英美文化概况论文l论美国文化的精髓——个人主义
The essence of American culture
-individualism
Abstract:Individualism as a typical Western capitalist political and social philosophy , that the supremacy of personal values . The United States is a typical representative of the values of individualism , individualism is an important part of the American spirit . American individualism, rational principles derived from the Christian spirit and the pursuit of individual autonomy . In the process of development of American culture , it became the starting point of American Thought and destination , constitute the essence of American culture .
Key words : the essence of the individualistic culture
" Individualism " in Western culture, especially in American culture plays an important role. " Individualism ," the earliest use of the term is French form of "individualism", from the Europeans and so-called root causes of the French Revolution - Enlightenment thinking - common reactions .But first systematic use of " individualism " is the term the mid- 1820s, Saint-Simon's followers. Perhaps because of the pervasive influence of Saint-Simon doctrine , " individualism " in the 19th century the term has been very widely used , developed into a personal ideology and theory , that is a political philosophy Western philosophy and social . Its main contents are :emphasizing the value of the subject , I believe that everyone has value , a high degree of importance of individual self- control , self-control , self-development . Individualism is based on individual-based philosophy of life .
However , the true meaning of individualism varies . In France, it usually carries a negative connotation , even it remains so , means that the emphasis on individual will be more harmful to the interests of the community . For some people , individualism is a dangerous idea ; in others it seems , individualism is a social or economic anarchy , the lack of the necessary systems and standards ; some people believe that it is the universal personal selfish attitude. Socialists are simply " individualism " is equivalent to a "socialist " and " communism" of the opposite .French liberals talk about individualism , but regarded it as a minimum of state intervention and political freedom in order of greatest threat to a pluralistic society . And in France, in sharp contrast, the " individualism " is the term romanticism in Germany , but the label affixed . German for " individualism " is a personal understanding of self- completion and the organic unity of the individual and society .
There are profound differences between East and West , most of the Eastern countries , especially China , Japan and South Korea to " individualism " as with "collectivism" contrary to the values-oriented. That " individualism " is "all personal interests as the starting point of thinking ... ... the performance of selfish , mercenary, intrigues , etc. "; "Modern Chinese Dictionary" interpretation of " individualism " is " everything from the individual starting their personal interests to put collective interests, their own interests , regardless of other people's wrong thinking . " In short, Chinese culture, individualism is synonymous with self-interest , is a derogatory term .
In Western culture , emphasizing the individual -oriented values dominate , but only in the American culture , individualism is only part of the essence of the development to the point of culmination , and was as a fundamental value to be highly respected . However, in the United States , " individualism " was originally sang of capitalism and liberal democracy, the emergence
of carols . It has become a great form of symbolic meaning of the slogan , expressing the power of the doctrine contained in the talent , faith in free enterprise and the American dream of all the ideals of different ages . It really expresses the 19th century and early 20th century in the United States has a profound and widespread impact of social ideals .In fact, it is still an important actor in the role of ideology in the United States . On this point, Tocqueville's " Democracy in America ,"
a book made a most thorough summary of the concept of individualism expressed its " strong self- confidence, or their power and wisdom of the trust " and " all citizens in pursuit of their own wealth and personality of the struggle , and their contempt for human breath . " the reason why the United States lack the tradition of socialism , that is, to some extent the result of the rise of individualism .
As a typical Western capitalist political and social philosophy of individualism that the supremacy of personal values, emphasizing self- control and self-control , against the authority, religious , national, social and other personal development of any interference and obstruction of the external factors. At the same time , individualism is a value system , a theory of human nature , and even became a certain political, economic, social and religious attitudes and behavior of a tendency . First use in English-speaking world , " individualism " is the American philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson , his rendering of individualism and respected big plus that it is beneficial to the development of personality and social progress ,The " no political government is unbreakable by the government " point of view , has already penetrated into the consciousness of the American public thought . Today, the U.S. has become a typical representative of the values of individualism , which is rooted in the early colonial period and has been carried forward in opening up the frontier spirit of independence continues to this day , to become an important part of the American spirit . Christian spirit, freedom and individualism constitute the three pillars of American culture .However, the basic characteristics of the U.S. cultural patterns of individualism is a direct , real coverage of the U.S. thinking . American individualism has become the highest ideals and social ideals and world view . For Americans, individualism, equal to the identity of its life and death . American individualism, rational principles derived from the Christian spirit and the pursuit of individual autonomy . In the process of development of American culture , it became the starting point of American Thought and destination , constitute the essence of American culture .
U.S. drama "Friends "(Figure I)is the 1990s began to hit the famous sitcom . High ratings in this drama . Monica be six in all , a central figure in the pool . Her childhood living in the shadow of his brother Ross , because my brother is very good in all aspects , has led to less love for her parents and their child is very fat , Figure I
and more led to her self-esteem . However, Monica grew up not only through its own efforts to lose weight successfully , and became an excellent cook , and step by step to win the respect and affection of parents .Rich girl Rachel fled after the wedding , Monica joined the five men . At first, she just grew up in a golden spoon in his mouth, a beautiful girl , and not even do the laundry , do not cook, even the basic source of livelihood at all. Is such a girl , after leaving home , her father decided to cut the credit card , from a bar waiter to start slowly in the fashion industry to find a foothold. In addition , Joey is a character have to say . He is a person who had not received higher education , at the beginning of the revenue comes from walk- run in the studio , but after some persist with efforts, has become a soap opera star . Ross , Chandler , Phoebe is the life they are all little people , but are relying on their own efforts to achieve self- expression.
In addition, Desperate Housewives (Figure II) The character , whether the loss of her husband , lost his wife , even a minor to rely on their young , can never give up relying on their own spirit , persist in the end perseverance to overcome difficulties in life , lead a happy life . Figure II
Americans are able to pursue such individualism , has been able to do find -yourself to a large extent the relationship and the United States a great security system .
United States has a strong legal protection. The United States is a country ruled by law , as a world power , its legal system compared to other countries more perfect. Legal protection of people's rights , to protect people's freedom , as long as the extent permitted by law , citizens can freely practice their legitimate rights.
The United States has a comprehensive health insurance . U.S. social security system for the citizens is very good , as long as with the perfect insurance, sick time, just spend little money , not spend money you can get even the most cutting-edge treatment.
Sound education to protect the United States . America's education system is quite system , the United States is a very low illiteracy rate countries . Citizens enjoy the end of compulsory education , you can apply for the corresponding conditions according to their own university.
Other areas , the United States for the competition between enterprises , entrepreneurship has a reassuring personal protection , can not accept other people in too many people with the help of the case, relying on their own efforts to achieve their dreams , which the origin of the American dream .
The United States is a democratic country , citizens from around the world , we can say is the world's countries with the most complex nation . Peaceful coexistence between all peoples can live together , develop and improve , rather than the popularity of individualism are inseparable . As a new generation of young Chinese , the U.S. has pursued individualism , should essence, absorb the efforts of individuals , the application of all aspects in life , to realize their own ideals for China's powerful effort.
[References ]
[ 1 ] Yang yun .U.S. " individualistic " cultural studies Journal of Chongqing Institute of Technology(Social Science Edition).
[ 2 ] Luo Yuehong . On the American culture of individualism .Journal of Social Science of Jiamusi University.
[ 3 ] Li Jianhong . Theory of individualism in American culture performance . Journal of Hunan Institute of Engineering.
中国地质大学（北京）期末考试论文专用
课程名称：英美文化概况班号：10091022 学号：1009102225 姓名：王伟成绩：
任课教师：吴学玲高平日期：2011 年12 月10日
英美文化概况之英国篇
英美文化概况之英国篇 英国早期人文历史常识 （一） 英国东邻北海，西、北面对大西洋，南面是英吉利海峡（the English Channel），与法国隔海相望。 地理上，这里被称为“不列颠群岛”（British Isles），由大不列颠岛（Great Britain）和爱尔兰岛（Ireland）这两大岛屿，以及其它几百个小岛组成。 大不列颠岛上分布着英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士（England,Scotland and Wales）三个区域，而爱尔兰岛则分成北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国（Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland）两块。 政治上，大不列颠和北爱尔兰共同组成联合王国（the United Kingdom），而爱尔兰共和国则是独立于联合王国而存在的独立的国家。我们通常所说的英国，则是指联合王国。 联合王国的首都是伦敦（London）；而爱尔兰共和国的首都是都柏林（Dublin）。 大不列颠岛在政治上被划分成英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士三个区域，其中英格兰面积最大、人口最多，总的来说也最为富裕。因此很多人通常会用“英格兰人”（English）指代“不列颠人”（British），这点当然会引起苏格兰人和威尔士人（Scots and Welsh）的不满。不列颠在大约一百年前曾统治着世界上四分之一的人口和土地，其殖民地遍布全球各大洲。二战之后，随着不列颠国力衰退，各殖民地纷纷独立，不列颠帝国（the British Empire）在1931年起被英联邦所取代。
英联邦（the Commonwealth of Nations）是由英国和已经独立的前英国殖民地或附 属国组成的联合体。英国作为英联邦元首并无政治实权；各国在一定协议上相互进行政治、主要是经济方面的磋商和合作；各成员国也有权利选择退出英联邦。 （二） 英国地势西北高、东南低。其西北地区主要地形是高原；而东部和东南部则主要是低地，他们是整个欧洲平原（the Great European Plain）的组成部分。 英格兰占据了大不列颠南面的最大部分土地，那里地势平缓，多为平原、丘陵和沼泽地。特别是英格兰东部沿海地区，土地肥沃，适于耕种。 苏格兰多为山地、湖泊和岛屿，它拥有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地以及南部山陵。不列颠最高峰尼维斯峰（Ben Nevis）便座落于此，高1,343米。威尔士亦是多山地区，6%的土地被森林覆盖，大部分村庄以放牧为主。 北爱尔兰北部为多岩石、荒蛮的海岸，曲折蜿蜒。其东北部多为高地，东南部为山区，而中部则是低浅的盆地。 不列颠是个岛屿国家，四面环海，它隔着英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆遥遥相望。位处英法两国之间的英吉利海峡最窄之处被称作多佛海峡（Straits of Dover），仅有33公里宽度。1985年英国政府和法国政府决定在多佛海峡处修建海峡隧道。 总长153公里的隧道于1994年五月竣工通车，使得欧洲公路网得以连成一体，被誉为人类工程史上的一个伟业。 英国河流分布细密。塞文河（the Severn）是英国第一大河流，长338公里，它同西
英美文化差异论文
南昌工程学院 英美影视文化 《刮痧》的观后感 电影《刮痧》主要讲发生在美国的华裔，因为中外对抚养孩子的差异。其中最突出的是在不同文化背景下，对教育孩子的不同见解。文化的差异不但存在与中外，可以说是每个国家都有其独特的文化。不同的政体也会对文化起到一定的影响，还有一方面是接受不同文化教育。 回望电影的故事情节简介：5岁的华裔孩子丹尼斯闹肚子发烧，在家的爷爷因为看不懂药品上的英文说明，便用中国民间流传的刮痧疗法给丹尼斯治病，而这就成了丹尼斯一次意外事故后父亲许大同虐待孩子的证据。庭上，以解剖学为基础的西医理论无法解释通过口耳相传的经验中医学，许大同最后终于失去冷静和理智，法官当庭宣布剥夺许大同的监护权，不准他与儿子见面。父亲因此事决定回国，为了让老人临行再见一面孙子，许大同从儿童监护所偷出儿子丹尼斯到机场送别，因此受到警方通缉，父子分离，夫妻分居，朋友决裂，工作丢失，接连不断的灾难恶梦。 看似简单的问题为什么会变得如此复杂，可能不同的人站在立场上想吧！我先对我们中国教育方法说一下，中国有就老话：“严父出孝子，慈母多败儿”的道理，这是我国古时流传下来的真谛，可以这么说，严是爱溺是害，往往严格的家庭子女都有出息且孝敬父母的多，而溺爱的子女多没出息而且容易在社会上惹事端，大多也不会孝敬父
母。 “棍棒底下出孝子”这只是一个比方，寓意为父母要严格管教孩子，教他正确的做人观，让他懂得分辨是非好坏。我认为慈母严父是对这句话最好的解释，而并非真的要用棍棒来教子，毕竟暴力是解决不了任何问题的。而所谓的“不打不成器”是指在某些无能为力的情况下采取的一种极端措施，毕竟有些时候只有让人受到巨大的困难后才会吸取教训，并不是说毫无观念的打孩子。 虽然现在一些教育家说不提倡棍棒教育，但我个人认为，所谓的棍棒教育并不是说像一天三餐饭一样，老是打孩子，应以说服教育为主，多和孩子讲道理，以理服人。不过在孩子犯了重大错误的时候，应该给于一定的惩戒，让孩子记住，同样的错误不可再犯因为小孩的记性好。但对于所犯的错误却是忘性大，但事后也要和他讲道理，让他知道错在哪里了。 越不孝顺的子女父母越是从小就宠爱有加，孝顺的孩子从孩提时代父母就对其较为严厉。为什么会这样呢？从现在心理学角度来看，父母宠爱孩子，会让孩子误以为自己就是家中的老大，父母不仅要对他们言听计从，还要柔顺地巴结、恭维和讨好他们。这样久而久之从襁褓到成人，历经十几个风霜雪雨，这种习惯、思维和观念就会逐渐在子女的心中定型。长大乃至成家立业后他们会照样对父母颐指气使，不仅从未树立起孝敬回馈父母之心，而且掠夺搜刮父母之心更盛。 为何如此，皆因随着年龄日增，欲望的胃口也会越来越大，自己
英美文化概况论文l论美国文化的精髓——个人主义
The essence of American culture -individualism Abstract:Individualism as a typical Western capitalist political and social philosophy,that the supremacy of personal values.The United States is a typical representative of the values of individualism,individualism is an important part of the American spirit.American individualism, rational principles derived from the Christian spirit and the pursuit of individual autonomy.In the process of development of American culture,it became the starting point of American Thought and destination,constitute the essence of American culture. Key words:the essence of the individualistic culture "Individualism"in Western culture,especially in American culture plays an important role." Individualism,"the earliest use of the term is French form of"individualism",from the Europeans and so-called root causes of the French Revolution-Enlightenment thinking-common reactions.But first systematic use of"individualism"is the term the mid-1820s,Saint-Simon's followers.Perhaps because of the pervasive influence of Saint-Simon doctrine,"individualism" in the19th century the term has been very widely used,developed into a personal ideology and theory,that is a political philosophy Western philosophy and social.Its main contents are:emphasizing the value of the subject,I believe that everyone has value,a high degree of importance of individual self-control,self-control,self-development.Individualism is based on individual-based philosophy of life. However,the true meaning of individualism varies.In France,it usually carries a negative connotation,even it remains so,means that the emphasis on individual will be more harmful to the interests of the community.For some people,individualism is a dangerous idea;in others it seems,individualism is a social or economic anarchy,the lack of the necessary systems and standards;some people believe that it is the universal personal selfish attitude.Socialists are simply"individualism"is equivalent to a"socialist"and"communism"of the opposite.French liberals talk about individualism,but regarded it as a minimum of state intervention and political freedom in order of greatest threat to a pluralistic society.And in France,in sharp contrast,the" individualism"is the term romanticism in Germany,but the label affixed.German for" individualism"is a personal understanding of self-completion and the organic unity of the individual and society. There are profound differences between East and West,most of the Eastern countries, especially China,Japan and South Korea to"individualism"as with"collectivism"contrary to the values-oriented.That"individualism"is"all personal interests as the starting point of thinking......the performance of selfish,mercenary,intrigues,etc.";"Modern Chinese Dictionary"interpretation of"individualism"is"everything from the individual starting their personal interests to put collective interests,their own interests,regardless of other people's wrong thinking."In short,Chinese culture,individualism is synonymous with self-interest,is a derogatory term. In Western culture,emphasizing the individual-oriented values dominate,but only in the American culture,individualism is only part of the essence of the development to the point of culmination,and was as a fundamental value to be highly respected.However,in the United States,"individualism"was originally sang of capitalism and liberal democracy,the emergence
英美文化论文
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英美文化与英汉翻译
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英美文化概况试题5
山东经济学院2010--2011学年第 1学期期末试题 英美文化概况（110126）试卷（5） 注意事项：所有的答案都必须写在答题纸上，答在试卷上一律无效 Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). （本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 1. Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy. 2. The divine right of the king means the sovereign derived his authority from his subjects. 3. In Britain, Grammar schools select children at the age of 11 and provide them with a general education. 4. The Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain’s foreign policy. 5. The origin of Bowling lies in the victory celebration ceremony by the ancient warriors. 6. Americans have to join a political party in order to vote or to be a candidate for public office. 7. The Clinton Administration made national security, economic prosperity and promotion of democracy the three pillars of the American foreign policy. 8.It takes at least fours years to get a bachelor’s degree from an institution of higher learning in the US. 9. In Britain, Grammar schools select children at the age of 11 and provide them with a general education. 10. The president has the authority to appoint federal judges, and all such court appointments are subject to confirmation by the House of Representatives. 11.The main duty of the Congress is to make laws, including those which levy taxes that pay for the work of the federal government. 12.Most people in Scotland speak the old Celtic language, called “Gaelic” 13. When George W. Bush became President, his foreign policy has two prominent elements: isolationism and faith in military strength. 14. Harvard College was originally founded to train government officials. 15. There are about 60 members of the Commonwealth. 16. The state of Pennsylvania used to be inhabited by the Quakers. - 1 - （共页）
英美文化概况作业
英美文化概况作业 1、what are the differences in political system between the UK and the USA? Ex:课件 2、what is the role of the Monarch in the UK? Ex:课件女王 3、how do you comment on the British education system? Ex:与中国教育进行对比阐述。课本。 4、what do you think of the open University in British？ Ex:英国教育起源招生宗旨培养目标 5、how do you comment on the American ? ex:最后一天讲的，找一个点进行对比。 6、how does novel develop in British literature? Ex: 书本上，稍微动脑筋课件上总结 7、what is the significance of American Puritanism in American literature? Ex:美国文学倾教思想如何在教育中体现的？可以以霍森的小说为例解释、 8、why is that theatrical creations have been on integral part of english的 culture for centuries? Ex:课本上。课件里没有 9、summarize the history development of british music? Ex:课本目录。 10、what innovations have the 20th century artist in the United States made in the field of arts? Ex:课本上的。 11、do the Americans share the same weddings traditions with the British people? Ex、课本上的。
英美文化差异论文 英文版
1)A, the natural environment In the eyes of the Chinese people, "summer sorching", "hot summer," summer always linked with intense heat. In Shakespeare a sonnet yet such lines, Shall I compare thee to a summer 's day? / Thou art more lovely and more temperate. (can I take with you? / summer than you ah, than summer came cute and photos.) The poet's compared to summer, lovely and always. "Summer" to the Chinese and British lenovo can be so different. Reason is that in different geographical position, China is located in the Asian continent, belong to a continental climate and four distinct seasons, summer most obvious characteristics is scorching, hot challenging. Britain is located in the north temperate, belong to sea climate, beautiful summer mild, pleasant. And of course many example of this, for example, in the Chinese "dongfeng" to make people think of the warm sunny, the west wind that have seed the bitter taste. And in the west the opposite. Reason is the same, the two are in different geographical position, bring feel different. 2)Second, production In English and aquaculture, ship the words very much, such as fish in the air (climb a tree to look for fish), an odd fish (weirdo), miss the boat (miss), etc. This kind of words in Chinese is much less. Reason is that British around water, aquatic fishing industry and ring navigation in its economic occupies an important place in the life, so many such words. And in China only coastal areas have fishermen netting fishing, so this relatively few words. To express "with the physical negative things" of the verbs in Chinese language has many, such as "carry, the Netherlands, pick, bear, carry, back, carry, negative, carry, ku" and so on, each word has certain negative luck with the corresponding things (such as soil, water, pick bear, the box), is really a very close. In English, but only a carry to "refers to the-action. The Chinese will this verb fine add distinguish, probably because in the long run, China agricultural society, manual work much more special reason. Chinese, we will encounter "like the same said work", "QiZhuangRuNiu" word, in English, to express the same meaning, will say work like a horse, as strong as a horse, flog a willing horse. Why the Chinese use the "bull" and English with horse? The answer is Chinese have always use cows to plow fields, the early English but with the Malay farming. Cows and horses in the production process were divided into two countries do good helper, earned the people with the words can be as above usage.
英美文化 (英国部分答案)
(判断题) Chapter 1 1. People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country. (F) 2. The Severn River is the longest river of Britain, which originates in Wales and flows through western England.(T) 3. Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language. (F) 4. In terms of population and area, Northern Ireland is the second largest part of Britain.(F) 5. Although the climate in Britain is generally mild, the temperature in northern Scotland often falls below -10℃ in January . (F) 6. The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons.(T) 7. The Celtic people were the earliest known inhabitants of Britain.(T) 8. English evolved into what is now described as Modern English from the late 16th century.(F) Chapter 2 1. British history before 55BC is basically undocumented.(T) 2. The Anglo-Saxons came to Britain in the 5th century.(T) 3. The chief or king of the Anglo-Saxons tribes exercised power at their own will. (F) 4. The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.(T) 5. HenryⅡ built up a large empire which included England and most of France.(T) 6. The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople.(F) 7. The Hundred Years’War (1337-1453) was a series of wars fought between the British and the Vikings for trade and territory.(F) 8. In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions, Queen ElizabethⅠactually defended the fruit of the Reformation.(T) Chapter 3 1. Conventions are regarded less important than the statutory law in the working of the British government.(T) 2. The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history.(F) 3. In reality, the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers.(F) 4. The British Parliament is the law-making body of the Commonwealth of Nations.(F) 5. The members of the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected.(F) 6. The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.(T) 7. Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament.(F) 8. The legal systems in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are much similar in terms of law, organization and practice.(T) Chapter 4 1. British was the first industrialized nation in the world.(T) 2. The British economy experienced a relative decline during the post-war period.(T) 3. Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent problems that prevented rapid economic development in Britain after World WarⅡ.(F)
英美文化作业：英美文化差异(英文版)
英美文化作业：英美文化差 异(英文版) -标准化文件发布号：（9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII
the differences of British and American culture The British are, in some ways, less conservative than Americans - the drinking age is 18, not 21, homosexual civil unions are legal, and abortion hasn't been a serious political issue in years. Mixing religion and politics is extremely rare in the UK. On the other hand, there are stricter controls on some things - it's much harder to get a driving licence, and the age requirement is higher than in most states, there are speed cameras everwhere, CCTV cameras in many public places (although they may or may not be working), and carrying weapons or other objects for "self defence" is illegal (in particular, note that pepper spray is illegal). Getting into a debate about the right to bear arms will be very time consuming, and may also lead people to think that you're a gun-nut before they've got to know you properly. Smoking in enclosed public places is illegal that includes pubs, the underground, train stations... more or less any non-residential building actually... (similar to New York, so not so much of a cultural difference there). The British apparently have a wider vocabulary of swear words than Americans. While most Britons will use them fairly freely in a social setting, things are a lot more reserved in formal settings & talking to strangers. I've not yet encountered an American "pub" which bears more than a passing resemblance to a typical British pub. People might go to a pub just to drink and socialise, have a pub lunch, or as part of an attempt to get alchohol poisioning (otherwise know as a "pub crawl"), as well as to watch sporting fixtures (which seems to be the main purpose in America). Going to the pub does not usually imply getting drunk. Although the drinking age is 18, bartenders are supposed to ID anyone who looks under 21. Though I doubt your friend will do much driving, he should be aware of the following things: Most cars in the UK have manual transmission. Cars are smaller and more efficient, petrol is more expensive. Speed limits are higher, but enforced more rigourously. Driving in London is not worth it. Central London has a congestion