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Systemic inflammation and left atrial thrombus in patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation.

Systemic inflammation and left atrial thrombus in patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation.
Systemic inflammation and left atrial thrombus in patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation.

Journal of Cardiology(2010)56,118—124

Original article

Systemic in?ammation and left atrial thrombus in patients with non-rheumatic atrial?brillation

T omoko Maehama(MD)?,Hiroyuki Okura(MD,PhD,FJCC),

Koichiro Imai(MD),Ken Saito(MD),Ryotaro Yamada(MD,PhD),

Terumasa Koyama(MD),Akihiro Hayashida(MD),Yoji Neishi(MD,PhD), Takahiro Kawamoto(MD,PhD),Kiyoshi Yoshida(MD,PhD,FJCC)

Department of Cardiology,Kawasaki Medical School,Matsushima577,Kurashiki,Okayama701-0192,Japan

Received2February2010;received in revised form4March2010;accepted19March2010

Available online13May2010

KEYWORDS

In?ammation;

Atrial?brillation;

Echocardiography;

Thrombus

Summary

Background:There is an apparent link between thrombogenesis and in?ammation.We

hypothesized that systemic in?ammation[as indicated by C-reactive protein(CRP)]would be

related to the presence of left atrial(LA)thrombus in patients with atrial?brillation(AF).T o

test this hypothesis,we evaluated the relationship between CRP and LA thrombus in patients

with non-rheumatic AF.

Methods and results:Between October2004and December2008,190patients with non-

rheumatic AF(122males,age71±10years)who underwent transesophageal echocardiography

(TEE)were enrolled and analyzed.All patients were examined for presence or absence of LA

thrombus by TEE.CRP was measured within1week before the TEE https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c811100488.html, thrombus

was detected in19patients(10%).Hypertension,hypertensive heart disease(HHD),valvular

heart disease,ticlopidine,and CRP were univariate correlates of LA thrombus.By multivariate

analysis,HHD(p<0.01),ticlopidine(p=0.01),and CRP(p=0.03)were independently associated

with LA thrombus.A cut-off CRP value for identifying LA thrombus was0.21mg/dl(sensitivity:

84%,speci?city:60%,positive predictive value:19%,and negative predictive value:97%).

Conclusion:A high CRP is related to LA thrombus in patients with non-rheumatic AF.

?2010Japanese College of Cardiology.Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.All rights reserved.

?Corresponding author.T el.:+81864621111;

fax:+81864644060.

E-mail address:tmaehama@med.kawasaki-m.ac.jp

(T.Maehama).

Introduction

Atrial?brillation(AF)is a common arrhythmia that repre-

sents an independent risk factor for systemic as well as cere-

bral embolism[1].Abnormalities of hemostasis,?brinolysis,

endothelium,and platelet function in AF may increase the

risk of stroke and thromboembolism[2,3].These prothrom-

botic states in addition to left atrial(LA)blood stasis may be

0914-5087/$—see front matter?2010Japanese College of Cardiology.Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.All rights reserved.

doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2010.03.006

In?ammation and left atrial thrombus119

associated with LA thrombus and spontaneous echo contrast (SEC)[3].Transesophageal echocardiography(TEE)has been widely and reliably used to detect LA thrombus and SEC with high accuracy[4—6].On the other hand,there is an apparent link between thrombogenesis and in?ammation[7—10].We hypothesized that systemic in?ammation[as indicated by C-reactive protein(CRP)]would be related to the presence of LA thrombus in patients with AF.T o test this hypothesis,we evaluated the relationship between CRP and LA thrombus in patients with non-rheumatic AF.

Methods

Study patients

The study population was identi?ed from a retrospective database of278consecutive patients with AF who under-went TEE from October2004to December2008.Patients with rheumatic valvular heart diseases(n=13),prosthetic valve after operation of mitral stenosis(n=11),and those in whom only the aorta was observed because of aortic dissec-tion(n=2)were excluded from this study.In29cases with multiple TEE examinations(total88),only the?rst exam-ination was included in this study.Finally,a total of190 patients(122males,68females,mean age71±10years, range36—95years)with AF were enrolled and analyzed. Among these patients,6patients had infective endocardi-tis,3patients had aortic dissection,24patients had recent embolic events that occurred within2weeks(including acute ischemic stroke).

According to the TEE result,the study patients were divided into2groups depending on the presence(n=19)or absence(n=171)of LA thrombus.In patients with LA throm-bus,10patients had recent embolic events that occurred within2weeks(including acute ischemic stroke).

In addition,patients treated with warfarin therapy[the target prothrombin time-international normalized ratio(PT-INR)value of between2.0and3.0for patients aged<70 years or PT-INR value of between1.6and2.6for patients aged≥70years][11,12]for more than3weeks at the time of TEE(n=73,38.4%)were also divided into2groups,with (n=8,11.0%)and without(n=65,89.0%)LA thrombus. Transthoracic echocardiography(TTE)

All echocardiographic examinations were performed by using Sonos7500(Philips Ultrasound,Bothell,WA,USA)with an S3probe.All subjects underwent a standard transthoracic 2dimensional(2D)and Doppler echocardiographic examina-tions.In addition to routine conventional echocardiographic indices,we measured LA https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c811100488.html, volume was measured by the prolate-ellipsoid method,LA volume was calculated as reported previously[13—15].

Transesophageal echocardiography

A T6H probe was used for2D TEE images by using Sonos7500 (Philips Ultrasound).In TEE,the following features were speci?cally assessed:(1)presence or absence of thrombus in the LA or LA appendage(LAA);(2)presence or absence of SEC within the LA or LAA;(3)peak emptying velocity of the LAA;(4)presence or absence of signi?cant(≥moderate) mitral regurgitation(MR).

Thrombus were de?ned as highly echogenic masses adja-cent to the endocardial surface and clearly differentiated from normal structures such as the pectinate muscles.SEC was de?ned as slowly swirling,smoke-like echoes inside the LA or LAA.Gain was continuously adjusted to ensure good visualization and to avoid noise artifacts.The LAA peak emp-tying velocity was obtained by Doppler echocardiography. T wo experienced cardiologists interpreted the TEE blinded to the laboratory data.

Data collection

In each patient,the following information had been col-lected as the initial clinical parameters:gender,age,body mass index(BMI),type of antithrombotic therapy(war-farin,heparin,aspirin,or ticlopidine),coexisting conditions including valvular heart disease which includes signi?cant MR,aortic valve regurgitation and aortic valve steno-sis,ischemic heart disease,hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy,hypertensive heart disease(HHD), congenital heart disease,hypertension,diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia.Lone AF was de?ned as AF occurring in the absence of structural heart disease and hypertension under the age of65years.

Blood samples

Blood samples were taken within1week before the TEE examination.In our hospital,laboratory data including CRP were measured routinely before TEE examination.The serum CRP was measured by latex nephelometry(LT Auto Wako CRP,Osaka,Japan).We used latex as the reagent and Hitachi7500analyzer(Hitachi,T okyo,Japan)as the mea-surement system.The lowest detection CRP limit of this test was<0.02mg/dl.After blood samples were taken,medica-tions including anticoagulation were not changed until TEE examination was performed.

Statistical analysis

Data are expressed as mean value±SD or as median value with interquartile range.Differences in clinical features and plasma markers between patients with and without LA thrombus were evaluated with an unpaired Student t-test for normally distributed continuous variables,Mann—Whitney U-test for nonparametrically distributed continuous vari-ables,and chi-square tests for categorical variables.Factors signi?cantly associated with LA thrombus on univariate analysis(p<0.05)were entered into a stepwise logistic regression analysis to determine independent associates of LA thrombus.Statistical analyses were done with StatView 5.0software(SAS Institute,Cary,NC,USA).A p-value of <0.05was considered statistically signi?cant.Inter-and intra-observer agreements for the detection of LA throm-bus was assessed by using kappa statistics.A kappa index above0.8was considered to indicate very good agree-ment.

120

T .Maehama et al.

Table 1

Clinical characteristics and research indices in patients with and without left atrial (LA)thrombus.

LA thrombus (?)

LA thrombus (+)p N

171

19

Age (years)70.9±9.875.4±10.10.06Male (%)

63.7

68.4

0.69Body mass index (kg/m 2)22.8±3.522.5±3.20.68Smoker (%)

36.834.50.84Diabetes mellitus (%)22.242.10.09Hypertension (%)62.089.50.02Hyperlipidemia (%)22.242.10.09ACEI/ARB (%)

33.947.40.24Warfarin (≥21days)(%)9.411.00.73Aspirin (%)22.836.80.26Ticlopidine (%) 3.521.10.01Statin (%)

18.131.60.22Ischemic heart disease (%)10.515.80.45Dilated cardiomyopathy (%)

2.30.0 1.00Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (%) 6.4 5.3 1.00Hypertensive heart disease (%)16.46

3.2<0.01Congenital heart disease (%) 3.50.0 1.00Valvular heart disease (%)45.021.10.04Lone atrial ?brillation (%) 2.9

0.0

1.00White blood cells (/?l)6225±21957824±40410.05Red blood cells (×104/?l)417±622447±750.05Hematocrit (%)39.8±7.541.9±5.80.08Platelet (×104/?l)20.0±5.620.1±6.10.72PT-INR 1.7±0.8 1.7±0.60.46APTT (s)

36.2±14.734.8±12.30.64Creatinine (mg/dl)

0.93±0.50

0.98±0.27

0.11C-reactive protein (mg/dl)0.13(0.05—0.72)0.90(0.33—2.72)<0.01T otal-cholesterol (mg/dl)182.4±42.0196.6±59.20.65Triglycerides (mg/dl)105.7±60.5104.9±67.30.57LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)109.5±33.5117.9±50.30.52HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)

48.6±15.8

49.2±16.3

0.95

Values are mean ±SD,median (interquartile range),or percentage.ACEI,angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors;ARB,angiotensin

II receptor blocker;PT-INR,prothrombin time-international normalized;APTT ,activated partial thromboplastin time;LDL,low density lipoprotein;HDL,high density lipoprotein.

Results

LA thrombus was detected in 19of 190patients (10%).T able 1summarizes the clinical characteristics of patients with and without LA thrombus.There were signi?cant dif-ferences in HT ,ticlopidine,HHD,valvular heart disease,and CRP between the 2groups.Duration and intensity [PT-INR and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)]of anticoagulation therapy were not different between the 2groups.

Fig.1shows a box plot of CRP in patients with and without LA thrombus.CRP in patients with LA thrombus was signif-icantly higher than in patients without LA thrombus [0.90(0.33—2.72)vs.0.13(0.05—0.72)mg/dl,p <0.01].

T able 2shows the TTE and TEE ?ndings.There were signif-icant differences in LA dimension,intraventricular septum,and posterior wall thickness between the 2groups.In addi-tion,in patients with LA thrombus,the LAA velocity was signi?cantly lower and signi?cant MR was less frequently observed than in patients without LA thrombus.In this study ,SEC was found in all patients with LA thrombus.The kappa statistic for inter-and intra-observer agreements for LA thrombus by TEE were 0.94and 1.00,respectively .

By multivariate analysis,HHD (p <0.01),ticlopidine (p =0.01),and CRP (p =0.03)were independent clinical pre-

dictors of LA thrombus (T able 3).According to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC)analysis,a cut-off CRP value for identifying LA thrombus was 0.21mg/dl (sensitivity:84%,speci?city:60%,positive predictive value:19%,and negative predictive value:97%)(Fig.2).

Figure 1Comparison of C-reactive protein (CRP)between patients with and without left atrial (LA)thrombus.

In?ammation and left atrial thrombus

121

Table 2

Findings on transthoracic echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography .

LA thrombus (?)

LA thrombus (+)p

TTE ?ndings

LA dimension (cm) 4.5±0.8 4.8±0.90.04LA volume (ml)70.7±58.170.9±36.70.53E prime (cm/s)

7.0±2.5 6.8±1.10.58Intra ventricular septum (cm) 1.1±0.2 1.4±0.4<0.01Posterior wall (cm) 1.1±0.2 1.3±0.3<0.01L VDd (cm) 4.7±0.8 4.6±0.90.63L VDs (cm)

3.2±0.9 3.1±1.20.39Ejection fraction (%)57.4±12.25

4.2±1

5.40.56TEE ?ndings

Spontaneous echo contrast (%)26.9

100.0

<0.01LAA velocity (cm/s)36.7±21.018.3±5.9<0.01Signi?cant MR (%)

33.7

10.5

0.04

LA,left atrium;TEE,

transesophageal echocardiography;TTE,transthoracic echocardiography;L VDd,left ventricular diastolic dimension;L VDs,left ventricular systolic dimension;LAA,left atrial appendage;MR,mitral regurgitation.

Table 3Multivariate analysis of characteristics and C-reactive protein levels.

Odds ratio (95%CI)

p Hypertensive heart disease 7.855(2.513—24.554)<0.01C-reactive protein 1.215(1.025—1.439)0.025Ticlopidine

7.214(1.537—33.869)0.012Signi?cant mitral regurgitation 0.605(0.063—5.822)0.663Valvular heart disease 0.667(0.107—4.164)

0.664

Among the patients who were receiving warfarin therapy at the time of TEE (n =77),CRP was also signi?cantly higher in patients with LA thrombus [n =8,0.98(0.67—1.45)vs.0.11(0.04—0.36)mg/dl,

p <0.01](Fig.3)despite similar INR val-ues between the two groups (2.02±0.71vs.2.09±0.78,

Figure 2Receiver operating characteristics curve to deter-mine the cut-off value of C-reactive protein for left atrial thrombus detection by transesophageal echocardiography .

p =0.92).Optimal anticoagulation (de?ned as PT-INR value of between 2.0and 3.0for patients aged <70years or PT-INR value of between 1.6and 2.6for patients aged ≥70years)[11,12]was not achieved in 19patients (25%),3(16%)in patients with LA thrombus and 16(9%)in patients without LA thrombus.

According to the ROC analysis,a cut-off CRP value for identifying LA thrombus in patients receiving warfarin therapy was 0.62mg/dl (sensitivity:88%,speci?city:81%,

Figure 3Comparison of C-reactive protein (CRP)between warfarin-treated patients with and without left atrial (LA)thrombus.

122T.Maehama et al.

positive predictive value:35%,and negative predictive value:98%).

On the other hand,among the patients who were receiv-ing heparin therapy(n=70,36.8%),LA thrombus was found in10patients.CRP showed a trend toward being higher in patients with LA thrombus than those without[0.78 (0.26—4.81)vs.0.17(0.08—0.53)mg/dl,p=0.03]despite similar APTT values between the two groups(38.4±14.7 vs.38.0±15.6s,p=0.82).

Repeated TEE examinations were performed in10of19 patients(53%)with LA https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c811100488.html, thrombus resolved in 4patients,whereas LA thrombus persisted in the remain-ing6patients.The baseline CRP at the time of the?rst TEE was comparable between patients whose LA thrombus disappeared and remained.During follow-up,CRP showed

a trend toward decrease in both groups[resolved group:

0.47(0.15—1.06)to0.20(0.04—0.36)mg/dl,p=0.28,per-sisted group:1.24(0.61—4.26)to0.77(0.25—1.24)mg/dl, p=0.25].On the other hand,PT-INR signi?cantly increased in patients with resolved LA thrombus(1.51±0.34vs.

2.63±0.80,p=0.03),but not in patients with persistent LA thrombus(1.92±0.80vs.2.26±0.73,p=0.48).

T wenty-nine(15%)of190patients had evidence of in?am-matory diseases that could explain a higher CRP.Fourteen patients had infectious diseases(infective endocarditis, pneumonia,sepsis,and infectious arthritis)and15patients had other systemic in?ammatory diseases(rheumatoid arthritis,hyperthyroidism,aortitis,glomerulonephritis,car-cinoma,and appendicitis).After excluding these patients, CRP was still signi?cantly higher in patients with LA throm-bus than in patients without LA thrombus[0.65(0.26—1.12) vs.0.12(0.04—0.42)mg/dl,p<0.01].

Discussion

T o the best of our knowledge,this is the?rst study demon-strating the relationship between systemic in?ammation and LA thrombus in patients with non-rheumatic AF.The predilection of LA thrombus formation in AF patients has long been known.However,the pathogenesis of auricular thrombosis has not been entirely speci?ed yet.Virchow identi?ed a triad of components implicated in the process of thrombosis[16]:abnormal conditions of blood?ow, vessel wall damage,and abnormal blood constituents.In AF,there are variable relations to these three compo-nents:(1)LAA velocity;(2)atrial endothelial cells;and (3)prothrombotic state.Previous studies have suggested an association between decreased blood?ow in the LAA as demonstrated by reduced LAA?ow velocities and the loss of atrial contraction in AF[17,18].Also,the presence of SEC was related to reduced blood?ow velocity in the LAA[19]and could be an independent predictor of LA thrombus[20,21].Furthermore,previous studies have demonstrated that SEC was a predictor of thromboembolic events in future[20,22].The CHADS2[Congestive heart failure,Hypertension,Age,Diabetes,Stroke(Doubled)] score is widely used as a simple and reliable clinical score to identify those with high likelihood of ischemic stroke among patients with AF[23].In fact,HHD was indepen-dently associated with LA thrombus in our present study population.Although previous studies have suggested that LA thrombus was more frequently found in patients with low left ventricular(L V)ejection fraction[24,25],our data did not support these previous reports,possibly because of small sample size.Our study population mainly consisted of patients with preserved L V systolic function and therefore did not show impact of L V systolic function on LA thrombus formation.

In our present study,incidence of signi?cant MR in the LA thrombus group was signi?cantly lower than in patients without LA thrombus,concordant with previous reports.Pre-vious studies suggested that signi?cant MR may be protective against the formation of SEC/LA thrombus[26,27].

A signi?cant difference was present between LA throm-bus and ticlopidine.This was an unlikely?nding that may have been due to chance alone,considering the small num-ber of patients who were on ticlopidine.

Several studies demonstrate that patients with AF show signi?cant increases in plasma?brinogen and D-dimer levels, suggesting the presence of a hypercoagulable or pro-thrombotic state[28—31].In this study,plasma D-dimer level was measured only in70patients(37%)at the time of TEE.Plasma D-dimer levels were signi?cantly higher in patients with LA thrombus than in those without LA throm-bus[2.20(1.20—8.15)vs.0.50(0.50—1.50)?g/ml,p<0.01].

In addition,a previous study has demonstrated that there is a possible link between CRP and deep vein thrombosis [32].Therefore,CRP may play some role in LA throm-bus formation.Furthermore,CRP has been suggested as a biomarker to predict cardiovascular events in apparently healthy subjects as well as patients with coronary artery dis-ease or valvular heart disease[33,34].However,the exact mechanisms by which CRP affects cardiovascular disease are still poorly understood and controversial.

In the present study,we found that elevated CRP was independently associated with the presence of LA thrombus. Our?ndings are consistent with those of previous studies reporting associations between in?ammation and coagula-tion[35,36].It has been reported that CRP promotes platelet adhesion to endothelial cells and emphasize the possible role of CRP in linking in?ammation and thrombosis and provide a potential mechanism for the high incidence of vascular events associated with high CRP level[37].Fur-thermore,a recent report from the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation(SPAF)-III study demonstrated that CRP was positively correlated to stroke risk and related to stroke risk factors and prognosis in880patients with AF[38].Our present results may explain the possible link between stroke risk and systemic in?ammation in patients with AF.

An epidemiological study as well as a large-scale ran-domized trial consistently demonstrated that the incidence of stroke in patients with AF is related to the size of the LA[39,40].Morphologic changes of the LA endocardial mus-cle have also been demonstrated in patients with AF[41]. As mentioned,endothelial cells are known to modulate thrombogenesis[39].Therefore,it is possible that some pro-thrombotic alterations in the endocardium may occur during the process of structural remodeling in the LA wall.Yaron et al.have shown that CRP directly affected the endothelial phenotype promoting thrombosis[37].Therefore,in addi-tion to the impact of the LA enlargement,CRP may modulate LA endothelial function leading to thrombogenic status in patients with AF.

In?ammation and left atrial thrombus123

Acute embolic events may also be related to elevated CRP levels.In this study,24(13%)of190patients had recent embolic events that occurred within2weeks.Among these patients,10had LA thrombus.After excluding these patients with recent embolic events,CRP was still signi?cantly higher in patients with LA thrombus than in patients without LA thrombus[0.90(0.50—1.24)vs.0.13(0.05—0.49)mg/dl, p<0.01].

The ef?cacy of oral anticoagulant therapy in reducing the risk of thromboembolic events has been demonstrated in patients with AF.T o optimize the intensity of anticoagula-tion,as indicated by the INR,a target INR needs to achieve the best balance between the prevention of thromboem-bolic events and the occurrence of bleeding complications [42—44].Interestingly,among our study patients on war-farin,INR value did not differ between patients with and without LA thrombus.In fact,there were some cases with LA thrombus even under an acceptable INR value as recom-mended by guidelines.In addition,there was no correlation between CRP and INR(r=0.16,p=0.73).Therefore,in?am-mation may be related to LA thrombus independent of anticoagulation states.A multicenter,prospective and ran-domized study from Japan demonstrated that low intensity warfarin treatment(INR1.5—2.1)for prevention of stroke recurrence was safer than conventional intensity treatment (INR 2.2—3.5)in the elderly[11].Yasaka et al.demon-strated a sharp rise in the incidence of severe hemorrhage in INR≥2.6and reported that most patients suffering severe hemorrhage were elderly[12].Therefore,an INR value of between1.6and2.6seems optimal to prevent major ischemic or hemorrhagic events in elderly Japanese non-valvular AF patients.However,we found that,some cases, even if they had maintenance of the INR within the range which guidelines recommended,had complicated LA throm-bus.In such cases,CRP levels were signi?cantly higher than in those without LA thrombus.Therefore,presence of in?ammation as evident by high CRP level may also help stratify high-risk patients for LA thrombus formation and possibly stroke and peripheral embolism in non-rheumatic AF.In this study,we identi?ed the cut-off CRP value for identifying LA thrombus as0.21mg/dl.In patients receiv-ing warfarin therapy,the cut-off CRP value was0.62mg/dl. Based on our results,the INR value alone may not be enough to predict LA thrombus formation among patients with high CRP.Although LA thrombus resolved in4of10patients who underwent serial TEE examination,CRP level did not signif-icantly change in these patients.The small sample size and a difference in intensity of anticoagulation possibly explain the lack of relationship between serial changes in CRP and LA thrombus.

Limitations

First,this was a single-center retrospective study per-formed in a relatively small number of patients.Second, antithrombotic therapies were not randomized.The formation of LA thrombus is critically dependent upon anticoagulation status and anticoagulation duration.Third, incidence of LA thrombus in patients with recent embolic events may be underestimated because LA thrombus had already been embolized and thus disappeared.Fourth,although LA thrombus was related to high CRP level,causal relationship between prothrombotic state and in?ammation is unclear.In addition,although we found a cut-off CRP value for identifying LA thrombus,in?ammation is not the only predictor of LA thrombus.Therefore,a cut-off CRP value may not be used for predicting LA thrombus but for excluding LA thrombus.Finally,it is unknown whether our present results can be applicable to all patients with AF. Conclusion

Systemic in?ammation is related to LA thrombus formation in patients with non-rheumatic AF.Our results indicate that presence of systemic in?ammation as evident by high CRP level may help stratify high-risk patients for LA thrombus formation and possibly stroke and peripheral embolism in non-rheumatic AF.

Disclosures

None.

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日常工作中常用函数

AVERAGE函数 主要功能:求出所有参数的算术平均值。 使用格式:AVERAGE(number1,number2,……) 参数说明:number1,number2,……:需要求平均值的数值或引用单元格(区域),参数不超过30个。 应用举例:在B8单元格中输入公式:=AVERAGE(B7:D7,F7:H7,7,8),确认后,即可求出B7至D7区域、F7至H7区域中的数值和7、8的平均值。 特别提醒:如果引用区域中包含“0”值单元格,则计算在内;如果引用区域中包含空白或字符单元格,则不计算在内。 COUNTIF函数 主要功能:统计某个单元格区域中符合指定条件的单元格数目。 使用格式:COUNTIF(Range,Criteria) 参数说明:Range代表要统计的单元格区域;Criteria表示指定的条件表达式。 应用举例:在C17单元格中输入公式:=COUNTIF(B1:B13,">=80"),确认后,即可统计出B1至B13单元格区域中,数值大于等于80的单元格数目。 特别提醒:允许引用的单元格区域中有空白单元格出现 DATEDIF函数 主要功能:计算返回两个日期参数的差值。 使用格式:=DATEDIF(date1,date2,"y")、=DATEDIF(date1,date2,"m")、=DATEDIF(date1,date2,"d") 参数说明:date1代表前面一个日期,date2代表后面一个日期;y(m、d)要求返回两个日期相差的年(月、天)数。

应用举例:在C23单元格中输入公式:=DATEDIF(A23,TODAY(),"y"),确认后返回系统当前日期[用TODAY()表示)与A23单元格中日期的差值,并返回相差的年数。 特别提醒:这是Excel中的一个隐藏函数,在函数向导中是找不到的,可以直接输入使用,对于计算年龄、工龄等非常有效。 IF函数 主要功能:根据对指定条件的逻辑判断的真假结果,返回相对应的内容。 使用格式:=IF(Logical,Value_if_true,Value_if_false) 参数说明:Logical代表逻辑判断表达式;Value_if_true表示当判断条件为逻辑“真(TRUE)”时的显示内容,如果忽略返回“TRUE”;Value_if_false表示当判断条件为逻辑“假(FALSE)”时的显示内容,如果忽略返回“FALSE”。 应用举例:在C29单元格中输入公式:=IF(C26>=18,"符合要求","不符合要求"),确信以后,如果C26单元格中的数值大于或等于18,则C29单元格显示“符合要求”字样,反之显示“不符合要求”字样。 特别提醒:本文中类似“在C29单元格中输入公式”中指定的单元格,读者在使用时,并不需要受其约束,此处只是配合本文所附的实例需要而给出的相应单元格,具体请大家参考所附的实例文件。 INDEX函数 主要功能:返回列表或数组中的元素值,此元素由行序号和列序号的索引值进行确定。 使用格式:INDEX(array,row_num,column_num) 参数说明:Array代表单元格区域或数组常量;Row_num表示指定的行序号

Excel表格中的一些基本函数使用方法

Excel表格中的一些基本函数使用方法 一、输入三个“=”,回车,得到一条双直线; 二、输入三个“~”,回车,得到一条波浪线; 三、输入三个“*”或“-”或“#”,回车,惊喜多多; 在单元格内输入=now()显示日期 在单元格内输入=CHOOSE(WEEKDAY(I3,2),"星期一","星期二","星期三","星期四","星期五","星期六","星期日") 显示星期几 Excel常用函数大全 1、ABS函数 函数名称:ABS 主要功能:求出相应数字的绝对值。 使用格式:ABS(number) 参数说明:number代表需要求绝对值的数值或引用的单元格。 应用举例:如果在B2单元格中输入公式:=ABS(A2),则在A2单元格中无论输入正数(如100)还是负数(如-100),B2中均显示出正数(如100)。 特别提醒:如果number参数不是数值,而是一些字符(如A等),则B2中返回错误值“#VALUE!”。 2、AND函数 函数名称:AND 主要功能:返回逻辑值:如果所有参数值均为逻辑“真(TRUE)”,则返回逻辑“真(TRUE)”,反之返回逻辑“假(FALSE)”。

使用格式:AND(logical1,logical2, ...) 参数说明:Logical1,Logical2,Logical3……:表示待测试的条件值或表达式,最多这30个。 应用举例:在C5单元格输入公式:=AND(A5>=60,B5>=60),确认。如果C5中返回TRUE,说明A5和B5中的数值均大于等于60,如果返回FALSE,说明A5和B5中的数值至少有一个小于60。 特别提醒:如果指定的逻辑条件参数中包含非逻辑值时,则函数返回错误值“#VALUE!”或“#NAME”。 3、AVERAGE函数 函数名称:AVERAGE 主要功能:求出所有参数的算术平均值。 使用格式:AVERAGE(number1,number2,……) 参数说明:number1,number2,……:需要求平均值的数值或引用单元格(区域),参数不超过30个。 应用举例:在B8单元格中输入公式: =AVERAGE(B7:D7,F7:H7,7,8),确认后,即可求出B7至D7区域、F7至H7区域中的数值和7、8的平均值。 特别提醒:如果引用区域中包含“0”值单元格,则计算在内;如果引用区域中包含空白或字符单元格,则不计算在内。 4、COLUMN 函数 函数名称:COLUMN 主要功能:显示所引用单元格的列标号值。

Excel中常用函数及其使用方法简介

目录 一、IF函数——————————————————————————————————2 二、ASC函数—————————————————————————————————4 三、SEARCH函数——————————————————————————————4 四、CONCATENATE函数———————————————————————————4 五、EXACT函数———————————————————————————————5 六、find函数—————————————————————————————————5 七、PROPER函数——————————————————————————————7 八、LEFT函数————————————————————————————————7 九、LOWER函数———————————————————————————————7 十、MID函数————————————————————————————————8 十一、REPT函数———————————————————————————————8 十二、Replace函数——————————————————————————————9 十三、Right函数———————————————————————————————10 十四、UPPER函数——————————————————————————————10 十五、SUBSTITUTE函数———————————————————————————10 十六、VALUE函数——————————————————————————————12 十七、WIDECHAR函数———————————————————————————12 十八、AND函数———————————————————————————————12 十九、NOT函数———————————————————————————————13 二十、OR函数————————————————————————————————13 二十一、COUNT函数—————————————————————————————14 二十二、MAX函数——————————————————————————————15 二十三、MIN函数——————————————————————————————15 二十四、SUMIF函数—————————————————————————————16 二十五、OFFSET函数————————————————————————————17 二十六、ROW函数——————————————————————————————20 二十七、INDEX 函数————————————————————————————21 二十八、LARGE函数—————————————————————————————22 二十九、ADDRESS函数————————————————————————————23 三十、Choose函数——————————————————————————————24 三十一、HLOOKUP函数———————————————————————————24 三十二、VLOOKUP函数———————————————————————————26 三十三、LOOKUP函数————————————————————————————29 三十四、MATCH函数————————————————————————————29 三十五、HYPERLINK函数——————————————————————————30 三十六、ROUND函数————————————————————————————31 三十七、TREND函数—————————————————————————————32

Excel常用函数及使用方法

excel常用函数及使用方法 一、数字处理 (一)取绝对值:=ABS(数字) (二)数字取整:=INT(数字) (三)数字四舍五入:=ROUND(数字,小数位数) 二、判断公式 (一)把公式返回的错误值显示为空: 1、公式:C2=IFERROR(A2/B2,"") 2、说明:如果是错误值则显示为空,否则正常显示。 (二)IF的多条件判断 1、公式:C2=IF(AND(A2<500,B2="未到期"),"补款","") 2、说明:两个条件同时成立用AND,任一个成立用OR函数。 三、统计公式 (一)统计两表重复 1、公式:B2=COUNTIF(Sheet15!A:A,A2) 2、说明:如果返回值大于0说明在另一个表中存在,0则不存在。 (二)统计年龄在30~40之间的员工个数 公式=FREQUENCY(D2:D8,{40,29} (三)统计不重复的总人数 1、公式:C2=SUMPRODUCT(1/COUNTIF(A2:A8,A2:A8)) 2、说明:用COUNTIF统计出每人的出现次数,用1除的方式把出现次数变成分母,然后相加。

(四)按多条件统计平均值 =AVERAGEIFS(D:D,B:B,"财务",C:C,"大专") (五)中国式排名公式 =SUMPRODUCT(($D$4:$D$9>=D4)*(1/COUNTIF(D$4:D$9,D$4:D$9))) 四、求和公式 (一)隔列求和 1、公式:H3=SUMIF($A$2:$G$2,H$2,A3:G3) 或=SUMPRODUCT((MOD(COLUMN(B3:G3),2)=0)*B3:G3) 2、说明:如果标题行没有规则用第2个公式 (二)单条件求和 1、公式:F2=SUMIF(A:A,E2,C:C) 2、说明:SUMIF函数的基本用法 (三)单条件模糊求和 说明:如果需要进行模糊求和,就需要掌握通配符的使用,其中星号是表示任意多个字符,如"*A*"就表示a前和后有任意多个字符,即包含A。 (四)多条求模糊求和 1、公式:=SUMIFS(C2:C7,A2:A7,A11&"*",B2:B7,B11) 2、说明:在sumifs中可以使用通配符* (五)多表相同位置求和 1、公式:=SUM(Sheet1:Sheet19!B2) 2、说明:在表中间删除或添加表后,公式结果会自动更新。

IF函数的使用方法及操作实例

IF函数的使用方法及操作实例 分步阅读 IF函数:假设条件性的函数,即执行真假值的判断,根据逻辑计算的真假值,返回不同的结果。EXCEL中IF函数的使用非常广泛,特别是在单条件判断的时候,用好 IF函数可以帮我们完成很多功能。现结合具体的实例操作,进行说明:方法/步骤 1.一、IF函数的基本应用。 if(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false) IF是条件判断函数:=IF(测试条件,结果1,结果2),即如果满足“测试条件” 则显示“结果1”,如果不满足“测试条件”则显示“结果2”。 例一: 图1中,成绩结果60分以上(含60分)为及格,60分以下为不及格。执行IF 函数如下: 在C2单元格中输入:=IF(B2>=60,“及格”,“不及格”),再把此单元格格式往下拉动,即可。 注意:“及格”,“不及格”的双引号,要在英文输入法情况下输入的引号(" )。 如下图1。

2.二、IF函数的复杂应用。IF 函数条件带复合运算。 例二:股票佣金计算。在股票交易中,经常要考虑成本,而佣金占很大的成本。 佣金怎么计算?佣金:佣金费率最高千分之三,最低5元,不足5元,按5元收取。现在佣金费率以千分之三,运用IF函数进行计算。 图2中,红色单元格为佣金值。佣金 = 成交金额 * 佣金费率0.003 。在红色单元格D7中输入:=IF(D4*B7>=5,D4*B7,5) 就会自动计算佣金费。图 2.1为大于或等于5元时的情况,图2.2为不足5元时的情况,仍会显示5。 如下图2 3. 3 三、IF函数高级嵌套应用。

例三:IF函数嵌套运用。某公司销售提成的计算,销售额大于80万元(含80万),提成按40%计算;销售额为80-60万(含60万),提成按30%计算;销售额小于60万,提成按20%计算。计算方法:在C2单元格输入:=IF(B2>=800000,B2*0.4,IF(AND(B2<800000,B2>=600000),B2*0.3,IF(B2<600000,B2*0.2))) 如下图3。 END 注意事项 IF函数的嵌套,有几层IF条件,后面就有几个反括号。嵌套最多不要超过7层。

Excel常用函数的使用方法

1、ABS函数 函数名称:ABS 主要功能:求出相应数字的绝对值。 使用格式:ABS(number) 参数说明:number代表需要求绝对值的数值或引用的单元格。 应用举例:如果在B2单元格中输入公式:=ABS(A2),则在A2单元格中无论输入正数(如100)还是负数(如-100),B2中均显示出正数(如100)。 特别提醒:如果number参数不是数值,而是一些字符(如A等),则B2中返回错误值“#VALUE!”。 2、AND函数 函数名称:AND 主要功能:返回逻辑值:如果所有参数值均为逻辑“真(TRUE)”,则返回逻辑“真(TRUE)”,反之返回逻辑“假(FALSE)”。 使用格式:AND(logical1,logical2, ...) 参数说明:Logical1,Logical2,Logical3……:表示待测试的条件值或表达式,最多这30个。 应用举例:在C5单元格输入公式:=AND(A5>=60,B5>=60),确认。如果C5中返回TRUE,说明A5和B5中的数值均大于等于60,如果返回FALSE,说明A5和B5中的数值至少有一个小于60。 特别提醒:如果指定的逻辑条件参数中包含非逻辑值时,则函数返回错误值“#VALUE!”或“#NAME”。 3、AVERAGE函数 函数名称:AVERAGE 主要功能:求出所有参数的算术平均值。 使用格式:AVERAGE(number1,number2,……) 参数说明:number1,number2,……:需要求平均值的数值或引用单元格(区域),参数不超过30个。

应用举例:在B8单元格中输入公式:=AVERAGE(B7:D7,F7:H7,7,8),确认后,即可求出B7至D7区域、F7至H7区域中的数值和7、8的平均值。 特别提醒:如果引用区域中包含“0”值单元格,则计算在内;如果引用区域中包含空白或字符单元格,则不计算在内。 4、COLUMN 函数 函数名称:COLUMN 主要功能:显示所引用单元格的列标号值。 使用格式:COLUMN(reference) 参数说明:reference为引用的单元格。 应用举例:在C11单元格中输入公式:=COLUMN(B11),确认后显示为2(即B列)。 特别提醒:如果在B11单元格中输入公式:=COLUMN(),也显示出2;与之相对应的还有一个返回行标号值的函数——ROW(reference)。 5、CONCATENATE函数 函数名称:CONCATENATE 主要功能:将多个字符文本或单元格中的数据连接在一起,显示在一个单元格中。 使用格式:CONCATENATE(Text1,Text……) 参数说明:Text1、Text2……为需要连接的字符文本或引用的单元格。 应用举例:在C14单元格中输入公式:=CONCATENATE(A14,"@",B14,".com"),确认后,即可将A14单元格中字符、@、B14单元格中的字符和.com连接成一个整体,显示在C14单元格中。 特别提醒:如果参数不是引用的单元格,且为文本格式的,请给参数加上英文状态下的双引号,如果将上述公式改为:=A14&"@"&B14&".com",也能达到相同的目的。 6、COUNTIF函数 函数名称:COUNTIF 主要功能:统计某个单元格区域中符合指定条件的单元格数目。 使用格式:COUNTIF(Range,Criteria) 参数说明:Range代表要统计的单元格区域;Criteria表示指定的条件表达式。

EXCEL中常用函数及使用方法

EXCEL中常用函数及使用方法 Excel函数一共有11类:数据库函数、日期与时间函数、工程函数、财务函数、信息函数、逻辑函数、查询和引用函数、数学和三角函数、统计函数、文本函数以及用户自定义函数。 1.数据库函数 当需要分析数据清单中的数值是否符合特定条件时,可以使用数据库工作表函数。例如,在一个包含销售信息的数据清单中,可以计算出所有销售数值大于1,000 且小于2,500 的行或记录的总数。Microsoft Excel 共有12 个工作表函数用于对存储在数据清单或数据库中的数据进行分析,这些函数的统一名称为Dfunctions,也称为D 函数,每个函数均有三个相同的参数:database、field 和criteria。这些参数指向数据库函数所使用的工作表区域。其中参数database 为工作表上包含数据清单的区域。参数field 为需要汇总的列的标志。参数criteria 为工作表上包含指定条件的区域。 2.日期与时间函数 通过日期与时间函数,可以在公式中分析和处理日期值和时间值。 3.工程函数 工程工作表函数用于工程分析。这类函数中的大多数可分为三种类型:对复数进行处理的函数、在不同的数字系统(如十进制系统、十六进制系统、八进制系统和二进制系统)间进行数值转换的函数、在不同的度量系统中进行数值转换的函数。 4.财务函数 财务函数可以进行一般的财务计算,如确定贷款的支付额、投资的未来值或净现值,以及债券或息票的价值。财务函数中常见的参数: 未来值(fv)--在所有付款发生后的投资或贷款的价值。 期间数(nper)--投资的总支付期间数。 付款(pmt)--对于一项投资或贷款的定期支付数额。 现值(pv)--在投资期初的投资或贷款的价值。例如,贷款的现值为所借入的本金数额。 利率(rate)--投资或贷款的利率或贴现率。 类型(type)--付款期间内进行支付的间隔,如在月初或月末。 5.信息函数 可以使用信息工作表函数确定存储在单元格中的数据的类型。信息函数包含一组称为IS 的工作表函数,在单元格满足条件时返回TRUE。例如,如果单元格包含一个偶数值,ISEVEN 工作表函数返回TRUE。如果需要确定某个单元格区域中是否存在空白单元格,可以使用COUNTBLANK 工作表函数对单元格区域中的空白单元格进行计数,或者使用ISBLANK 工作表函数确定区域中的某个单元格是否为空。 6.逻辑函数 使用逻辑函数可以进行真假值判断,或者进行复合检验。例如,可以使用IF 函数确定条件为真还是假,并由此返回不同的数值。

WPS表格常用函数应用教程(经典版)

WPS表格常用函数应用教程 一、函数应用基础 (一)函数和公式 1.什么是函数 WPS表格函数即是预先定义,执行计算、分析等处理数据任务的特殊公式。以常用的求和函数SUM为例,它的语法是“SUM(数值1, 数值2,......)”。其中“SUM”称为函数名称,一个函数只有唯一的一个名称,它决定了函数的功能和用途。函数名称后紧跟左括号,接着是用逗号分隔的称为参数的内容,最后用一个右括号表示函数结束。参数是函数中最复杂的组成部分,它规定了函数的运算对象、顺序或结构等。使得用户可以对某个单元格或区域进行处理,如确定成绩名次、计算三角函数值等。 2.什么是公式 函数与公式既有区别又互相联系。如果说前者是WPS 表格预先定义好的特殊公式,后者就是由用户自行设计对工作表进行计算和处理的公式。以公式“=SUM(E1:H1)*A1+26”为例,它要以等号“=”开始,其内部可以包括函数、引用、运算符和常量。上式中的“SUM(E1:H1)”是函数,“A1”则是对单元格A1 的引用(使用其中存储的数据),“26”则是常量,“*”和

“+”则是算术运算符(另外还有比较运算符、文本运算符和引用运算符)。如果函数要以公式的形式出现,它必须有两个组成部分,一个是函数名称前面的等号,另一个则是函数本身。 (二)函数的参数 函数右边括号中的部分称为参数,假如一个函数可以使用多个参数,那么参数与参数之间使用半角逗号进行分隔。参数可以是常量(数字和文本)、逻辑值(例如真值或假值)、数组、错误值(例如#N/A)或单元格引用(例如E1:H1),甚至可以是另一个或几个函数等。参数的类型和位置必须满足函数语法的要求,否则将返回错误信息。 1.常量 常量是直接输入到单元格或公式中的数字或文本,或由名称所代表的数字或文本值,例如数字“2890.56”、日期“2003-8-19”和文本“黎明”都是常量。但是公式或由公式计算出的结果都不是常量,因为只要公式的参数发生了变化,它自身或计算出来的结果就会发生变化。 2.逻辑值 逻辑值是比较特殊的一类参数,它只有真或假两种类型。例如在公式“=IF(A3=0,"",A2/A3)”中,“A3=0”就是一个可以返回真或假两种结果的参数。当“A3=0”为真时在公式所在单元格中填入“0”,否则在单元格中填入“A2/A3”的计算结果。

Excel中函数的使用方法

各函数使用方法大全 Excel函数使用方法 1、ABS函数 主要功能:求出相应数字的绝对值。 使用格式:ABS(number) 参数说明:number代表需要求绝对值的数值或引用的单元格。 应用举例:如果在B2单元格中输入公式:=ABS(A2),则在A2单元格中无论输入正数(如100)还是负数(如-100),B2中均显示出正数(如100)。 特别提醒:如果number参数不是数值,而是一些字符(如A等),则B2中返回错误值“#VALUE!”。 2、AND函数 主要功能:返回逻辑值:如果所有参数值均为逻辑“真(TRUE)”,则返回逻辑“真(TRUE)”,反之返回逻辑“假(FALSE)”。 使用格式:AND(logical1,logical2, ...) 参数说明:Logical1,Logical2,Logical3……:表示待测试的条件值或表达式,最多这30个。 应用举例:在C5单元格输入公式:=AND(A5>=60,B5>=60),确认。如果C5中返回TRUE,说明A5和B5中的数值均大于等于60,如果返回FALSE,说明A5和B5中的数值至少有一个小于60。 特别提醒:如果指定的逻辑条件参数中包含非逻辑值时,则函数返回错误值“#VALUE!”或“#NAME”。 3、AVERAGE函数 主要功能:求出所有参数的算术平均值。 使用格式:AVERAGE(number1,number2,……) 参数说明:number1,number2,……:需要求平均值的数值或引用单元格(区域),参数不超过30个。 应用举例:在B8单元格中输入公式:=AVERAGE(B7:D7,F7:H7,7,8),确认后,即可求出B7至D7区域、F7至H7区域中的数值和7、8的平均值。 特别提醒:如果引用区域中包含“0”值单元格,则计算在内;如果引用区域中包含空白或字符单元格,则不计算在内。 4、COLUMN 函数 主要功能:显示所引用单元格的列标号值。 使用格式:COLUMN(reference) 参数说明:reference为引用的单元格。

常用函数公式及用法

电子表格常用函数公式及用法 1、求和公式: =SUM(A2:A50) ——对A2到A50这一区域进行求和; 2、平均数公式: =AVERAGE(A2:A56) ——对A2到A56这一区域求平均数; 3、最高分: =MAX(A2:A56) ——求A2到A56区域(55名学生)的最高分;4、最低分: =MIN(A2:A56) ——求A2到A56区域(55名学生)的最低分; 5、等级: =IF(A2>=90,"优",IF(A2>=80,"良",IF(A2>=60,"及格","不及格"))) 6、男女人数统计: =COUNTIF(D1:D15,"男") ——统计男生人数 =COUNTIF(D1:D15,"女") ——统计女生人数 7、分数段人数统计: 方法一: 求A2到A56区域100分人数:=COUNTIF(A2:A56,"100") 求A2到A56区域60分以下的人数;=COUNTIF(A2:A56,"<60") 求A2到A56区域大于等于90分的人数;=COUNTIF(A2:A56,">=90") 求A2到A56区域大于等于80分而小于90分的人数; =COUNTIF(A1:A29,">=80")-COUNTIF(A1:A29," =90") 求A2到A56区域大于等于60分而小于80分的人数;

=COUNTIF(A1:A29,">=80")-COUNTIF(A1:A29," =90") 方法二: (1)=COUNTIF(A2:A56,"100") ——求A2到A56区域100分的人数;假设把结果存放于A57单元格; (2)=COUNTIF(A2:A56,">=95")-A57 ——求A2到A56区域大于等于95而小于100分的人数;假设把结果存放于A58单元格;(3)=COUNTIF(A2:A56,">=90")-SUM(A57:A58) ——求A2到A56区域大于等于90而小于95分的人数;假设把结果存放于A59单元格; (4)=COUNTIF(A2:A56,">=85")-SUM(A57:A59) ——求A2到A56区域大于等于85而小于90分的人数; …… 8、求A2到A56区域优秀率:=(COUNTIF(A2:A56,">=90"))/55*100 9、求A2到A56区域及格率:=(COUNTIF(A2:A56,">=60"))/55*100 10、排名公式: =RANK(A2,A$2:A$56) ——对55名学生的成绩进行排名; 11、标准差:=STDEV(A2:A56) ——求A2到A56区域(55人)的成绩波动情况(数值越小,说明该班学生间的成绩差异较小,反之,说明该班存在两极分化); 12、条件求和:=SUMIF(B2:B56,"男",K2:K56) ——假设B列存放学生的性别,K列存放学生的分数,则此函数返回的结果表示求该班男生的成绩之和;

Excel常用函数使用方法

Excel常用函数公式总结 1、ABS函数 主要功能:求出相应数字的绝对值。 使用格式:ABS(number) 参数说明:number代表需要求绝对值的数值或引用的单元格。 应用举例:如果在B2单元格中输入公式:=ABS(A2),则在A2单元格中无论输入正数(如100)还是负数(如-100),B2中均显示出正数(如100)。 特别提醒:如果number参数不是数值,而是一些字符(如A等),则B2中返回错误值“#VALUE!”。 2、AND函数 主要功能:返回逻辑值:如果所有参数值均为逻辑“真(TRUE)”,则返回逻辑“真(TRUE)”,反之返回逻辑“假(FALSE)”。 使用格式:AND(logical1,logical2, ...) 参数说明:Logical1,Logical2,Logical3……:表示待测试的条件值或表达式,最多这30个。 应用举例:在C5单元格输入公式:=AND(A5>=60,B5>=60),确认。如果C5中返回TRUE,说明A5和B5中的数值均大于等于60,如果返回FALSE,说明A5和B5中的数值至少有一个小于60。 特别提醒:如果指定的逻辑条件参数中包含非逻辑值时,则函数返回错误值“#VALUE!”或“#NAME”。 3、AVERAGE函数 主要功能:求出所有参数的算术平均值。 使用格式:AVERAGE(number1,number2,……) 参数说明:number1,number2,……:需要求平均值的数值或引用单元格(区域),参数不超过30个。 应用举例:在B8单元格中输入公式:=AVERAGE(B7:D7,F7:H7,7,8),确认后,即可求出B7至D7区域、F7至H7区域中的数值和7、8的平均值。 特别提醒:如果引用区域中包含“0”值单元格,则计算在内;如果引用区域中包含空白或字符单元格,则不计算在内。 4、COLUMN 函数 主要功能:显示所引用单元格的列标号值。 使用格式:COLUMN(reference) 参数说明:reference为引用的单元格。 应用举例:在C11单元格中输入公式:=COLUMN(B11),确认后显示为2(即B列)。 特别提醒:如果在B11单元格中输入公式:=COLUMN(),也显示出2;与之相对应的还有一个返回行标号值的函数——ROW(reference)。 5、CONCATENATE函数 主要功能:将多个字符文本或单元格中的数据连接在一起,显示在一个单元格中。 使用格式:CONCATENATE(Text1,Text……) 参数说明:Text1、Text2……为需要连接的字符文本或引用的单元格。 应用举例:在C14单元格中输入公式:=CONCATENATE(A14,"@",B14,".com"),确认后,即可将A14单元格中字符、@、B14单元格中的字符和.com连接成一个整体,显示在C14单元格中。 特别提醒:如果参数不是引用的单元格,且为文本格式的,请给参数加上英文状态下的双引号,如果将上述公式改为:=A14&"@"&B14&".com",也能达到相同的目的。 6、COUNTIF函数 主要功能:统计某个单元格区域中符合指定条件的单元格数目。 使用格式:COUNTIF(Range,Criteria) 参数说明:Range代表要统计的单元格区域;Criteria表示指定的条件表达式。 应用举例:在C17单元格中输入公式:=COUNTIF(B1:B13,">=80"),确认后,即可统计出B1至B13单元格区域中,数值大于等于80的单元格数目。 特别提醒:允许引用的单元格区域中有空白单元格出现。 10、DCOUNT函数 主要功能:返回数据库或列表的列中满足指定条件并且包含数字的单元格数目。

EXCEL电子表格中四个常用函数的用法

EXCEL电子表格中四个常用函数的用法 (2010-01-16 09:59:27) 转载▼ 分类:Excel学习 标签: 杂谈 EXCEL电子表格中四个常用函数的用 法 现在介绍四个常用函数的用法:COUNT(用于计算单元格区域中数字值的个数)、COUNTA(用于计算单元格区域中非空白单元格的个数)、COUNTBLANK(用于计算单元格区域中空白单元格的个数)、COUNTIF(用于计算符合一定条件的COUNTBLANK单元格个数)。 结合例子将具体介绍:如何利用函数COUNTA统计本班应考人数(总人数)、利用函数COUNT统计实际参加考试人数、利用函数COUNTBLANK统计各科缺考人数、利用函数COUNTIF统计各科各分数段的人数。首先,在上期最后形成的表格的最后添加一些字段名和合并一些单元格,见图1。 一、利用函数COUNTA统计本班的应考人数(总人数) 因为函数COUNTA可以计算出非空单元格的个数,所以我们在利用此函数时,选取本班学生名字所在单元格区域(B3~B12)作为统计对象,就可计算出本班的应考人数(总人数)。 1.选取存放本班总人数的单元格,此单元格是一个经过合并后的大单元格(C18~G18); 2.选取函数;单击菜单“插入/函数”或工具栏中的函数按钮f*,打开“粘贴函数”对话框,在“函数分类”列表中选择函数类别“统计”,然后在“函数名”列表中选择需要的函数“COUNTA”,按“确定”按钮退出“粘贴函数”对话框。 3.选取需要统计的单元格区域;在打开的“函数向导”对话框中,选取需要计算的单元格区域B3~B13,按下回车键以确认选取;“函数向导”对话框图再次出现在屏幕上,按下“确定”按钮,就可以看到计算出来本班的应考人数(总人数)了。

VLOOKUP函数的使用方法(入门级)--实用

VLOOKUP函数是Excel中几个最重函数之一,为了方便大家学习,兰色幻想特针对VLOOKUP函数的使用和扩展应用,进行一次全面综合的说明。本文为入门部分 一、入门级 VLOOKUP是一个查找函数,给定一个查找的目标,它就能从指定的查找区域中查找返回想要查找到的值。它的基本语法为: VLOOKUP(查找目标,查找围,返回值的列数,精确OR模糊查找) 下面以一个实例来介绍一下这四个参数的使用 例1:如下图所示,要求根据表二中的,查找所对应的年龄。 公式:B13 =VLOOKUP(A13,$B$2:$D$8,3,0) 参数说明:

1 查找目标:就是你指定的查找的容或单元格引用。本例中表二A列的就是查找目标。我们要根据表二的“”在表一中A列进行查找。 公式:B13 =VLOOKUP(A13,$B$2:$D$8,3,0) 2 查找围(VLOOKUP(A13,$B$2:$D$8,3,0) ):指定了查找目标,如果没有说从哪里查找,EXCEL肯定会很为难。所以下一步我们就要指定从哪个 围中进行查找。VLOOKUP的这第二个参数可以从一个单元格区域中查找,也可以从一个常量数组或存数组中查找。本例中要从表一中进行查找,那么围我们要怎么指定呢?这里也是极易出错的地方。大家一定要注意,给定的第二个参数查找围要符合以下条件才不会出错: A 查找目标一定要在该区域的第一列。本例中查找表二的,那么所对应的表一的列,那么表一的列(列)一定要是查找区域的第一列。象本例中,给定的区域要从第二列开始,即$B$2:$D$8,而不能是$A$2:$D$8。因为查找的“”不在$A$2:$D$8区域的第一列。 B 该区域中一定要包含要返回值所在的列,本例中要返回的值是年龄。年龄列(表一的D列)一定要包括在这个围,即:$B$2:$D$8,如果写成$B$2:$C$8就是错的。 3 返回值的列数(B13 =VLOOKUP(A13,$B$2:$D$8,3,0))。这是VLOOKUP 第3个参数。它是一个整数值。它怎么得来的呢。它是“返回值”在第二个参数 给定的区域中的列数。本例中我们要返回的是“年龄”,它是第二个参数查找围$B$2:$D$8的第3列。这里一定要注意,列数不是在工作表中的列数(不是第4

EXCEL中常用函数的用法

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3.点确定后,弹出VLOOKUP函数调用表,包含4个部分(lookup_value、Table_array、C ol_index_num、Range_lookup)。 lookup_value: 需要在数据表首列进行搜索的值,本次值为表1-1中的位置B2, 用鼠标单击表1-1中的“某城关水泵厂南”,即可自动输入。。 Table_array:需要在其中搜索数据的信息表,即在表1-2中选择一个搜索区域, 注意所选区域第一列必须是与Lookup_value中查找数值相匹配的 列(本次表1-1中的B列),最后一列必须大于等于RRU挂高那一列 (大于等于C列),至于下拉行数肯定要大于等于106行。如下图: 选择相关区域后,VLOOKUP表中的Table_array会自动输入表1-1中所选区域,如 下图:

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SUM函数中的加减混合运算 财务统计需要进行加减混合运算,例如扣除现金流量表中的若干支出项目。按照规定,工作表中的这些项目没有输入负号。这时可以构造“=SUM (B2:B6,C2:C9,-D2,-E2)”这样的公式。其中B2:B6,C2:C9引用是收入,而 D2、E2为支出。由于Excel不允许在单元格引用前面加负号,所以应在表示支出的单元格前加负号,这样即可计算出正确结果。即使支出数据所在的单元格连续,也必须用逗号将它们逐个隔开,写成“=SUM(B2:B6,C2:C9,-D2,-D3,D4)”这样的形式。 应用实例三: 及格人数统计 假如B1:B50区域存放学生性别,C1:C50单元格存放某班学生的考试成绩,要想统计考试成绩及格的女生人数。可以使用公式“=SUM(IF(B1:B50=″女″,IF (C1:C50>=60,1,0)))”,由于它是一个数组公式,输入结束后必须按住Ctrl+Shift键回车。公式两边会自动添加上大括号,在编辑栏显示为“{=SUM(IF (B1:B50=″女″,IF(C1:C50& gt;=60,1,0)))}”,这是使用数组公式必不可少的步骤。 2.平均值函数AVERAGE 语法: AVERAGE(number1,number2,...)。 参数: number 1、number 2...是需要计算平均值的1~30个参数。 注意:

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常用函数使用方法 1.函数名称:SUMIF 主要功能:计算符合指定条件的单元格区域内的数值和. 使用格式:SUMIF (Range,Criteria,Sum_Range) 参数说明:Range代表条件判断的单元格区域,Criteria为指定条件表达 式,Sum_Range^表需要计算的数值所在的单元格区域. 应用举例:在M4单元格内输入公式:二SUMIF(H2:H11,”武昌K2:K11),确认后即统计到”武昌”的火车票的总和. M4 ___ J = GSUMIF(H2:H11「武昌;K2:K11 函数名称 主要功能:将数值向下取整为最接近的整数. 使用格式:INT(number) 参数说明:number^示需要取整的数值或包含数值的引用单元格. 应用举例:输入公式:=INT(18?89),确认后显示出18. 特别提醒:在取整时,不进行四舍五入如果输入的公式=INT(-18.89),则返回结果为 -19. 3.函数名称:SUM 主要功能:计算所冇参数值的和.

使用格式:SUM (Number 1 ,Number2 ........ ) 参数说明:Numberl,Number2 ......... 代表需要让算的值,可以是具体的数值,引用的 单元格(区域),逻辑值等. 应用举例:在F14单元格内输入公式:二SUM(F2:F12),确认后,即口J求出F2:F12区域内的总和. 4.函数名称:MONTH 主要功能:求出指定Fl期或引用单元格中的Fl期的月份. 使用格式:MONTH(serial_number) 参数说明:seriaLnumberf^表指定的口期或引用的单元格. 特别提醒:如果是给定的FI期,请包含在双引号内,

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