考研英语一历年真题及答案.doc
考研英语一历年真题及答案【篇一：2015 年考研英语一真题及答案详细解析】
ass=txt>2015 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题
及答案详细解析
section i use of english :
directions: read the following text. choose the best word(s) for
each numbered blank and mark a, b,c or d on the answer sheet.
(10 points)
though not biologically related, friends are as ―related ‖as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. that is _(1)_a study,
published from the university of california and yale university
in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences,
has__(2)_.
the study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932
unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of uelated friends and
uelated strangers. the same people were used in both_(5)_.
while 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. as james
fowler, professor of medical genetics at uc san diego,
says, ―most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but
somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our
kin. ‖
the study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something
shared in friends but not genes for immunity .why this
similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for
now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar
environments but there is more_(11)_it. there could be many
mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing
genetically similar friends_(13)_ ‖functional kinship ‖of being friends with_(14)_!
one of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar
genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes studying
this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the
last 30,000 years, with social environment being a
major_(17)_factor.
the findings do not simply explain people ‘s_(18)_to befriend
those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers.
though all the subjects were drawn from a population of
european extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects,
friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.
1. [a] when [b] why [c] how [d] what
2. [a] defended [b] concluded [c] withdrawn [d] advised
3. [a] for [b] with [c] on [d] by
4. [a] compared [b] sought [c] separated [d] connected
5. [a] tests [b] objects [c]samples [d] examples
6. [a] insignificant [b] unexpected [c]unbelievable [d]
incredible
7. [a] visit [b] miss [c] seek [d] know
8. [a] resemble [b] influence [c] favor [d] surpass
9. [a] again [b] also [c] instead [d] thus
10. [a] meanwhile [b] furthermore [c] likewise [d] perhaps
11. [a] about [b] to [c]from [d]like
12. [a] drive [b] observe [c] confuse [d]limit 13. [a] according
to [b] rather than [c] regardless of [d] along with 14. [a]
chances [b]responses [c]missions [d]benefits 15. [a] later
[b]slower [c] faster [d] earlier 16. [a]forecast [b]remember
[c]understand [d]express 17. [a] unpredictable [b]contributory
[c] controllable [d] disruptive 18. [a] endeavor [b]decision
[c]arrangement [d] tendency 19. [a] political [b] religious [c]
ethnic [d] economic
20. [a] see [b] show [c] prove [d] tell
section ii reading comprehension part a
directions:
read the following four texts. answer the questions below
each text by choosing a, b,
c or d. mark your answers on answer sheet. (40 points)
text 1
king juan carlos of spain once insisted ―kings don ‘t abdicate,
they dare in their sleep. ‖but e mb a r a n sg s s i candals and the
popularity of the republican left in the recent euro-elections
have forced him to eat his words and stand down. so, does the
spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days?
does that mean the writing is on the wall for all european royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle? the spanish case provides arguments both for and against
monarchy. when public opinion is particularly polarised, as it
was following the end of the franco regime, monarchs can rise
above ―mere‖politics and ―embody‖ a spirit of national unity.
it is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains
monarchs ‘continuing popularity polarized. and also, the
middle east excepted, europe is the most monarch-infested
region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting vatican
city and andorra). but unlike their absolutist counterparts in
the gulf and asia, most royal families have survived because
they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-
controversial but respected public figure.
even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside.
symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very
history —and sometimes the way they behave today –
embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and
inequalities. at a time when thomas piketty and other
economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing
power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic
families should still be the symbolic heart of modern
democratic states.
the most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide
their old aristocratic ways. princes and princesses have day-
jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). even so,
these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%,
and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to
maintain the right image.
while europe ‘s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to
survive for some time to come, it is the british royals who have
most to fear from the spanish example.
it is only the queen who has preserved the m onarchy ‘s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. the danger will come
with charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a
pretty hierarchical view of the world. he has failed to
understand that monarchies have largely survived because
they provide a service –as non-controversial and non-political
heads of state. charles ought to know that as english history
shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy ‘s worst enemies.
21. according to the first two paragraphs, king juan carlos of
spain
[a] used turn enjoy high public support
[b] was unpopular among european royals [c] cased his
relationship with his rivals [d]ended his reign in embarrassment
22. monarchs are kept as heads of state in europe mostly
[a] owing to their undoubted and respectable status
[b] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality
[c] to give voter more public figures to look up to
[d]due to their everlasting political embodiment
23. which of the following is shown to be odd, according to
paragraph 4?
[a] aristocrats ‘excessive reliance on inherited wealth
[b] the role of the nobility in modern democracies
[c] the simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families [d]the nobility ‘a ds h erence to their
privileges
24. the british royals ―have most to fear ‖because charles [a] takes a rough line on political issues [b] fails to change his lifestyle as advised [c] takes republicans as his potential allies [d] fails to adapt himself to his future role
25. which of the following is the best title of the text?
[a] carlos, glory and disgrace combined
[b] charles, anxious to succeed to the throne
[c] carlos, a lesson for all european monarchs
[d]charles, slow to react to the coming threats
text 2
just how much does the constitution protect your digital data?
the supreme court will now consider whether police can
search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the
phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
california has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping
ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that
authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at
the time of their arrest. it is hard, the state argues, for judges
to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing
technologies.
the court would be recklessly modest if it followed california ‘s
advice. enough of the implications are discernable, even
obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated
guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.
they should start by discarding california ‘s lame argument that exploring the contents
of a smart phone — a vast storehouse of digital information —is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect urse. ‘t h es c pourt
has ruled that police don ‘t violate the fourth amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee
without a warrant. but exploring one ‘s smart phone is more like entering his or her home. a smart phone may contain an
arrestee ‘s reading history, financial history, medical history
and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. the development of ―cloud computing, ‖meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.
as so often is the case, stating that principl e doesn ‘t ease the challenge of line-drawing. in many cases, it would not be
overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search
through phone contents. they could still invalidate fourth
amendment protections when facing severe, urgent
circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to
ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a
warrant is pending. the court, though, may want to allow room
for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more
freedom.
but the justices should not swallow california ‘s argument whole. new, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the constitution ‘s protections. orin kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital
information in the 21st century with the establishment of
automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: the
justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal
domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the
fourth amendment applies to digital information now.
26. the supreme court will work out whether, during an arrest,
it is legitimate to
[a] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.
[b] search for suspects ‘mobile phones without a warrant.
[c] check suspects ‘phone contents without bein g authorized.
[d]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.
27. the author ‘s attitude toward california ‘s argument is one of
[a] disapproval. [b] indifference.
[c] tolerance.
[d]cautiousness.
28. the author believes that exploring one ‘s p h c o o n n e t e n t s is comparable to
[a] getting into one ‘s residence. [b] handling one
‘s historical records. [c] scanning one ‘s correspondences.
[d] going through one ‘s wallet.
29. in paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that
[a] principles are hard to be clearly expressed. [b] the court is giving police less room for action.
[c] citizens ‘privacy is not effectively protected. [d] phones are used to
store sensitive information.
30. orin kerr ‘s comparison is quoted to indic ate that [a] the constitution should be implemented flexibly.
[b] new technology requires reinterpretation of the constitution.
[c]california ‘s argument violates principles of the constitution.
[d]principles of the constitution should never be altered
text 3
the journal science is adding an extra round of statistical
checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief marcia
mcnutt announced today. the policy follows similar efforts
from other journals, after widespread concern that basic
mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.
―readers must have confidence in the conclusions published
in our journal, ‖writes mcnutt in an editorial. working with the
american statistical association, the journal has appointed
seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(sbore).
manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the
journal ‘s internal editors, or by its existing board of reviewing
editors or by outside peer reviewers. the sbore panel will then
find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.
asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change,
mcnutt said: ―the creation of the ?statistics board ‘was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of
science ‘s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the
research we publish. ‖