《史记孙膑列传》阅读试题答案及翻译译文
《史记|孙膑列传》阅读试题答案及翻译
（译文）
《史记|孙膑列传》阅读试题答案及翻译（译文）齐使者如梁，孙膑以刑徒阴见，说齐使。齐使以为奇，窃载与之齐。齐将田忌善而客待之。
忌数与齐诸公子驰逐重射。孙子见其马足不甚相远，马有上、中、下﹑辈。孙子谓田忌曰：“君弟重射，臣
能令君胜。”田忌信然之，与王及诸公子逐射千金。及
临质，孙子曰：“今以君之下驷与彼上驷，取君上驷与
彼中驷，取君中驷与彼下驷。”既驰三辈毕，而田忌一
不胜而再胜，卒得王千金。
其后魏伐赵，赵急，请救于齐。齐威王欲将孙膑，
膑辞谢曰：“刑余之人不可。”于是乃以田忌为将，而
孙子为师，居辎车中，坐为计谋。田忌欲引兵之赵，孙
子曰：“夫解杂乱纷纠者不控捲，救斗者不搏击，今梁
赵相攻，轻兵锐卒必竭于外，老弱罢于内。君不若引兵
疾走大梁，据其街路，冲其方虚，彼必释赵而自救。是
我一举解赵之围而收弊于魏也。”田忌从之，魏果去邯郸，与齐战于桂陵，大破梁军。
后十三岁，魏与赵攻韩，韩告急于齐。齐使田忌将
而往，直走大梁。魏将庞涓闻之，去韩而归，齐军既已
过而西矣。孙子谓田忌曰：“彼三晋之兵素悍勇而轻齐，
齐号为怯，善战者因其势而利导之。兵法，百里而趣利
者蹶上将，五十里而趣利者军半至。使齐军入魏地为十
万灶，明日为五万灶，又明日为三万灶。”庞涓行三日，大喜，曰：“我固知齐军怯，入吾地三日，士卒亡者过
半矣。”乃弃其步军，与其轻锐倍日并行逐之。孙子度
其行，暮当至马陵。马陵道陕，而旁多阻隘，可伏兵，
乃斫大树白而书之曰“庞涓死于此树之下”。于是令齐
军善射者万弩，夹道而伏，期曰“暮见火举而俱发”。
庞涓果夜至斫木下，见白书，乃钻火烛之。读其书未毕，齐军万弩俱发，魏军大乱相失。庞涓自知智穷兵败，乃
自刭，齐因乘胜尽破其军。（节选自《史记》）
11、对下列句中加点的词语的解释，正确的一项是
A．君弟重射，臣能令君胜君弟：您只管
B．田忌一不胜而再胜再胜：第二次取胜
C．齐威王欲将孙膑将：率领
D．士卒亡者过半矣亡：死亡
12、下列各组句子中，加点的词的意义和用法相同
的一组是
A．①今以君之下驷与彼上驷②上官大夫见而欲夺之，屈平不与
B．①赵急，请救于齐②受任于败军之际
C．①魏将庞涓闻之，去韩而归②扁鹊望桓侯而还走
D．①齐因乘胜尽破其军②因宾客至蔺相如门谢罪
13、对下列各句中“其”字指代内容的说明，不正确的一项是
A．孙子见其马足不甚相远指代前文中的“（田）忌” B．据其街路指代前文中的“大梁”
C．孙子度其行，暮当至马陵指代前文中的“庞涓” D．读其书未毕，齐军万弩俱发指代前文中的“斫大树白”
14、下列句子分别编为四组，全都表现孙膑军事才能的一组是
①孙子谓田忌曰：“君弟重射，臣能令君胜。”②居辎车中，坐为计谋
③与齐战于桂陵，大破梁军。④孙子度其行，暮当至马陵
⑤马陵道狭，而旁多阴隘，可伏兵。⑥于是令齐军善射者万弩夹道而伏。
A．①③⑤B．①④⑥C．②③⑤D．②④⑥
15、下列对原文有关内容的概括和分析，不正确的一项是
A．孙膑原在魏国，因受迫害而沦为刑徒，后来，他暗地里见到并说服了齐国使者，得以逃到齐国，受到齐国将军田忌的信任和像对待客人一样的款待。
B．在田忌与齐王等人赛马时，孙膑教给田忌用下等马与对方的上等马对比，用上等马与对方的中等马对比，用中等马与对方的下等马对比，结果一负、一平、一胜，赢了齐王千金。
C．本文记叙的“围魏救赵”和“马陵道之役”的故事，充分表现出孙膑的卓越的军事才能。期中“马陵道
之役”的胜利，更是由于他通过仔细研究，充分掌握了
敌我情况而取得的。
D．文章刻画人物的性格面貌，生动逼真。写孙膑的出谋献策，往往只说做法，不讲原因，到了，才看到它
的作用。这种写法，曲折有趣，引人入胜。
16、把文言文阅读材料中画横线的句子翻译成现代
汉语。（5分）
⑴善战者因其势而利导之。（2分）
译文：
⑵与其轻锐倍日并行逐之。（3分）
译文：
11、A（B项“再胜”应为“两次取胜”；C项“将”应为“使孙膑为将”；D项“亡”应为“逃往”）
12、C（A组中，第一句中的“与”意为“和、同”，第二句中的“与”应为“给”；B组中两个“于”，前
者为“向”，后者为“在”；C组中两个“而”皆为连
词，表顺承关系，可不译；D项中两个“因”，前者为“于是”，后者为“通过”）
13、D（“其”应指代“大树白”）
14、D（第1句侧重表现孙膑的“智慧”；第3句前一分句的主语是“庞涓”，后一分句的主语是田忌，都
与孙膑无关；第5句是司马迁对“马陵”地理环境的客
观叙述）
15、B（应为“一负二胜”）
译文：
齐国全都来到魏国都城大梁，孙膑以受刑囚犯的身
份暗中求见齐使。齐使认为孙膑是一位奇才，就私下用
车把他载到齐国。齐将田忌认为孙膑有才就像对待客人
那样对待他。
田忌屡次与齐国几位贵公子下很重的赌注赛马，孙
膑见田忌的马匹与对手的马匹相关不远，这些马匹分上、中、下三等。孙膑对田忌说：“您只管下大赌注，我能
让您取胜。”田忌相信孙膑的话对，（于是）和齐王及各位公子下了千金的赛马赌注。等到临近比赛，孙膑说：“今天用您的下等马匹与他们的上等马匹比，用您的上
等马匹和他们的中等马匹比，用您的中等马匹与他们的
下等马匹比。”双方赛马完毕，田忌一负二胜，终于赢
得齐王千金。
这以后，魏国进攻赵国，赵国危急，向齐国请求救兵。齐威王要让孙膑担任统帅，孙膑推辞说：“遭受重
刑的人难当重任。”齐王于是让田忌担任统帅，而让孙
膑担任军师，坐在有篷盖车中，为齐军出谋划策。田忌
要率领齐军直奔赵国，孙膑说：“理乱丝只能用手徐徐
解开，不可紧握拳头使劲；排解斗殴也只能好好的劝解，不可插手帮打。现在魏赵两国交战，魏国的精兵必定全
部用在国外，老弱残兵在国内疲惫不堪；您不如率兵快
速直奔大梁，占据它的交通要道，冲击它的真正空虚之地，魏国就一定会舍弃赵国而前来自救，这样，我们就
可以一下子解除赵国被围的局面，同时消弱魏国的力量。”田忌听从了孙膑的建议，魏军果然撤离了赵国都
城邯郸，与齐军在桂陵打了一仗，结果田忌大败了魏军。
又过了十三年，魏与赵联合攻打韩国，韩国紧急向
齐国求救。齐王派田忌为将前往救韩，直奔大梁。魏国
大将庞涓听到了消息，就撤离韩国回头追击齐军，但此
时齐军已奔西而去。孙膑对田忌说：“他们魏国军队一
贯骄横看轻齐军，齐军一直被认为胆怯；善于作战的人
顺着事情的发展趋势向有利的方面加以引导（魏兵以齐兵为怯，齐兵就伪装胆怯逃亡，诱使魏兵上当）。兵法上说：（一昼夜）追逐胜利于百里之外，（兵既疲累，供应也不及）这样，虽上将也难免爱挫，（即使是追逐）五十里，
士卒也只有一半能够先期到达。让齐军进入魏地后筑供
十万人吃饭用的灶，第二天筑供五万人吃饭用的灶，第
三天筑供三万人吃饭用的灶。庞涓率军连追了三天，非
常高兴，说：”我本来知道齐军胆小，进入我国仅三天，齐军中的逃亡者就超过了一半。“于是丢下步兵，和他
的骑兵昼夜兼程追击齐军。孙爱估计庞涓的行程，晚上
将到达马陵。马陵一带道路狭窄，道旁有许多障碍，可
埋伏军队。于是（派人）砍去一大树的树皮，露出白色木质部分，在上面写上“庞涓死于此树之下＞”同时让善
于射箭的一万齐兵弓弩手夹道埋伏，约定说：“晚上见
到举火的就万箭齐发。”庞涓果然到夜晚到达砍去树皮
的大树下，见白色木质上写有字迹，就点燃火把照看。
未等读完上面的字，齐军就万箭齐发，魏军大敌逃散。
庞涓自知败势不可挽回，就割脖子自杀了。齐军于是彻
底打败了庞涓的军队。
中英文文献翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
ASP外文翻译原文
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毕业设计外文翻译附原文
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
毕业设计外文翻译原文.
Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method
最新01-14年专八汉译英(附答案)
01到14年专八汉译英真题及答案： 2014年本题是一篇典型的文学翻译，原文选自老舍名篇《我的母亲》。老舍的作品生活气息浓郁，语言朴实直白。因此，在翻译本篇时不仅要注意忠实于文字意义，更要忠实地再现原文的语言风格，所以要避免用过于高级的词汇表达和句子结构，用平实的语句表达出原文的精神面貌。 当我在小学毕了业的时候，亲友一致的愿意我去学手艺，好帮助母亲。我晓得我应当去找饭吃，以减轻母亲的勤劳困苦。可是，我也愿意升学。我偷偷的考入了师范学校——制服，饭食，书籍，宿处，都由学校供给。只有这样，我才敢对母亲说升学的话。入学，要交十圆的保证金。这是一笔巨款！母亲作了半个月的难，把这巨款筹到，而后含泪把我送出门去。她不辞劳苦，只要儿子有出息。当我由师范毕业，而被派为小学校校长，母亲与我都一夜不曾合眼。我只说了句：“以后，您可以歇一歇了！”她的回答只有一串串的眼泪。 参考译文：After I graduated from primary school，relatives and friends all suggested that I should drop out and learn a trade to help my mother. Although I knew that I ought to seek a livelihood to relieve mother of hard work and distress，I still aspired to go on with study. So I kept learning secretly. I had no courage to tell mother about the idea until admitted to a normal school which provided free uniforms，books，room and board. To enter the school，I had to pay ten Yuan as a deposit. This was a large sum of money for my family. However，after two weeks' tough effort，mother managed to raise the money and sent me off to school in tears afterwards. She would spare no pains for her son to win a bright future. On the day when I was appointed the schoolmaster after graduation，mother and I spent a sleepless night. I said to her，"you can have a rest in the future." but she replied nothing，only with tears streaming down her face. 2013年 生活像一杯红酒，热爱生活的人会从中品出无穷的美妙。将它握在手中观察，它的暗红有血的感觉，那正是生命的痕迹。抿一口留在口中回味，它的甘甜有一丝苦涩，如人生一般复杂迷离。喝一口下肚，余香润人心肺，让人终受益。红酒越陈越美味，生活越丰富越美好。当人生走向晚年，就如一瓶待开封的好酒，其色彩是沉静的，味道中充满慷慨于智慧。 Life is like a cup of wine; people who love it discover inexhaustible wonders from it. Hold in the hand and gaze at it, the dark red color is reminiscent of the blood, which is the impress of life. Take a sip of it and appreciate the taste, the bittersweet flavor is exactly the same with life, which is complicated and blurred. Once the sip is swallowed, the lingering fragrance pleases the heart and refreshes the mind, leaving a person lifelong benefit. There was a remarkable resemblance between life and wine: the taste becomes more delicious as the wine mellows, just as life gets better as it becomes more abundant. When life comes to twilight years, it looks calm and tastes full of wisdom and generosity, just like a bottle of wine to be savored.
英文翻译译文
2015年5月28日 通过分析用户的认知变化来推广BIM 在土木工程中的应用 英文题目 BIM Promotion Plan in Civil Engineering through the analysis of the User Recognition Changes 中文题目 通过分析用户的认知变化来推广BIM 在 土木工程中的应用 学院名称 城市建设学院 专业班级 工程造价1101班 学生姓名 张天宇 学生学号 103 指导教师 陈振富 英文翻译
BIM，最近出现在建筑行业的一个热点问题，被公认为行业的新突破。然而现在由于停滞不前的建筑业危机和订单量减少。已经，各种研究正在进行，介绍BIM在国内和国外的建筑，但在土木工程项目，与建设工程项目，工作体系是不重复的，水平的，非典型的，和项目任务的范围是如此之广，所产生的信息量是巨大的。因此，建筑公司和设计师受到BIM建设初始投资成本的压力并且怀疑其成本的有效性。因此，在国内土木工程项目中实施BIM，本研究确定了土木工程设计师的BIM技术水平并分析其意识BIM的变化从过去以确定障碍到在土木工程BIM激活并提出这样的解决方案。本研究的结果将作为制定方向引入BIM土木工程和对所提供的产品的复核和验证系统的发展的基础数据。 关键词：BIM；标准；土木工程；活化；意识的改变；信息模型 引言 BIM（建筑信息模型）是一种新兴的以提高建设项目生产率的工具。BIM可以被定义为“从项目的规划设计到维护和控制，面向项目，主要利用三维图形、建筑学有关的信息进行辅助设计”。对于积极实施BIM的建设项目，由于项目牵涉太广，所产生的信息量是巨大的，让施工人员和设计人员担心工程项目有无重复，水平，和非典型的工作系统，从而怀疑通过BIM建设初始投资成本及有关的其有效性（利恩硕，K.，首尔GI，K.，贤成，K，和hyoun硕，M.，2011）。这些都只是一部分原因，不足以解释土木工程中BIM运用推广的不够迅速，一旦得到推广，它将对国家的经济产生巨大的影响。目前还是很难确定要实现BIM的运用首先需要解决哪些问题。 因此本研究旨在分析那些在工作中使用BIM或有更高的理解它的土木工程设计师BIM意识的变化，来确定相关的问题，并提出解决方案。特别是，各种因素阻止引入BIM是从当前时间和社会的需要而不是基于肤浅的调查计划中提取的激活，或从过去对意识的变化，那里是一个缺乏BIM的社会意识，以及BIM的初步介绍现状，和基于前牵引的结果，本研究旨在提出一个BIM激活计划。
中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文
外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much
最新近十年英语专业八级考试翻译原题及参考答案-
2007年英语专业八级考试翻译原题及参考答案 C-E:暮色中，河湾里落满云霞，与天际的颜色混合一起，分不清哪是流云哪是水湾。也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河湾之畔，一群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间，在即将回家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。这是黄河滩上的一幕。牧羊人不见了，他不知在何处歇息。只有这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美，让它们长得肥滚滚的，像些胖娃娃。如果走近了，会发现它们那可爱的神情，洁白的牙齿，那丰富而单纯的表情。如果稍稍长久一点端详这张张面庞，还会生出无限的怜悯。 Beside this picture with profusions of colors, a group of sheep are lowing their heads, eating by the river bank. Hardly none of them would spare some time to raise their eyes to have a glance at the beautiful dusk. They are, perhaps, taking use of every minute to enjoy their last chew before being driven home. This is a picture of the Yellow River bank, in which the shepherd disappears, and no one knows where he is resting himself. Only the sheep, however, as free creatures, are joyfully appreciating the dusk. The exuberant water plants have nutrited the sheep, making them grow as fat as balls. When approaching near, you would find their lily-white teeth and a variety of innocent facial impressions.
G中英文翻译
翻译部分
英文原文 Mining subsidence caused by mining environmental disasters Keywords: land reclamation of mining subsidence ；subsidence control Large-scale exploitation of coal mine and its surrounding environment has resulted in serious damage to an increasingly prominent mining subsidence mining environmental disasters caused by land subsidence or mainly water, agricultural production or no production, road collapse, deformation and damage, such as housing, which are is a mining-induced rock movement, is caused by mining subsidence and regional disasters, the source of deformation, the effective control and reduce the degree of ground subsidence is the root of the problem to resolve this way. With the improved form of coal, have increased the Group's control environment and governance, the cause of the coal is reactive in that will benefit future generations. 1. Subsidence means of control techniques Subsidence damage control measures will be considered in two ways; (1) the control of mining subsidence, that is, through the rational choice of mining methods and technology, rational arrangement of mining face, take underground filling law, separation of overlying strata with measures such as space filling to reduce surface subsidence, control the speed and extent of surface subsidence, to protect surface and ground built structures with the purpose of arable land. (2) mining subsidence damage restoration and remediation, the use of land reclamation technology and building anti-mining deformation technology, mining subsidence damage remediation and use of land. 1.1.1 All backfill mining In the coal after mining has yet to take off before the roof with a solid material to be dense goaf filling, so that only yields a small amount of roof rock sinking in order to reduce surface subsidence and deformation of the ground to protect the building, structure or purpose of farmland . Which is the filling of water and sediment filling in the mining method to reduce the effect of surface preparation methods subsidence, followed by the wind and filling away from the filling of waste. However, filling mining method of filling the need for specialized equipment and facilities, but also the need for adequate filling material. Initial investment of mine, and tons of coal a corresponding increase in cost. 1.1.2 strip mining Based on coal and overlying strata combination of conditions, according to a certain ratio of mining to remain in the coal seam was mined in a recovery to retain one. As a result
英文翻译与英文原文.陈--
翻译文献：INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL （对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告） 文献作者：Peter Dransfield, 出处：Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数：p139—144 英文译文： 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究，从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统，分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论，如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下： s1-流源，即调速阀出口流量； S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数： I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容； C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度； R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻， R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力； I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容： R5, R7-管路的等效液阻； V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积； P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载， V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型，滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。
外文翻译原文
204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999
JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c73200285.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-