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外文翻译--银行业务的核心在风险管理_规范内部控制

外文翻译--银行业务的核心在风险管理_规范内部控制
外文翻译--银行业务的核心在风险管理_规范内部控制

原文:

Managing Core Risks In Banking: Internal Comtrol&Compliance Internal Control Policy

1.1 Overview

Banking has a diversified and complex financial activity which is no longer limited within the geographic boundary of a country. Since its activity involves high risk, the issue of effective internal control system, corporate governance, transparency, accountability has become significant issues to ensure smooth performance of the banking industry throughout the world. In many banks internal control is identified with internal audit; the scope of internal control is not limited to audit work. It is an integral part of the daily activity of a bank, which on its own merit identifies the risks associated with the process and adopts a measure to mitigate the same.Internal Audit on the other hand is a part of Internal Control system which reinforces the control system through regular review.

According to an IMF publication Internal Control refers to the mechanism in place on a permanent basis to control the activities in an organization, both at a central and at a departmental/divisional level. A key component of effective internal control is the operation of a solid accounting and information system.

In Bangladesh analysis on the performances of the banks has pointed out that an effective internal control system could have contributed significantly in improving the performance of the commercial banks if the control culture is brought in through policy guidelines and structural changes at these banks.

1.2 Definition

Internal control is the process, effected by a company's board of directors, management and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the effectiveness and efficiency of operations, the reliability of financial reporting and compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and internal policies.

Internal controls are the policies and procedures established and implemented

alone, or in concert with other policies or procedures, to manage and control a particular risk or business activity, or combination of risks or business activities, to which the company is exposed or in which it is engaged.

1.3 Internal Control Environment

The internal control environment is the framework under which internal controls are developed, implemented and monitored. It consists of the mechanisms and arrangements that ensure internal and external risks to which the company is exposed are identified; appropriate and effective internal controls are developed and implemented to soundly and prudently manage these risks; reliable and comprehensive systems are to be put in place to appropriately monitor the effectiveness of these controls.

Each company needs to have in place an appropriate and effective internal control environment to ensure that the company is managed and controlled in a sound and prudent manner. The factors which together comprise the control environment are:

*a board of directors that is actively concerned with sound corporate governance and that understands and diligently discharges its responsibilities by ensuring that the company is appropriately and effectively managed and controlled;

*a management that actively manages and operates the company in a sound and prudent manner;

*organizational and procedural controls supported by an effective management information system to soundly and prudently manage the company's exposure to risk; and

*an independent audit mechanism to monitor the effectiveness of the organizational and procedural controls.

1.4 Objective of Internal Control

The primary objective of internal control system in a bank is to help the bank perform better through the use of its resources. Through internal control system bank identifies its weaknesses and takes appropriate measures to overcome the same. The main objectives of internal control are as follows:

*Efficiency and effectiveness of activities (performance objectives).

*Reliability, completeness and timelines of financial and management information (information objectives)

* Compliance with applicable laws and regulations (compliance objectives)

1.5 Policy Guidelines For Internal Control

1.5.1 Responsibility of the Board of Directors

*The overall responsibility of establishing broad business strategy,significant policies and understanding significant risks of the bank rests with the Board of Directors.

*Through the establishment of ‘Audit Committee’ the Board of Directors can monitor the effectiveness of internal control system. Bangladesh Bank has already instructed the banks to establish Audit Committee (Appendix 5.4).

*The internal as well as external audit reports will be sent to the board without any intervention of the bank management and ensure that the management takes timely and necessary actions as per the recommendations.

*Have periodic review meetings with the senior management to discuss the effectiveness of the internal control system of the bank and ensure that the management has taken appropriate actions as per the recommendations of the auditors and internal control.

1.5.2 Responsibility of the Senior Management

*In setting out a strong internal control framework within the organization the role of Managing Director is very important. He/she will establish a ’Management Committee’ (MANCOM), which will be responsible for the overall management of the Bank.

*With governance & guidance from the Board of Directors the MANCOM will put in place policies and procedures to identify, measure, monitor and control these risks.

*The MANCOM will put in place an internal control structure in the banking organization, which will assign clear responsibility, authority and reporting relationship.

*The MANCOM will monitor the adequacy and effectiveness of the internal control system based on the bank’s established policy & procedure.

*The MANCOM will review on a yearly basis the overall effectiveness of the control system of the organization and provide a certification on a yearly basis to the Board of Directors on the effectiveness of Internal Control policy, practice and procedure.

1.5.3 Risk Recognition and Assessment

*An effective internal control system continually recognizes and assesses all of the material risks that could adversely affect the achievement of the bank’s goals.

*Effective risk assessment must identify and consider both internal and external factors. Internal factors include complexity of the organization structure, the nature of the Bank’s activities, the quality of personnel, organization changes and also employee turnover. External factors include fluctuating economic conditions, changes in the industry, socio-political realities and technological advances.

*Risk assessment by Internal Control System differs from the business risk management process which typically focuses more on the review of business strategies developed to maximize the risk/reward trade-off within the different areas of the bank. The risk assessment by Internal Control focuses more on compliance with regulatory requirements, social, ethical and environmental risks those affect the banking industry.

1.5.4 Control Activities and Segregation of Duties:

*Effective internal control system requires that an appropriate control structure is set up with control activities defined at every business level, i.e. top level review; appropriate activity controls for different departments or divisions; physical controls; checks for compliance with exposure limits and follow-up on non-compliance; a system for approvals and authorizations and system pf verification and reconciliation.

*Control activities involve two steps: (1) the establishment of control policies and procedures and (2) verification that the control policies and procedures are being complied with.

*Senior management should ensure that adequate control activities are an

integral part of the daily functions of all relevant personnel; this enables quick response to changing conditions and avoids unnecessary costs. Control activities are most effective when they are viewed by management and all other personnel as an integral part of daily activities rather than an addition to it.

*One of the most important aspects of internal control system requires that there is appropriate segregation of duties and personnel are not assigned conflicting responsibilities.

*Furthermore the employees must also be provided with necessary authority which will enforce segregations of duties.

*For employees to carry out their responsibilities properly each employee should have appropriate job description.

*Areas of potential conflicts of interest should be identified, minimized and subject to careful independent monitoring.

1.5.5 Management Reporting System:

*Effective internal control system requires that there is an effective reporting system of information that is relevant to decision making. The information should be reliable, timely accessible and provided in a consistent format.

*Information would have to include external market information about events and conditions that are relevant to decision making. Internal information include financial, operational and compliance data.

*There should be appropriate committees within the organization which would evaluate data received through various information systems. This will ensure supply of correct and accurate information to the management.

*Internal information must cover all significant activities of the bank. These systems including those that hold and use data in electronic form must be secure, monitored independently and supported by contingency arrangements.

*Most importantly the channels of communication must ensure that all staff fully understand and adhere to policies and procedures effecting their duties and responsibilities and that other relevant information is reaching the appropriate personnel.

1.5.6 Monitoring Activities & Correcting Deficiencies:

*Effectiveness of the Bank’s int ernal controls should be monitored on an ongoing basis. Key/high risk items should be identified and monitored as part of daily activities. In addition there should be periodic evaluation by the business lines and internal audit team.

*There should be an effective and comprehensive internal audit of the internal control system carried out by operationally independent, appropriately trained and competent staff specially designated by the management. The significant deficiencies identified by the audit team should be reported to the board on a periodic basis. The Audit Committee of the board should be the cell to whom such report should be forwarded for review.

*Preferably the internal control team should be reporting to the board of directors or its audit committee. If practical considerations do not permit internal control team to directly report to the board of directors then it can report directly to the MD.

*Internal control deficiencies, whether identified by business lines, internal audit or other control personnel should be reported in a timely and prompt manner to the appropriate management level and addressed immediately.

*Material internal control deficiencies should be reported to senior management and board of directors with recommendations where necessary. Each bank should set out its own guideline regarding what should be considered as major branches. However, it should be noted that consideration should be given to major financial exposure or loss, significant process lapses, serious employee misconduct etc.

1.5.7 Role of External Auditors in Evaluating Internal Control System:

*External Auditors by dint of their independence from the management of the bank can provide unbiased recommendation on the strength and weakness of the internal control system of the bank.

*They can examine the records, transactions of the bank and evaluate its accounting policy, disclosure policy and methods of financial estimation made by the Bank; this will allow the board and the management to have an independent overview o n the overall control system of the bank.

1.5.8 Regulatory Compliance:

* For the banks Central Bank is the primary regulator, who governs the activities of banks. In addition Tax Authority, Registrar of Joint Stock Company, Finance Ministry etc. are different types of regulatory bodies whose directives have significant impact of bank’s business.

*The internal control system should always take into account the bank’s internal processes to meet the regulatory requirement before conducting any operation.

*The internal control system of the bank must be designed in a manner that the compliance with regulatory requirements is recognized in each activity of the bank. The bank must obtain regular information on regulatory changes and distribute among the concerned department, so that they can take necessary action to adapt to such changes.

*The bank must develop an effective communication process which will allow smooth distribution of relevant regulations among different departments and personnel.

1.5.9 Establishment of a Compliance Culture:

*A bank is said to have strong compliance culture when throughout the organization employees are encouraged to comply with policies, procedures and regulation. Even an individual at the lowest echelon should be empowered to speak up without the fear of reprisal if she/he identifies something non-compliant.

*The board of directors and the senior management must establish a compliance culture within the banking organization that emphasizes and demonstrates to all levels of personnel the importance of internal control.

*In order to establish a compliance culture the board of directors and senior management must promote a high ethical and integrity standard.

*In reinforcing ethical values the banking organization should avoid policies and practices that provide inadvertent incentive for inappropriate activities. Examples of such policies and practices include undue emphasis on performance targets or operational results, particularly short term ones that ignore long term risks and compensation schemes that overly depend on short term performance.

*The board of directors and the senior management may establish a ‘Code of Ethics’ that all levels of personnel must sign and adhere to.

Source: Mr. Jahangir Alam, Mr. Jalal Ahmed, Mr. R. Q. M. Forkan,Mr. Moinul Islam,Mr. Rais Uddin Ahmad,Mr. Siddiqur Rahman,2007.“managing core risks in banking:internal control&compliance” . Journal of Accounting and Economics.pp. 166–192.

译文:

银行业务的核心在风险管理:规范内部控制内部控制政策

1.1概述

银行拥有多元化和复杂的金融活动,不再是一国范围内的地理边界所限制。由于其活动涉及高风险,以有效的内部控制制度,公司治理,透明度,问责等用来确保世界各地的银行业平稳。在许多银行内部控制等同于内部审计;经营范围内部控制的范围并不局限于审计工作。它是中国不可分割的日常活动的银行,在它自己的标准风险识别的过程中采用一种措施来减少像内部审计,另一方面是部分的内部控制制度通过定期复习加强了控制系统。

根据国际货币基金组织,出版的内部控制是指对一个长期机制,以控制国际组织一个中心和一个部门/司级的活动。一个有效的内部控制的关键组成部分是一个扎实的会计和信息系统。

在孟加拉国银行的性能分析指出,建立有效的内部控制系统能大大促进改善商业银行的业绩,如果控制文化的赞助商,就要通过政策的指导原则和这些银行的结构性变迁来进行。

1.2定义

内部控制是一个过程,由公司的董事会,管理层和其他影响人员设计提供合理保证以实现目标的的有效性和经营的效率性,财务报告的可靠性和遵守适用的法律,法规和内部政策。

内部控制的政策和程序是单独使用,或者会同其他政策或程序建立并实施,

有特别的风险管理和商业活动控制活动,或多种危险的商务活动,它会暴露公司已经从事这些活动。

1.3内部控制环境

内部控制环境是内部控制的框架下制定,实施和监测。它由机制和安排,确定公司内部和外部的风险承受,适当和有效的内部控制是制定和实施,以稳健和审慎地管理风险,可靠和全面的系统到位,可以适当地监督这些控制的有效性。每家公司都需要在适当的地方有一个有效的内部控制环境,以确保该公司管理健全的控制和慎重的态度。它们共同的因素包括控制环境是:

*董事会,正积极关注良好的公司治理结构,理解并努力肩负起公司的责任。

*有效管理和控制的合理性。

*公司以积极经营和管理谨慎的态度。

*独立的审计机制,以监察组织和程序控制的有效性

1.4内部控制的目标

在一家银行的内部控制制度的主要目的是帮助该行通过更好地利用其资源。通过银行内部控制系统识别它的弱点,并采取适当措施,以克服相同。内部控制的主要目标如下:

*效率和效果的活动(业绩目标)。

*可靠性,完全性和时限的金融和管理信息(信息目标)

*遵守适用的法律及规章(合规目标)

1.5内部控制政策指引

1.5.1董事会的责任

*关于建立广泛的业务战略的总体责任,重大政策和银行的重大风险的认识在于董事会。

*通过审计委员会监察内部控制制度的有效性,董事会董事可成立。孟加拉银行已指示银行建立审计委员会(附录5.4)

*内部和外部审计报告将送呈董事会没有任何该银行的管理干预,确保管理层按其建议采取及时和必要的行动。

*定期开审查会议,与高级管理层讨论银行内部控制系统的有效性,并确保管理层根据审计师和内部控制采取了适当行动的建议。

1.5.2高级管理人员的责任

*在本组织范围内建立一个强有力的行政总监的内部控制框架的作用是非常重要的。他/她将建立一个“管理委员会”,这将负责银行的全面管理。

*董事会与公司治理和指导的政策和程序,管理委员会将到位以识别、测量、监控和控制这些风险。

*管理委员会将设立内部控制结构的金融机构,指派清晰的职责、权威和报告的关系。

*管理委员会在监督内部控制系统的正确性与有效性的基础上,建立银行一贯的政策和程序。

*管理委员会将回顾一年整体组织有效性控制系统的基础上,提供认证一年董事会内部控制的有效性政策,实务和程序。

1.5.3风险识别和评估

*一个有效的内部控制制度不断识别和评估所有的的重大风险可能造成银行成就目标的负面影响。

*有效的风险评估必须找出并考虑内部和外部的因素。内部因素包括复杂的组织结构银行的性质的活动、人员组织的质量变化并员工离职。外部因素还包括经济波动条件,通过改变工业、现实社会政治和技术研究进步。

*风险评估内部控制系统不同于业务风险管理过程,典型的评论更注重业务策略, 银行在不同地区最大限度地开发交易风险或者报酬的。内部控制风险评估更多关注符合那些影响风险银行业的规管要求、社会、伦理和环境。

1.5.4控制活动和职责分工:

*有效的内部控制系统需要一个合适的控制结构设置在每个业务层面与控制活动的定义,即顶层审查不同的部门或部门相应的控制活动; 物理控制是检查风险限额和对不遵守规定的后续,核查与和解一个审批和许可和系统公积金制度。

*控制活动包括两个步骤:(1)建立控制政策和程序;(2)确认该控制政策和程序已得到遵守。

*高级管理层应确保有足够的控制活动是对所有相关人员的日常职能不可分割的一部分,这可以快速针对条件的不断变化,避免不必要的费用。控制活动时,他们是最有效率的看到非管理和所有的人其他人员作为日常活动不可分割的一部分,而不是增加了它。

*内部控制制度中最重要的一个方面,需要的是适当职责分工和人员责任分

配不冲突。

*此外,雇员还必须配备必要的权力这将执行职责的划分。

*为员工正确地履行其职责每个员工应当有适当的职位描述。

*经过仔细独立监测,最小化确定潜在利益冲突的区域。

1.5.5管理报告系统:

*有效的内部控制系统需要有一个有效的报告决策相关信息的系统。信息应该是可靠的、及时容易获取,并采用一致的格式

*信息必须包括有关事件的外部市场信息和相关决策的条件。内部信息包括财务、操作及合规数据。

*通过信息系统收到的信息,需要有适当的委员会组织评估数据。这将保证提供正确的和准确的信息管理。

*内部信息必须包括银行所有的重大活动。这些系统包括那些持有和使用数据在电子表格必须安全、独立的监测和应急计划的支持。

*最重要的沟通渠道必须确保所有工作人员充分认识和把握影响的政策和程序履行职责和责任,其他有关资料到达适当的人员。

1.5.6监测活动和纠正不足之处:

*本银行的内部控制的有效性上,应监测正在进行的基础。高风险的项目,应当确定和监测的一部分日常活动。此外,还有应定期评价业务范围和内部审计业务团队。

*必须有一个有效的全面内部审计的内部控制系统进行独立运作,适当的培训和有关人员特定的管理。重大的稽核小组鉴定的不足,应当定期向董事会报经。董事会审计委员会应该提交审查。

*最好是内部控制的团队应该向董事会汇报董事或审计委员会。如果实际的考虑不允许内部控制小组,那么它可以由总经理直接向董事会报告。

*内部控制缺陷,无论是否确定的业务范围,内部审计或其他控制人员应及时报告和迅速的方式,适当的管理水平的立即处理。

*资料内部控制不足时,在有需要时提出建议报高级管理层和董事会。每家银行应列出自己的方针,分支机构应该是什么方面作为主要考虑。但是,应该指出的是,应考虑到主要的金融风险或损失,重要的进程失效,严重的员工失当行为等。

1.5.7外部审计师在评价内部控制系统的作用:

*外部审计由于其独立性可以从管理银行和银行的内部控制制度提供优点和缺点的建议没有偏见。

*他们可以检查的该银行的交易记录,并评估其会计政策,信息披露政策和由银行制成的财务评价方法,这将使董事会和管理层对银行的整体控制系统有独立的概览。

1.5.8合规性:

*对银行来说谁管理银行的活动谁就是中央银行主要监管机构。此外有重大影响的银行监管机构种类分为税务机关,联合股份公司,注册财政部等都是他们的指示银行业务。

*内部控制制度应该总是考虑到银行内部过程,以满足前管理要求进行操作。

*该银行的内部控制制度的设计方式必须以法规要求确定银行的每个活动。银行必须获得监管和有关部门变化之间定期分发的信息,使他们能够采取必要行动,以适应这种变化。

*银行必须建立一个有效的沟通过程,这将允许有关规定平稳分布在不同部门和人员之间。

1.5.9建立合规文化:

*当整个组织鼓励员工遵守政策,程序和监管,银行就有强烈的合规文化。如果她/他的东西标识不符合规定的,即使是在最底层的人也有权说话而没必要担忧报复。

*董事会和高级管理层必须在建立在银行组织合规文化中强调和论证对各级人员内部控制的重要性。

*为了建立一个合规文化,董事会和高级管理人员必须促进高道德和诚信标准。

*银行机构加强道德价值观应避免政策和做法,不为不适当的活动意外奖励。这些政策和做法的例子包括:绩效目标或经营业绩,特别是短期,忽视长期风险和补偿计划,过分依赖、强调短期履行期限。

*董事会和高级管理层可以建立一个“道德规范”,各级人员必须签署和坚持。

出处:Mr. Jahangir Alam, Mr. Jalal Ahmed, Mr. R. Q. M. Forkan,Mr. Moinul

Islam,Mr. Rais Uddin Ahmad,Mr. Siddiqur Rahman,《银行业务的核心在风险管理:内部控制和合规》,会计与经济学. 2007 (44): 166-192.

会计内部控制中英文对照外文翻译文献

会计内部控制中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

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外文翻译--如何监测内部控制

附录A

附录B 如何监测内部控制 内部控制是任何组织有效运行的关键,董事会、执行长和内部审计人员都为实现这个企业的目标而工作;该内部控制系统是使这些团体确保那些目标的达成的一种手段。控制帮助一个企业有效率地运转。此外,运用一种有效的风险系统,风险可被降低到最小。同时,控制促进经营和与经营有关的信息的可靠性。全美反舞弊性财务报告委员会发起组织(COSO;1992) 在它发布的具有开创性的文件《内部控制整合框架》中,将内部控制定义为:企业风险管理是一个过程,受企业董事会、管理层和其他员工的影响,包括内部控制及其在战略和整个公司的应用,旨在为实现经营的效率和效果、财务报告的可靠性以及法规的遵循提供合理保证。该委员会还指出,一个的内部控制的系统包括五个要素。它们是:控制环境、风险评估、信息和沟通、控制活动、监控。 COSO的定义及五个要素已被证明确实对不同的团体,如董事会和首席执行官起到作用。这些群体对内部控制系统的监管以及系统设计与运行有责任。而且,内部审计人员已经发现COSO的指导是有用的。这群人员可能会被董事会或管理层要求去测试控制。COSO最近发布的一份讨论文件,指出五个要素监控,其中的五个要素的确定在1992 frame work COSO原本。中国发展简报的题为《内部控制-整合框架:内部控制体系监督指南》(COSO,2007)。在文件中,COSO 强调监控的重要性,以及这些信息常常被没有充分利用。 因为董事会、执行长,和内部审计人员都在一个公司的内部控制中扮演着重要角色,内部控制的各要素,包括监测,都对所有的团体有着非常重要的意义。同时,外审计人员对监测有兴趣。《萨班斯-奥克斯利法案》(2002)为外部审计师创建了一个新的监督体制。所有的五个要素,包括监测,必须加以考虑。另外,内部控制审计必须结合对财务报告的检查。在一体化审计之前,在首席执行官的领导下,也许也在内部审计活动的支持下的管理,评估了内控制体系的有效性。随后外部审计人员对控制出具意见。起监督角色的董事会,将阅读内部审计、管理层和首席执行官出具的报告。文件关于监测对每一个团体的指导起了帮助,因为他们分别为各自的角色而劳动。 第一,什么是监测。监测的组成可评估内部控制系统在过去一段时间发挥效用的质量。其对控制功能的评估有助于企业确定其控制在有效地运作中。在执行监测活动时,相关人员参与审查系统的设计及其运行效果。这种检查必须进行及时,目的是为了提供给企业最大的利益。管理层负责做出适当的行动以回应这些结果。当事人对内部控制有兴趣,可以充分依赖这个内部控制系统,如果合适的监

管理 审计 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 内部控制爆X炸

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内部控制理论与概念中英文对照外文翻译文献 内部控制理论与概念中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

内部控制透视:理论与概念 环境需要新的业务控制变量不为任何潜在的股东和管理人士的响应因子为1,另外应执行/她组织了一个很大的控制权。控制是管理活动的东西或以上施加控制。思想的产生和近十年的发展需要有系统的商业资源和控制这种财富一个新的关注。主题之一热一回合管制的商业资源是分析每个控制成本效益。 作为内部控制和欺诈的第一道防线,维护资产以及预防和侦查错误。内部控制,我们可以说是一种控制整个系统的财务和其他方面的管理制定了为企业的顺利运行;它包括内部的脸颊,内部审计和其他形式的控制。 COSO的内部控制描述如下。内部控制是一个客观的方法用来帮助确保实现。在会计和组织理论,内部控制是指或目标目标的过程实施由组织的结构,工作和权力流动,人员和具体的管理信息系统,旨在帮助组织实现。这是一种手段,其中一个组织的资源被定向,监控和测量。它发挥着无形的(重要的作用,预防和侦查欺诈和保护组织的资源,包括生理(如,机械和财产)和乙二醇,声誉或知识产权,如商标)。在组织水平,内部控制目标与可靠性的目标或战略的财务报告,及时反馈业务上的成就,并遵守法律,法规。在具体的交易水平,内部控制是指第三方采取行动以实现一个具体目标(例如,如何确保本组织的款项,在申请服务提供有效的。)内部控制程序reduce程变异,导致更加具有可预见性outcomes。在业务实体内部控制也被称为业务控制。它们是日常的工具使用的经理。 所有管理人员使用的内部控制,以帮助确保他们的经营单位,按照计划,他们使用的方法-政策、程序、组织设计和身体的障碍构成。内部控制是对以下组合: 1、财务控制 2、其他控件。 根据内部控制研究所印度特许会计师是该组织计划和所有的方法和程序,通过了包括一个由管理机构,以协助实现业务管理的目的是确保尽可能高效有序进行可能的坚持管理政策,对资产的安全护卫预防和信息检测欺诈行为和错误的准确性和完整性的财务会计的可靠记录,及时编制,控制系统内部的事务以外延伸涉及到会计系统的功能。换句话说内部控制系统的控制下由管理奠定了它的对象的顺利运行的业务的成就。这些控件可以分为两个部分,即财务控制和其他控制。

内部控制外文文献==

内部控制外文文献 如果要证明功能扩展到包含内部控制的有效性,那么报告准则则必须制定,若干基本问题必须被解决。 随着日益频繁增长,审计员听取了他们应该发表的一个效力于客户的内部控制制度建议的意见。这一证明功能扩展的主张者迅速指出,目前已经有了实例如独立审计师的报告公开他们的客户的内部控制制度和一些政府机构的成效,包括一些空置中的美国证券和交易委员会,都需要一个报告。这些证实类型的反对者公布了任何关于内部控制的有效性,他们认为,目前有显着性差异监管机构的报告要求和提出意见的内部控制将会误导公众。本文综述了目前报告的做法,考虑到理想状态相关的危害的特点,并最后提出了一些在任何给与最后判决之前必要的予以回答的问题。现状报告虽然审计员的报告中的一些情况提及了内部控制的性质,但作出的本质陈述还有很大不同的效应。大型银行。关于对内部控制的观点事实上出现在一些大型银行和看法发行的年度报告中。有时这些意见是被董事会要求的。例如,下面的主张出现在1969年年度报告的一个大型纽约银行中, 作为第3款的独立会计师的标准短形式的报告:我们的审核工作包括评价有效性,大块的内部会计控制,其中还包括内部审计。我们认为,在于程序的影响下,再加上银行内部审计工作人员所进行的审核,这些构成一个有效的系统的内部会计控制。意见被提供给几个其他银行,但它们基本上引用的意见是一样的。美国证券交易委员会的规定。美国证券交易委员会表格X-17A-5,要求独立审计师作出某些有关的

内部控制陈述,并必须在每年的大多数成员国家与每一个证券经纪或注册的交易商根据1934年证券交易法第15条进行交流时。此外,美国证券交易委员会的第17a-5(g)规定要求独立的核数师的报告要包含“一份如,是否会计师审查了程序,要安全措施保障客户的证券的声明中”此外,许多股票交易所要求该报告要表明审查已取得的“会计制度,内部会计控制和程序,是为维护证券,包括适当的测试它们对以后的期间,检验日期前”,很显然,美国证券交易委员会的工作人员更倾向于考虑,会计师包括了语言相似,所要求的所有报告的交流提交给证券交易委员会。审计范围的报告通常如下:我们审核了声明的财务状况(姓名)以及(时间)。我们的审核是根据公认的审计标准,并据此包括审查会计制度,内部会计控制和程序,为维护证券及这种测试,因为因为我们事先认为在必要的情况下。检查了(日期)和会计记录和其他必要的审计程序,(着重添加)为了避免进行混淆的类型审查,这有关“普遍接受的审计标准”改为了“相应接受的审计标准”。请注意,是要求满足表达的意见是否适当,因为该报告仅仅在审查中指出。如果在内部控制材料的不足之处,独立审计师需要向美国证券交易委员会报告,但根据规则RuleI7a-5(b)(3),不足之处可在一份机密报告的补充报告。如果没有发现材料不足,则代表这既不被要求也不期待。因此,美国证券交易委员会的报告并不构成表达意见的内部控制的有效性,并在这方面,很大不同于发表了报告的几个大型银行。其他政府机构。政府机构大相径庭的关于所需的内部控制报告的类型。或许是要求是最严格的是被市场经济所管理。1967

外文翻译--中小型民营企业内部控制研究

中文5900字 本科毕业设计(论文) 外文参考文献译文及原文 学院 专业 年级班别 学号 学生姓名 指导教师 年月日

中小民营企业内部控制研究 Research on the Internal Control of Small and Medium-sized Private Enterprises 目录 摘要 (1) 1 选题背景 (2) 2内部控制理论的概述 (3) 2.1 内部控制的根本性质 (3) 2.2内部控制的责任 (3) 3 确保内部控制的充分性 (5) 4 先天的内部控制 (9) 5 结论 (11) Abstract (12) 1Background Topics (13) 2 Internal control theory outlined (15) 2.1 The Fundamental Nature Of Intaral Control (15) 2.2 Responsibillty For Internal Control (15) 3 Ensuring that the internal control adequacy (17) 4 Inherent limitations of internal control (22) 5 Conclusion (25)

摘要 内部控制这个概念已经不是一个新概念。这篇文章将研究每个公共部门财政经理和董事会成员应该了解的关于内部控制的内容。在分析了虚假的财政报告的根本原因以后,Treadway 委员会把大部分的责任归咎于内部控制管理的不足。作为回应,建立Treadway委员会的各个组织成立了一个赞助组织委员会(COSO),设法补救的Treadway委员会揭露出来的问题。 COSO为了确保此架构足够及全面的内部控制,确定了5个重要组成部分:1、控制环境;2、风险评估;3、政策及程序;4、沟通;5、监测与追踪。一个健全的架构与内部控制是必要的,同时必须意识到这类框架是难于达到一个完美的境界。内部控制在本质上是一种管理责任。

内部控制外文翻译

外文翻译 原文来源:R e s e a r c h P a p e r, J u l y2009, S o c i a l S c i e n c e R e s e a r c h N e t w o r k 中文译文:内部控制透视:理论与概念 学院 专业 姓名 学号 指导教师 年月日

内部控制透视:理论与概念 环境需要新的业务控制变量不为任何潜在的股东和管理人士的响应因子为1,另外应执行/她组织了一个很大的控制权。控制是管理活动的东西或以上施加控制。思想的产生和近十年的发展需要有系统的商业资源和控制这种财富一个新的关注。主题之一热一回合管制的商业资源是分析每个控制成本效益。 作为内部控制和欺诈的第一道防线,维护资产以及预防和侦查错误。内部控制,我们可以说是一种控制整个系统的财务和其他方面的管理制定了为企业的顺利运行;它包括内部的脸颊,内部审计和其他形式的控制。 COSO的内部控制描述如下。内部控制是一个客观的方法用来帮助确保实现。在会计和组织理论,内部控制是指或目标目标的过程实施由组织的结构,工作和权力流动,人员和具体的管理信息系统,旨在帮助组织实现。这是一种手段,其中一个组织的资源被定向,监控和测量。它发挥着无形的(重要的作用,预防和侦查欺诈和保护组织的资源,包括生理(如,机械和财产)和乙二醇,声誉或知识产权,如商标)。在组织水平,内部控制目标与可靠性的目标或战略的财务报告,及时反馈业务上的成就,并遵守法律,法规。在具体的交易水平,内部控制是指第三方采取行动以实现一个具体目标(例如,如何确保本组织的款项,在申请服务提供有效的。)内部控制程序reduce程变异,导致更加具有可预见性outcomes。在业务实体内部控制也被称为业务控制。它们是日常的工具使用的经理。 所有管理人员使用的内部控制,以帮助确保他们的经营单位,按照计划,他们使用的方法-政策、程序、组织设计和身体的障碍构成。内部控制是对以下组合: 1、财务控制 2、其他控件。 根据内部控制研究所印度特许会计师是该组织计划和所有的方法和程序,通过了包括一个由管理机构,以协助实现业务管理的目的是确保尽可能高效有序进行可能的坚持管理政策,对资产的安全护卫预防和信息检测欺诈行为和错误的准确性和完整性的财务会计的可靠记录,及时编制,控制系统内部的事务以外延伸涉及到会计系统的功能。换句话说内部控制系统的控制下由管理奠定了它的对象的顺利运行的业务的成就。这些控件可以分为两个部分,即财务控制和其他控制。

外文翻译--企业内部控制的决定因素和后果

附件1:外文资料翻译译文 企业内部控制的决定因素和后果: 一个权变理论为基础的分析 1简介 人们普遍认为,内部控制制度能帮助企业降低风险、保证财务报表的可靠性和加强对法律法规的遵守。因此,一些企业的倒闭现象和一些欺诈行为的广泛宣传逐渐增加,针对企业特定的经营环境,从而使企业对内部控制制度更加重视。有效地管理对加强企业内部控制的有效性,并有效地传达给董事会和股东具有更大的压力。例如审计人员、供应商、顾客跟内部控制也有关系,因为它们可能影响长期财务报告的可信度、管理人员的责任和企业的组织形式。 尽管内部控制是影响公司的一个重要因素,证据表明,内部控制结构的实际表现在组织结构中是不存在的。正如金尼所提到的那样,该议题还未被研究人员所开发。关于内部控制的专业文献对于发展国际管制框架已经取得了一定的进展,但迄今为止,内部控制研究的数量是有限的。Selto和Windener出版的研究和分析的专业文章,发现在管理控制的研究中,关于内部控制专题的文学比实际文学少。人们越来越重视内部控制业务发挥的作用,缺乏现有的研究,所以建立新的研究需要和机会是当务之急。 这项研究有助于了解内部控制结构及其在公司环境中的成效。即使内部控制框架提出了内部控制的一个标准化的结构和目标,他们认为根据公司的特点来判断内部控制的不同需要。然而无论是框架还是先前的文学都不能提供一个适合于企业特点及其控制系统关系的图片。因此,本研究利用一个应急的方法来审查内部控制结构的设计及其在不同环境下观察到的成效。研究报告分析了结构方程关系模型和芬兰提出的741公司的实证结果。这项研究结果使内部控制几个重要方面的研究知识增加了局限性。首先,研究提出利用实证研究结果对内部控制及其在实践中的有效性进行研究。世界各地有一些组织把内部控制框架作为基金会开展活动。无论如何,还有一些关于实践框架以外的证据,从而对模式有一个更深

内部控制【外文翻译】

外文文献翻译译文 一、外文原文 原文: Internal control Introduction The system of internal control over financial reporting in Japan under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act (FIEA) was implemented as of the fiscal year starting on April 1 2008.Under this system, executive officers of listed companies are obligated to evaluate their company's internal control over financial reporting and to file the results of such evaluation in the form of an internal audit report with the Financial Services Agency (FSA). In this report, executive officers should state material weakness if they judge any material weakness exists in the company's internal control over financial reporting. The report should also be audited by outside accounting auditors before being filed with the FSA. Since most Japanese companies have a fiscal year that ends in March, June 2009 will be the first time most companies file such a report. When the internal control system was introduced, it made reference to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of the US. Under the Japanese system, clear standards were set regarding the set-up of internal controls over financial reporting in an effort to prevent the creation of excessive documentation and to control costs, two issues which had occurred in the US. However, even with such standards, some uncertainty exists. In particular, uncertainty arises regarding the connection between this system under the FIEA and the rules of the Companies Act. Failure to submit the internal audit report or submission of false statements can lead to liabilities and criminal penalties under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act (FIEA). However, if there is a material weakness in the company's internal controls over financial reporting and executive officers disclose such material weakness in the

信息披露制度:内部控制【外文翻译】

外文翻译 原文 Regulation by disclosure: the case of internal control Material:https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c512974341.html,/content/351u43877v108j45/ author:Laura F. Spira Michael Page …the subject of internal control, once a guaranteed remedy for sleeplessness, has made a spectacular entry onto political and regulatory agendas. (Power 1997: 57) In his analysis of the development of the role of audit, Power observes that internal control has become increasingly important as part of a system of regulation which relies on making internal mechanisms visible through forms of self-validation and disclosure. Corporate governance requirements have frequently been couched in the form of codes of practice on the principle of ‘comply or explain’ rat her than prescriptive legislation. The monitoring role of the board of directors, which forms the apex of the internal control system of an organisation, has been emphasised. The influence of particular interest groups has been important in the negotiation of these developments. Auditors, both internal and external, can claim expertise in internal control, advancing their organisational position in the case of internal auditors (Spira and Page 2003) and increasing the potential for sales of specialised services in the case of external auditors. Regulators and legislators have focused on internal control issues as a policy response to crises (Cunningham 2004). The use of internal control as a corporate governance device reflects a subtle but significant chang e in its conception, moving from the original ‘‘supportive’’ notion that internal control systems were an integral part of the structure of an organization which enabled its goals to be achieved, to the more recent view of internal control as a substantial ly ‘‘preventive’’ system, designed to minimise obstructions to goal achievement and carrying significantly greater expectations of the effectiveness of such systems. As Page and Spira (2004) note, companies have also increasingly taken ‘risk-based’ approac hes to internal control because of the increased pace of organizational change—control systems change too fast to be rigidly documented and companies may not even have full documentation relating to some of their IT based systems. For these reasons there has been an increase in

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