双孢菇的发生健康和感染Lecanicillium fungicola的酚氧化酶和热休克蛋白基因的表达
APPLIED GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY
Expression of phenol oxidase and heat-shock genes
during the development of Agaricus bisporus fruiting bodies,healthy and infected by Lecanicillium fungicola
Michèle https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c410774496.html,rgeteau &Camille Latapy &
Nathalie Minvielle &Catherine Regnault-Roger &Jean-Michel Savoie
Received:29April 2009/Revised:3August 2009/Accepted:4August 2009/Published online:27August 2009#Springer-Verlag 2009
Abstract The fungal pathogen Lecanicillium fungicola (formerly Verticillium fungicola )is responsible for severe losses worldwide in the mushroom (Agaricus bisporus )industry.Infected crops are characterised by masses of undifferentiated tissue (bubbles)growing in place of spor-ophores.The expression of three laccase genes (lcc1,lcc2and lcc3),two tyrosinase genes (AbPPO1and AbPPO2)and the hspA gene encoding a heat-shock protein known to be potentially associated with host –pathogen interaction was investigated in mycelial aggregates and during the develop-ment of healthy sporophores and bubbles of a susceptible cultivar.The lcc3,AbPPO2and hspA genes were each expressed at different levels at the different stages of sporophore morphogenesis,whilst they showed a stable expression throughout bubble development.The transcript levels were similar in bubbles and at the first developmental stage of healthy fruiting bodies,both showing no tissue differentiation.These observations suggest that lcc3,AbPPO2and hspA are associated with A.bisporus https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c410774496.html,paring the expression of the hspA gene in three susceptible and three tolerant strains showed that the latter displayed a higher level of transcript in the primordium,which is the stage receptive to the pathogen.The six strains exhibited a comparable expression in the vegetative myce-lium,non-receptive to L.fungicola .
Keywords Fungal pathogen .Mushroom .Gene expression https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c410774496.html,ccase .Tyrosinase
Introduction
Dry bubble disease is the most common and serious fungal disease of Agaricus bisporus .The causal agent,commonly known as Verticillium fungicola (Preuss)Hassebrauk,was recently renamed as Lecanicillium fungicola (Preuss)Zare and Gams (Zare and Gams 2008).L.fungicola infection is manifested in three types of symptoms designed spotty cap,stipe blowout and bubble.Although the three types of symptoms coexist in infected cultures,the pathology is named dry bubble disease.Candidate genes expressed during lesion (spots)development on fully developed sporophores were identified (Amey et al.2003;Thomas et al.2007).Cap-spotting mainly affects the surface of the fruiting body and is considered the least severe symptom of the disease.The most severe symptom is bubble,a spherical mass with little or no tissue differentiation,which consists of mycelia of L.fungicola and A.bisporus growing together.The regulation of A.bisporus morphogenesis is beginning to be understood (Ospina-Giraldo et al.2000;Sreenivasaprasad et al.2000,2004;Eastwood et al.2008)but the biochemical and molecular bases of the processes involved remain largely unknown.Several works showed the putative involvement of phenol oxidases and heat-shock proteins in interspecific hyphal interaction and morphogen-esis.Changes in activity and isozymes of laccase were observed in various interactions between basidiomycetes and ascomycetes (Score et al.1997;Savoie et al.1998;Savoie and Mata 1999;Velasquez-Cedeno et al.2004;Xiao et al.2004).Laccase isozymes were detected in bubbles,
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c410774496.html,rgeteau (*):https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c410774496.html,tapy :N.Minvielle :J.-M.Savoie UR1264,Mycologie et Sécuritédes Aliments,INRA,BP81,33883Villenave d ’Ornon,France e-mail:largeteau@bordeaux.inra.fr C.Regnault-Roger
UFR Sciences et Techniques,
UPPA (UniversitéPau et Pays de l ’Adour),64012Pau Université,France
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2010)85:1499–1507DOI 10.1007/s00253-009-2186-2
whereas no activity was observed in healthy fruiting bodies (Savoie et al.2004).The major phenol oxydase in A. bisporus fruiting bodies is tyrosinase(Ratcliffe et al.1994). This enzyme catalyses melanisation,which is a defensive reaction of the mushroom against a variety of stressors(Rast et al.2003).We observed that the higher the tolerance of A.bisporus to L.fungicola,the higher the level of hydrogen peroxide in bubbles(Savoie and Largeteau2004).Otherwise, A.bisporus is rich in phenolic compounds and exhibits significant antioxidant properties(Savoie et al.2008).In Eukaryotes,heat-shock proteins of the HSP70family are known to protect the cells against the oxidative stress(Wirth et al.2003)and to be activated in pathogenic interactions. The present study compares the expression of laccase, tyrosinase and heat-shock genes during fruiting body and bubble development to identify differential expression associated with morphogenesis disruption following A. bisporus infection by L.fungicola.
Materials and methods
Fungal material
Of the six strains studied,one(Bs0533)was the commer-cial strain2100Amycel kept in the Collection of Germplasms of A.bisporus(CGAB),INRA-Bordeaux, since1998.The others were French wild strains originating from the CGAB(Table1).Mushroom strains were grown on commercial compost,at INRA facilities,as described by Savoie and Largeteau(2004).Eleven days after the compost was overlaid with a conventional casing layer, the cultivation trays were separated in two groups,each placed in a separate room,under the same environmental conditions.One group was infected with conidia of L. fungicola var.fungicola(isolate VCTC)sprayed at the surface of the casing layer(106conidia m?2)just before the formation of mycelial aggregates.Strains Bs0085A,Bs0419B and Bs0431C exhibiting less than20%diseased mushrooms were arbitrarily considered tolerant to L. fungicola,and strains Bs0175and Bs0437B and the cultivar Bs0533were estimated to be susceptible with 40%diseased mushrooms and over(Table1).Two batches of compost were used,batch1to analyse gene expression at the different stages of development of Bs0533and batch 2to compare tolerant and susceptible strains for the expression of the hspA gene.Vegetative mycelium of A. bisporus and L.fungicola VCTC were cultivated for21days in Cristomalt?(Dif.Al,Seysses,France)liquid medium. The wild strains of A.bisporus and L.fungicola VCTC are maintained in the CGAB,at INRA,and are available (www.bordeaux-aquitaine.inra.fr/mycsa/des_ressources_ biologiques_uniques/la_collection_d_agarics_cgab). Sampling
Healthy material,randomly harvested on non-infected trays, consisted of mycelial aggregates(MA),pins(P,2mm high, undifferentiated tissue),primordia(PR,5mm high,very first signs of morphological differentiation)and sporophores(SP; stage3according to Hammond and Nichols1976;Fig.1a). Diseased material collected at random on infected trays included mycelial aggregates(DMA),diseased pins(DP, 2mm high,undifferentiated tissue),young bubbles(YB,5–8mm high)and bubbles consisting of white tissue(B; Fig.1b).The kinetics of production showed that all the mushrooms growing on the infected trays were diseased at the time samples were collected.The fungal material was placed on ice immediately after harvest and was prepared. The pilei-pellis of fruiting bodies and the gills of the sporophores were removed.The samples were immediately deep frozen into liquid nitrogen before being stored at?80°C until being required for RNA extraction.A.bisporus and L. fungicola mycelia were harvested from the liquid media, washed twice with icy sterile water,immediately deep frozen into liquid nitrogen and stored at?80°C.
Table1Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus bisporus Location Date of collection Collector Susceptibility a
Type Code%diseased mushrooms b%bubbles
Wild Bs0085A Normandy1991JCM 4.30.2 Bs0175Costal Brittany1992PC–PB–RWK40.213.1
Bs0419B Coastal south-west of France1994PC–CD–JMS 5.30.4
Bs0431C Coastal west of France1994PC–JG19.0 5.0
Bs0437B Coastal west of France1994PC–JG40.525.8 Cultivar Bs0533–––48.928.4
JCM JC Malaval,PC P Callac,PB P Boisselet,RWK RW Kerrigan,CD C Desmerger,JMS JM Olivier,JG J Guinberteau
a Infection procedure as described in“Materials and methods”
b Spotty caps+stipe blowout+bubbles
Extraction of total RNA and synthesis of cDNA
The frozen material was ground in liquid nitrogen,and total RNA was extracted with the QIAshredder?kit and the RNeasy?mini kit (Qiagen,Germany)according to the manufacturer ’s procedure.Residual DNA was re-moved using the RNase-Free DNase Set (Qiagen).The RNA suspensions were pools of extracts obtained as followed:MA from 1cm 3of mycelial aggregates (healthy culture),P from 40healthy pins,PR from 24healthy primordia,SP from five sporophores,DMA from 1cm 3of mycelial aggregates (infected culture),DP from 40diseased pins,YB from 18young bubbles and B from five bubbles.First-strand cDNA was synthesised from 800ng total RNA by oligo (dT)15priming using the first-strand cDNA kit (Invitrogen)following the manufacturer ’s protocol.To check for residual genomic DNA in the RNA suspension,a negative control was performed,applying the same procedure except the addition of M-MLV reverse transcriptase.
Candidate genes expression analysis
Investigations focused on three genes of laccase,lcc1,lcc2(Perry et al.1993)and lcc3(Genbank EU580106);two genes of tyrosinase,AbPPO1and AbPPO2(Wichers et al.2003);and the heat-shock gene hspA (Genbank X98508).Primers (Table 2)were designed using the Primer3program available at the website
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c410774496.html,/cgi-bin/
Fig.1Development stages of A.bisporus fruiting bodies healthy (a )and infected by L.fungicola (b ).P healthy pin,PR primordium,SP sporophore,DP diseased pin,YB young bubble,B bubble
Table 2Primers
Gene
Genbank accession
Forward/reverse primers Code
Sequence 5′–3′
Position in gene Tm (°C)
Amplified fragment (pb)Cap binding protein eIF4E AY124053IF3L CTTCTACCGTATTGGTGTCTGGA 27660164IF4R CACTGTTGGGAAGCTCCAAT 43960Housekeeping EF1-αX97204EF3L TGGTCGTGTTGAGACTGGTA 6860209EF2R GGGTCGTTCTTGGAATCAGA 27660Laccase
lcc1L10664L10L GTCGATAACCATAGCTTGGT 65958199L10R CGTAGTCGGTTCGACGTGAC 90764lcc2L10663L22L TCCTCGCACCCGATATCAAC 46562145L22R TAGCGTTTTCCTTGCTCG 60954lcc3
EU580106L3L CTATCGGCGCTCTTAACA 1,19554148L3R CAGCTGAACATCCCTACT 1,34254Tyrosinase AbPPO1X85113PPO1L GTCTCCGCACTCTCTTGACC 4064484PPO1R-1CGGAGGAGGAACGCTATTAGA 52353AbPPO2
AJ223816PPO2L GGCCTCTCTCGCTGATACTG
1,03264695PPO2R-2TTTATTACACATCGGGAGAACAA 1,72651Heat shock hspA
X98508
HS3L CTCCAGTGTCACACAGAC 20156148
HS4R
ATCCTTCAAGACCTTCTC
404
52
primer/primer3_www.cgi .To correct for differences in the amount of A.bisporus starting material,the EF1-αgene (Genbank X97204)encoding the basidiomycete elongation factor 1-alpha was used as housekeeping gene.Amplifica-tion of cDNA was performed in a Light Cycler 2.0(Roche).The reaction mixture consisted of 5μl of cDNA,the forward and reverse primer at the concentration previously determined and 4μl of Master MIX (LC FastStart DNA Master Plus SYBR Green I kit,Roche Diagnostics)in a total volume of 20μl.After a 10-min activation of the hot-start Taq DNA polymerase at 95°C,35cycles of 15s at 95°C,15s at 59°C and 20s at 72°C were performed.Data were acquired at 72°C.A melt curve was run at the end of the 35cycles to check for a unique PCR reaction product.Negative controls contained either sterile water or the no-reverse transcriptase RT product instead of cDNA.Each
reaction was in triplicate,and the experiment was per-formed twice.Standard curves were built with serial dilutions of cDNA pool A (MA,P,PR and SP)and pool B (DMA,DP,YB and B)and each set of primers to check for identical amplification efficiency with healthy and diseased material of Bs0533.Similarly,standard curves were prepared with cDNA pool C (PR of the six strains)and pool D (YB of the six strains).The LightCycler Software 4.0(Roche Diagnostic)was used to create C t values.Data were analysed by the pair-wise-fixed realloca-tion randomisation test provided by the software tool REST-384?(Pfaffl 2001;Pfaffl et al.2002).Results are presented as ratios of gene expression according to Eq.1,with P and DP as reference sample for the healthy and diseased material,respectively,if not otherwise stated.
Expression ratio ?E candidate gene àáΔC t target
reference sample àtest sample eT=E EF 1àa eTΔC t EF 1àa reference sample àtest sample eT
e1T
Expression ratios are reported in Table 3.
Quantification of L.fungicola DNA in mycelial aggregates and young bubbles
Aliquots of frozen tissue were freeze-dried,and genomic DNA was extracted with the Amersham ?Nucleon ?Phytopure ?RPN 8510Kit (Amersham Int.plc,England),according to the manufacturer ’s procedure.Total DNA was quantified with a Nanodrop?ND-1000.PCR was per-formed in a Light Cycler 2.0(Roche)with the primer set IF3L/IF4R (Table 2)amplifying the L.fungicola eIF4E gene encoding the cap binding protein eIF4E.Amplifica-tion mixture consisted of 4μl of FastStart DNA Master Plus SYBR Green I MIX (Roche Diagnostics,Germany),500nM of both forward and reverse primer and 5μl of DNA in a final volume of 20μl.Cycling conditions were 95°C for 10min,followed by 35cycles at 95°C for 15s,58°C for 20s and 72°C for 15s.To quantify L.fungicola DNA,a standard curve was built with 10-fold serial dilutions of DNA extracted from L.fungicola mycelium.The infection level in mycelial aggregates and young bubbles was expressed as the quantity of L.fungicola DNA (nanograms)per 100ng total DNA.Previously,the absence of amplification of A.bisporus DNA with the primer set IF3L/IF4R was checked,and the level of detection of L.fungicola DNA was determined using the spiking sample method.DNA of L.fungicola was spiked in triplicates into A.bisporus DNA (10ng)of healthy samples at concentrations ranging from 0.01%to 10%.
Table 3Relative expression of the candidate genes detected for the various samples of Agaricus bisporus Bs0533Gene
Healthy culture Infected culture
Infected vs healthy culture MA
P a PR SP DMA DP b YB B DMA vs MA DP vs P YB vs PR B vs SP lcc1?0.551c 00.106?0.0850.13900.1270.2490.440?0.221?0.2010.114lcc2?0.36600.320?0.395?0.2660?0.074?0.3160.2300.092?0.2790.196lcc30.99800.5360.362?0.1210?0.375?0.482?0.8490.236?0.6610.121AbPPO1?0.3270?0.445?0.228?0.54600.0370.005?0.417?0.1970.4350.036AbPPO2?2.1400?0.102?1.734?1.09400.437?0.3330.407?0.974?0.4350.427hspA
?0.474
?1.464
?0.503
?0.907
0.114
?0.067
?0.529
0.068
1.508
0.199
a Reference for material from healthy culture
b Reference for material from culture infected with L.fungicola
c
Values are log-transformed data of expression ratios after normalisation against the housekeeping gene
Results
Control of the PCR conditions
PCR results were similar for both negative controls,namely sterile water and no-reverse transcriptase RT product.The good quality of L.fungicola cDNA was checked with primers IF3L and IF4L,which specifically amplifies the eIF4E gene of the pathogen.Otherwise,none of the primer sets used to assess the expression of the candidate genes was able to amplify the L.fungicola cDNA.The four standard curves obtained with serial dilutions of MA,P,PR and SP cDNA and primers EF3L/EF2R(housekeeping gene)showed the same efficiency and a similar and high correlation between the C t value and the concentration of cDNA,(?3.58±0.001)x+(26.54±0.11),R2=0.994±0.006. Each set of primers,including EF3L/EF2R,displayed the same efficiency and generated a unique melting peak of same Tm with serial dilutions of each pool(A–D),which allowed the comparison between healthy and diseased material for the expression of the candidate genes.
Gene expression in healthy samples of A.bisporus Bs0533 The expression of each candidate gene at the pin stage(P) was arbitrarily assigned the value of1.0(Fig.2).The three genes of laccase were differentially expressed in the healthy samples.The lcc1gene was up-regulated at the onset of fruiting body development(P vs MA)and then displayed a comparable expression during mushroom morphogenesis. The expression of the lcc2gene only varied in the sporophore flesh compared with the primordium,display-ing a 5.8-fold down-regulation.The lcc3gene was differentially expressed from the mycelial aggregate to the sporophore stage.The tyrosinase gene AbPPO1displayed a comparable expression in all samples.The AbPPO2gene was considerably up-regulated at fructification(P vs MA) and down-regulated in the expanding sporophore.The hspA gene was differentially expressed from the mycelial aggregate to the sporophore stage.
Gene expression in diseased samples of A.bisporus Bs0533 Standard curves obtained with spiking samples and serial dilutions of L.fungicola DNA showed the same efficiency of1.977and1.980,respectively,with IF3L/IF4R primers. L.fungicola DNA was recovered when added at0.01% (1pg).The DMA cDNA and the negative control(sterile water)gave the same result with the IF3L/IF4L primer set, suggesting that the pathogen was not present in the mycelial aggregates harvested on infected trays.
The expression of each candidate gene in the diseased pin(DP)was arbitrarily assigned the value of1.0(Fig.2
).
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
Healthy
M
A P
P
R
S
P
D
M
A
D
M
A
v
s
M
A
D
P
v
s
P
Y
B
v
s
P
R
B
v
s
S
P
D
P
Y
B B
Infected Infected vs healthy R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
(
l
o
g
)
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
(
l
o
g
)
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
(
l
o
g
)
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
(
l
o
g
)
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
(
l
o
g
)
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
(
l
o
g
)
a
b
c
d
e
f
Fig.2Relative expression of the six candidate genes in mycelial aggregates and during the development of healthy fruiting bodies and bubbles of A.bisporus Bs0533.a lcc1,b lcc2,c lcc3,d AbPPO1,e AbPPO2,f hspA.MA mycelial aggregate(healthy culture),P healthy pin,PR primordium,SP sporophore,DMA mycelial aggregate (infected culture),DP diseased pin,YB young bubble,B bubble. Values are log-transformed data of expression ratios after normal-isation against the housekeeping gene EF1-α.The expressions in P and DP(references for healthy and infected samples,respectively) were arbitrarily estimated as 1.Significantly different from the reference sample at*p<0.001.Stars Samples bracketed together differ significantly(p<0.001)for transcript level
The three genes of laccase and the tyrosinase gene AbPPO1displayed a comparable expression level from the mycelial aggregate (DMA)to the bubble (B).
The AbPPO2gene was differentially expressed at fruiting body initiation (DP vs DMA)and during the development of the bubble,but exhibited far lower variations in expression than in the healthy samples.The hspA gene was up-regulated at fruiting body initiation (DP vs DMA)then expressed at a comparable level during bubble development (DP to B).
All the candidate genes but AbPPO2displayed a comparable expression in the healthy and diseased pins (DP vs P).Three genes (lcc3,AbPPO2and hspA )were differentially expressed in diseased and healthy samples at comparable stages of development (DMA vs MA and YB vs PR;Fig.2).
Comparison of tolerant and susceptible strains
The tolerant strains developed the three types of symptoms,but produced a lower percentage of diseased mushrooms (especially bubbles)than the susceptible strains (Table 1).The hspA gene was expressed at a similar level in the vegetative mycelium,irrespective of the susceptibility of the mushroom strain (Fig.3a ).The transcript level in the primordia was comparable for the three tolerant strains and for the three susceptible strains (not shown)but the gene was up-regulated in the tolerant strains compared to any of the susceptible strains.The over-expression varied from 6.4to 10.9with Bs0533as reference,from 3.4to 6.6with Bs0437B as reference and from 10.7to 20.6with Bs0175as reference (see log-transformed data in Fig.4).In the susceptible strains,the hspA gene was up-regulated or expressed at a comparable level in the young bubble compared with the primordium.Conversely,tolerant strains displayed a 4.4-to 10.3-fold down-regulation (Fig.3b ).
This resulted to the comparable transcript level observed in the young bubble of the six mushroom strains (Fig.3c ).Besides that,quantification of the pathogen gDNA with the primer set IF3L/IF4R revealed that the percentage of L.fungicola gDNA varied among young bubbles of each strain (data not shown),but data analysis using the Cramér –von Mises ’s test gave a T value of 0.204,showing that both groups of strains (tolerant vs susceptible)displayed no significant difference for the level of tissue infection.
Discussion
The vegetative mycelium of A.bisporus is not receptive to L.fungicola (Calonje et al.2000),contrary to the pins shown to be infected (Largeteau et al.2007).In the present work,we investigated the ability of mycelial aggregates,the stage between vegetative mycelium and pin,to be receptive or not to the pathogen.As we did not detect
any
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
B s 0431R e l a t i v e e x p r e s s i o n (l o g )
B s 0419B s 0085B s 0431B s 0419B s 0085B s 0431B s 0419B s 0085Ref = Bs0437B Ref = Bs0533
Ref = Bs0175
Fig.4Expression of the hspA gene in primordia of three tolerant strains of A.bisporus compared with three susceptible strains successively taken as reference.Values are log-transformed data of expression ratios after normalisation against the housekeeping gene EF1-α.The hspA expression in the susceptible strains Bs0533,Bs0437B and Bs0175was arbitrarily estimated as 1.Significantly different from the reference at *p
<0.001
1.0
0.50.0-0.5-1.0-1.5
R e l a t i v e e x p r e s s i o n (l o g )
B s 0533
B s 0437B
B s 0175
B s 0533
B s 0437B
B s 0175
B s 0431C
B s 0419B
B s 0085A
B s 0431C
B s 0419B
B s 0085A
B s 0533
B s 0437B
B s 0175
B s 0431C
B s 0419B
B s 0085A
Fig.3Relative expression of the hspA gene in A.bisporus strains tolerant and susceptible to L.fungicola .Expression in the vegetative mycelium (a ),in young bubble vs primordium (b )and in young bubble (c ).Values are log-transformed data of expression ratios after
normalisation against the housekeeping gene EF1-α.The expression in the vegetative mycelium (a )and the young bubble (c )of Bs0533was arbitrarily estimated as 1.Significantly different at *p <0.001
pathogen gDNA in A.bisporus mycelial aggregates from cultures infected with L.fungicola conidia,we considered the aggregates a non-receptive tissue.In the present work, we analysed the very early stages of fruiting body morphogenesis because L.fungicola infection before (mycelial aggregate and pin)or during tissue differentiation leads to morphogenesis disruption(North and Wuest1993; Largeteau et al.2007).Bubbles are masses of undifferen-tiated tissue showing no trace of gills.Candidate genes are potentially involved in sporogenesis.A laccase was isolated from gills of Lentinula edodes(Nagai et al.2003). Tyrosinases were identified in gills of a variety of A. bisporus(Fan and Flurkey2004)and are generally associated with the formation of fungal spores(Halaouly et al.2006).Consequently,gills were removed from the sporophores not to take sporogenesis into consideration when comparing the expression of the candidate genes in the sporophore and the bubble.
Based on sequence analyses and gene expression in the vegetative mycelium showing that the lcc1gene is under some regulation whilst the lcc2gene is not,Smith et al. (1998)hypothesised that the two products have different functions and/or that the two genes are controlled by different regulatory circuits.In the present study(Fig.2a), the lcc1gene was up-regulated at the pin stage compared with the mycelial aggregate and then expressed at a comparable level during expansion of cap and stipe tissue in the fruiting body.Conversely,the lcc2and lcc3genes were differentially expressed from the mycelial aggregate to the sporophore stage(Fig.2b–c).Moreover,we observed the up-regulation of the lcc1gene at the onset of fructification(P vs MA),and Ohga et al.(1999)reported the decline in gene(combined lcc1and lcc2)expression in the vegetative mycelium as fruiting bodies develop.These observations suggest a different regulation process in the mycelium and the fruiting body,sustain the hypothesis of Smith et al.(1998)and suggest that it is likely to be the same for the newly identified lcc3gene,which clearly differs from the lcc1and lcc2genes at the nucleic acid level and exhibits a different regulation.This is the first report on the differential expression of laccase genes in A.bisporus fruiting bodies at different stages of development.It was stated that no laccase activity was found in the sporophore, until Savoie et al.(2004)detected activity in the primordi-um,suggesting that laccase might play a role in A.bisporus morphogenesis as observed in Pleurotus florida and L. edodes(Das et al.1997;Zhao and Kwan1999).However, the results showed herein represent only the expression of some A.bisporus laccase genes.The lcc genes are more numerous,as three others were just recently sequenced by our staff(Genbank FJ392313,FJ617019and FJ878811). Moreover,others are potentially present in A.bisporus, considering that17non-allelic laccase genes were identi-fied in the basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea(Kilaru et al. 2006).
The literature provides no information on the regula-tion of A.bisporus tyrosinase genes during sporophore morphogenesis,apart from their higher expression in gills during sporogenesis and mushroom ageing(Jolivet et al. 1998).The vegetative mycelium of A.bisporus hybrid U1, to which the hybrid2100(Bs0533)is genetically related, revealed AbPPO1transcripts whilst AbPPO2transcripts were undetectable with the Northern blot technique (Wichers et al.1995).Interestingly,the AbPPO1gene was constitutively expressed from the mycelial aggregate to the sporophore,whilst the AbPPO2gene displayed a considerable up-regulation in the pin compared with the mycelial aggregate(Fig.2d–e).
Differential expression of hsp70family members during different stages of development has been reported in fungi (Rensing et al.1998;da Silva et al.1999;Georg and Gomes2007)but the control mechanisms that are involved remain unknown.Similarly,the hspA gene was differen-tially expressed during the development of A.bisporus fruiting bodies(Fig.2f).The transcript level increased in the sporophore compared with the primordium,whilst the gene was identified from the EST323found in primordia and not in sporophores(Ospina-Giraldo et al.2000). However,these authors sequenced randomly chosen cDNA clones obtained from very small primordia showing no differentiated tissue(Royse,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c410774496.html,.)and consequently of morphology closer to the pin than to the differentiated primordium analysed in our experiments.
Infection with L.fungicola is manifested in the disruption of the host morphogenesis(North and Wuest 1993;Largeteau et al.2007).Consequently we wondered about the incidence of infection on the regulation of the candidate genes.L.fungicola was detected in the pin (Largeteau et al.2007),not in mycelial aggregates. Therefore,the pin appears to be the first developmental stage to be infected by the pathogen.Healthy and diseased pins exhibited identical morphology,and the presence of L.fungicola in the latter had no incidence on the expression level of the targeted genes but AbPPO2 (Fig.2e).However,the AbPPO2gene displayed lower variations in expression in diseased compared with healthy samples.The five other genes were expressed at a comparable level from the infected pin(DP)to the bubble.In other words,during bubble development,they were expressed at the level detected in the healthy pin (P),which is the undifferentiated stage of the healthy fruiting body.The lcc3,AbPPO2and hspA genes, differentially expressed in healthy and diseased samples at similar stage of development(Fig.2c,e and f),might be associated to morphogenesis disruption occurring after infection.The down-regulation of lcc3and hspA in
mycelial aggregates(DMA vs MA)shows that these genes could be involved in the very early stage of fruiting body differentiation.Further investigations are needed,specifi-cally for the new laccase gene and hspA,not studied before.
Some over-expression of genes in diseased compared with healthy tissue is expected to be an indication of their involvement in A.bisporus reaction to face the pathogen.Tyrosinase is involved in the defence mecha-nisms of plants against insects and micro-organisms (Gelder et al.1997).The down-regulation of AbPPO2in diseased vs healthy pins shows that the gene was not involved here in the initial active defence of the host. Considering that tyrosinase is activated during sporophore senescence(Jolivet et al.1998)and AbPPO2transcript level increases with tissue discolouration in bubbles (unpublished results),the up-regulation in white bubbles compared with sporophores is in favour of a reaction associated to a beginning of senescence.The expression of AbPPO1was modified neither at fruiting body initiation nor during sporophore and bubble development(Fig.2d), which confirmed the status of constitutive gene stated by Soler-Rivas et al.(2001)after inoculation of A.bisporus sporophores with the toxin of Pseudomonas tolaasii.
In order to better understand the putative involvement of the hspA gene in the defence mechanisms of A. bisporus against L.fungicola,its regulation was compared in a set of three susceptible strains and a set of three tolerant strains(Figs.3and4).Perhaps the more important result concerns the very early stage of infection.Tolerant and susceptible strains differed for the percentage of bubbles(Table1)but not for the infection level in bubble tissue.After infection,the ability of A.bisporus to contain the pathogen was similar in the two groups,as young bubbles of tolerant and susceptible strains displayed a similar range of tissue infection level.These observations suggest that susceptibility is related to pathogen recogni-tion and/or penetration at the very early stage of fruiting body development.Otherwise,in the absence of the pathogen,tolerant and susceptible strains differed in the expression of the hspA gene only when the mushroom was at a stage receptive to infection(Figs.3a and4).The hspA products are probably not directly involved in the resistance to the recognition/penetration of L.fungicola in tolerant strains of A.bisporus,but might be labels of higher stress-resistance abilities and of self-protection against their higher pro-oxidant potential observed previ-ously(Savoie and Largeteau,2004).Simple correlations of changes in the expression of the hspA gene with resistance may be serendipitous and must therefore be interpreted cautiously.Nevertheless,the present findings open the way for the investigation of the putative role of hspA in A.bisporus to face L.fungicola.References
Amey RC,Mills PR,Bailey A,Foster GD(2003)Investigating the role of a Verticillium fungicolaβ-1,6-glucanase during infection of Agaricus bisporus using targeted gene disruption.Fungal Genet Biol39:264–275
Calonje M,Garcia Mendoza C,Perez Cabo A,Bernardo D,Novaes-Ledieu M(2000)Interaction between the mycoparasite Verticillium fungicola and the vegetative mycelial phase of Agaricus bisporus.
Mycol Res104:988–992
Da Silva SP,Borges-Walmsley MI,Pereira IS,Soares CMD, Walmsley AR,Felipe MSS(1999)Differential expression of an hsp70gene during transition from the mycelial to the infective yeast form of the human pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.Mol Microbiol31:1039–1050
Das N,Sengupta S,Mukherjee M(1997)Importance of laccase in vegetative growth of Pleurotus florida.Appl Environ Microbiol 63:4120–4122
Eastwood DC,Challen MP,Zhang C,Jenjins H,Henderson J,Burton K (2008)Hairpin-mediated down-regulation of the urea cycle enzyme argininosuccinate lyase in Agaricus bisporus.Mycol Res112:708–716 Fan Y,Flurkey WH(2004)Purification and characterization of tyrosinase from gill tissue of Portobella mushrooms.Phytochem-istry65:671–678
Gelder CWG,van Flurkey WH,Wichers HJ(1997)Sequence and structural features of plant and fungal tyrosinases.Phytochemis-try45:1309–1323
Georg RC,Gomes SL(2007)Comparative expression analysis of members of the Hsp70family in the chytridiomycete Blastocla-diella emersonii.Gene386:24–34
Halaouly S,Asther M,Sigoillot JC,Hamdi M,Lomascolo A(2006) Fungal tyrosinase:new prospects in molecular characteristics, bioengineering and biotechnological applications.J Appl Micro-biol100:219–232
Hammond JBW,Nichols R(1976)Carbohydrate metabolism in Agaricus bisporus(Lange)Sing.:changes in soluble carbohydrates during growth of mycelium and sporophore.J Gen Microbiol93:309–320 Jolivet S,Arpin N,Wichers HJ,Pellon G(1998)Agaricus browning:a review.Mycol Res102:1459–1483
Kilaru S,Hoegger PJ,Kües U(2006)The laccase multi-gene family in Coprinopsis cinerea has seventeen different members that divide into two distinct subfamilies.Curr Genet50:45–60
Largeteau ML,Regnault-Roger C,Savoie J-M(2007)Verticillium disease of Agaricus bisporus:variations in host contribution to the total fungal DNA in relation to symptom heterogeneity.Eur J Plant Pathol118:155–164
Nagai M,Kawata M,Watanabe H,Ogawa M,Saito K,Takesawa T, Kanda K,Sato T(2003)Important role of fungal intracellular laccase for melanin synthesis:purification and characterization of an intracellular laccase from Lentinula edodes fruit bodies.
Microbiology149:2455–2462
North LH,Wuest PJ(1993)The infection process and symptom expression of Verticillium disease of Agaricus bisporus.Can J Plant Pathol15:74–80
Ohga S,Smith M,Thurston CF,Wood DA(1999)Transcriptional regulation of laccase and cellulose genes in the mycelium of Agaricus bisporus during fruit body development on a solid substrate.Mycol Res103:1557–1560
Ospina-Giraldo MD,Collopy PD,Romaine CP,Royse DJ(2000) Classification of sequences expressed during the primordial and basidiome stages of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus.
Fungal Genet Biol29:81–94
Perry CR,Smith M,Britnell CH,Wood DA,Thurston CF(1993) Identification of two laccase genes in the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus.J Gen Microbiol139:1209–1218
Pfaffl MW(2001)A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR.Nucleic Acids Res29: 2002–2007
Pfaffl MW,Horgan GW,Dempfle L(2002)Relative expression software tool(REST?)for group-wise comparison and statistical analysis of relative expression results in real-time PCR.Nucleic Acids Res30:E36–E36
Rast DM,Baumgartner D,Mayer C,Hollenstein GO(2003)Cell wall-associated enzymes in fungi.Phytochemistry64:339–366 Ratcliffe B,Flurkey WH,Kuglin J,Dawley R(1994)Tyrosinase, laccase,and peroxydases in mushrooms(Agaricus,crimini, oyster and shiitake).J Food Sci59:824–827
Rensing L,Monnerjahn C,Meyer U(1998)Differential stress gene expression during the development of Neurospora crassa and other fungi.FEMS Microbiol Lett168:159–166
Savoie J-M,Mata G(1999)The antagonistic action of Trichoderma sp.hyphae to Lentinula edodes hyphae changes lignocellulolytic activities during cultivation in wheat straw.World J Microbiol Technol15:369–373
Savoie J-M,Largeteau ML(2004)Hydrogen peroxide concentrations detected in Agaricus bisporus sporocarps and relation with their susceptibility to the pathogen Verticillium fungicola.FEMS Microbiol Lett237:311–315
Savoie J-M,Mata G,Billette C(1998)Extracellular laccase production during hyphal interactions between Trichoderma sp.
and Shiitake,Lentinula edodes.Appl Microbiol Biot49:589–593 Savoie J-M,Juarez del Carmen S,Billette C,Largeteau ML(2004) Oxidative processes in Agaricus bisporus dry bubbles.Mush Sci 16:527–535
Savoie J-M,Minvielle N,Largeteau ML(2008)Radical scavenging properties of extracts from the white button mushroom,Agaricus bisporus.J Sci Food Agric88:970–975
Score AJ,Palfreyman JW,White NA(1997)Extracellular phenoloxydase and peroxydase enzyme production during interspecific fungal interactions.Int Biodeterioration Biodegradation39:225–233 Smith M,Shnyreva A,Wood DA,Thurston CF(1998)Tandem organization and highly disparate expression of the two laccase genes lcc1and lcc2in the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus.Microbiology144:1063–1069Soler-Rivas C,M?ller AC,Arpin N,Olivier J-M,Wichers HJ(2001) Induction of a tyrosinase mRNA in Agaricus bisporus upon treatment with a tolaasin preparation from Pseudomonas tolaasii.
Physiol Mol Plant Pathol58:95–99
Sreenivasaprasad S,Krishnamurthy V,Lewis SMJ,Burton KS(2000) Molecular approaches to identify morphogenes in Agaricus bisporus.Mush Sci15:129–136
Sreenivasaprasad S,Browning N,Molloy S,Fleming-Archibald C, Vitel M,Burton KS(2004)Genes associated with mushroom morphogenesis.Mush Sci16:125–137
Thomas J,Sergeant M,Costa A,Collopy P,Bailey A,Foster G,Mills P,Challen M(2007)Molecular characterisation of the interaction between Agaricus bisporus and its mycopathogen Verticillium fungicola.Mush Sci17:123–130
Velasquez-Cedeno MA,Farnet AM,Ferre E,Savoie J-M(2004) Variations of lignocellulosic activities in dual cultures of Pleurotus ostreatus and Trichoderma longibrachiatum on unsterilized wheat straw.Mycologia96:712–719
Wichers HJ,van den Bosch T,Gerritsen YAM,Oyevaar JI,Ebbelaar MCEM,Recourt K(1995)Enzymology and molecular biology of Agaricus bisporus tyrosinase.Mush Sci14:723–727 Wichers HJ,Recourt K,Hendricks M,Ebbelaar CEM,Biancone G, Hoeberichts FA,Mooibroek H,Soler-Rivas C(2003)Cloning, expression and characterisation of two tyrosinase cDNAs from Agaricus bisporus.Appl Microbiol Biot61:336–341
Wirth D,Christians ES,Drion PV,Dessy-Doize C,Gustin P(2003) Les protéines de choc thermique(heat shock proteins-Hsps).II.
Hsp70:biomarqueur et acteur du stress cellulaire.Ann Méd Vét 147:127–144
Xiao YZ,Chen Q,Hang J,Shi YY,Xiao YZ,Wu J,Hong YZ,Wang YP(2004)Selective induction,purification and characterization of a laccase isozyme from the basidiomycete Trametes sp.
AH28–2.Mycologia96:26–35
Zare R,Gams W(2008)A revision of the Verticillium fungicola species complex and its affinity with the genus Lecanicillium.
Mycol Res112:811–824
Zhao J,Kwan HS(1999)Characterization,molecular cloning,and differential expression analysis of laccase genes from the edible mushroom Lentinula edodes.Appl Environ Microbiol65:4908–4913
急诊护理中健康教育的作用效果分析
急诊护理中健康教育的作用效果分析 摘要：健康教育可以帮助人们加强自我护理，改正不正确的自我护理行为，以降低或消对健康有影响的危险因素。 关键词：健康教育；急诊护理；效果 在医疗水平日益提高的今天，医院在增加医疗设备、提高医疗水平的同时，也应该加入健康教育，这样可以加深医护关系，才能更好的发挥医护人员的智能[1]。 1 急诊护理中健康教育的意义 1.1健康教育对急诊患者及家属的意义急诊科的患者病因极广，病情严重，而且极具有突发性。如车祸、中毒、某些慢性病突发等。此种情况之下，患者如若自身对疾病或相关紧急处理方法不了解，难免会产生绝望、自暴自弃等负面情绪，这会使得病情加重。因此医护在对患者的病症需要做紧急处理，也需要对患者及家属进行心理治疗。急诊护士对其进行健康教育，而健康教育的内容也会满足患者和家属对医疗知识的渴求，有助于医生展开救治工作的同时，患者和家属的积极配合，可以最大限度的调动患者及家属在防病治病方面的能动性。 1.2健康教育对急诊医护的意义急诊科患者病情紧急，患者及家属情绪极其不稳定，容易发生争吵、失控、甚
至会影响医生对疾病的治疗。在第一时间对患者及家属进行健康教育，可以及时稳定患者及家属情绪，可以大大增进医患关系，自然而然的，医护人员的质量会有大幅的提高。 2 急诊护理中健康教育的实施 2.1多样性的健康教育内容健康教育的内容应具有多样性：①对疾病防治的一般卫生知识和健康知识加以宣传；②进行心理卫生教育；③对患者的不良习惯加以纠正； ④医护人员在进行急诊急救时，帮助患者及家属尽量维持镇静的心理状态；⑤根据不同个体、不同疾病选择合适的健康教育内容；⑥通过行为指导和行为矫正来强化患者的防治知识[2]。 2.2急诊护理中健康教育的开展形式①板报、宣传栏、传单等。在医院的黑板、宣传栏中张贴有关于健康教育的卫生、健康知识，在医院分发印有健康卫生知识的传单，以便更多的人员可以更好地接受健康教育。如：一氧化碳中毒人员应将其移至空气流通处；冠心病心绞痛突发立刻使用硝酸甘油片舌下含服等。②开设专门的健康教育咨询窗口。在急诊科开设健康教育窗口，有助于患者及家属第一时间去了解急诊疾病相关信息。如：疾病的病因、症状、必要的化验检查、饮食运动相关注意事项、药物的使用方法、出院指导及日常生活注意事项等[3]。③医生、护理人员进病房直接与患者面对面的开展健康教育，在查房、换液、各项身体
感染科常见疾病护理常规
第六章感染科常见疾病护理常规 一、感染科一般护理常规 【一般护理】 一、.环境护理： 1. 病房环境保持安静整洁通风良好 2. 不同类型传染病要分开收治,并按疾病的传染特点作好消毒隔离 3. 病房配置血压计,听诊器,严禁不同病房交换或混用,定期消毒 4. 病房配置快速手消,每次护理操作前后和离开病房进行手消毒 5. 患者分泌物呕吐物等用含氯消毒液按比例配制浸泡消毒后及时处理 6. 医疗废物分类放置 7. 根据传染病病原体特点及实验室检查要求,正确采集和送检标本 二、休息:急性期卧床休息,症状消失后逐步恢复活动 三、饮食:清淡易消化低脂肪营养饮食 四、心理护理: 开展心理护理,稳定患者情绪,配合治疗 五、健康宣教:详细介绍病房环境,探视制度,对患者进行消毒隔离指导,疾病知识教育 【专科护理】 加强巡视,密切病情变化,根据疾病临床特点,重点观察体温,热型变化及伴随症状:皮肤颜色皮疹黏膜疹的特点:毒血症,菌血症,败血症.脓毒血症及脱水和呼衰的临床表现 【高热护理】 1. 卧床休息 2. 给予高热量高蛋白高维生素易消化饮食 3. 鼓励多引水,出汗多要补充足够的水分 4. 降温,向患者解释发热原因和降温的措施【皮疹护理】 1. 卧床休息 2. 饮食,避免辛辣食物 3. 观察皮疹性质数量部位的变化几伴随症状 4. 皮肤护理,衣服宽松,床单位整洁,保持皮肤的清洁,用温水擦浴,进碱性肥皂,修剪指甲,皮肤瘙痒避免抓挠,结痂让起自行脱落,不可强行撕脱 【腹泻护理】 1. 观察腹泻次数,量,,性状,评估脱水状况 2. 注意血压,脉搏变化,记录出入量,纠正水电解质失横 3. 卧床休息 4. 肛周皮肤护理,1:5000 高锰酸钾溶液坐浴,局部涂擦凡士林油膏 5. 标本采集,选取脓血,黏液部分,及时送检. 【意识障碍护理】 1. 病情观察,判断意识障碍程度,躁动者作好安全防范,昏迷者进行脑科观察瞳孔,角膜反射,匡 上压痛反应 2. 床头抬高,15_30,头偏向一侧 3. 保持呼吸道通畅,给予氧气吸入,有义齿者取下,出现舌后缀者用 舌钳拉出,并用防舌后缀的口咽通气管保持呼吸道通畅 4. 营养支持,留置胃管性鼻饲 5. 预防并发症护理,加强翻身防压疮,保持口腔,会阴的清洁 【隔离护理】
医院健康教育与健康促进工作总结
竭诚为您提供优质文档/双击可除医院健康教育与健康促进工作总结 篇一：20XX年度医院健康教育工作总结 20XX年度健康教育工作总结 在医院党政领导的高度重视下，全院职工齐心协力按照医院健康教育工作要求，以提高医护人员健康教育知识知晓率，健康行为形成率，和患者家属相关知识知晓率为重点积极开展了多种形式的健康教育与健康促进活动，取得了显著成绩。医院开设了健康教育和控烟咨询健康教育，现将我院健康教育工作情况总结汇报如下： 一、健全组织强化制度 我院将健康教育工作列入医院重要议事工程，首先完善院、科、病室三级健康教育，成立了爱国卫生运动委员会，由副院长任组长，总务科长任副组长，防保科、医务科、护理部为委员会成员、科主任护士长是科室健康教育负责人，科室人员负责本科室健康教育工作。医院在控制其他项目经费增长的情况下，竭力保障健康教育经费开支，以完善健康教育配套设施，投入健康教育宣传阵地和健康教育宣传资料，
制定健康教育计划和实施方案、从而保障了医院健康教育工作顺利开展。 二、完善措施狠抓落实 (一)医院制定了健康教育与健康促进工作制度、年度计划实施方案，及奖惩制度。各科室有健康教育、控烟工作计划，并按照计划实施开展良好，每月护理部组织检查健康教育开展情况，按照奖惩制度进行奖罚，进行通报。 （二）完善全院各种指引标示牌、就诊检查流程、检查注意事项方便患者就诊、医院院容院貌和医务人员精神风貌有明显提升。 （三）医院开展各种方式健康教育 1、健康教育宣传栏：门诊健康教育宣传栏由防保科负责，按时更换新宣传知识，本年度合计共12期。开辟医院门诊、绿化 带健康教育小栏、主要介绍健康教育知识，控烟知识，安全知识等。急诊门诊、计免门诊、住院部设立宣传栏小架子，放置健康教育小册子，供患者及家属免费取阅。接诊医生做随诊健康教育，针对病情指导患者检查、用药健康指导或发放健康教育处方。 2、急诊科楼电视屏、门诊大厅电视屏、多媒体等播放健康教育知识。 3、各临床科室采用发放健康教育处方、宣传栏和责任
【CN109851402A】一种利用食用菌菌渣制备的生物有机肥【专利】
(19)中华人民共和国国家知识产权局 (12)发明专利申请 (10)申请公布号 (43)申请公布日 (21)申请号 201910259287.2 (22)申请日 2019.04.02 (71)申请人 苏冰 地址 536000 广西壮族自治区北海市合浦 县廉州镇文蔚坊31号3幢404 (72)发明人 苏冰 (74)专利代理机构 北海市佳旺专利代理事务所 (普通合伙) 45115 代理人 黄建中 (51)Int.Cl. C05F 15/00(2006.01) (54)发明名称 一种利用食用菌菌渣制备的生物有机肥 (57)摘要 本发明公开了一种利用食用菌菌渣制备的 有机肥以及制备方法。包括下述重量份物质：植 物残渣15-25份，动物粪便50-60份，菌种2-3份， 水10-15份，食用菌菌渣15-25份；制备方法包括 下述步骤：一、将植物残渣，动物粪便，水，菌种混 合，堆积发酵30天，每3-5天翻堆一次，保持水分 含量为30-60%；二、将食用菌菌渣，水与菌种混 合，调节水分含量为60%，堆积发酵20天，保持温 度为33-35℃，每2天翻堆一次；三、将步骤一和步 骤二产物混合，再堆积10日，每3天翻堆一次即 得。本发明将食用菌菌渣与传统堆肥材料混合， 提高了有机质在土壤中的转化速度和转化率，提 高了活性腐殖酸的含量，使菌种充分发挥作用， 使得高温期延长，ph符合腐熟堆肥标准，增加堆 肥的氮和钾含量。权利要求书1页 说明书2页CN 109851402 A 2019.06.07 C N 109851402 A
权 利 要 求 书1/1页CN 109851402 A 1.一种利用食用菌菌渣制备的生物有机肥，其特征在于：主要包括下述重量份物质：植物残渣15-25份，动物粪便50-60份，菌种2-3份，水10-15份，食用菌菌渣15-25份；所述植物残渣为甘蔗渣、秸秆、稻草的任意比例混合物；所述动物粪便为鸡粪、鸭粪、猪粪、牛粪的任意比例混合物；所述菌种为枯草芽孢杆菌菌液、地衣芽孢杆菌菌液、胶质芽孢杆菌菌液的任意比例混合物。 2.一种利用食用菌菌渣制备生物有机肥的方法，主要包括下属步骤： 一、将植物残渣，动物粪便，水，菌种混合，搅拌均匀，置于水泥池中避光堆积发酵30天，每3-5天进行一次翻堆，保持水分含量为30-60%； 二、 将食用菌菌渣，水与菌种混合，调节水分含量为60%，堆积发酵20天，保持温度为33-35℃，每2天进行一次翻堆； 三、将步骤一和步骤二得到产物混合均匀，再堆积10日，期间每3天翻堆一次，即得生物有机肥。 2
感染性疾病科健康教育处方大全
感染性疾病科健康教育处方大全 健康教育处方一 病毒性肝炎 病毒性肝炎是由肝炎病毒所致的全身性传染病，主要累及肝脏。目前已明确有6种病毒性肝炎，分别为甲、乙、丙、丁、戊和庚（即A，B，C，D，E，G）型，其中甲型与戊型肝炎主要经消化道传播，乙、丙、丁和庚型肝炎主要经血液或血制品传播。部分乙、丙、丁和庚型肝 炎可转化为慢性肝炎、肝硬化。少数患者可并发肝癌。因此，要及时诊断和治疗病毒性肝炎。诊断主要靠抽血进行检查。 甲型病毒性肝炎 1. 患者必须与家人隔离，隔离期为30天，对密切接触者，应进行医学观察45天。 2. 急性期卧床休息，出院后继续休息1～3个月，以后逐渐恢复工作。工作时以不疲劳为原则，定期复查l～2年。 3. 饮食宜清淡，热量要足够，蛋白质应达到每天每公斤体重l～1.5g，适当补充维生素B族和C，如新鲜蔬菜、豆浆及其他豆制品、水果等。不强调高糖和低脂饮食，恢复期逐渐增加营养丰富和易消化的食物。 4. 避免饮酒、过度劳累。 5. 适当辅以中药治疗。避免服用对肝有损害的药物。 6. 做好集体卫生工作，如食具消毒、水源、饮食、粪便管理等。搞好个人卫生，饭前便后洗手。 乙型、丙型、丁型和庚型病毒性肝炎 1. 及早诊断，早治疗，注意休息（体力与脑力）。 2. 重型肝炎需住院以保证绝对卧床休息，中、轻型肝炎适当休息，可在门诊治疗，至肝功能正常、临床症状消失后，仍需要休息3～6个月。 3. 不吸烟，不饮酒，不过度疲劳。 4. 以清淡饮食为主，进食后舒服为宜；以植物蛋白为主，适当配优质动物蛋白；多食富含维生素食物，如新鲜蔬菜、瓜果，少吃海中蟹、虾及无鳞鱼类；不宜进食过多糖分，以免导致肝性糖尿病。 5. 在医生的指导下，适当以中、西药物治疗，药物不宜过多，避免服用对肝有损害的药物。 6. 生活有规律，心情愉快，恢复期逐渐增加锻炼，如散步、打太极拳、爬山等。
双孢菇栽培技术问答
双孢菇栽培技术问答 1. 双孢菇是一种什么样的食用菌？ 双孢蘑菇，也称蘑菇，洋蘑菇，是世界第一大宗食用菌。双孢菇属草腐菌，中低温型菇类，北方地区稻草、麦草丰富，气候也比较适合双孢菇的生长，具有很大发展潜力。目前，我国栽培的双孢菇以白色品种为主，俗称白蘑菇，来源于法国，其色泽纯白，外观好看，鲜食及加工罐头都很适宜，历来各国栽培甚多，其主要栽培模式为发酵料床栽覆土出菇模式。此外，同属草腐菌的栽培品种还有巴西蘑菇（也称姬松茸）、美国棕蘑菇等，其栽培利用的原料、栽培工艺基本和双孢菇无太多实质差异，可参考双孢菇的这些技术要点进行。 2. 双孢菇正常生长需要哪些营养物质？ 双孢菇是粪生草腐菌，生长发育需要的碳素营养可通过分解纤维素、半纤维素和木质素获得。可以利用的碳源有葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、淀粉、纤维素、半纤维素及木质素等。大分子的碳源如纤维素、半纤维素及木质素等必须依靠其他微生物以及双孢菇菌丝分泌的酶将它们分解为简单的碳水化合物后，才能吸收利用。 所需要的氮素营养主要由发酵腐熟后的牲畜粪便、微生物菌体等来提供。人工栽培时常用的氮源有尿素、铵盐（硫酸铵、碳铵等）、蛋白胨、氨基酸等。这里加的无机化肥在发酵过程中可被微生物吸收、转化为有机氮源。因此，各种农作物秸秆和各类粪肥，甚至化肥，均可做为栽培双孢菇的培养料。 双孢菇生长还需要一定的磷、钾、钙等矿质元素及铁、钼等微量元素。因此在配制培养料时还要按照一定的比例加过磷酸钙等化肥以及石膏、石灰以满足双孢菇生长发育的需要。 3. 双孢菇正常生长发育需要什么样的环境条件？ （1）温度。菌丝生长的最适温度范围为22℃～24℃。25℃以上菌丝虽然生长很快，但纤细无力，且易早衰；32℃以上菌丝发黄，倒伏，以至停止生长。10℃以下，菌丝生长缓慢。子实体形成的最适温度是14℃～16℃。低于12℃子实体生长缓慢；16℃以上，子实体生长快，但柄细长，皮薄，易开伞，质量差，产量低。 （2）湿度。菌丝体生长阶段要求培养料含水量60%～65%，空气相对湿度80%左右。培养料含水量低于50%时，菌丝生长缓慢，绒毛菌丝多而纤细。子实体生长阶段要求培养料含水量65%～70%；覆土含水量保持在18%～20%；菇棚空气相对湿度在85%～90%，超过95%，菌盖易发生各种细菌性病斑；若低于70%，菌盖表面变硬，易空心、白心；低于50%，停止出菇，菇蕾会枯萎死亡。 （3）光照。双孢菇的菌丝体和子实体均不需要光线。子实体在阴暗的环境下长得洁白、肥大；若光线太强，长出的子实体表面硬化，畸形菇多，商品价值差。所以，双孢菇属于不喜光菇类。 （4）空气。双孢菇生长需要有良好的通风条件。菌丝体、子实体阶段都需要充足的新鲜空气。出菇阶段，二氧化碳浓度应控制在0.1%以下，否则子实体菌盖小，菌柄细长，易开伞。 （5）酸碱度。双孢菇菌丝生长的pH值范围是5～8，最适7.0～8.0。进棚前培养料的pH值应调至7.5～8.0；覆土的pH值应在7.5～8。每采完一期菇喷水时适当加点石灰，以保持较高的pH值，可抑制杂菌孳生。 4. 双孢菇常用栽培配方有哪些？ （按100平方米栽培面积计） （1）麦秸（稻草）1500公斤、干牛（马）粪1500公斤、尿素20公斤、豆饼50公斤、过磷酸钙30公斤、石膏粉40公斤、碳酸钙30公斤、硫酸铵15公斤。料的pH值8.0。
伊宁市人民医院急诊科健康教育宣传栏内容
一、预防感冒的方法 1、随气温变化适当增减衣服。出汗时不要马上脱衣服、摘帽，以免受凉伤风。 2、早晨起床后用冷水洗脸，晚上用热水洗脚，每天一次。 3、取红糖或白糖30克，姜末3克开水冲泡，睡前饮用。 4、早晨到室外散步、爬山或打太极拳，以增强体制。 5、两手伸开，双掌相搓30次，并向迎香穴按摩10次。 6、两脚与肩同宽站立，两臂伸直作深呼吸10次。 7、每日早晚用食醋熏房，每次不少于15分钟。 8、每天早晚用淡盐水漱口。 9、经常开窗通风。 二、如何预防食物中毒 俗话说：“病从口入”，预防食物中毒的关键在于把牢饮食关，搞好饮食卫生。1、注意挑选和鉴别食物，不要购买和食用有毒的食物，如：河豚鱼、毒蘑菇、发芽土豆等。 2、烹调食物要彻底加热，做好的熟食要立即食用，储存熟食的温度要低于7℃，经储存的熟食品，食前要彻底加热。 3、避免生食品与熟食品接触，不能用切生食品的刀具、砧板再切熟食品。生、熟食物要分开存放。 4、饭前、便后要洗手。 5、避免昆虫、鼠类和其他动物接触食品。 6、到饭店就餐时要选择有《食品卫生许可证》的餐饮单位，不在无证排档就餐。 7、不要毛蚶、泥蚶、魁蚶、炝蚶等违禁生食水产品。 8、不要到无证摊贩处买食品。不买无商标或无出厂日期、无生产单位、无保质期限等标签的罐头食品和其他包装食品。 9、按照低温冷藏的要求储存食物，控制微生物的繁殖。 10、瓜果、蔬菜生吃时要洗净、消毒。 11、肉类食物要煮熟，防止外熟内生。 12、不随意采捕食用不熟悉、不认识的动物、植物(野蘑菇、野果、野菜等)。 13、不吃腐败变质的食物。
三、呼吸道异物自我急救三法 异物不慎进入呼吸道时，即可产生呼吸困难、阵发性呛咳，严重者可立即呼吸停止、不能说话和不能 咳嗽。这类急症常发生在进食时，老年人由于脑动脉硬化，吞咽反射迟钝，食物块较易误入呼吸道。 这类病人有一种极其特殊的症状和体征，即病人面色苍白、表情恐怖、窘迫，不由自主地用一只手的食指和拇指抓住自己的咽喉部，以表示极其痛苦和求救。此时如周围无人或无人会施救，则应立即进行自救，以免导致病情恶化。 四、人体健康的十条标准是什么？ 1.精力充沛 2.处事乐观 3.睡眠良好 4.建立能力强 5.能抵抗一般疾病 6.保持标准体重 7.眼睛明亮 8.牙齿完整 9.头发油光泽 10.肌肉、皮肤弹性好 五、创建卫生城市有什么意义? 创建卫生城市是市委、市政府践行“三个代表”重要思想，落实科学发展观，坚持以人为本的重要举措。创卫对推动城市基础设施建设，加强城市管理，改变城市面貌，改善人居环境和投资环境，提升城市品位，促进经济发展，提高人民生活水平具有重要意义。 当发现有人一氧化碳中毒后，救助者必须迅速按下列程序时行救助：因一氧化碳的比重比空气略轻，故浮于上层，救助者进入和撤离现场时，如能匍匐行动会更安全。进入室内时严禁携带明火，尤其是开放煤气自杀的情况，室内煤气浓度过高，按响门铃、打开室内电灯产生的电火花均可引起爆炸。 进入室内后，应迅速打开所有通风的门窗，如能发现煤气来源并能迅速排出的则应同时控制，如关闭煤气开关等，但绝不可为此耽误时间，因为救人更重要。 然后迅速将中毒者背出充满一氧化碳的房间，转移到通风保暖处平卧，解开衣领及腰带以利其呼吸及顺畅。同时呼叫救护车，随时准备送往有高压氧舱的医院抢救。 在等待运送车辆的过程中，对于昏迷不醒的患者可将其头部偏向一侧，以防呕吐物误吸入肺内导致窒息。为促其清醒可用针刺或指甲掐其人中穴。若其仍无呼吸则需立即开始口对口人工呼吸。必需注意，对一氧化碳中毒的患者这种人工呼吸的效果远不如医院高压氧仓的治疗。因而对昏迷较深的患者不应立足于就地
食用菌菌渣再利用
食用菌由于其含有高蛋白、低脂肪、低能量、富含矿质元素和维生素,已成为人们日常饮食中不可缺少的一部分。进入80年代后,我国的食用菌发展极为迅速,已成为食用菌超级大国。随着食用菌的发展,食用菌的菌渣即栽培食用菌后的废料也越来越多,我国每年产生的菌渣至少有400万吨,由于大多数栽培人员对菌渣的营养价值不太了解,食用菌的菌渣往往被随地丢弃或燃烧,菌渣中尚含有大量的菌丝体,仍含有丰富的营养物质,霉菌和害虫极易在其中繁衍增殖,一方面造成了资源的极大浪费,另一方面由于霉菌和害虫的生长,势必会增加空气中霉菌孢子和害虫的数量,造成空气污染。1 食用菌菌渣的营养成分 食用菌菌渣的营养成分受多种因素的影响,如栽培原料、菌种、出菇次数等,下表为我们对河南省新乡市郊区采集的菌渣的测定结果。从表中可看出栽培前后培养料的营养成分发生了很大的变化,灰分和磷的含量均有所上升。利用木屑栽培香菇后,菌渣中粗纤维由原来的54.67%下降到21.77%,粗蛋白的含量由1.74%上升到6.8%;利用棉子壳栽培平菇和金针菇后,粗纤维的含量由原来的52.5%分别下降到30.52%和35.08%,粗蛋白由原来的7.35%上升到7.91%和10.21%,菌渣蛋白质的含量接近或高于玉米。 不同菌渣及部分原料的营养成分比较(%) 水分粗蛋白 粗脂肪粗纤维灰分总糖磷 金针菇菌渣353.11 10.21
0.63 35.08 13.4012.020.1349 平菇菌渣347.397.912.0430.526.71521.970.088 香菇菌渣310.877.351.8552.505.52720.960.1280 香菇菌渣3351.586.801.621.7720.1811.860.188木屑9.61 1.741.1554.673.592 2.140.177玉米 9.0 4.0 2.0 1.4 0.25 注:3表示栽培料为棉子壳,33表示栽培料为木屑。 2 食用菌菌渣用作动物饲料 在生物界中,植物是生产者,动物是消费者,人和动 物依靠植物提供营养。随着养殖业的发展,人畜争粮问题日益严重。而食用菌大多为腐生真菌,生活在植物残体或有机质上,分解利用其中的纤维素、半纤维素、木质素和蛋白质等,工农业生产的许多副产品如木屑、酒糟、稻壳、棉子壳、玉米芯、秸秆、牲畜的粪便等都可作为栽 培食用菌的原料;而这些原料不能被人类和其他动物直接利用,往往被大量毁掉,造成了资源的浪费,对环境造成污染引起公害。发展食用菌
2020年食用菌菌糠糖化方法 [食用菌菌糠有效利用途径及前景]
摘要:对菌类栽培后产生的菌糠在其他菌类的栽培,各类农作物栽培,禽畜鱼的饲养等各方面的有效利用途径的研究进行概述,对菌渣的有效利用前景进行展望。关键词:菌糠利用途径前景 随着食用菌产业的不断发展,栽培各种菌类后产生了大量的食用菌菌糠,但对食用菌菌糠能形成有效再利用的很少,往往都是随地丢弃或是焚烧。这样不但造成了资源的浪费,而且由于霉菌和害虫的生长,势必会增加空气中霉菌孢子和害虫的数量,造成严重的环境污染。 近些年资源循环利用的技术的不断发展,使得菌糠成为一种十分可观的有效利用的重要资源,具有较高的利用价值。菌糠不但可以再栽培食用菌,还可以应用于种植业和养殖业等方面,不仅实现了资源的循环利用,还解决了环境问题,更能产生显著的经济效益。本文将从以下几方面对就菌糠的有效利用进行概述,以使更多的菌糠资源能够得到更好的利用。 1、菌糠在食用菌栽培上的应用 1 栽培鸡腿菇 党芳志试验后得出以菌糠和豆杆栽培鸡腿菇较好,且立式栽培优于卧式栽培。刘慧等研究认为（棉籽壳15%、麸皮15%、菌糠40%、园土30%）的菌丝生长浓密、长势旺盛,菌落边缘整齐;菇形粗壮,菇盖、菇柄直径分别比对照增加91%、
84%;肉质紧密,菇质优;子实体产量比对照(棉籽壳85%、麸皮15%)提高175%。生物转化率最高达75%,比对照提高50.8个百分点［1］。 2 栽培平菇 米青山等用草菇菌糠栽培平菇,证明产量有所提高,切实可行[2]。刘军等摸索出了灵芝菌糠栽培平菇的配套技术,第一潮菇转化率达100 %以上,经济效益较好,值得推广。龚振洁等研究表明以木耳菌糠替代部分木屑栽培平菇,木屑55%、菌糠30%、麸皮15%、石膏5%、糖1%、pH值自然、含水量60%的产量最高,为菌糠替代木屑或棉子壳最适宜比例[3]。 3 栽培其他蘑菇 食用菌菌糠栽培其他蘑菇也有报道,有报道用香菇、平菇、金针菇、木耳、灵芝等菌糠种天麻,产量提高。还有报道用菌渣栽培秀珍菇,金福菇,鲍鱼菇;用阿魏菇菌糠栽培姬松茸,也可使其产量有所提高。 2、菌渣在种植业中的应用 1 菌糠肥料 食用菌菌糠中含有丰富的有机物和多种矿质元素。据测定分析:有机物含量
食用菌菌渣回收再利用处置方案
食用菌菌渣回收再利用处置方案 一、基本情况 什邡市食用菌种植量已超过2亿袋(对外2.8亿，地震后种植约1.2亿袋，本方案按2亿袋计算)。每袋体积0.007065立方米(约合0.6kg干渣)。现能再利用项目：黄背木耳废袋(污染袋)种植鲍鱼菇再利用500万袋;直接还田用作果树、花草、蔬菜及其它农作物肥料(主要是零星种植的镇、村)400万袋;农户汽化作燃料100万袋;原引进的肥料厂、木碳加工企业等(专业合作社)在地震中已全部垮塌，无一家恢复。还剩余1.9亿袋菌渣几乎全部成了污染环境、堵塞渠系的祸根。这1.9亿袋约134万立方米(约合11.5万吨干渣)。 据调查了解：这些菌渣堵塞渠系后，每年各级政府、水利部门投入近100余万元资金用于疏通大的河渠，村、组、农民个人还将投入大量人力、物力和财力用于疏淘斗、龙、毛渠，但也只是治标未能治本，疏淘上岸的菌渣仍堆放在渠系岸边继续污染，一下大雨便又冲回渠系一部份，恶性循环，即使如此，岸边又能堆多少呢?另一方面，由于菌渣到处都是，使空气中飘浮着各种杂菌，为菌农的生产造成极大的污染。正常情况下菌包的污染率
应控制在5%以内(工厂化生产的地方达到0.5%--2%),而我市菌农菌包的污染率达40%左右(其中10%以上绝收，20%以上只能收到1两以下)，黄背木耳的产量也由过去每袋4两左右降到现在平均每袋不足3两。 二、回收再利用渠道 而食用菌菌渣在现有条件下，再利用企业也较多且用量较大，仅我市周边的温江、彭州、广汉、绵竹、崇州、都江堰、邛崃、蒲江等地均有较大型的有机肥料厂，年用量超过10万吨，当然也还有一些小型的其它用户。近期已在眉山开工建设大型生物质发电厂，年消耗稻壳等废弃物20万吨，总投资2.38亿，但是企业它是以经济效益为第一的，而菌渣尽管有用，但价值不高，回收成本却较高。企业不可能为了利用菌渣而影响自身的利益，也不愿意来一户一户地收，更不愿意承担一个地方全部收尽的社会责任，若能组织回收起来，他们也愿意使用。过去什邡也引进了一些企业再利用菌渣，也通过利森消化了一部份。但是原引进的肥料厂、木碳厂均有二次污染，有的曾经还引发了不稳定因素。而据湔氐、洛水的同志介绍，利森使用菌渣，所能承担的运输费用就低于将菌渣回收运送到他们企业所发生的实际费用。而市上又没有专门的协调部门和人员，也没有补贴政策。
急诊宣传栏如何做
急诊宣传栏如何做 1.急诊患者病历登记信息告示 为了确保就诊患者的合法权益，请患者或其监护人在医院急诊就诊时务必提供真实、准确信息，确保所提供的姓名、年龄等与患者本人一致，以便医务人员实施合适的诊疗措施。不真实、不准确的信息不但会给诊疗过程带来混乱，也会对患者自己日后查询、调用信息时造成不便和困难，损害患者的权益。为了医患双方合作，共同处理好患者的伤病，请予以支持配合。患者或其监护人提供虚假信息的，承担由此产生的法律后果。 深圳市卫人委 2.温馨提示（置于各诊室门口，红底白字） 挂号后必须到电脑排号处排号后方可就诊！
注射室 4.温馨提示（置于输液区各显要位置） 1）输液最好不要在空腹时进行，禁食者除外。 2）输液滴数请不要自行调节，有疑问请寻找护士。 3）如发现输液不滴，针口处疼痛、肿胀请及时呼叫护士。 4）如发现液体滴空、回血倒流，请不要紧张，由于静脉内有一定压力，空气不会进入体内。 5）拔针后请按压5分钟，观察20分钟再离开。
5.温馨提示（置于输液区出口处） 输液期间请不要离开输液区 6.急诊病人分诊知多少 您可能是第一次来到我们急诊科，也可能是我们的老病友，您可能还到过其他医院的急诊，您是否察觉我们工作流程的一个变化或与其他医院的不同，那就是我们的分诊护士对所有急诊病人都会在看医生之前测量生命体征，也许您会觉得这是多余的，也许您会觉得这很麻烦，或许您还会猜疑医院会变相收费，那么请您阅读以下内容来了解我们的急诊分诊工作。 为什么急诊病人首先必须经过护士分诊？ 当您来到急诊时，您该看哪一专科（内科、外科、皮肤科、妇产科、五官科、儿科等），您在哪个区域就诊（急诊抢救室、诊疗区或相应专科），您是需要马上看医生还是需要等待，分诊护士会根据您的情况做出判断和处理。现代急诊分诊已经不再是简单的“分科诊治”，而是要在最短的时间内判断病人病情的紧急状态，根据病情为病人安排合理的就诊程序，保证重症患者优先得到诊治，所以分诊成为您急诊就诊的第一站。 分诊护士的工作内容有哪些？ 分诊护士会对您进行简单的问诊，包括您的基本信息、目前的病情，还会测量您的生命体征。包括体温、脉搏、呼吸频率、血压。并将这些信息在急诊病历中进行相应的记录。这 项工作大约会占用您5分钟的时间，但他会为您后续的诊疗节省时间。
利用食用菌菌渣生产有机肥料的研究
利用食用菌菌渣生产有机肥料的研究 孙建华,袁 玲,张 翼 (西南大学资源环境学院,重庆 400716) 摘 要:无害化处理食用菌菌渣生产优质有机肥的试验研究表明,接种高温纤维菌可使堆内温度迅速上升至 45℃以上,并可持续18～20d 。经过45d 堆制,接种菌剂的处理除水分含量外,总养分和有机质含量、pH 值和 外观形状等技术指标均达到有机肥料的标准(NY 525-2002)。从发酵温度,持续时间,有机肥的养分含量和外观形态等方面看,接种高温纤维菌加猪粪处理食用菌菌渣的腐熟效果最好,可用于食用菌菌渣的无害化处理和资源化利用。 关键词:食用菌菌渣;高温纤维菌;堆肥 中图分类号:S144 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1673-6257(2008)01-0052-04 收稿日期:2007-04-06 基金项目:“十一五”国家科技支撑计划(2006BAD25B08)。作者简介:孙建华(1979-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为植物营养与环境。袁玲为通讯作者。 食用菌菌渣的主要成分是被食用菌菌丝利用后 的植物残体,极难降解。在川、渝两地生产食用菌的广大农村,河流沿岸,田边地角,房前屋后随处可见食用菌菌渣,所产生的环境污染问题非常突出,如何处理和利用这些有机废弃物迫在眉睫。利用食用菌菌渣生产有机肥料既解决了环境污染问题,又实现了农业资源的再利用。至今,有关方面的研究甚少,快速腐熟食用菌菌渣的有关工艺及相应的条件控制几乎未见报道。研究表明,影响堆肥的关键因素是微生物种类、原料性质和条件控制[1]。为此,我们利用长期反复筛选获得的优良高温纤维菌,进行了食用菌菌渣的腐熟工艺及条件的研究,为快速无害化处理食用菌菌渣,生产优质有机肥料及农业废弃物的资源化利用提供依据。1 材料与方法 供试的食用菌菌渣含水量63%、有机质58%、 pH 值719、全N 、P 、K 分别为1172%、0197%和2122%。高温纤维菌是从马粪中分离获得的一株分解纤维素的芽孢杆菌(Bacillus ),最高生长温度约65℃,最适生长和最适产酶温度50～55℃。在50℃培养条件下,用50m L 赫奇逊液体培养基培养10d ,6000r ?min -1离心培养液10min ,上清液中的纤维酶活力分别为1017μg ?min -1?m L -1(C MC -Na 酶)、613μg ?min -1?m L -1(微晶纤维素酶)、310μg ? min -1?m L -1(滤纸酶)。将供试菌株在50℃条件下,用赫奇逊液体培养基培养10d ,每100kg 原料拌入1000m L 菌液作为接种处理。 试验设置3个处理,每个处理重复2次。①处理A (对照):菌渣+猪粪;②处理B :菌渣+猪粪+高温纤维菌;③处理C :菌渣+硫酸铵+高温纤维菌;原料C/N 比值3个处理均为20±1。 3个处理均在堆制时加入011%石灰以中和有 机质分解产生的有机酸,在堆沤期前20～25d ,若水分散失过多,在堆肥上喷洒水分,使堆肥水分含量保持在60%～65%。每个处理的堆肥原料重约20kg ,置于1m ×015m ×015m 的聚乙烯保温箱内,保温箱的顶盖上留3个5～6cm 的圆孔,以便适量散失水分和热量。 堆制时间为2006年6月19日到8月19日;堆制期为60d ,适时翻堆。在堆肥前期(0～7d ),每天早、晚8时各测量温度一次,以后每天早8点测量;在0、5、10、15、25、35、60d 时取样测定水分、有机质、全N 、P 、K 含量和pH 值,均采用常规方法测定[2,3]。2 结果与分析211 温度变化 从图1可见,在适宜的C/N 比值、水分和pH 值等条件下,各处理的温度变化曲线均有升温期、高温期、降温期和平稳期。在堆制后48h 时,接种菌剂的处理B 和处理C 进入高温阶段,堆内温度分别上升到48℃和45℃;对照处理A 此时仅 — 25—
急诊科健康教育工作计划
急诊科健康教育工作计划 篇一：急诊科2015 年健康教育工作计划 急诊科2015 年健康教育工作计划 为进一步开展好医院健康教育活动，提高公民健康素养，丰富公众健康知识，做文明人，创文明城市，并根据急诊科的特点与世界健康主题日有机结合，科学性地开展健康教育活动，现拟定计划如下：一、在现有健康教育资料的基础上，新增一些当前世界新发现的流行病种的资料，让公众了解更多的卫生知识。 二、设置健康宣传栏，架上健康教育资料不少于 5 种，并有针对性地更新资料。 1、每季度更新一次，结合当季多发病、当前新发现病种及世界健康主题日有针对性地更新资料。（1）1 月份天
气寒冷，容易感冒，受凉也易使旧病复发或加重，可针对性地摆放防治感冒、慢性支气管炎、冠心病等方面的健康教育资料。 （2）2 月 4 日为“世界抗癌日” ，可对病人口头宣讲健康的生活方式，针对性摆放防治宫颈癌、乳腺癌等疾病的健康教育资料。（3）3 月21 日为“世界睡眠日” ，在当月针对性地摆放资料和进行口头宣教睡眠健康。（4）4 月7 日是“世界卫生日” ，5 月29 日是“世界肠道健康日” ，4 月和5 月也是肠道病的多发季，可重点摆放胃肠炎和腹泻的宣传资料。（5）5 月31 日是“2015 年的第28 个世界无烟日” ，在5 月份和6 月份，重点更新控烟资料。（6）7、8 月天气炎热，做好预防中暑及胃肠道疾病的资料更新。（7）从2000 年开始，9 月被命名为“脑健康月” ，针对脑疾病重点摆放相关健康教育资料。（8）10 月8 日为“高血压日” ，主要更新防治高血压的宣传资料。（9）11 月
14 日为“世界防治糖尿病日” ，主要针对该病更新资料。（10）12 月11 日是“防治哮喘日” ，主要针对该病开展健康教育。三、周一到周五，由大班或者专人针对病种并与世界健康主题日有机结合，面对面发放宣传教育资料，并口头宣讲，作好相关宣传记录，由护士和病人或家属签字。四、针对病种，结合健康主题日，每周利用投影仪进行一次宣教。五、每两月举办一次健康知识讲座，作好记录。六、将控烟宣传工作纳入科室健康教育。 篇二：2015年卫生应急健康教育工作计划 2015年卫生应急健康教育工作计划 ---*****社区卫生服务中心 为深入开展卫生应急健康教育活动，做好应急预案的宣传和解读，普及预防、避险、自救、互救等应急防护知识，增强公众的公共卫生安全意识和社会责任意识，提高公众应对突发公共卫生事件的综合素质，结合我辖区实际，
急诊科常见病病人健康教育
急诊科常见病病人健康教育 一、出血性中风病人的健康教育 概念：出血性中风包括两种：脑出血及蛛网膜下腔出血，脑出血常见原因为高血压，导致蛛网膜下腔出血的常见原因为血管畸形形成的颅内动脉瘤。 1 常见诱因：长期的高血压患者，寒冷季节易发病，而出血后两周为再出血的高峰期，其原因如情绪激动，过悲过喜，用力大便，剧烈咳嗽等，应引起重视并尽量避免。 2 生活照顾：1）住院期间，病人最适宜的体位为半坐位，有利于减少肺部感染的发生，昏迷者应该头偏向一侧防止呕吐物反流吸入呼吸道导致窒息，蛛网膜下腔出血的病人应该绝对卧床一月以利于破裂血管壁的修复及血液的吸收。2）病后如无呕吐或其他胃部不适，可进流食或半流食并可适量加红苕，蔬菜，香蕉。香油等润肠通便食物以保持大便通畅，但忌辛辣，高胆固醇的食物。戒烟酒。3）保持皮肤清洁干燥，每天两次床上擦浴，小便失禁者应及时更换尿布，并保持会阴清洁。4）有瘫痪者应定时翻身，防褥疮，应积极加强功能训练。可在家人帮助下按摩瘫痪肢体及活动各关节，每天1-2次，每天15-20分钟。 3 注意：必须坚持定时服用降压药，防止血压回升，定期监测血压。保持血压稳定。忌情绪激动，剧烈运动等。 二、缺血性中风病人的健康教育 概念：包括脑血栓，脑梗塞以及一过性脑缺血发作。导致脑血栓常见病因是糖尿病和高血压。导致脑栓塞常见病因是风心病，心房纤颤等。 1 生活照顾：1）一般宜采取半坐位（昏迷者除外）以利于预防肺部感染的发生。2）保持情绪稳定，不要过于紧张焦虑，应积极配合医生护士治疗，争取最大程度的功能恢复。3）若伴有糖尿病，高血压，应合理搭配饮食，避免食物中含糖过多，以及胆固醇，脂肪过多的食物如动物内脏，肥肉，动物油等，如伴有心脏病者时则应进食低盐饮食，以免加重心脏负担。 4）保持大便通畅，养成至少3天一次大便的良好习惯，如3天未解便可进食一些润肠通便的食物红苕，蔬菜，香蕉。香油等5）若有肢体瘫痪不能翻身者，则应由别人协助每2小时变换一次体位，防褥疮 2 功能锻炼：脑血管病病后3个月是肢体功能恢复的最佳时刻，因此应该在此期积极进行功能锻炼，方法包括：按摩，捏，揉，并活动瘫痪肌肉关节等，防止肌肉废用性挛缩与关节功能改变 三、高血压病人的健康教育 成人收缩压持续升高21.3Kpa（160mmHg）舒张压持续升高超过12.7Kpa（95mmHg）称为高血压，一般情况下高血压病情进展缓慢，其发生和加重与生活中不良因素有关，若能作好诱因预防，坚持治疗，可有效控制血压，防止血压升高，和心，脑，肾的并发症的发生。 1 常见诱因 1）脑力劳动，长期过度紧张，情绪压抑，心理矛盾，环境因素，不良刺激等可使大脑皮层功能紊乱，失去对血管舒缩中枢的正常调节，形成的血管收缩神经冲动占优势的兴奋灶，引
关于食用菌菌渣利用的研究现状
关于食用菌菌渣利用的研究现状 摘要：食用菌可以使饭菜的味道更加鲜美，而且食用菌里面有丰富的营养物质，因此，食用菌受到人们的喜爱，并成为人们饭桌上重要的一道美食，现在，在我国食用菌产业得到了快速的发展，为此，食用菌菌渣的利用也备受人们的关注，下面主要对食用菌菌渣的营养成分和主要利用价值进行详细的介绍，介绍了食用菌菌渣作为饲料再生产配料及其他方面的利用。 关键词：食用菌菌渣；研究现状；综合利用 食用菌菌渣主要是食用菌在栽培后留下来的产物，也叫培养基废料，现阶段，我国生产的食用菌的量特别的多，根据中国专业人员统计表明，在2009年的时候，我国的食用菌总量已经有2000000000t，占全球的百分之八十以上，总产值已经超过700亿元。由于食用菌的产量越来越多，因此食用菌菌渣也相应的在增加，据有关工作人员计算，如果按食用菌生物学效率平均百分之五十计算的话，2009年中国的食用菌将达到5000000000t，这个数量也许将超出我们的想象，但现在的主要问题是我们应该如何对食用菌菌渣进行环保且有效地处理，这个问题一直没有彻底的得到解决，每年食用菌菌渣被直接抛弃，或直接扔到田地里，这直接影响农
作物的生长，造成农业的有机物白白的浪费，最重要的是，对环境造成严重的污染，个人们的生活带来了严重的影响，也可能会引起病菌繁殖导致很多疾病，给大家带来了很大的不便，也给附近的食用菌企业带来了很大的危害，所以说，目前我国对食用菌的研究还不是很彻底，不能很好地利用食用菌菌渣，食用菌菌渣不能得到充分的利用，因此，我们现在最主要的问题是处理好食用菌菌渣，这是我们目前面类的非常严峻的问题，下面我们主要从食用菌菌渣的主要成分和食用菌菌渣的营养成分价值进行探讨，对现在我们队食用菌菌渣的利用现状和主要存在的问题。 一、食用菌菌渣的研究 1.食用菌菌渣的主要成分。食用菌菌渣主要是食用菌在培养后留下来的产物，也是产后的培养基废料，他的成分和培养料非常的相似，但是由于地方的气候与温度不同，因此他们的主要废料成分也存在着差异，目前我国食用菌栽培的主要地区是：江苏、河南、浙江、东北地区等地区，其中，东北地区主要是以农作物秸秆为主，河南、河北主要以玉米芯等为主要配料，江苏等地区主要以牛粪、稻草为主要配料，栽培的食用菌的配料有很多的菌丝，其中含有很多的纤维素等物质，很难得到分解。 2.食用菌菌渣的营养价值。食用菌栽培过后，会有很多的菌丝体产生，并留在了菌棒上，然后通过酶的分解会产生
医院宣传片文稿
与祖国同行铸汉医辉煌 汉源县人民医院庆祝中华人民共和国成立70周年 暨建院80周年宣传片 相岭邛崃实堪夸,风洞燕山出笋芽。 玉渊龙池朝胜景,鸡冠现在老仙家。 铜壶滴漏通地脉,古城凤舞闹天涯。 流沙大渡沉秋月,日落西山望彩霞。 汉源县，这是一片充满生机的热土，数千年的历史长河里留下了灿烂辉煌的文明与薪火。1949年，敲响那一排铜质的编钟，浑厚而清亮的音符，穿越五千年悠悠岁月，在中国共产党的领导下，迎来了经济腾飞的新局面、改革开放再谱新篇，与祖国同行、铸汉医辉煌。 传统文化孕育，喜结医疗硕果 在巍巍群山下，滔滔渡河环抱之中，矗立着一座正昂首阔步向前迈进的三级乙等综合性院——汉源县人民医院。从建院到现在，80年的风雨兼程，80年的救死扶伤，80年的薪火相传，一代又一代“汉医人”用真挚的情爱呵护着汉源百姓的幸福与安康，她如同冉冉升起的朝阳，绽放出夺目的光彩，散发着无比的荣耀。
汉源县人民医院始建于上世纪30年代末期，从“乐西公路卫生站到汉源县人民医院”（1939年10月2日乐西公路卫生站、1942年，更名为行政院卫生署富林公路卫生站、1943年12月改名行政院卫生署富林卫生院、1950年8月更名雅安专署富林中心卫生院、1952年1月1日更名为雅安专署医院、1954年6月12日改名为“汉源县人民政府卫生院、1956年5月25日，医院更名为汉源县人民医院。AE老资料特效包装）在历史发展的长河中无数次的冲击和破坏，汉医人从未放弃过以解除汉源百姓之疾苦为己任的信念，他们以解决博学仁爱为最大动力，以精医尚德为医院发展的最高荣誉。经过80年的栉风沐雨，从最初的几十名医护人员，单一的诊疗模式，逐步发展成为今天集医疗、科研、教学、预防保健、急救为一体的综合性三级乙等医院，是国家爱婴医院、全县“120”急救中心、医疗指导中心、医疗保险定点机构。（医院编制床位520张，实际开放575张，目前占地面积37809 m2，建筑面积48280.99m2，业务用房38303.19 m2， AE 数据包装）。担负着全县及邻近地区约50万人口的医疗预防保健服务任务，为人民群众提供优质高效的医疗服务，为汉源县卫生事业作出应有的贡献。 以硬件为依托，用环境立形象 建设政府放心人民群众满意的医院，一直是汉医人不懈追求的目标，近年来，医院着力打造一个“硬件设施一流，诊疗环境舒适”的综合医院，先后建成了门诊大楼、内科楼、
食用菌菌康的利用
许昌职业技术学院 专科生毕业论文（设计）论文题目：食用菌菌糠的利用 系部园林园艺系 专业生物技术及应用 班级生物班 学生姓名张浩然 指导教师马广礼 2010年5月9日
目录 摘要 (1) 1.菌糠的饲料价值 (1) 1.1营养价值 (1) 1.2菌糠饲料的安全性问题 (2) 2.菌糠饲料在养殖业中的应用 (2) 2.1营养价值 (2) 2.2喂养家禽饲料 (3) 2.3猪饲料 (3) 2.4鱼饲料 (3) 2.5作蚯蚓饲料 (3) 2.6其它 (3) 3.种植业应用 (4) 3.1菌糠肥料 (4) 4.菌糠饲料在生产使用中应注意的问题 (4) 4.1注意菌糠饲料的品质 (4) 4.2注意菌糠的适宜使用量 (4) 4.3其它注意事项 (5) 5.菌糠饲料开发前景展望 (5)
食用菌菌糠的利用 摘要:农业生产的废弃物主要以秸秆、稻壳、玉米芯等形式存在;利用这些废弃物种植食用菌,既解决环境问题,又促进了农民增收。而食用菌培养料在菌丝生长过程中,随着菌丝酶解作用,秸秆减量化,形成有多种用途的废弃培养料---菌糠。本文综述了食用菌菌糠的利用。 关键词:食用菌;菌糠;再利用 近年来，一些地方规模发展食用菌生产，在一些老产区和规模产区，每年均有大量的废弃原料产生，有的长期堆放在菇场四周任其腐烂，有的则倾倒在水塘、溪沟、河水之中，长期浸泡、四处漂流┄┄这些处理方法不仅造成环境污染，影响以后种菇的产量和质量，而且更重要的是导致病虫害大量蔓延与危害，造成食用菌大量减产甚至绝收。据有关技术资料和专家表明，食用菌废料通过再生加工，大有用武之地。 1.菌糠的饲料价值 1.1营养价值 菌糠的原料基质中或因蛋白质含量较低，或因粗纤维含量过高，导致了其可饲用性能较差，严重制约了动物对营养物质的消化吸收率和适口性，所以通常很少或根本不作为畜禽饲料，但经过多种微生物的发酵作用，纤维素、半纤维素和木质素等均被不同程度的降解，同时还产生多种糖类、有机酸类、多种活性物质，这样不仅增加了原料中有效营养成分的含量，而且提高了营养物质的消化利用率，还增加了菌糠的适口性和作为畜禽饲料的安全性。几种常见菌糠饲料的营养成分见表1 表1 几种菌糠的营养价值 表1 几种菌糠的营养价值 棉子壳菌糠 6.40 20.96 29.21 43.89 17.20 0.28 秸秆菌糠10.20 0.12 9.32 48.00 3.20 2.10 稻草菌糠8.37 0.95 15.84 23.75 1.91 0.33 木屑菌糠 6.73 0.70 19.80 13.81 1.81 0.34 玉米芯菌糠8.00 1.40 14.30 63.50 1.00 0.30 据分析，棉籽壳、稻草等作物的秸秆，经栽培食用菌后，粗蛋白由种菇前