莎士比亚第30首sonnet

When to the sessions of sweet silent thought

I summon up remembrance of things past,

I sigh the lack of many a thing I sought,

And with old woes new wail my dear time’s waste:

Then can I drown an eye, unused to flow,

For precious friends hid in death’s dat eless night,

And weep afresh love’s long since canceled woe,

And moan the expense of many a vanished sight:

Then can I grieve at grievances foregone.

And heavily from woe to woe tell o’er

The sad account of fore-bemoaned moan,

Which I new pay as if not paid before.

But if the while I think on thee, dear friend,

All losses are restored and sorrows end.

译文：当我传唤对已往事物的记忆；出庭于那馨香的默想的公堂；我不禁为命中许多缺陷叹息，带着旧恨，重新哭蹉跎的时光；于是我可以淹没那枯涸的眼，为了那些长埋在夜台的亲朋，哀悼着许多音容俱渺的美艳，痛哭那情爱久已勾消的哀痛：于是我为过去的惆怅而惆怅，并且一一细算，从痛苦到痛苦，那许多呜咽过的呜咽的旧账，仿佛还未付过，现在又来偿付。但是只要那刻我想起你，挚友，损失全收回，悲哀也化为乌有。

注释：1-2 这两行的正常语序是When I summon up rememberance of things past to the sessions of sweet silent thought。

1 session 法律术语，（法庭的）开庭。

2 summon 法律术语，传唤出庭作证。

3 sigh 及物动词，哀叹。

I sought 定语从句，修饰前面的thing。

4 new 副词，重新，再一次。

wail 及物动词，为......悲伤。

5 drown an eye 哭泣。

unused to flow 作定语，修饰前面的eye。

flow （眼睛里）充满泪水，流泪。

6 precious 亲爱的，珍贵的。

hid in death's dateless night 这是以过去分词hid为中心词的过去分词短语，作定语，修饰前面的friend。

dateless 无尽头的，无期限的。

7 weep 及物动词，为......哭泣。

afresh 重新，再一次。

long since cancelled woe 早已被遗忘的痛苦。

8 th'expense 等于the expense,两词缩合成一词是格律的需要。

expense 丧失，loss。

9 foregone 已经过去的。

10 heavily 心情沉重地，痛苦地，不高兴地，愤怒的。

tell o'er 重复。

11 fore-bemoaned 以前就已哀叹过的。

12 该行是定语从句，修饰第11行中的moan。

new 同第4行中的new。

pay 及物动词，抚慰，平息。

13 the while 同时。

【欣赏】

这首诗与第29首在情绪上的变换与表现形式等方面有相似之处，只是这首诗描述的是诗人在忆旧中感到了无限的悲苦：为得不到的追求而叹息，为亲人的逝去而哀伤；爱情消失，往事如烟，这一切恰似还不清的债务，不堪从头细数。但是到了诗的后部，诗人心情出现了瞬间变化：我若想到了你，亲爱的朋友，一切的损失便得到恢复，悲哀亦烟消云散，全部结束。

由此看出，本诗没有讲爱情，讲了朋友对自己的重要性，即一想到朋友，所有哀愁将会烟消云散。因此是讲友情的。

《十四行诗》在莎士比亚的全部作品中占有非常重要的地位，诗集收有154首诗，大致认为作于1592年至1598年，1609年于伦敦首次出版。诗集分为两部分，第一部分为前126首，献给一个年轻的贵族（Fair Lord），诗人的诗热烈地歌颂

了这位朋友的美貌以及他们的友情；第二部分为第127首至最后，献给一位“黑

女士”（Dark Lady），描写爱情。

十四行诗是源于意大利民间的一种抒情短诗，文艺复兴初期时盛行于整个欧洲，其结构十分严谨，分为上下两部分，上段为八行，下段为六行，每行十一个音节，韵脚排列：abba abba,cdc ded。莎士比亚的十四行诗的结构却更严谨，他将十四

个诗行分为两部分，第一部分为三个四行，第二部分为两行，每行十个音节，韵脚为：abab,cdcd,efef,gg。这样的格式后来被称为“莎士比亚式”或“伊丽莎白式”。对诗人而言，诗的结构越严禁就越难抒情，而莎士比亚的十四行诗却毫不拘谨，自由奔放，正如他的剧作天马行空，其诗歌的语言也富于想象，感情充沛。

1. When to the sessions of sweet silent thought

sessions - the sitting of a court. We still use phrases such as quarter sessions in connection with legal sittings. The court imagery is continued with summon up in the following line.

2. I summon up remembrance of things past,

summon up - as in summoning a witness. See above. But there is also the meaning of summoning up spirits, as if remembrances of the past were spirits which could be called back from the grave.

remembrance of things past - the phrase occurs in the bible also. Wisdom of Solomon, OT Apocrypha, 11.12.

3. I sigh the lack of many a thing I sought,

I sigh the lack of = I sigh for the absence of, for the fact that I never attained...

4. And with old woes new wail my dear time's waste:

Shakespeare uses the new/old contrast in two other sonnets

This were to be new made when thou art old, 2,

For as the sun is daily new and old, 76.

The freshness of his grief is contrasted with the age of his sorrows, which, to heighten his sense of despair, he resurrects.

my dear time's waste = the squandering of my precious time. waste also conveys the meaning of destruction and barrenness.

5. Then can I drown an eye, unused to flow,

Then can I weep, from an eye which does not often shed tears. Drowning one's eyes suggests copious weeping.

unused - Othello speaks of himself as not often weeping

......of one whose subdued eyes,

Albeit unused to the melting mood,

Drop tears as fast as the Arabian trees

Their medicinal gum.V.ii.135.

Men were expected not to weep (then as now). See Laertes words when he cannot hold back his tears for Ophelia. Ham.IV.7.185-9.

6. For precious friends hid in death's dateless night,

dateless = without end.

7. And weep afresh love's long since cancelled woe,

And weep once more over the pain of one or more love affairs, though I have long since written off the sorrow associated with them.

8. And moan the expense of many a vanished sight:

the expense = the cost, the drain on (my) resources. The phrase probably refers more to emotional loss than to anything else, although it does link with line 3 above-I sigh the lack of many a thing I sought, especially as sight had an archaic meaning of sigh, though fallen mostly into disuse by Shakespeare's time.

9. Then can I grieve at grievances foregone,

grievances = griefs; injuries done to me;

foregone = in the past, that have gone before. Also perhaps, because of the similarity of the words, with some of the meaning of foredone, 'killed, dead and gone'. Compare:

Your eldest daughters have fordone them selves,

And desperately are dead. KL.V.3.291-2.

10. And heavily from woe to woe tell o'er

Woes (sorrows) are listed as in an account book, which he heavily peruses and tots up;

tell o'er - this is an accounting phrase, referring to the reading over and summation of lists of figures. We still have tellers in banks, although the word is falling into disuse.

11. The sad account of fore-bemoaned moan,

Recounting these lists to himself makes him sad; hence sad account; sad also had the meaning of 'serious, weighty'.

fore-bemoaned = wept for in former times.

12. Which I new pay as if not paid before.

The sorrow caused by an earlier grievance requires that a debit of tears be chalked up against it. Although this debit has been cleared in the past, he now pays it over again, as if he had not paid it off before.

13. But if the while I think on thee, dear friend,

The denouement of this concluding couplet is less dramatic than in the previous sonnet, in which the whole sestet lifts the poet from the doldrums. But it is no less effective. The simplicity and directness of the language contrasts with the heaping up of gloomy colours and sorrows which afflict him in the first 12 lines.

14. All losses are restor'd and sorrows end.

All losses are restored - this is probably the language of a legal settlement. restore = to make restitution for damages. OED.2.a.

这些十四行诗热情地诅歌了友谊和爱，青春和美，它们所包含的不仅是丰富的感情，而且有深邃的思想。在诗行中所渗透着的人文主义思想是当时时代精神的反映。

莎士比亚十四行诗第十八首

莎士比亚十四行诗第十八首 Sonnet 18 铁冰译文 1 Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? 我该不该把你比作怡人的夏天？ 2 Thou art more lovely and more temperate: 你却比她更加可爱更加温情。 3 Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, 五月的娇蕊总是被狂风吹断， 4 And summer's lease hath all too short a date: 夏天也只是一道短暂的美景。 5 Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, 苍穹的目光有时会过于灼热， 6 And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; 那金色的脸庞也常黯淡无光。 7 And every fair from fair sometime declines, 人间一切瑰丽终将失去秀色， 8 By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimm'd; 湮没于不测风云和世事沧桑。 9 But thy eternal summer shall not fade, 但是，你常青的夏季永不消逝，10 Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; 你拥有的美丽也将永不折损， 11 Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade, 或许死神的阴影会笼罩着你， 12 When in eternal lines to time thou growest; 你却和这不朽的诗句千古长存。 13 So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, 只要人类还在呼吸、眼睛还在欣赏， 14 So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. 我的诗就会活着，令你生命绽放。 译注： 原诗每行10个音节，非常整齐。前人翻译时总喜欢使译文每行保持字数相同，这其实是一种作茧自缚，强求形式上的绝对整齐，往往限制了内容的完美。前人的译文常常有凑韵（为了押韵，用词勉强）、不流畅和用词搭配不当的毛病，其原因在此。更重要的是，英文原诗有着非常讲究的格律，每行都含有相同数量的重音节和轻音节，朗诵时每行所用时间基本一致；而对每行字数相同的中译文进行朗诵时，每行所用的时间则不尽相同，因为每行译文中所含有的虚词（如“的”、“地”、“了”，朗读时较轻声、短促）个数未必相同。因此，笔者的译文不强求每行字数相同，这样便将内容从形式中解放出来，得以更好地协调，且更利于押韵和用词的搭配。 此诗的翻译中，值得注意的几处是： 第3行：darling buds of May有人译为“五月宠爱的嫩蕊”，其实darling是“可爱的”之意，所以还是译为“五月的娇蕊”更好。 第4行：lease前人经常译成“租赁的期限”，令人费解，应该是“持续的时间”之意。此行的意思是“夏天持续的时间实在太短”，这样的陈述缺乏诗味。笔者将该行意译为“夏天也只是一道极短的美景”，化用了中文的习语“好景不长”，不但忠实原文，颇有诗味，而且于与第二行译文押韵自然。 第5行：一般认为该行中的eye of heaven是“太阳”的妙喻，因此前人常将此行译为“有时候天空的眼睛照得太灼热（或酷烈）”，这样保留了“眼睛”的意向，似乎很好，但从字面上看，

sonnet 18 莎士比亚的作品《第十八行诗》赏析 英文版

The speaker of the poem opens with a question that is addressed to the beloved, "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" This question is comparing her to the summer time of the year. It is during this time when the flowers are blooming, trees are full of leaves, the weather is warm, and it is generally thought of as an enjoyable time during the year. The following eleven lines in the poem are also dedicated to similar comparisons between the beloved and summer days. In lines 2 and 3, the speaker explains what mainly separates the young woman from the summer's day: she is "more lovely and more temperate." (Line 2) Summer's days tend toward extremes: they are sometimes shaken by "rough winds" (line3) which happens and is not always as welcoming as the woman. However in line 4, the speaker gives the feeling again that the summer months are often to short by saying, "And summer抯lease hath too short a date." In the summer days, the sun, "the eye of heaven" (line 5), often shines "too hot," or too dim, "his gold complexion dimmed" (line 6), that is there are many hot days during the summer but soon the sun begins to set earlier at night because autumn is approaching. Summer is moving along too quickly for the speaker, its time here needs to be longer, and it also means that the chilling of autumn is coming upon us because the flowers will soon be withering, as "every fair from fair sometime declines." (Line 7) The final portion of the sonnet tells how the beloved differs from the summer in various respects. Her beauty will be one that lasts forever, "Thy eternal summer shall not fade." (Line 9), and never end or die. In the couplet at the bottom, the speaker explains how that the beloved's beauty will accomplish this everlasting life unlike a summer. And it is because her beauty is kept alive in this poem, which will last forever. It will live "as long as men can breathe or eyes can see." (Line 13)On the surface, the poem is on the surface simply a statement of praise about the beauty of the beloved woman and perhaps summer to the speaker is sometimes too unpleasant with the extremes of windiness and heat that go along with it. However, the beloved in the poem is always mild and temperate by her nature and nothing at all like the summer. It is incidentally brought to life as being described as the "eye of heaven" with its "gold complexion". The imagery throughout the sonnet is simple and attainable to the reader, which is a key factor in understanding the poem. Then the speaker begins to describe the summer again with the "darling buds of May" giving way to the " summer’s lease", springtime moving into the warmth of the summer. The speaker then starts to promise to talk about this beloved, that is so great and awing that she is to live forever in this sonnet. The beloved is so great that the speaker will even go as far as to say that, "So long as men breathe, or eyes can see," the woman will live. The language is almost too simple when comparing it to the rest of Shakespeare’s sonnets; it is not heavy with alliteration or verse, and nearly every line is its own self-contained clause, almost every line ends with some punctuation that effects a pause. But it is this that makes Sonnet18 stand out for the rest in the book. It is much more attainable to understand and it allows for the reader to fully understand how great this beloved truly is because she may live forever in it. An important theme of the sonnet, as it is an important theme throughout much of the poetry in general, is the power of the speaker's poem to defy time and last forever. And so by doing this it is then carrying the beauty of the beloved down to future generations and eventually

厨师长、主管各岗位职责说明

厨师长 主管岗位职责 管理层级关系 直接上级：行政总厨 直接下级：各厨师 岗位职责 、负责主持厨房的日常事务工作，加强岗位管理，合理调配下属工作，提高厨房工作效率。 、贯彻落实各项规章制度，带领食堂后场一班人认真执行操作规程，规范作业，避免发生人身伤害和设备事故。 、摸索伙食规律，掌握市场行情信息加强核算，帮助食堂经理做好成本分析。认真督促检查领料、摘洗、切配、烹调等各个环节，发现问题及时纠正。 、认真制定原料订购计划，根据季节合理配菜，动脑筋、想办法、变花样，不断提高餐厅服务质量，满足消费者需要。 、厨师长要坚持每日召开厨房员工班前列会。对厨房昨日收市状况、各岗进行检查，检查物品、水、电、气、垃圾桶与员工考勤及上岗时的精神状况、仪容仪表，抽查原材料验收情况。 对各岗位存在的问题，备和原料加工储备的情况做到心中有数，并及时处理检查中发现的问题，并指导改进。同时对客人反馈意见要做一个详细的总结，并对当日的工作做布置和安排。 、厨师长每天都要坚持安全制度的检查和督促，下班前对煤气 液化气的开关、用电、用水，以及门窗都要认真进行查看，不能有丝毫马虎，并定期、定时对在岗员工进行安全知识，安全防范等教育。 、根据食谱要求，每天早上按程序填好领料单到仓库领料，晚上将用不完的原料及时送保管重新入库。 、厨师长应在顾客就餐前应检查档口备餐情况 了解前台预定情况，检查预定菜单是否科学，（营养、颜色搭配、利率控制）；开餐时了解前台客人定单与进餐情况，现场收集顾客意见，观察前台收台情况（菜肴剩余情况、器皿回收操作情况并做详细记录；收市后检查厨房、大厅、设备情况，排除设施安全隐患。 、遵守安全操作规程，正确使用操作工具，合理使用原材料，节约水、电、煤气等用料。 、服从主管调动，维护好厨房灶具、设备，协助员工餐厅服务员做好开餐准备工作。 、根据就餐人数、货源及厨房技术力量、设备条件测算当日饭菜数量；每天中餐完毕即提供各班组所需食品原料的申购单，送交运营经理审批。 、按制定的菜谱，保质保量完成烹调任务；烹调要把好时间关，按操作程序操作。 、烹调要注意生熟原料、成品与半成品分开摆放，杜绝腐烂变质原料下锅。

莎士比亚sonnet106及其翻译

SONNET 106 十四行诗第106首[英] 莎士比亚 When in the chronicle of wasted time 我看到往昔年代的史书－ I see descriptions of the fairest wights, 对风流人物的详尽绘述，And beauty making beautiful old rhyme 美艳成就了古老的诗赋－In praise of ladies dead, and lovely knights, 赞翩翩骑士和绝代尤物； Then in the blazon of sweet beauty's best, 那么，这些对绝色的夸耀，Of hand, of foot, of lip, of eye, of brow, 手足与朱唇、靓眸与眉毛， I see their antique pen would have express'd 依稀这表述之古风笔调－ Even such a beauty as you master now. 宛然你而今的潇洒风貌。 So all their praises are but prophecies 故所有的赞词，仅在预示－Of this our time, all you prefiguring; 预述你的一切，且系此时；And, for they look'd but with divining eyes, 而他们只是以慧眼瞩视，They had not skill enough your worth to sing: 却无力去歌颂你的价值。 For we, which now behold these present days, 而我们，见到了当今时代， Have eyes to wonder, but lack tongues to praise. 不由惊艳失语，目瞪口呆。 －by William Shakespeare (1564－1616) 附1］：卞之琳译本－ 过往世代的记载里常常见到 前人把最俊俏人物描摹尽致， 美貌如何使古老的诗句也美妙， 配得上歌颂美女和风流骑士， 看人家夸赞美貌是怎样的无比， 什么手，什么脚，什么嘴，什么眼，什么眉， 我总是看出来他们古雅的手笔 差不多恰好表现了你的秀美。 所以他们的赞词都无非是预言 我们这时代，都把你预先描画； 他们却只用猜度的眼睛来观看， 还不够有本领歌唱你的真价： 我们呢，亲眼看到了今天的风光， 眼睛会惊讶，舌头却不会颂扬。 ［附4］：屠岸译本－ 我翻阅荒古时代的历史记载， 见到最美的人物被描摹尽致， 美使得古代的诗歌也美丽多彩， 歌颂着以往的绝世佳人，可爱的骑士； 见到古人夸奖说最美的美人有 怎样的手足，嘴唇，眼睛和眉毛， 于是我发现古代的文笔早就 表达出来了你今天具有的美貌。

莎士比亚十四行诗第十八首赏析

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莎士比亚sonnet18 原创赏析

李政颖13麻醉二班110520130082 When I first read this poem in our class,I feel strange that not only for it’s some grammers I have even seen but also the feeling of the poet can not be touched by me.However when the teacher sounded about this sonnet and played the video that someone declaimed it,I felt something choicest and miraculous that I have not had in my heart. In the first of this poem,it take “you”compare with summer,incredible,I can not image that how a human have a commonality with it.But I am wrong.We know that when the nature is in summer,the world is all around green that everything grow to thrive and luxuriant tree cover the sunshine,it is the best time of the nature life.The green and the colorful,the sun and the shelter make summer so beautiful that it is believed as a marvel.Nevertheless, “you” are “more lovely and more temperate” that “rough wins do shake”the scene, the period of summer is “all too hot a date”and sometime too hot due to the heaven shines.The miraculous marvel can not put the same level with “you”.If you want to write such a sentence you must have a strong imagination. And “every fair from fair sometimes declines”, “by chance or nature’s changing ourse untrimmed”.(That is said the summer’s beauty that can not compare with yours).But “you”can overcome these disadvantages.your “eternal summer shall not fade”and your honor will be everlasting.Your are immortal, “nor shall death brag thou wand’rest in his shade,you are not going to die.You will get ensuring life in the poem while generation people is dying.You are live in the poetry described by the author,you exist in the poet’s heart also in ours though this expressive way,poem.----or you are the spirit of the poetry,you are the soul of human being. With this the poet is able to accomplish what many have done in poetry and that is to give the gift of an eternal life to someone that they believe is special and outshines everyone else around them. Perhaps it is because of a physical beauty that the speaker see, but I believe that it is more because of the internal beauty as seen in line 2,

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Class: Class 3 School Number: 20064398 Name: Wei Yun Course Name: Selected Readings in British Literature Role Analysis of the Fool in King Lear Fool is an important role freq uently appeared in Shakespeare?s works, such as Touchstone in As You Like It, Feste in Twelfth Night,Lavatch in All's Well That Ends Well, etc. The fool in King Lear is of course a character figured successfully, revealing the truth with seemingly addlepated words. Actually, in his woks, though figured as an antagonist, the fool is taken as Shakespeare?s prolocutor, with great wisdom and philosophy. Through not scrupling to speak the truth out, they satirize human depravity boldly and served as a sharp comparison with the villain of the piece in the plays. They insufflate a gloomy wind into the bright and warm world in the comedies, and affuse a rational and warmhearted spring to the somber and cruel world. They apperceive everything and escape from the subcelestial confusion; they seem insane but actually not; they own vivid image, unique personality, spiritual indifference and insular character; they have extraordinary artistic charm in Shakespeare?s works. …Fool? means …a man employed by a king or queen to entertain people by telling jokes, singing songs, etc? in the dictionary.① The fool represents the need of freedom instead of rules and regulations, he has the freedom to speak out whatever he sees without the worldly consideration and disguise. So the fool could also be regarded as a foresighted person and discovers the irrationality and absurdness of the society from a particular visual angle. His humorous and seemingly foolish words bring us laugh but they contain wisdom and truth as the same time. With regard to the fool in King Lear, as an irreplaceable role in this play, the fool is the symbol and extension of Cordelia, the teacher of King Lear and saves King Lear in the end. It was him who reve als Lear?s foolishness directly, criticizes Goneril and Regan?s selfishness and cruelty inexorably and also companies Lear, reminds him and saves him.

莎士比亚-sonnet-18-29-66的中文翻译及评析

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