English words

教你一眼认出英语单词的意思

请大家想一想，英语是谁发明的？英国人呗！英国人认不认识汉语？不认识！那么英国人在学英语单词的时候需不需要记住单词的汉语意思？不需要，英国人的英语课本里根本就没有汉字，何谈记住单词的汉语意思？那么既然英国人学英语不需要记住(甚至根本就见不到)单词的汉语意思，那么中国人学英语为什么要去记住单词的汉语意思呢？这种做法大家不觉得奇怪吗？

然而由于中国人学英语时都在背单词的汉语意思，因此大家反而觉不出“背汉字”有什么奇怪的了。其实仔细想一想，这个行为真的很奇怪，奇怪的根源不在于行为本身，而在于中国人普遍不会直接识别英语单词的意思，因而只好靠汉语符号来机械地帮助记忆英语单词的意思，这样去学英语不仅多此一举，而且必然会陷入苦海无边的符号记忆灾难中。

其实英语单词和汉字一样，存在着很多的“偏旁部首”，知道了偏旁部首你就可以根据它们直接来猜测单词的意思，虽不说百分之百猜准，但起码可以猜测个大概，至少在别人告诉过你单词的意思后你可以恍然大悟地领会它，这样就可以大大增强你对英语单词“见字识意”的能力，做到真正认识一个单词，而把它的汉语意思仅做为一般参考。

举几个例子来说吧：

比如单词representative，请别急着告诉我你认识这个单词，其实你不见得“认识”这个单词，你仅是凭着你的记忆力记住了这串英语字母和两个汉字符号“代表”之间的对应关系，这样去学英语你会多费劲？下面我来告诉你这个单词为什么是“代表”的意思。re在英语里是一个偏旁部首，它是“回来”的意思；pre也是一个偏旁部首，是“向前”的意思；sent也是一个偏旁部首，是“发出去、派出去”的意思；a仅是偏旁部首之间的一个“连接件”，没了它两个辅音字母t就要连在一起了，发音会分不开，会费劲，因此用一个元音字母a隔开一下；tive 也是一个偏旁部首，是“人”的意思。那么这几个偏旁部首连在一起是什么意思呢？re-pre-sent-a-tive，就是“回来-向前-派出去-的人”，即“回来征求大家的意见后又被派出去替大家讲话的人”，这不就是“代表”的意思吗！这么去认识一个单词才是真正“认识”了这个单词，把它认识到了骨子里。

再举一个例子吧：psychology。

psy=sci，是一个偏旁部首，是“知道”的意思；cho是一个偏旁部首，是“心”的意思；lo 是一个偏旁部首，是“说”的意思；gy是一个偏旁部首，是“学”的意思，logy合起来是“学说”的意思。因此psy-cho-logy连起来就是“知道心的学说”，因此就是“心理学”的意思。

依此类推，不多举例了，我要表达的观点已经清楚了，那就是，不要去死记硬背单词的汉语意思，而要用识别“偏旁部首”的方法去真正认识一个单词，真正认识了单词后，你会发现单词表里的汉语翻译原来其实很勉强，有时甚至根本翻译不出来，因为汉语和英语是两种不同的文字体系，两者在文字上本来就不是一一对应的，只背英语单词的汉字意思是不能真正认识这个单词的，会造成很多的后续学习困难，会造成你一辈子看英语单词如雾里看花，永远有退不掉的陌生感。

那么接下来的问题是，英语里有多少个“偏旁部首”，怎样知道和学会它们？

回答这个问题时我才发现中国人对英语偏旁部首陌生的两个主要原因，一是这些重要内容不在学校的英语教材当中，大家在课堂上学不到(这是目前学校英语教材急需弥补的缺陷)；二是少数书店里销售的有关这方面内容的书过分复杂化，动辙几百上千页，内容苦涩庞大，影响了这些常识的普及，使得本来是常识的东西不常识。其实英语里偏旁部首的学名叫“字根”，常用的也就二百多个，它们就像26个字母一样普通而重要，就像汉语里的偏旁部首那样普通而重要，它们是学英语第一课里就应该学习的重要内容，学英语者应及早地掌握这些重要的常识，及早地摆脱死记硬背的蛮干状态，及早地进入科学、高效的识字状态。

【英语字根】

1,ag=do,act 做，动

2,agri=field 田地，农田(agri也做agro,agr)

3,ann=year年

4,audi=hear听

5,bell=war战争

6,brev=short短

7,ced,ceed,cess=go行走

8,cept=take拿取

9,cid,cis=cut,kill切，杀

10,circ=ring环，圈

11,claim,clam=cry,shout喊叫

12,clar=clear清楚，明白

13,clud=close,shut关闭

14,cogn=known知道

15,cord=heart心

16,corpor=body体

17,cred=believe,trust相信，信任

18,cruc=cross 十字

19,cur=care关心

20,cur,curs,cour,cours=run跑

21,dent=tooth牙齿

22,di=day 日

23,dict=say说

24,dit=give给

25,don=give给

26,du=tow二

27,duc,duct=lead引导

28,ed=eat吃

29,equ=equal等，均，平

30,ev=age年龄，寿命，时代，时期

31,fact=do,make做，作

32,fer=bring,carry带拿

33,flor=flower花

34,flu=flow流

35,fus=pour灌，流，倾泄

36,grad=step,go,grade步，走，级

37,gram=write,draw写，画，文字，图形

38,graph=write,records写，画，记录器，图形

39,gress=go,walk 行走

40,habit=dwell居住

41,hibit=hold拿，持

42,hospit=guest客人

43,idio=peculiar,own,private,proper特殊的，个人的，专有的44,insul=island岛

45,it=go行走

46,ject=throw投掷

47,juven=young年轻，年少

48,lectchoose,gather选，收

49,lev=raise举，升

50,liber=free自由

51,lingu=language语言

52,liter=letter文字，字母

53,loc=place地方

54,log=speak言，说

55,loqu=speak言，说

56,lun=moon月亮

57,man=dwell,stay居住，停留

58,manu=hand手

59,mar=sea海

60,medi=middle中间

61,memor=memory记忆

62,merg=dip,sink 沉，没

63,migr=remove,move迁移

64,milit=soldier兵

65,mini=small,little小

66,mir=wonder惊奇

67,miss=send 投，送，发(miss也作mit)

68,mob=move动

69,mort=death死

70,mot=move移动，动

71,nomin=name名

72,nov=new新

73,numer=number 数

74,onym=name 名

75,oper=work工作

76,ori=rise升起

77,paci=peace和平，平静

78,pel=push,drive推，逐，驱

79,pend,pens=hang悬挂/weigh称量/pay支出，付钱，花费80,pet=seek追求

81,phon=sound声音

82,pict=paint画，描绘

83,plen=full满，全

84,plic=fold折，重叠

85,pon=put放置

86,popul=people人民

87,port=carry拿，带，运

88,pos=put放置

89,preci=price价值

90,punct=point,prick点，刺

91,pur=pure清，纯，净

92,rect=right,straight正，直

93,rupt=break破

94,sal=salt盐

95,scend,scens=climb爬，攀

96,sci=know知

97,sec,sequ=follow跟随

98,sect=cut切割

99,sent,sens=feel感觉

100,sid=sit坐

101,sist=stand站立

102,son=sound声音

103,spect=look看

104,spir=breathe呼吸

105,tail=cut切割

106,tain,ten,tin=hold握，持，守107,tect=cover掩盖

108,tele=far远

109,tempor=time时

110,tend(tens,tent)=stretch伸

111,terr=land,earth土地，陆地

112,text=weave纺织

113,tract=draw拉，抽，引

114,un=one一

115,urb=city城市

116,vac,vacu=empty空

117,vad,vas=walk,go行走

118,vari=change变化

119,ven=come来

120,vert,vers=turn转

121,vi,via=way道路

122,vis,vid=see看

123,vit=life生命

124,viv=live活

【第二部分，多认词根，多识单词】125,aer(o)空气，空中，航空

126,alt高

127,am爱

128,ambul行走

129,anim生命，活，心神，意见130,anthrop(o)人，人类

131,aqu水

132,arch统治者，首脑archy 统治133,avi鸟

134,bat打

135,biblio书

136,birg战斗，打

137,cad,cas降落，降临

138,cert 确定，确信

139,chron时

140,cid降落，降临

141,clin倾

142,cosm(o)世界，宇宙

143,cracy统治crat支持

144,cub躺，卧

145,cult耕，培养

146,cycl(o)圈，环，轮

147,dem(o)人民

148,dexter右

149,doc教

150,dom屋，家

151,dorm睡眠

152,drom跑

153,ego我

154,err漫游，走，行

155,fabl,fabul 言

156,feder联盟

157,ferv沸，热

158,fict,fig塑造，虚构

159,fid信任

160,fil线

161,flat 吹

162,flect,flex弯曲

163,flict打击

164,frag,fract破，折

165,frig冷

166,fug逃，散

167,fund,found底，基础

168,gam婚姻

169,gram谷物，谷粒

170,grav重

171,greg群，集合

172,gyn,gynce(o)妇女

173,hal呼吸

174,helic(o)螺旋

175,hes,her粘着

176,ign火

177,integr整，全

178,junct连接，连结

179,later边

180,leg读

181,leg,legis法

182,luc光

183,lumin光

184,magn(i)大

185,matr(i)，metro母

186,mega大

187,mens测量

188,ment心，神，智，思，意189,min伸出，突出

190,misc混合，混杂

191,mis(o)恨，厌恶

192,mon告诫，提醒

193,mon单独，一个

194,mur墙

195,mut变换

196,nat诞生

197,nav船

198,nect,nex结，系

199,negr,nigr黑

200,nihil无

201,noc,nox伤害

202,noct(i)夜

203,norm规范，正规，正常204,nutri营养

205,orn装饰

206,par生，产

207,parl说，谈

208,past喂，食

209,path(o)，pathy疾病，疗法210,patr(i)父，祖

211,ped脚，足

212,ped儿童，小孩

213,petr(o)石

214,phag吃

215,phil(o)爱

216,phob(ia)怕

217,plex重叠，重

218,polis城市

219,prim第一，最初

220,radic根

221,ras,rad擦，刮

222,rid,ris笑

223,rod,ros咬，啮

224,rot轮，转

225,rud原始，粗野

226,rur,rus农村

227,sat,satis,satur足，满，饱

228,sen老

229,simil,simul相似，相同

230,sol单独

231,sol太阳

232,soph智慧

233,sper希望

234,spers,spars散，撒

235,splend发光，照耀

236,stell星

237,tact,tag触

238,the(o)神

239,ton音

240,tort扭

241,tour迂回，转

242,trud,trus推，冲

243,tut,tuit监护，看管

244,umbr阴影

245,ut,us用

246,vas走，漫游

247,val强

248,van空，无

249,ver(i)真实

250,voc,vok声音，叫喊

251,vol,volunt意志，意愿

252，volu,volv滚，转

这些叫词根词缀。拉丁语系所有的语言以及衍生语言都是由前缀+词根+曲折变化、复合、派生+后缀组成的。在国外学语言学，音位学，语法的都要学习词语构成。国内官方机构的英语教学说实话很不成熟。教学方式很害人。根本不科学，不专业，不系统。很多写教材的人自己就不专业，背了两篇课文记了基本字典就觉出来教学了。语法全部掰碎了来讲，根本不系统。而且语言这个东西是习惯性的，是一步一步积累的，国内全部讲究速成，速记，速考，速忘。搞不懂的就死背。完全没有引入系统的语言学，语法，音位学，语音学。学徒怎么可能体会到语言构成形成的奥妙。国内的外语都是拿来应考的，不是拿来使用的。大陆在外语研究的水平上远远不及港台，日韩。到现在我们连一本专门的解释外部语言历史，发展，结构的译本都没有，可是在国外到处都是，装备到高中图书馆。倒不是因为大陆人少，出国的人少，是因为机制和动机就有毛病。

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