期末英语复习资料

期末英语复习资料

一、单词意思搭配（unit1，3, 4，8, 9 ，10六个单元课本）Unit1：（P4）

1、a subject that people discuss or argue about .issue(问题，议题)

2、A chance to do something .opportunity(机会)

3、The most important and powerful people in a country. establishment(当权派，统治者)

4、An area of land containing all the main buildings of a university. Campus(校园)

5、something such as a meeting or public statement by people who strongly disagree with a policy, law etc. protest(抗议，反对)

6、To start a major activity. launch(发动，发起)

7、chances of success, especially in a job or a career. prospects(胜算，可能性)

8、Work that you are paid regularly to do for a person or company. employment(职业，工作)

9、There were fights between police and protestors outside the US Embassy. clash(冲突)

10、The two parties formed a temporary political arrangement

to respond to the problem. alliance(结盟、联合)

11、I’ve always considered myself as someone who tolerant of other people’s ideas. Liberal(自由，主张变革的人)

12、The chief official of an American state has a lot of power. governor(州)

13、The financial situation of Western European countries rapidly improved in the 1960s. characterize(特征，性格)

14、Mark left college without finishing the course and joined

a rock band. Drop out(辍学)

15、For many people, listening to their music was an experience which made them feel free liberating(令人觉得自由的)

16、For some people, an interest in politics went hand in hand with a strong enthusiasm for music. Passion(强烈的情感) Unit3（p32）

1、The crime of obtaining money from someone by tricking

them. fraud(诈骗)

2、Something done to protect people or things against

possible harm or trouble. Precaution(预防措施)

3、The act of tricking someone by telling them something

that is not true. deception（欺骗）

4、Rubbish such as paper and plastic bags. trash(垃圾)

5、Used in homes, or relating to homes. household(家用

的，家庭)

6、From one evening to the next morning. Overnight(熬夜)

7、It is clearly distressing to be the victim of a crime.

Obviously(明显地)

8、Your computer is at risk when you are connected to the

internet. Online(在线的)

9、You don’t need to switch your computer off, but

remember to sign out of the program when you leave your

desk. Log off（退出）

10、These sorts of crimes are not unusual, they often happen.

Commonplace(普通的，平凡的)

11、He developed a way to create false documents to show

qualifications he didn’t have. forge(伪造，假冒) Unit4（P50）

1、Work that you must do as part of a course of study or

as part of your job. assignment(指派)

2、 A newspaper article in which the editor gives their

opinion on an issue in the news. editorial（编辑，社

评）

3、Income from business activities or taxes. revenue(收

入)

4、To stop doing business or operating permanently. close

down(关闭)

5、 A set of questions that you ask a large number of people

or organizations. Survey(调查)

6、To trust someone or something to do something for you.

Rely on (依靠)

7、Comments about how well or how badly someone is doing

something, which are intended to help them do it better.

feedback(反馈)

8、An office where information is collected, for example

for a news organization. bureau (局)

9、We hope to take control of a large share of the market

in the future. capture

10、The Times is an old and well-known newspaper, dating

back to the 1800s. all the same, sometimes it gets its facts wrong. established

11、Not all the trees used to make newspapers come from

specially managed areas. nevertheless

12、I have complete faith in the editor’s consistent moral

principles.estate

13、 A small-size version of a newspaper is easier to read.

what’s more,it fits easily into a briefcase.moreover

14、Jay is interested in a career in writing for newspapers.

Journalism.

Unit8 (P102)

1、Happening because of a situation that you cannot control

or prevent. enforced (强迫)

2、Something that you do regularly for fun in your free time.

Pastime (娱乐)

3、Extra, and often more than expected. Additional (额外

的)

4、The view from a particular place. Outlook（外观，外

景）

5、To make something bad become worse. Aggravate (加剧，

恶化)

6、Not very important. Trifling (不重要的)

7、Something that changes or removes the bad result of

something. Compensation (抵消，补偿)

8、Involving the use of your hands. Manual (手工的)

9、 A firm strong hold. Grip (抓住)

Unit9 (P116)

1、existing in large number. Numerous (许多的，大量的)

2、 A person, company, or organization that pays someone to

work for them as a member of their staff. employer (雇

主)

3、 A lack of something that you need or want. Shortage(缺

少)

4、To give a performance that people enjoy. Entertain(娱

乐)

5、To feel very worried about something that might happen

or something that is going happen. dread (担心)

6、Something that you can choose in a particular situation.

Option (选择)

7、The part of a person that makes them behave in a

particular way in social situations, for example in a friendly or unfriendly way. Personality (个性)

8、To provide people with everything they want or need,

especially something unusual or special. Cater (承办) Unit10（P130）

1、 A formal word used to introduce a result of a fact which

has just been. Hence (因此)

2、 the process of preventing something from happening or

developing in the correct way. Interference (阻碍，妨碍)

3、 In a very surprising way. Amazing (令人吃惊的)

4、 To put force or physical pressure on something. Exert

（施加）

5、The action of solving a problem or dealing with a disagreement in satisfactory way. Resolution (解决，处理)

6、The relationship between time, space and movement as described in Einstein’s theory. Relativity (相对论)

二、短语（练习册）

Unit1 （P2）

1、The coal miner’s strike brought the economy to its

knees.

2、The company has an alliance with top US companies in

the e-commerce industry.

3、The numbers are arranged in descending order

4、The doctor has told me to keep off cigarettes and

alcohol.

5、Kate and her parent have set up their own printing

business.

6、Many students dropped out because they are not prepared

for our challenging programme.

7、Bad conditions would give rise to a lot of crimes. Unit3 (P21)

1、They suddenly became aware of people looking at them.

2、It’s necessary to log off your computer when leaving

your office.

3、She looked through her notes before the final exam.

4、We can’t count on this warm weather lasting.

5、You simply log on a website and search for the tracks

you want.

6、She was so angry that she was tore up all the letters

he had sent her.

7、Let your eyes focus on objects that are further away from

you.

Unit4（P31）

1、You’ll have to smarten up a bit before going out.

2、The climbers were halfway the mountain when three of

them forget the way and had to turn back.

3、I decided to hold up on the news until my brother was

sure of it.

4、The company has decided to close down its three branches

in Europe.

5、I can use a computer, but when it comes to repairing them

I don’t know a thing.

6、Some teachers suggest that assignments be checked on a

regular basis

7、I won’t have a cigarette, thanks-I’m trying to cut it

down

8、This dishonest businessman started out to sell its

worthless stock and then was penalized.

9、Currently ten of her works are in print and a good number

of others are available in public libraries.

Unit8 (p74)

1、The children were tired out when they arrived

home-they’d had the time of their lives playing in the mud, without their parents there to tell them to keep clean.

2、They plundered the village of everything they could lay

their hands on

3、I haven’t got my photograph album at hand at this moment,

but I’ll show it to you later

4、To our great surprise, he took up writing after

graduation.

5、He tried to insinuate himself into the boss’s favour

6、The discussion continued; at intervals. The speakers

stopped for refreshment.

Unit9 (P85)

1、line up against the wall so that the witness may

recognize the criminal

2、The village was cut off from the outside world by heavy

snow for a month

3、Gathered together, the old, the middle-aged and the

young studied side by side and encouraged each other 4、Our education system must crater for students’needs,

contribute to the country, and adopt an international

outlook.

5、Being ambitious to get ahead socially and financially,

he was very careful of which whom he talked.

6、You’ll have to pay off your old loan before being

allowed a new one

7、Every day after work Richard will go to the stadium and

play this heart out on the basketball court.

8、It is kind of late to begin at this time of the day. So

let’s put it off till tomorrow.

9、To make both ends meet they have to work longer hours,

get up earlier, leave off later, and be doubly careful at their work.

10、I can’t possibly afford that car right now. I have to

save up for it.

11、You didn’t bother me at all. On the contrary, I like

your company.

12、Sorry, I can’t go shopping with you this afternoon. I

have to dash off the essay and hand it in before five pm.

Unit10 (p96)

1、My new boss always looks to lay the finger to blame on

someone when there is a problem instead of concentrating

on working out a solution.

2、That’s what hospitality is all about; making people

feel at home when they’re not.

3、Einstein was the first to show in theory how the energy

of the atom might be released.

4、I attended the “Enhance You Memory” course last year

and passed with flying colors

5、These users have no interest in anything but

accomplishing their goals as quickly and painlessly as

possible.

6、Social desires, expectations, and pressure give rise to

laws, and standards of morality do likewise.

三、单项选择（课外）

四、阅读理解

1、课外阅读。

2、可内阅读理解。（练习册）

Unit1 P8、9， unit3 P28, unit4 P37、38, unit8 P81、82，unit9 P92、93， unit10 P101、102.

五、完形填空（练习册）

Unit1 P9, unit3 P29, unit4 P39, unit8 P83, unit9 P94, unit10 P103.

六、翻译

A、英译汉

Unit1、

1、But there is one thing everyone remembers about the 1960s;

going to college was the most exciting and stimulating

experience of your life.

译：但是20世纪60年代，有一件事情人人都记得，那就是上大学是

一生当中最激动、最刺激的人生经历。

2、The liberals replied that it was the ability to tolerate

noisy, dissident minorities which made universities

great.

译：自由派人士回答说：大学之所以伟大是因为他们有能力容忍喧闹

的唱反调的少数人。

3、These days political, social and creative awakening seems

to happen not because of college, but in spite of it. 译：现在政治、经济和创造意识的觉醒似乎并不是凭借大学的助力而是冲破其阻力而发生的。

4、College has become a means to an end, an opportunity to

increase one’s chances on the employment market, and not an end in itself, which gives you chance to imagine, just for a short while, that you can change the world.

译：大学已经变成实现目的的手段，是在就业市场上增加就业率的一个机会，上大学本身不再是目的，不再是给你提供一个机会让你暂时想象一下你能改变世界。

Unit3

1、The brilliant young master of deception who at different

times impersonated a doctor, a lawyer, and an airplane pilot, forging checks worth more than six million dollars in 26 countries.

译：这个聪明绝顶的年轻的骗术大师，曾在不同的时间扮演医生、律师、飞行员的角色，在26个国家伪造了价值6百万美元以上的支票。

2、He became the youngest man to ever make the FBI’s

most-wanted list for forgery.

译：他成了联邦调查局有史以来伪造罪头号通缉名单上最年轻的通缉犯。

3、We spend many hours and dollars trying to recover our name,

our credit, our money and our lives.

译：我们花费许多的时间和金钱去努力挽回我们的姓名，我们的信用，我们的钱和我们的生活。

4、There is no escaping the fact that right now fraudsters

are finding identity crime all too easy.

译：一个无法回避的事实是，现在的诈骗者觉得身份犯罪简直太容易了。

Unit4

1、The internet provides an easy outlet for anyone with an

opinion, and there’s nothing a newspaper editor likes more for reassurance about their work than feedback and opinions, as diverse as possible.

译：互联网为任何有意见的人提供了一个便利的窗口，报纸编辑最喜欢的莫过于给他们提供各种不同的反馈和意见，他们能从中得到安慰。

2、Teenagers today don’t remember a time when they didn’t

have the internet, and reading a newspaper is something they only do if they have an assignment to write about the specific medium of print journalism.

译：如今青少年已经不记得曾经没有互联网的日子了，只有在写关于印刷新闻这一特定的媒体的作业时，他们才会读报纸。

3、So maybe the newspaper won’t die without a struggle. 译：如此看来报纸不会轻易消失的。

4、Trends for the future of newspaper include an increased

demand for local news, and the continued exploitation of lifestyle journalism, which began in the late 1980s, especially within personal finance and travel, will create new revenue.

译：未来报纸发展的趋势包括对本地新闻的日益增长而始于20世纪80年代后期的对生活方式新闻的持续开发利用-尤其在个人理财和旅游方面，将会创造新的收入。

Unit8

1、Worry is a spasm of the emotion; the mind catches hold of

something and will not let it go.

译：烦恼是感情的发作，此时大脑缠住了某种东西不肯放手。

2、The seeds must be carefully chosen; they must fall on good

ground; they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed.

译：要想在需要的时候可以随手摘取充满生机的果实，种子就必须精挑细选，必须播种在肥沃的土壤里，还必须辛勤的护理。

3、To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at

least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say:” I will take an interest in this or that.”

译：要想真正的快乐真正安全一个至少应有两三种业余爱好，而且必须是实际可行的，到了晚年才开始说：“我会培养对这或对那的兴趣这是没有用的。

4、Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is their

pleasure are those who most need the means of banishing it all intervals from their minds.

译：事实上：把工作当做娱乐的人很可能是最需要每隔一段时间就把工作放下，让头脑放松的人。

Unit9

1、There can be no doubt that this sort of cooperative

approach can help many students develop personal skills which will help improve their prospects in their search for a job.

译：这种合作学习方法能帮助许多学生，培养有助于改善就业前景的个人技能。

2、With courses making heavy demands on students time, as we

have seen, a popular option is to take a gap year before or after university.

译：正如我们所知大学课程需要学生花费大量的时间，一般人会选择腾出上大学前或大学毕业后的一年时间作为间隔年。

3、For students who choose to offer their talents in this way,

one side effect is to gain a wealth of experience to be added to the CV, which will not go unnoticed by future employers.

译：对那些选择在这些方面施展才能的学生而言还有个意外的收获：可以把他们获取的丰富经验写进个人简历里而未来的雇主是不会注意到这些经验的。

4、Volunteering teaches you valuable career skills, but I

don’t think you should be looking to bolster your CV

through volunteering-the main reason you should get involved is because you want to help.

译：志愿者的工作能教给你宝贵的职业技能，但是我认为你不应该只想着通过志愿者工作来给自己简历表增添光彩—你做志愿者的主要原因是因为你想帮助别人。

A、汉译英

Unit1

1、政府采取的一系列措施不但没有化解矛盾，反倒激起更多的暴

力冲突。

译：Instead of resolving contradictions a series of measures taken by the government gave rise to more violent clashes.

2、反对党联合工会发动了一次大罢工，最终导致政府的垮台。译：The opposition formed an alliance with the trade unions and launched a general strike, which ultimately brought about the downfall of the government.

3、如今，大学与现实世界的距离越来越小，学生也变得越来越实

际。

译：Today the gap between the college and the real world is shrinking the students are becoming more and more practical.

4、从前，大学是一个象牙塔，学者追求的是学问本身而不是把学

问作为达到目的手段，但是这样的时代已经一去不复返了。译：Gone are days when the college was an ivory tower in which scholars pursued knowledge as an end rather than a means to an end.

Unit3

1、这些文件很重要内容要绝对保密。

译：These are important documents, the content of which should be kept strictly confidential.

2、你必须把这些重要的文件切碎或撕掉，而不是直接当垃圾扔掉。译：You must shred these important documents or tear up instead of throwing them out with trash.

3、现在伪造支票，身份证和信用卡之类的白领犯罪已变得相当普

遍。

译：Today white-collar crimes such as forging checks. ID cards and credit cards have become very common.

4、网上有大量的机会可以被小偷利用，他们根据你的身份伪造假

身份。

大一英语期末考试试题精选

大一英语期末考试试题精选 又到一个学期的期末了，大家复习好大学英语了吗?为大家精心挑选了一份大学英语第一学期期末试卷，供大家复习使用，希望能够帮助到大家! 大学一年级英语试卷 Part II Reading Comprehension (30 %) Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheetwith a single line through the center. Passage One Science is not a set of unquestionable results but a way of understanding the world around us. Its real work is slow. The scientific method , as many of us learned in school, is a gradual process that begins with a purpose or problem or question to be answered. It includes a list of materials, a procedure to follow, a set of observations to make and, finally, conclusions to reach. In medicine, when a new drug is proposed that might cure or control a disease, it is first tested on a large random group of people, and their reactions are then compared with those of another random group not given the drug. All reactions in both groups are carefully recorded and compared, and the drug is evaluated. All of this takes time and patience. It’s the result of course, that makes the best news—not the years of quiet work that characterize the bulk of scientific inquiry. After an experiment is concluded or an observation is made, the result continues to be examined critically. When it is submitted for publication, it goes to a group of the scientist’s colleagues, w ho review the work. Einstein was right when he said: “No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right, a single experiment can at any time prove me wrong.”

英语期末考试复习资料

英语期末考试----12月26日 （一）题型： 1.听力(10个短对话&2个短篇文章--10个问题) 2.阅读（3篇，其中一篇从第二册快速阅读的1--5单元中出） 3.单词（3，4，6单元A课文课后练习中vocabulary&word-building） 4.完型 5.翻译（3，4，6单元A课文课后练习中汉译英部分；以及3，4，6A课文中一段的段落进行英译汉） （二）单词&短语 1. I firmly believe that this agreement will be for our mutual benefit. 我坚决相信这份协议有利于我们的共同利益。 1.People have bought these houses under the illusion that their value would just keep on rise. 人们买房子是基于它们会增值这种幻象。 2.The project has been canceled by the local government for lack of public resources. 由于缺乏公共资源，当地政府取消了这个项目。 3.The clerk must have overlooked your name, because he said you were not here. 书记员一定是漏掉了你的名字，因为他说你不在这。 4.The speaker said something about the actors and then proceeded to talk

about the film. 发言人说了一些演员的事情，然后继续介绍电影。 5.Differences of opinion are often the most difficult problem to resolve. 如何处理各种不同的意见是最难解决的问题。 6.When he looked for a job, John strongly felt that there was a widespread prejudice against men over forty. 在找工作的过程中，约翰强烈的感觉到针对年过四十的男性的那种歧视。 7.Children should be encouraged to reach a compromise between what they want and what others want. 应该鼓励孩子们在他们自己和他人的所想所愿中找到折中点。 8.The discovery seems to confirm that people lived here over 100 years ago. 这个发现印证了此处一百多年前有人居住。 9.The book was first published in 1994 and was subsequently translated into fifteen languages. 这本书首次出版于1994年，而后被译成15种语言。 10.Mind your own business. My affairs have nothing to do with you. 管好你自己吧。我的事与你无关。 11.Having worked in the company for two years, Mr. Smith is now taking care for marketing and public relations. 在公司工作两年后，史密斯先生如今负责市场营销和公共关系。

开放英语3期末测试卷 试题编辑

开放英语3期末测试卷试题编辑：唐绍清、金小燕 姓名: 班级: 学号: 第一部分：英语知识运用（共10小题：每小提2分，满分20分） 此部分共有10个未完成的对话，针对每个对话中未完成的部分有4个选项，请你从阿A, B, C, D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项. 1.--- What would you like to have, meat or fish? --- __________. A. Either will do B. Yes, I like meat C. Yes, I like fish D. No, they are not my favorite 2. --- Must I be home before seven? --- __________. A. No, you needn’t B. No, you mustn’t C. OK D. no, you won’t 3. --- I doubt whether the Chinese Football Team can win the game this time. --- __________. A. Yes, of course B. It’s hard to say C. I like the team D. I don’t believe it 4. --- Oh dear! I’ve just broken a window. --- __________! It can’t be helped. A. Great B. Never mind C. That’s fine D. Not at all 5. --- Thank you ever so much for the book you gave me. ---__________. A. No thanks B. I’m glad you like it C. Yes, it is good D. No, it’s not so good 6. --- Look at the rainbow! What a view! ---___________！ A. Yes. What beautiful it is B. Yes. How beautiful it is C. Yes. What a beautiful it is D. yes. How a beautiful it is 7. --- Linda, can you give me a lift after work? --- ___________. A. It’s very king of you to do so B. Thank you for your offer C. Never mind. I’ll go shopping D. No problem. We go the same direction 8. --- Who has done your hair, Susan? ---___________. A. My hair has been done B. The hair stylist C. My hairstyle is cool D. Before another one 9. --- Don’t take too long at the coffee shop. I t’s14.15 ----___________. A. I’ll think your advice over B. I see. We have 30 minutes left C. That’s no problem D. I’m afraid so 10. --- Ami, I want this report typed today. --- __________. A. It’s be ready in the afternoon, sir B. I’d like you to help me C. I know nothing about the report D. Leave it to tomorrow 第二部分：阅读理解（共20小题：每小题2分，满份40分） 此部分共有4篇短文，每篇短文后有5个问题，每个问题后有4个选项，请你从A,B,C,D 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 Passage 1 Mrs. Brown had a small garden behind her house, and in the spring she planted some vegetables in it. She looked after them carefully, and when the summer came, they looked very nice. One evening Mrs. Brown looked at her vegetables and said, “Tomorrow I am going to pick them, and then we can eat them.” But early the next morning, her son ran into the kitchen and shouted, “Mother, mother! Come quickly! Our neighbor’s ducks are in the garden and they are eating our vegetables.” Mrs. Brown ran out, but it was too late! All the vegetables were finished! Mrs. Brown cried, and her neighbor was very sorry, but that was the end of the vegetables! Then a few days before Christmas, the neighbor brought Mrs. Brown a parcel. In it was a beautiful, fat duck, and on it was a piece of paper with the words, “Enjoy your vegetables!”

研究生英语期末考试试卷

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The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was. “There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institu te for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events. Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development. A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels. Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce. The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies. “The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined. American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs. 6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows? A. Self-contradictory B. Prejudice-free C. Culture-loaded D. Audience-targeted 7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ . A. the patenting of domination shows and movies B. the emergence of new commercial networks C. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-television D. the intense competition coming from the outside 8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________. A. in need of capital B. after a fashion C. on second thoughts D. in the interests of themselves 9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____. A. they lose competitiveness B. they are not market-oriented C. they are too much priced D. they fall short of audience expectations 10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________. A. if they have no access to popular shows B. because their endeavors come to no avail C. since bidding wars are no longer fierce D. as international sales pace slows down Passage Three How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales 1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.

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