三大从句语法
从句可分为三类:即名词性从句、形容词性从句(即定语从句)和副词性从(即状语从句)。引导从句的词称作关联句。
一、名词性从句
引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括：从属连词：that, if, whether连接代词：who, whoever whom, whomever ,which ,whichever ,what ,whatever ,whose 连接副词where, when, why, how。其中, 从属连词只起连接作用, 在从句中不充当任何句法成分,而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用, 在从句中又充当一定的成分.
不可省略的连词：1. 介词后的连词 2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won.
比较：whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：1. whether 引导主语从句并在句首 2.引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语4. 从句后有"or not" 例：Whether he will come is not clear. The fact is that he didn't go to the dinner party.
I don't know if he will attend the meeting.
1. 在含有主语从句的复合句中, 为保持句子平衡, 常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语从句置于句末. That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
It's a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
A It + be +形容词+ that-从句例：It is necessary that…有必要……It is important that…重要的是……It is obvious that… 很明显……
B. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句例如：It is believed that…人们相信……It is known to all that…从所周知……It has been decided that… 已决定……
C. It + be +名词+ that-从句例：It is common knowledge that………是常识It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……It is a fact that… 事实是……
D. It +不及物动词+ that-分句例：It appears that…似乎……It happens that…碰巧……It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
2. 为保持句子平衡, that引导的宾语从句也常用it代替, 而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况下。
He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here.
3. 从属连词whether和if都作“是否…”解, 但if不可引导主语从句和表语从句。whether可与or(not)连用, 而if不可以。I don't know whether (if) she is at home.
Whether she comes or not makes no difference.
4. that和what引导名词性从句的区别: that在从句中不充当成分,而what在从句中充当一定的成分, 如主语、表语、宾语等。that可省略, what则不可省。
He always means what he says. She suggested (that) he do it at once.
5. 同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导, 常跟在下列名词后面, 如fact, idea, opinion, news, hope, belief等, that不可省。同位语从句一般用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容。We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms.
The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.
二、形容词性从句
引导定语从句的关联词包括: (1)关系代词:that, which, whose, who, whom, as; (2)关系副词:when, where, why。
关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都充当一定的句法成分,关系代词在句中充当动词的宾语时, 一般可省去。关系代词的选用比较复杂, 它受下列条件的制约: (1)先行词是指人还是指
物(2)关系代词在从句中的句法功能(3)定语从句是限定性的还是非限定性的。
关系代词的选用情况见下表:
先行词在从句中的句法功能用于限定性或非限定性定语从句只用于限定性定语从句
指人或指物指人指物
主语who which that
宾语whom which that
定语whose whose(of which)
I know that he is a man who (that) means what be says.
The gentleman whom (that) she met addressed her with courtesy(礼貌)。
The watch which (that) was lost has been found.
Here is the meterial which (that) you need.
You're the only one whose advice he might listen to.
关系副词的选用相对来说较简单。如先行词为表示时间的名词, 如time, day等, 则用when; 如先行词为表示地点的名词, 如place, house, area等,则用where; 如先行词为reason, 则用why。例：I'll never forget the mountain village where (in which) I spent my childhood.
I don't know the reason why (for which) he did that.
1. 当先行词是all, something, nothing等不定代词时;或先行词前有first,last, only, few, much, some, any, no等修饰时;或先行词前有形容词最高级修时, 一般只用that而不用which来引导定语从句。例：I've explained everything (that) I can to you.
This is the most beautiful compus (that) I've ever been to.
2. 定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句, 限定性定语从句与主句关系紧密, 为句中不可缺少的部分, 如去掉, 主句意思不完整。非限定性定语从句与主句关系松散, 如去掉, 主句内容仍完整。在书面语中, 非限定性定语从句一般被逗句隔开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that引导。引导非限定性定语从句的关系词不可省略。
His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.
The general's daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a sweet smile.
3. 先行词也可以是整个句子。这时, 一般用which或as来引导定语从句。which在从句中可充当主语、宾语等, as在从句中一般只充当主语。which与as引导此类定语从句的区别在于: which只能置于句中或句末, 而as的位置比较灵活, 可置于句中、句末, 又可置于句首。Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as) is known to all.
As had been expected, he finished first in decathlon(十项全能) at that Olympic Games.
4. 关系代词在定语从句中有时也做介词的宾语。如果介词被置于关系代词前, 一般只用介词+which或介词+whom, 而不用介词+that来此导定语从句。如果介词被置于从句句末, 则可用that代替which或whom,且that这时可省去。
This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars.
One of my colleagues whom (that) you are familiar with will come today.
区分关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum _D__ you visited a few days age?
A. where
B. that
C. on which
D. the one 例2. Is this the museum __A__ the exhibition was held .A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
三、副词性从句
在复合句中, 起状语作用的从句称作状语从句。
状语从句分为：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状误从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句。
状语从句可放在句首或句末。如状语从句位于主语前,一般用逗号将其与主句隔开。
(一)时间状语从句
When you cross a main road, you must be very careful.
Until we learn the facts, we can't do anything about it.
注1. when, as, while引导时间状语从句时都可以表示主句的动作与从句的动作同时发生, 即同时性。它们的区别在于：when和as引导的状语从句中的动作既可以是延续性的, 也可以是非延续性的, 即瞬时性的；while引导的状语从句中的动作只能是延续的动作或状态。
当主句和从句中的动作均为延续动作时, 一般用while, 而不用when或as。当表示两个同时发展、变化的情况时, 一般用as, 作“随着…”解。
When she comes, I shall tell her to wait for you. As she got older, she got wiser.
While Peter was reading, his wife was cooking.
2. 有些副词和一些表示时间的名词词组也可用作从属连词,引导时间状语从句。如instantly, immediately, directly, the day, every time, the minute, the second, the moment等。Immediately he arrived, he started describing us what had happened.
The day he returned home, his grandpa was alrady dead.
(二)条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的从属连词有：if, unless, as (so) long as, only if(只要)。
If you don't come on time, we'll start out without you.
As (so) long as you keep on trying, you'll certainly succeed.
注：除了以上提到的从属连词外, 还有其它的一些词或词组也可引导条件状语从句。
如: providing that，provided,，supposing that,，suppose that,，on condition that,，in case等。
I will go providing that my expenses are paid.要是我的费用有人代付我就去
Supposing he is not at home, what then? 假如他不在家,那怎么办?
You can use the bicycle on condition that you return it tomorrow.只要你明天归还,自行车你可以拿去用。
In case she comes back, let me know immediately.假使她回来了,立刻告诉我
Take the raincoat in case it rains.带着雨衣,以防下雨。
(三)原因状语从句
引导原因状语从句从句的从属连词有：becasue, since, as, now(that), in that, considering that等。Considering he's only been learning English a year he speaks it very well.考虑到他只学了一年英语,他讲得算是很流利了。
We didn't know what to do as we were just visiting there.我们不知道该怎么办,因为当时我们仅仅在那里作访问。
Since it is so hot, let's go swimming.既然天气这么热,我们去游泳吧。
注：in that和now(that)的用法: in that引导的从句对主句进行解释和说明,意思是: 在…方面, 在于…; 因为。now(that)表示既然。
Theory is valuable in that it can provide a direction for practice.理论所以有价值,就在于它能给实践指出方向。
Now (that) the weather has improved, let's go out for a picnic.既然天气已转好, 我们就出去野餐吧。
(四)让步状语从句
引导让步状语从句的从属连词有：though, although, even if (even though), as, no matter…despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that, while。
Tired as he was, he sat up late.他虽然疲倦,可仍然很晚才睡。
No matter how they slander us, we will never give in.不管他们怎样诽谤我们,我们决不让步。While I like the color of the hat, I do not like its shape.虽然我喜欢这顶帽子的颜色,但我不喜欢它的形状。
注：一些疑问词在词尾加上ever后, 也可引导让步状语从句,相当于no matter+疑问词。这些词包括: whatever, wherever, whenever, whoever, however。
Whatever he says, don't beleve him.不管他说什么都不要想相信他。
Whoever you are, you must obey the traffic regulations.
(五)目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的从属连词有: so that, in order that, lest, in case, for fear that。
They climbed to the top of the building in order that they could get a bird's-eye view of the city. Ask her to hurry up with these letters so that I can sign them.
Take an umbrella in case it rains.
We dare not play jokes on him lest he should become angry.我们不敢开他玩笑生怕他动气。注：so that和in order that的区别: so that更常用, in order that更正式。so that引导的从句一般置于句末,而in order that引导的从句既可置于句首, 又可置于句末。
In order that the grass and flowers could bloom again,it was necessary that the rocks should be removed.
She got up early so that she could catch the first bus.
(六)结果状语从句
结果状语从句一般由下列连词引导: so that, so…that, such…that。
He overslept, (so) that he was late for work.
They got such a fright that they dropped the bag and ran away.
注：1. so…that和such…that的区别。so后接形容词或副词, such后接名词。
It was so cold that we had to cancel the game.
It's such a good chance that we mustn't miss it.
2. so that既可引导目的状语从句, 也可引导结果状语从句。so that引导目的状语从句时, 一般从句动词前会出现can(could),may(might),shall(should),而so that引导的结果状语从句表示客观事实, 不会出现上述词语。
引导结果状语从句的so that前常有逗号, 表示强调。so that引导的目的状语可置于句首,而so that引导的结果状语从句只能置于句末。
He left early so that he could catch the train.他早早动身, 以便能赶上车。(目的)
He left early, so that he caught the train.他早早动身, 赶上了火车。(结果)
(七)方式状语从句
引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as, as if(though), the way, how。
He made some changes as you had suggested.
She was behaving as if (though) she hadn't grown up.
初中英语语法——三大从句汇总(重点笔记)知识讲解
初中英语语法——三大从句汇总 在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即 状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。以 下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点 A、定语从句专项讲解与训练 一、定语从句概念 定语从句（attributive clause），顾名思义，就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。 定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作先行词。请看示例： The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 先行词定语从句 在所有的从句中，算定语从句最难掌握，因为汉语里没有定语从句，汉语里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示： 先行词主格宾格所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which whose of which 人、物 that that — （一）关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法 who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如： An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。
I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school.我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。 Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。whom代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略。例如：Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗？ This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago.这是我爸爸十年前教的学生。 The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。（在非正式英语中，主格who代替了宾格whom，亦可省略） whose一般代替人，有时亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。例如：The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。 Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字，你知道吗？（关系代词whose指代先行词hotel，正式用法应该用of which。whose window=the window of which，意思是：the window of the hotel。） （二）关系代词which的用法 which代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如： I do not like stories which have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。（which可以换成that） Tom works for a factory which makes watches. 汤姆在一个制表厂工作。（which可以换成that） （三）关系代词that的用法 that既可指人又可指物，在当代英语中大多指物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如： Is she the girl that sells newspapers? 她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗？（that可以换成who） Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?
英语语法英语从句完全汇总
英语语法: 英语从句完全汇总 一.主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it 代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如： It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is John that broke the window. 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is +名词+从句 It is a fact that …事实是… It is an honor that …非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that …是常识 (2) it is +形容词+从句 It is natural that…很自然… It is strange that…奇怪的是… (3) it is +不及物动词+从句 It seems that…似乎… It happened that…碰巧… (4) it +过去分词+从句 It is reported that…据报道… It has been proved that…已证实… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right) That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong) (3) It happens…, It occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right) That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong) (4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. (right) Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (wrong) (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right) Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong) 4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语.宾语.表语，而that 则不
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从句 从句按其在主句中的句法功能可分为三类: 即名词性从句、形容词性从句(即定语从句)和副词性从句(即状语从句)。 引导从句的词称作关联句. 一、名词性从句 引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括: 从属连词that, if, whether; 连接代词 who,whoever,whom,whomever,which,whichever,what,whatever,wh ose; 连接副词where, when, why, how。 其中, 从属连词只起连接作用, 在从句中不充当任何句法成分, 而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用, 在从句中又充当一定的成分. That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising. The fact is that he didn't go to the dinner party. I don't know if he will attend the meeting. Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom? 你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息了吗?(that引导同位语从句) [提示]
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状语从句讲解 英语状语从句的用法（I） 定义与用法： 在复合句中修饰主句或主句中的某一谓语成分的从句叫状语从句。状语从句通常由从属连词或起连词作用的词组引导。状语从句可放在主句之前或之后，放在主句之前时一般用逗号与主句分开。有时可置于主句中间，前后用逗号。状语从句根据它表达的意思不同，可分为时间、条件、原因、地点、目的、结果、让步、方式、比较等九类。 各类状语从句连接词（短语）一览表： 时间 when, while, as, as soon as, since, until, after, before 条件 If, unless 原因 As, because, since 地点 Where 目的 So that, in order that 结果So that, so…that, such…that 让步 though, although, even if, however 方式 As 比较than, (not)as…as, 一、时间状语从句 时间状语从句是表示时间关系的从句。可以引导时间状语从句的连词很多，根据意义和主从句之间的时间关系，通常可分为以下几种情况： A．when, while, as, whenever。 when, while, as表示主句谓语作和从句的谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生。分述如下：1．when ①when (at or during the time that ) 既可以表示在某一点的时候，又可表示在某一段时间内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。表示点时间时，从句中用短暂性动词；表示段时间时，用持续性动词。 When I got home, my family were already having dinner.我到家的时候，全家已在吃晚饭。（when表示点时间） The teacher came in when they were still talking and laughing,.当他们还在说笑的时候，老师进来了。（when表示段时间） 【考例】Don’t be afraid of asking for help ____it is needed. A. unless B. since C. although D. when 【思路点拨】答案为D此题考查when用作连接词用来引导时间状语从句。
英语定语从句用法详解(初中)
英语定语从句用法详解（初中） 在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的有关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that等和关系副词where, when, why 等，关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成份。 1.由who引导的定语从句中， who用作主语，如： This is the boy who often helps me. 2.由whom引导的定语从句中，whom用作宾语，如：The man whom you are waiting for has gone home. 3.由whose引导的定语从句中， whose用作定语，如： Do you know the girl whose skirt is white? 4.由which引导的定语从句中，which用作主语或谓语动词的宾语或介词的宾语，如： The room in which there is a machine is a work shop. The river which is in front of my house is very clean. This is the pen which you want. 注意： (1)whom, which用作介词宾语时，介词可放在 whom、which之前，也可放在从句原来的位置上；但在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原来的位置上。如： He is the very person whom we must take good care of. (2)引导非限制性定语从句时，必须用关系代词which，不用that,如：I have lost my bag, which I like very much. (3)关系代词在句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。 5.由that引导的定语从句中，that可以指人或物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语，如： The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun. 注意在下面几种情况下必须用 that引导定语从句。 (1)先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等，如： All that we have to do is to practise English. (2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，如 The first letter that I got from him will be kept. (3)先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰，如 I've eaten up all the food that you gave me. (4)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时如 He is the only person that I want to talk with. (5)先行词既有人又有物时，如: They talked about persons and things that they met. (6)当句中已有who时，为避免重复，如： Who is the man that is giving us the class? 6.由when, where, why引导的定语从句，如: I don't know the reason why he was late. This is the place where we have lived for 5 years. I'll never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time. 注意：先行词是表示地点时，如果从句的谓语动词是及物的，就用 that(which)，如果从句的谓语动词是不及物的，就用where引导。This is the house Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(Where he has lived for 15 year.)