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2014年事业单位考试：翻译推理重在巧

2014年事业单位考试：翻译推理重在巧翻译推理即先翻译后推理，第一步：翻译。所谓翻译就是把题干中的语言翻译成逻辑语言，并且用逻辑符号表示。第二步：推理。所谓推理，就是根据相关逻辑规则进行推导。

一、典型翻译推理

(一)题型辨识

典型的翻译推理类题目最明显的标志，也就是关联词，题干中会出现一组或几组关联词的形式。如“如果……就……”，“只有……才……”等等。

(二) 两组翻译

最主要的关联词有两组:

1.“如果……就……”，该组关联词所涉及的逻辑规则可以用一句简单的口诀来帮助记忆，即“如果就，前推后”。

【例】命题：“如果天下雨，那么地就湿”，翻译：“下雨→地湿”。

(注意：逻辑中的“→”是有方向性的，单向指示，不可颠倒。)

将命题分为前件和后件的话，该翻译可以简述为“肯前必肯后”。

2.“只有……才……”，该组关联词所涉及的逻辑规则也可以用一句简单的口诀来帮助记忆，即“只有才，后推前”。

【例】命题：“只有努力学习，才能考上好学校。“，翻译：“好学校→努力学习”。

另外，“如果……就……”和“只有……才……”各自的替代形式一定要熟练记忆，做好区分。替代形式如下：

只要A，就B; 不A，不B;

为了A，一定B; 除非A，否则一定不B;

A→B：凡是A，都B; B→A ：A是B的必不可少的/必要条件;

A离不开/必须B; A是B的基础/核心/关键;

A，所以B ……。

(三) 推理规则

翻译推理的推理规则涉及两个技巧：

1.递推规则。A→B，B→C; A→B→C或A→C

【例】天下雨→地湿、地湿→不出门

由此，我们可以推导出：天下雨→地湿→不出门或天下雨→不出门

2.逆否命题。A→B; -B →-A

【例】下雨→地湿;地不湿→天一定没下雨

该逆否命题可以简述为“否后必否前”，实际上一个命题可以有四种形式，但是正确的两种，典型的错误两种，在此，小结一下，正确形式为“肯前必肯后”、“否后必否前”;典型错误为“否前”、“肯后”。(错误原因：由于一个命题“否前”“肯后”推不出确定结论，所以，在选项中，如遇到“否前”、“肯后”推出确定结论的选项，该类选项一定是错误选项，除非“否前”、“肯后”推出的是可能结论。)

(四) 例题点拨

【例题】亚里士多德学院的门口竖着一块牌子。上面写着“不懂逻辑者不得入内”。这天，来了一群人，他们都是懂逻辑的人。如果牌子上的话得到准确的理解和严格的执行，那么以下诸断定中，只有一项是真的。这一真的断定是( )。

A.他们可能不会被允许进人

B.他们一定不会被允许进入

C.他们一定会被允许进入

D.他们不可能被允许进入

【解析】A 。“不懂逻辑者不得入内”，实际是“不A……不B……”的形式，也就是“只有……才……”的替代形式，回忆口诀即“只有才，后推前”，也就可翻译为：“入内→懂逻辑”。题目中还给了信息“他们都是懂逻辑的人”，此信息正是命题的后件，也就是“肯后”的情况，那么“肯后”若正确的话后面一定是“可能”的结论，观察选项，A选项为可能的结论，故选A。

二、非典型翻译推理

(一)题型辨识

“无关联词”类题目，也就是题目当中没有明显的关联词，但是选项又是对题干的翻译或者是变形推理。

“推理结构形式一致”类题目最明显的特征就是题干是一个命题，通常会有典型关联词，会包括肯定、否定的句式，但是选项中的命题与题干命题是不同的内容，简言之，此类题目共包括五个含有典型关联词的命题。

(二)例题点拨

“推理结构形式一致”类题目不需要运用逻辑规则，只需要观察句式形式即可。秒杀技巧即是“细心看形式”，这里的形式包括句式中的关联词、句式的肯定、否定、疑问等语气，进而，找出与题干结构形式最为近似的选项。

【例题】有些人坚信飞碟是存在的。理由是，谁能证明飞碟不存在呢?下列选择中，哪一项与上文的论证方式是相同的?

A.中世纪欧州神学家论证上帝存在的。理由是：你能证明上帝不存在吗?

B.神农架地区有野人，因为有人看见过野人的踪影。

C.科学家不是天生聪明的。因为，爱因斯坦就不是天生聪明的。

D.鬼是存在的。如果没有鬼，为什么古今中外有那么多人讲鬼故事?

【解析】A。该题属于典型的“推理结构形式一致”类题目，观察题干，并没有典型关联词，但是包含肯定和疑问的语气，据此，我们观察选项，A选项与题干结构形式完全一致。B、C没有疑问句式;D包含了关联词，与题干没有关联词不符。故选A。

“无关联词”类题目，通常与“如果……就……”命题的解题思路相同。

【例题】犯罪行为不是合法行为，故意杀人是犯罪行为，故此我们可以推出( )

A.故意杀人不是合法行为

B.不合法行为是犯罪行为

C.不是犯罪行为一定合法

D.有的犯罪行为是合法行为

【解析】A。依照“如果……就……”命题的解题思路，第一步，可以将题干翻译为：“犯罪行为→不合法”和“故意杀人→犯罪行为”，第二步，运用递推规则，将题干推理为：“故意杀人→不合法”，观察选项A符合推理。故选A。

更多试题资料详见：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ca13889497.html,/liaoning/sy/

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2014年英语翻译

A storm forces a plane to make an emergency landing on a deserted island.一个风暴迫使一架飞机紧急降落在一个荒无人烟的小岛上。 After I finished high school,I just wasn't ready to go on to college.当我中学毕业后，我只是没有准备好继续上大学。Although some people find reasons to justify plagiarism, others feel the issue is clear-cut尽管有些人找理由去证明抄袭是合理的，另一些人觉得问题是明显的。 Although the film may seem exaggerated to some, that’s not how most filmgoers feel.虽然影片看似夸张一些，这不是大多数影迷的感觉。And,what's worse,most people have resigned themselves wo a life of forgetting.并且更糟糕的是，大多数人顺从于健忘的生活。 Because it is based in Bombay(Mumbai), it is popularly called Bollywood-from the words Bombay and Hollywood.因为它是建立在孟买，通常叫它从词孟买和好莱坞合成来的宝莱坞。 Cirque du Soleil is an amazing circus show that pairs incredible feats of strength and balance with dazzling costumes and sets.太阳马戏团的演出是精彩的马戏团表演，演出节目把难以置信的各种力量的特技组合在一起并且令人眼花缭乱的演出服装和场景平衡在一起。 Heroes drive around in flashy cars, actresses twirl around in beautiful costumes, and the poor boy always triumphs against the rich villain.英雄人物开着浮华的车跑来跑去，女演员穿着漂亮的服装转来转去，那个贫穷可怜的男孩总是战胜富有的恶棍。If you keep telling yourself that your memory is bad,your mind will come to believe it and you won't remember things.如果你坚持对自己说你的记忆力差，你的思想会开始相信它，你也将会开始它，然后你就不会记住东西了。 In fact ,in 1945,the United Nations was founded to help countries resolve disputes peacefully.事实上，在1945年，联合国被成立帮助和平解决争端。 In that country,feet are considered unclean,and Muslims felt the company was insulting God's name by having people walk on it.在那个国家，脚被认为是不干净的，穆斯林人感觉公司在通过让人们走在上帝的名字上面进行侮辱。 Late one night in 1880,a group of miners were headed back to their camp after a good time in town.在1880年的一个深夜，在小镇的好时光过去后，一队矿工朝着他们的露营地靠近。 Now I sort of resent that I couldn't go. Sometimes I think that if I'd been a little more selfish,I could have done both.现在我有点愤怒我没有去。有时我想如果当时我更自私一点，我就可以把两件事都做了。 Once,however,it was prisperous mining town where thousands came with dreams of finding silver and making their fortune.然而曾经，那是一个繁荣的采矿小镇，成千的人带着找到白银和发家致富的梦想来到这里。 Run by local youth(most of the program’s tutors are teenagers, while many students are adults.)由当地青年组织的沟通和理解（项目的大部分教师是青少年，而很多学生都是成年人。） She had predicted that she would win tournaments during her first year in major competitions.她预言在她第一年的大赛当中，她会赢得冠军。 Some people claim that copying is necessary to do well in school. They have realized that their own words are not as someone else’s.有些人认为抄袭是在学校取得好成绩的必要条件。他们已经意识到自己的话是不如别人的。 Technologically,the greates contributor to the global village is the microchip-an electronic circuit on a tiny chip.从科技角度来说，地球村最伟大的成果是微型芯片，即很小的一个芯片上的电子电路。 The campaign was so successful in the United States，Pepsi translated its slogan literally for its international capaign.活动在美国办得很成功，百事为全球性的广告活动，逐字翻译了它的广告语。 The Cold War finally ended and the political climate changed between 1989and1991,when the governments of the Soviet Union and several Eastern European countries collapsed.冷战最后结束了，政治气候在1989至1991年间，在苏联和东欧政府垮台后转变了。 The institute allows visitors from around the country to live with a local host family and attend classes.学院允许来自全国各地的游客与当地的家庭生活和上课。 The lights might have been reflectins of lights from the town,but Silver Cliff's lights seemed too dim to have this effect. 这光束可能是来自城镇里光的反射，但是银牙城的光好像太暗能有这样的效果。 The simplest form of plagiarism occurs when someone copies material without giving credit to the source.最简单形式的剽窃发生在有人复制材料没有给予材料的来源。 These eerie lights seemed to be dancing on the graves,disappearing and then appearing again.这些可怕的光好像是在坟墓上跳舞，消失了又再次出现。 These people believe that students who plagiarize benefit unfairly.这些人认为，学生通过抄袭取得成绩是不公平的。 This is a lesson that some large American corporation have learned the hard way.这是一个教训，一些大的美国公司经过艰难困苦才学到的。 Through television programs transmitted by satellite,we are exposed to many cultures.通过卫星转播的电视节目，我们面临着许多文化冲突。 To improve your memory,you'll need to take an active role.Like your body ,your memory can be strengthened through exercise.为提高你的记忆力，你需要扮演一个积极行动的角色。爱惜你的身体，你的记忆力可以通过锻炼加强。 Today，the town of Silver Cliff， Colorado，has a population of only 100 people.目前，科罗拉多州银牙城拥有仅仅100个人口。 When General Motors introduced its Chevy Nova into Latin America,it overlooked the fact that No va in Spanish means"It doesn't go."当通用汽车向拉丁美洲人介绍他们的雪佛莱汽车时，却忽略了No va用西班牙语意思是“不能走”的实事。 You may also want to make associatins ,or links,between what you're trying to remember and things you already know.你也会想要建立你尝试记住的事情和你已经记住的事情之间的联系。

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