure that the investigation will retain its objectivity.

7. Set 1: 1) e2) f3) g4) a5) b6) h7) c8) d

Set 2: 1) e2) d3) h4) f5) a6) g7) c8) b

8. 1) a) Most countries’ protective measures are either patchy or altogether absent.

b) A drastic rise in the number of scientific journals published around the world can confuse researchers, overwhelm quality-control systems, encourage fraud and distort the public

perception of findings.

2) a) Dr. Hwang fabricated results in one of his landmark human cloning studies, published in Science last spring. (Reading 2)

b) Dr. John. R. Darsee was found to have fabricated much data for more than 100 papers.

(Reading 2)

c) A scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory faked what had been hailed as crucial

evidence linking power lines to cancer in 1999. (Reading 2)

d) At Bell Labs, a series of extraordinary claims suddenly collapsed in 2002. (Reading 2)

e) The BMJ said that it published its own version of an Indian research in April 1982 and that it had later investigated serious questions about the validity of the research for more than a decade before speaking out. (Reading 3)

3) a) Bar dishonesty and bad research with a triple safety net.

b) Pass new laws and set up government investigative bodies.

c) Journal editors should take collective action to enhance their credibility.

d) National investigative bodies and professional associations that oversee scientific research should provide the necessary aid.

e) Alliances between university researchers in countries and between institutions should work together.

f) The addition of outsiders, and perhaps scientists from other countries, who know the f ield and can help ensure that the investigation will retain its objectivity.

4) Open.

9. 1) Experts now say that the explosive growth of science around the globe has made the problem

far worse, because most countries have yet to institute the extra measures that the United States has put in place. (Para. A)

2) Contributing to the problem is a drastic rise in the number of scientific journals published

around the world. (Para. C)

3) Fraud was becoming increasingly diff icult to root out because most countries’ protective

measures were either patchy or altogether absent. (Para. B)

4) Dr. Kennedy emphasized that the magazine had made no accusations of fraud against Dr.

Hwang. (Para. N)

5) Experts cautioned that the committee’s credibility requires the addition of outsiders, and

perhaps scientists from other countries. (Para. Q)

10. Coupled with the explosive growth of science is the rise in scientific scandals because of the absence of certain measures in many countries to investigate suspicions of fraud.

Exploring the Topic

4. 1) The South Korean scandal that caused quite a stir in the scientific world last week reveals

just a symptom of a global explosion in research that is going beyond the mechanisms for rooting out malfeasance.

2) With research expanding globally, most research cannot benefit from such safeguards

against scientific misconduct.

3) Surely the majority of scientists give priority to the truth, holding on to the principles of

science, instead of giving in to pressures to scamp and fake the work.

4) Eliminating fraud was more and more difficult as safeguard mechanisms were either def

icient or lacking in most countries.

5) An explosion of scientific journals published around the world leads to the problem.

5.Misconduct is detrimental to scientific progress in many ways: it can result in honest

researchers being disfavoured in the competition for grants... Moreover, it creates a

bottleneck ... Cases of researcher misconduct ... can also lead to extensive negative coverage in the press...

6.We should be far more scared of mosquitoes than we are of bears; but we’re not. Why not? It’ s hard to be sure, but my guess is that it has to do with the way our brains work. Just as the

moose fears the wolf, we easily fear lions and bears because the connection between danger and the animal is clear and immediate. It is harder, I suspect, to develop fear of a mosquito because the deadly fever it brings does not happen straight after the bite. Instead, there is a time delay of days, weeks or years. In fact, the connection between mosquito bites and malarial fever is so

obscure that we weren’t sure of it until 1897. But our ancestors have been making connections between predators and death for ages.

Integrated Exercises

2. (1) bar (2) merit (3) augment (4) identify (5) extract (6) retract

(7) raw (8) enhance (9) impose (10) assemble (11) retain (12) manipulate

3.

The members of a word family Chinese equivalent

false falsify falsehood falsity adj.错误的v.伪造n.谎言n.谬误

fraud fraudulent fraudulence n.欺骗adj.欺骗性的n.欺骗行为

publish publication published publisher v.出版n.出版物adj.已出版的n.出版者finance financial financier n.财政adj.财政的n.金融家

honest honesty dishonesty dishonest adj.诚实的n.诚实n.不诚实adj.不诚实的investigate investigative investigation v.调查adj.研究的n.调查

conduct misconduct conductive v.实施n.不正当的行为adj.传导的suspicion suspicious suspect suspiciously n.猜疑adj.怀疑的v.怀疑adv.怀疑地extract extraction extractor v.选取n.提取n.提取者

distort distorted distortion v.歪曲adj.受到曲解的n.扭曲

perception perceive perceptive perceptible n.理解v.察觉adj.观察入微的adj.可察觉的cite citation citeable v.引用n.引用adj.可引用的

retain retainable v.保持adj.可保留的

caution cautious cautiously v.提醒/警告adj.谨慎的adv.谨慎地respond respondent response v.回应n.被告n.答复

institute institution institutional v.制定n.公共机构adj.制度上的

ignore ignorance ignorable v.忽视n.无知adj.可以忽视的

assess assessment assessable v.评估n.评估adj.可估定的

consist consistency consistent v.由……组成n.一致性adj.一致的contribute contribution contributor contributory v.贡献n.贡献n.贡献者adj.贡献的

(1) falsified (2) dishonesty (3) misconduct (4) fraudulent (5) citation

(6) cautious (7) ignorance (8) assessment (9) perceptible (10) distortion

4. (1) D(2) A(3) A(4) C(5) D(6) C(7) B(8) D(9) C(10) D

5. (1) It is well-known that these chemicals have a detrimental impact on the environment.

(2) They awarded her a grant to study abroad for one year because she performed well in GRE.

(3) Temperatures will soar over the weekend, say the weather forecasters.

(4) The developers submitted building plans to the council for validation.

(5) Women’s magazines are often perceived to be superficial.

(6) Brierley’s book has the merit of being informative.

(7) No one doubted that the president was a man of integrity.

(8) We are transferring production to Detroit.

(9) The reporter noted that the centre of the town was barred to football supporters.

(10) They felt that our discussions with other companies constituted a breach of our agreement.

7. (1) Contributing to the problem is the rapid increase in the temperature.

(2) The medium and long-term effects of the experiment remain to be seen.

(3) The inspecting authorities shall have the obligation to keep the technological secrets of the units inspected.

(4) At the very beginning his experimental findings were posted on an Internet newsgroup and then burst into public view.

(5) Their announcement that human beings can be cloned has shaken the whole country.

(6) We should take collective action to fight academic misconduct.

(7) The researchers acknowledge that the data on these differences are patchy.

(8) His lecture failed to retain the interest of his audience.

(9) Failure after failure in the experiment made the weaknesses of that device impossible to

ignore.

(10) This vision seems destined to remain in the realm of the imagination for some time to

come.

8. A. (1) C(2) B(3) A(4) D(5) B

B. A peer-reviewed academic journal of psychology refused to accept the articles which tried to

replicate the findings of a published article and provided negative data. The same thing also happens in cancer research and in academic medicine. These are good examples of

publication bias — the phenomenon that unf lattering data gets lost, or gets unpublished.

Although those are stories from 20, 30 years ago and the academic publishing environment is very different now, this problem of negative results that go missing in action is still very

prevalent. We should make it easier to publish negative results in science, and scientists should be encouraged to post more of their negative results in public.

C. (1) T(2) T(3) F(4) F(5) T

D. (1) the very simple and straightforward

(2) fascinating

(3) slightly more sophisticated versions

(4) make vitally important decisions

(5) your new drug against a

(6) your alternative new treatment

(7) the best currently available

(8) consistently

(9) get a license

(10) manipulate your data

(11) too low a dose

(12) side effects

(13) brought in

(14) set about

(15) ridiculously high

【免费下载】综合学术英语教程练习答案

Unit Two Task1Familiarizing Yourself with Classif ication 1.Skim the f ollowing passage f or the answ ers to the questions below. 1) Man-made or anthropogenic causes, and natural causes. 2) Pollution (burning fossil fuels, mining coal and oil, etc.), the production of CO 2( the increase of population, the demolition of trees, etc.) 3) CO 2 is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere. 4) Classif i cation helps us to determine and understand the relationship of the parts of a subject which is studied by us. Classification is made on the basis of a clear definition. 5) In order to make a clear and logic classification, one needs to follow a principle of classification and go on with a system consistently. For example, the categories of classification should be mutually exclusive and no overlapping is allowed. Reading1Causes for Global Warming Task2Understanding Lectures through Classif ication Listening1 1.Listening to the lectur e and write down wha tev er y ou believ e is impor tant, especially the classif ica tions of key terms. Unconscious motivation, unconscious conflict, the id, the ego, the superego, etc. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c46802536.html,e y our notes.D ecide if the sta tements below ar e true(T)or false(F).Then justify y our answ ers,in the space pr ovided,b y giving evidence fr om the talk. 1) T2) F3) F4) F5) T6) F7) T8) F 3.Listen again,paying a ttention to the f ollowing classif ica tions and then complete the tables below. Idea One: The existence of an unconscious motivation Idea Two: The notion of unconscious dynamics or conflict 4.Listen again and piece y our notes together into a shor t summar y.Then r etell the lectur e to y our par tner. There are two interesting ideas in Freud’s theory: first, the existence of unconscious motivation; second, the concept of unconscious conflict. Freud believes that unconscious motivation might play an important role in a lot of situations, such as marriage, forgetting a person’s name, calling out the wrong name etc. In his view, there are three processes going on in the head, namely, id, ego and superego, which are in violent internal conflict. Id functions on“the Pleasure Principle”, while ego works on “the Reality Principle”and superego is the internalized rules of a society. Ego is in between id and superego. Task3Reading Classif ication Articles Reading2Renewable Energy Sources—A Brief Summary 1.W ork with a par tner or a gr oup of3—4students.Study the title and phr ases in bold of Reading 2and discuss the f ollowing questions. 1) Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). 2) √The purpose of using renewable energy sources. √The classification of renewable energy sources. √The examples of different types of renewable energy sources.

(完整word版)学术综合英语课后答案解析

Unit 1 C 1.The younger generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing culture. 2.In the course of preparing one’s speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolster one’s point of view. 3.An impromptu speech is one of the speaking skills that college students should learn and develop through practice. 4.By using simile and metaphor, you can make your language more vivid and more attractive to your audience. 5.The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your viewpoints more convincing. 6.When you are speaking, you should choose common and easy words and at the same time avoid clutter in your speech.

新标准大学英语综合教程2课文翻译U2R2

How empathy unfolds 同感是怎样表露的 1 The moment Hope, just nine months old, saw another baby fall, tears welled up in her own eyes and she crawled off to be comforted by her mother, as though it were she who had been hurt. And 15-month-old Michael went to get his own teddy bear for his crying friend Paul; when Paul kept crying, Michael retrieved Paul's security blanket for him. Both these small acts of sympathy and caring were observed by mothers trained to record such incidents of empathy in action. The results of the study suggest that the roots of empathy can be traced to infancy. Virtually from the day they are born infants are upset when they hear another infant crying – a response some see as the earliest precursor of empathy. 霍普才九个月大，一见到另一个婴儿摔倒，泪水就涌了出来。她爬到妈妈身边寻求安慰，就好像是她自己摔疼了。15个月大的迈克尔把自己的玩具熊拿来给正在大哭的朋友保罗；保罗不停地大哭的时候，迈克尔替保罗捡回他的安乐毯。这些小小的表示同情和关爱的举动都是接受过记录同感行为训练的母亲们观察到的。这项研究的结果表明，同感的根源可以追溯到人的婴儿期。实际上，从出生的那天起，婴儿在听到其他婴儿哭闹的时候就会感到不安——有些人认为这种反应是同感的最初先兆。 2 Developmental psychologists have found that infants feel sympathetic distress even before they fully realize that they exist apart from other people. Even a few months after birth, infants react to a disturbance in those around them as though it were their own, crying when they see another child's tears. By one year or so, they start to realize the misery is not their own but someone else's, though they still seem confused over what to do about it. In research by Martin L. Hoffman at New York University, for example, a oneyear-old brought his own mother over to comfort a crying friend, ignoring the friend's mother, who was also in the room. This confusion is seen too when one-year-olds imitate the distress of someone else, possibly to better comprehend what they are feeling; for example, if another baby hurts her fingers, a one-year-old might put her own fingers in her mouth to see if she hurts, too. On seeing his mother cry, one baby wiped his own eyes, though they had no tears. 成长心理学家发现，甚至在充分意识到自己是独立于其他人而存在之前，婴儿就感受到了同情的苦恼。甚至在出生后几个月，婴儿就会对周围人的烦躁不安做出反应，就好像他们自己的烦躁不安一样，看到别的孩子哭也跟着哭。到了一岁左右，他们开始意识到痛苦不是他们的，而是别人的，可是他们对这样的事情似乎还是感到不知所措。例如，在纽约大学的马丁·L.霍夫曼所做的一项研究中，一个一岁的孩子把自己的妈妈拉过来安慰哭闹的朋友，却忽视了同在一室的朋友的妈妈。这样的困惑在其他一岁大的孩子身上也能看到，他们模仿别的孩子的痛苦，也许是为了更好地理解他们的感受。例如，如果别的婴儿伤了手指，一个一岁大的孩子就会把自己的手指放进嘴里，看看自己是否也感觉到痛。看到自己的妈妈哭，婴儿即使没有眼泪，也会擦拭自己的眼睛。 3 Such motor mimicry, as it is called, is the original technical sense of the word empathy as it was first used in the 1920s by E. B. Titchener, an American psychologist. Titchener's theory was that empathy stemmed from a sort of physical imitation of the distress of another, which then evokes the same feelings in oneself. He sought a word that would be distinct from sympathy, which can

新视野大学英语读写教程2课本习题答案

Unit One Key to exercises Section A Vocabulary III 1 charge 2 convention 3 efficient 4 obtain 5 competent 6 assessing 7 fulfill 8 conducting 9 consequently 10 significance IV 1 behind 2 at 3 in 4 out 5 to 6 to 7 in 8 with 9 but 10 for V 1 L 2 C 3 D 4 N 5 O 6 A 7 E 8 G 9 I 10 K Word Building VI 1 commitment 2 attraction 3 appointment 4 impression 5 civilization 6 composition 7 confusion 8 congratulation 9 consideration 10 explanation 11 acquisition 12 depression VII 1 advisable 2 desirable 3 favorable 4 considerable 5 remarkable 6 preferable 7 drinkable 8 acceptable Sentence Structure VIII 1 much less can he write English articles 2 much less can he manage a big company 3 much less could he carry it upstairs 4 much less have I spoken to him 5 much less to read a lot outside of it IX 1 Having meals at home can cost as little as two or three dollars, whereas eating out at a restaurant is always more expensive. 2 We thought she was rather proud, whereas in fact she was just very shy. 3 We have never done anything for them, whereas they have done so much for us. 4 Natalie prefers to stay for another week, whereas her husband prefers to leave immediately. 5 Some praise him highly, whereas others put him down severely. Translation X 1. 她连水都不愿喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。 She wouldn't take a drink, much less would she stay for dinner. 2. 他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。 He thought I was lying to him, whereas I was telling the truth. 3. 这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎么解释？ How do you account for the fact that you have been late every day this week? 4. 他们利润增长，部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。

综合学术英语教程测试答案

精心整理 Unit Two Task1Familiarizing Yourself with Classif ication 1.Skim the f ollowing passage f or the answ ers to the questions below. 1) Man-made or anthropogenic causes, and natural causes. 2) Pollution (burning fossil fuels, mining coal and oil, etc.), the production of CO( the increase of population, the demolition of trees, etc.) 1. 2. 3.Listen again,paying a ttention to the f ollowing classif ica tions and then complete the tables below. Idea One: The existence of an unconscious motivation Idea Two: The notion of unconscious dynamics or conflict 4.Listen again and piece y our notes together into a shor t summar y.Then r etell the lectur e to y our par tner. There are two interesting ideas in Freud’s theory: first, the existence of unconscious motivation; second, the concept of unconscious conflict. Freud believes that unconscious motivation might play an important role in a lot of situations, such as marriage, forgetting a person’s name, calling out the wrong name etc. In his view, there are three processes going on in the head,

学术综合英语unit1_5课后习题答案解析

Task 2 A contrary to implicit assertion look up adapted Sustain unbiased In the course of metaphor clutter B bolster credible impromptu sparingly anecdote Credentials testimony hypothetical paraphrase juxtaposition Task 3 Translation B.发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的思想是相关联的，你的思路从一点谈到另一点，你的讲话结构是连贯的。通常，准备讲演你可以采用两种提纲方式：详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。 在准备发言提纲中，应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点，发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成，这些提要在你讲话时能够给予你一些帮助。发言提纲还应该包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲时，可采用准备提纲的模式，尽可能使你的发言提纲简要，同时，要确保提纲清晰，易于辨认。 C. 1. The younger generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing culture. 2. In the course of preparing one’s speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolster one’s point of view. 3. An impromptu speech is one of the speaking skills that college students should learn and develop through practice. 4. By using simile and metaphor, you can make your language more vivid and more attractive to your audience. 5. The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your viewpoints more convincing. 6. When you are speaking, you should choose common and easy words and at the same time avoid clutter in you speech. 7. When you write a paper, citing the views from some experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible. 8. A good method of delivering a speech will improve its quality and will help convey the speakers’ ideas clearly and interestingly. 9. You should mot blindly use a word that you are not sure about, and if you are not sure, look up the word in a dictionary. 10. Your language should adapt to the particular occasion and audience. If your language is appropriate in all respects, your speech is successful. D. Before you deliver an academic speech, you should, first of all, get well prepared for it. Then, you should make your major points clear in your speech, and your speech should be well organized. When speaking, you should not speak too fast, and your language should be exp licit. Don’t always read the notes you prepared beforehand. From time to time, you should look at your audience. On one hand, you can show your respect to your audience, and on the other hand, you will be able to go on with your speech more smoothly.

全新版大学英语综合教程2课文原文与翻译

Unit1 One way of summarizing the American position is to state that we value originality and independence more than the Chinese do. The contrast between our two cultures can also be seen in terms of the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later. However, I do not want to overstate my case. There is enormous creativity to be found in Chinese scientific, technological and artistic innovations past and present. And there is a danger of exaggerating creative breakthroughs in the West. When any innovation is examined closely, its reliance on previous achievements is all too apparent (the "standing on the shoulders of giants" phenomenon). But assuming that the contrast I have developed is valid, and that the fostering of skills and creativity are both worthwhile goals, the important question becomes this: Can we gather, from the Chinese and American extremes, a superior way to approach education, perhaps striking a better balance between the poles of creativity and basic skills?

新视野大学英语读写教程2答案及课本翻译

新视野大学英语读写教程2 第一单元 1. charge 2. convention 3. efficient 4. obtain 5. competent 6. asessing 7. fulfill 8. conducting 9. consequently 10. significance IV. 1. behind 2. at 3. in 5. to 6. to 10. for V. 1. L 2. C 4. N 5. O 7. E 10. K Word Building VI. 2. attraction 3. appointment 5. civilization 11. acquisition VII. 4. considerable 5. remarkable Sentence Structure VIII. less can he write English articles less can he manage a big company less could he carry it upstairs less have I spoken to him less to read a lot outside of it IX. meals at home can cost as little as two or three dollars, whereas eating out at a restaurant is always more expensive. thought she was rather proud,whereas in fact she was just very shy. have never done anything for them, whereas they have done so much for us. prefers to stay for another week, whereas her husband prefers to leave immediately. praise him highly,whereas others put him down severely. Translation X. wouldn't take a drink, much less could she stay for dinner. thought I was lying to him,whereas I was telling the truth. do you account for the fact that you have been late every day this week increase in their profits is due partly to their new market strategy. measures are likely to result in the improvement of work efficiency. have already poured a lot of time and energy into the project, so we have to carry on. XI. 1.我认为他不会抢劫,更不用说暴力抢劫了. 2.男工平均工资每小时10美元,而女工才每小时7美元. 3.自然界的平衡一旦遭到破坏,就会带来很多不可预知的影响. 4.期终考试迫在眉睫,你最好多花点时间看书. 5.有趣的是,消费者发现越来越难以辨别某些品牌的原产国.其部分原因来自于全球化带来的影响,部分原因是由于产地的变化. 6.最近一次调查表明,妇女占总劳动力的40%.

全新版大学英语综合教程2课文原文及翻译

One way of summarizing the American position is to state that we value originality and independence more than the Chinese do. The contrast between our two cultures can also be seen in terms of the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later. However, I do not want to overstate my case. There is enormous creativity to be found in Chinese scientific, technological and artistic innovations past and present. And there is a danger of exaggerating creative breakthroughs in the West. When any innovation is examined closely, its reliance on previous achievements is all too apparent (the "standing on the shoulders of giants" phenomenon). But assuming that the contrast I have developed is valid, and that the fostering of skills and creativity are both worthwhile goals, the important question becomes this: Can we gather, from the Chinese and American extremes, a superior way to approach education, perhaps striking a better balance between the poles of creativity and basic skills?

新视野大学英语第三版第二册读写教程2课后答案和翻译

Unit 1 Language in mission Text A An impressive English lesson Ex.1 Understanding the text 1、Because he is tired of listening to his father and he is not interested in grammar rules. 2、The civilization of Greece and the glory of Roman architecture are so marvelous and remarkable that they should be described at least in a brief account; however, what the student could do was only one single utterance :“whoa!”without any any specific comment. 3、Because the schools fail to set high standards of language proficiency. They only teach a little grammar and less advanced vocabulary. And the younger teachers themselves have little knowledge of the vital structures of language. 4、Because teaching grammar is not an easy job and most of the students will easily get bored if it’s not properly dealt with. 5、He familiarized his son with different parts of speech in a sentence and discussed their specific grammatical functions including how to use adverbs to describe verbs. 6、Because the son had never heard about the various names and functions of words in an English sentence before. 7、The author uses “road map”and “car”to describe grammar and vocabulary. Here,“road map”is considered as grammar and “car”as vocabulary. 8、Since the subjunctive mood his son used is a fairly advanced grammar structure, the interjection“whoa!”reflects the tremendous pride the father had toward his son; it also reflects the author’s humor in using the word because it was once used by his student, though in two different situations and with two different feelings. Ex.3 Words in use 1.condense 2.exceed 3.deficit 4.exposure 5.asset 6.adequate https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c46802536.html,petent 8.adjusting 9.precisely 10.beneficial Ex.4 Word building -al/-ial: managerial/editorial/substance/survival/tradition/margin -cy : consistency/accuracy/efficient -y : recovery/ministry/assembly Ex.5 Word building

新世纪大学英语综合教程2课文翻译(含textB)

新世纪大学英语综合教程2课文翻译 UNIT 1 “我原谅你” 1、并非只有婚姻关系才需要宽恕。我们与子女、朋友、同事、邻居，甚至陌生人相处时同样需要宽恕。事实上，没有宽恕的氧气，任何人际关系都无从维系。宽恕并不是脾气好的人们才拥有的特质；它是所有关系的必要条件，也是自己的身心健康不可缺少的。 2、有些人可能认为，自己受伤太深、次数太多，无法宽恕。可耐人寻味的是，恰恰是被伤得最深的人，才真正需要宽恕别人，原因很简单：仇恨就像癌症，会毁掉宿主。如果不尽快铲除，它就会生根发芽，使那些执意仇恨无法释怀的人受伤甚至死亡。 3、因为事实是，除非我们能宽恕他人，否则就永远无法恢复。伤口会继续溃烂，永不愈合。中国有句古谚，“复仇者必自绝”。 4、对有些人来说，宽恕他人似乎是不可能的，因为他们根本不知从何做起。首先你要接受一个非常重要的事实：宽恕他人并不是件容易的事。事实上，对于我们大多数人来说，这也许是最难做到的。 5、被伤害的是我们，却还要宽恕他人，这似乎毫无公平可言，然而这正是宽恕的关键所在。 6、“宽恕并忘记”，这句俗话谁都会脱口而出，但实际上既简单又肤浅。一则这是绝对不可能的，二则它完全偏离了宽恕的真正含义。生活中最需要宽恕的事正是那些无法忘记的事。我们不应把这些事掩饰起来，而需记住它们，并有意不因此对做过这些事的人怀有成见，然后继续生活。 7、这就是为什么有的时候会感到：宽恕别人，一开始会相对容易些，难的是每次你看到那个人，与他谈话，甚至只是想起他之后如何控制自己的感情。真正的宽恕不是一劳永逸之举，而是持久的情感面对。 8、等待越久，宽恕就越难。实际上，时间不会愈合伤口，只会让愤懑和仇恨更长时间地吞噬你的内心。如果要等待“适当的时候”，你也许永远都找不到机会。 9、开始运用宽恕的艺术之前，你先要问自己这样一个问题：我们中有多少人在特定的场合下是完全无辜的呢？ 10、几年前，我和妻子买了一件便宜家具。最初几个月，它蒙蔽了所有人——美观、实用、人见人爱。我们认为它太适合我们家了。可时间一长，表面薄层的边角部分开始慢慢脱落。再也没有当初的效果了，不过至少它现在是以真实面目示人！事实是，不管喜欢不喜欢，在漂亮的表层下，我们都只是刨花板。因此，在我们评判别人之前，明智的做法是先在镜子里认真审视自己。我们越是审视自己，正视自己的缺点，便越愿意也越能够宽恕他人的缺点，宽恕得越多，也就越能体会到真正的满足。