CONTENTS2

CONTENTS

1 Introduction (1)

1.1 Studies on Subtitle Translation at Home and Abroad (1)

1.1.1 Studies on Multimedia Translation (1)

1.1.2 Previous Studies on Strategies for Subtitle Translation (3)

1.2 Defects of Subtitle Translation (4)

1.3 Purpose of the Research (4)

2 Avatar as the Translating Text (6)

2.1The Introduction of Avatar (6)

2.1.1 Basic Information about Avatar (6)

2.1.2 The Origin of Avatar (6)

2.1.3 Plot (7)

2.2 Analysis on the Adaptation of Avatar as the Translating Text (9)

2.2.1 The Characteristics of the Subtitle in Avatar (9)

2.2.2 The Brilliance and Influence of Avatar in Film Field (10)

2.3 Summary (12)

3 German Functionalism School and Skopo theory (13)

3.1 German Functionalism School (13)

3.1.1 General Introduction (13)

3.1.2 Four Representatives of German Functionalism School (13)

3.2 Skopo theory (13)

3.2.1 Katharina Reiss' Text Typology (14)

3.2.2 Hans J. Vermeer and Skopo theory (15)

3.2.3 Justa Holz Manttari's Translation Action Theory (18)

3.2.4 Christina Nord's Functionality Plus Loyalty (19)

3.3 Evaluation of German Functionalism Translation (21)

3.3.1 Breakthrough (21)

3.3.2 Criticism (21)

3.4 A New Hypothesis Based on Skopo theory (22)

3.4.1 Styles and Translation in Approach of Skopo theory (22)

3.4.2 Combining Context with Skopo theory inTranslation (22)

3.5 Summary (23)

4T h e A p p l i c a t i o n a n d A n a l y s i s o f S k o p o t h e o r y i n t h e S u b t i t l e Tr a n s l a t i o n o f Avatar (24)

4.1 Principles on Subtitle Translation (24)

4.1 .1 Conciseness (24)

4.1.2 Immediate Comprehension (25)

4.1.3 Character's Individual Characteristics (26)

4.1.4 Emotion Arousing (27)

4.2 Strategies for Subtitle Translation from Skopo theory (28)

4.2.1Royalty to the Style of Source Text under Skopo theory (29)

4.2.2 Domestication and Foreignization under Context (29)

4.3 Summary (35)

Conclusion (36)

Notes (39)

B i b l i o g r a p h y (43)

Papers Published in the Period of M.A. Education (46)

Acknowledgements (47)