雅思10 Test1 The psychology of innovation
Why are so few companies truly innovative?
A Innovation is key to business survival, and
companies put substantial resources into inspiring employees to develop new ideas. There are,
nevertheless, people working in luxurious, state-of-
the-art centres designed to stimulate innovation who
find that their environment doesn't make them feel at
all creative. And there are those who don't have a
budget, or much space, but who innovate
successfully.
(Facts, comparison: environment is not key to innovation or not) B For Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of Psychology at
Arizona State University, one reason that companies
don't succeed as often as they should is that
innovation starts with recruitment. Research shows
that the fit between an employee's values and a
company's values makes a difference to what
contribution they make and whethe two years after
they join, they're still at the company. Studies at
Harvard Business School show that, although some individuals may be more creative than others, almost
every individual can be creative in the right circumstances.
(Opinion: fit between individual and company, anyone can
be creative in the right circumstance)
C One of the most famous photographs in the story of
Rock'n'rollemphasisesCialdini's views. The 1956
picture of singers Elvis Preste Carl Perkins, Johnny
Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis jamming at a piano in Sun
Studios in Memphis tells a hidden story. Sun's
'million-dollar quartet(band made of 4 people
singing together)' could have been a quintet.
Missing from the picture is Roy Orbison, a greater
natural singer than Lewis, Perkins or Cash. Sam
Phillips, who owned Sun, wanted to revolutionise
popular music with songs that fused black and white
music, and country and blues. Presley Cash. Perkins
and Lewis instinctively understood Phillips's
ambition and believed in it. Orbison wasn't inspired
by the goal, and only ever achieved one hit with the
Sun label.
(Example: someone didn't fit in and no innovation)
D The value fit matters, says Cialdini, because
innovation is, in part, a process of change, and under
that pressure we, as a species, behave differently
'When things change, we are hard-wired (intuitively) to play it safe.'Managers should therefore adopt an approach
that appears counter-intuitive-they should explain
what stands to be lost if the company fails to seize a particular opportunity. Studies show that we
invariably take more gambles when threatened with
a loss than when offered a reward.
(hard-wired to be change-aversion, and opportunity lost)
E Managing innovation is a delicate art. It's easy for a company to be pulled in conflicting directions as the marketing, product development, and finance departments each get different feedback from
different sets of people. And without a system which ensures collaborative exchanges within the company
it's also easy for small 'pockets of innovation' to disappear. Innovation is a contact sport. You can't
brief people just by saying 'We're going in this
direction' and I'm going to take you with me.'
(The importance of collaboration to innovation)
F Cialdini believes that this'follow-the-leader
syndrome'is dangerous, not leastbecause it
encourages bosses to go it alone.'It's been
scientifically proven that three people will be better
than one at solving problems, even if that one person
is the smartest person in the field.' To prove his point, Cialdini cites an interview with molecular biologist
James Watson. Watson, together with Francis Crick, discovered the structure of DNA, the genetic
information carrier of all living organisms.' When
asked how they had cracked the code ahead of an
array of highly accomplished rival investigators, he
said something that stunned me. He said he ando
Crick had succeeded because they were aware that
they weren't the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the answer. The smartest scientist was
called Rosalind Franklin who, Watson said," was so intelligent she rarely sought advice".
(Example: seek for advice to prove group better than alone) G Teamwork taps into one of the basic drivers of human behaviour.'The principle of social proof is so
pervasive that we don't even recogniseit'says
Cialdini.'If your project is being resisted, for
example, by a group of veteran employees, ask
another old-timer to speak up for it.'Cialdiniis not
alone in advocating this strategy, Research shows that peer power, used horizontally not vertically is much
more powerful than any boss's speech.
(Reasoning: The peer power is powerful)
H Writing visualising and prototyping can stimulate
the How of new ideas. Cialdini cites scores of research papers and historical events that prove that even something as simple as writing deepens every individuals engagement in the project. It is, he says,
the reason why all those competitions on breakfast cereal packets encouraged us to write in sayings in no more than 10 words :'I like Kellogg's Corn Flakes because... The very act of writing makes us more
likely to believe it.
(Reasoning of writing visualizing to stimulate the
new ideas)
I Authority doesn't have to inhibit innovation but it
often does. The wrong kind of leadership will lead to whatCialdinicalls'captainitis, the regrettable
tendency of team members to opt out of team responsibilities that are properly theirs'. He calls it captainitis because, he says,'crew members of
multipilot aircraft exhibit a sometimes deadly
passivity when the night captain makes a clearly
wrong-headed decision'. This behaviour is not, he
says, unique to air travel, but can happen in any
workplace where the leader is overbearing.
(The danger of leaders being overbearing)
J At the other end of the scale is the 1980s Memphis design collective, a group of young designers for whom'the only rule was that there were no rules'. This environment encouraged a free interchange of ideas, which led to more creativity with form, function, colour and materials that revolutionised attitudes to furniture design.
(no rule can improve innovation and design)
K Many theorists believe the ideal boss should lead from behind, taking pride in collective
contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned that every recommendation is important to making the right decision and will be given full attention.' The frustrating thing about innovation is that there are many approaches, but no magic formula. However a manager who wants to create a truly innovative culture can make their job a lot easier by recognising these psychological realities.
(How to be ideal and innovative)
剑桥10阅读解析Test3
Passage1 The Context, Meaning and Scope of Tourism 1. 难度分析：较简单 2.文章标题：The Context, Meaning and Scope of Tourism 旅游业的意义 3.文章话题：社会类
5. 题型分析： 文章题型由三个题型组成：小标题配对题+判断题+句子填空，第一大题属于段落主旨题，后两题是细节题型。 6.题目解析： Questions 1-4 小标题配对题 1. Paragraph B 2. Paragraph C 3. Paragraph D 4. Paragraph E 答案解析： 1. 选ii。定位到第二段第一句话：Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon. 表明就我们所知，广义的旅游业是一个
二十世纪的现象。选项中的mass tourism与原文中的tourism in the mass form是同义替换。 2. 选i。定位到第三段第一句话：Tourism today has grown significantly in both economic and social importance. 即目前旅游业对经济及社会都非常重要。选项中的significance替换原文的importance。 3. 选v。定位到第四段第一句话：However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden or obscured its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself. 意思是旅游业的主要问题是这个产业本身的多样性和分散性，这使得其经济影响变得不那么明显。选项中的difficulty，effects分别替换原文的problems和impact。 4. 选vii。定位到第五段第一句话：Once the exclusive province of the wealthy, travel and tourism have become an institutionalised way of life for most of the population. 表明旅游业曾经是富人们的特权，而现在已经变成大多数人们习以为常的一种生活方式了。选项中的world，impact替换原文的most of the population, institutionalised。 Questions 5-10 判断题 5. The largest employment figures in the world are found in the travel and tourism industry. 6. Tourism contributes over six per cent of the Australian gross national product. 7. Tourism has a social impact because it promotes recreation. 8. Two main features of the travel and tourism industry make its economic significance difficult to ascertain. 9. Visitor spending is always greater than the spending of residents in tourist areas. 10. It is easy to show statistically how tourism affects individual economies. 答案解析： 5. 选TRUE。定位到第三段第三句话： According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1992), ‘Travel and tourism is the largest industry in the world on virtually any economic measure including value-added capital investment, employment and tax
剑桥10阅读解析test2
剑桥雅思10TEST2 PASSAGE1阅读解析 1. 总体难度概括：中等 2. 文章介绍：标题： tea and the industrial revolution 话题：历史类 3. 词汇准备： a段 anthropological adj. 人类学的 historian n. 史学工作者 wrestle v. 斗争 enigma n. 奥秘 birth n. 诞生 strike v. 罢工；打击；冲击 b段 puzzle n. 谜团 factor n. 因素 drive v. 推动，驱动 affluent adj. 富足的 criteria n. 标准【criterion的复数】 sufficient adj. 足够的 convinced adj. 确信的 c段 propose n. 提议 cupboard n. 柜橱 fuel v. 助燃，加速 antiseptic adj. 防腐的，杀菌的 property n. 性能 tannin n. 单宁酸 ingredient n. 配料 hops n. 啤酒花 succumb v. 屈从 dysentery n. 痢疾 eccentric adj. 奇怪的 deduction n. 推理 skepticism n. 怀疑论 wary adj. 谨慎的 admiration n. 羡慕 strengthen v. 加强 notable adj. 值得注意的
distinguished adj. 杰出的 favorable adj. 有利的 appraisal n. 评价 d段 alight v. 偶然发现 static adj. 静态的 virus n. 病毒 bacteria n. 细菌 malaria n. 疟疾 sanitation n. 卫生 e段 dig v. 探寻 reveal v. 揭示 antibacterial adj. 抗菌的 agent n. 药剂 preserve v. 保护 malt n. 麦芽 gin n. 杜松子酒 f段 grip n. 掌握，控制 prevalence n. 流行 coincidence n. 巧合 clipper n. 帆船 sip v. 啜饮 g段 forge v. 伪造 futures n. 期货 wheel n. 轮子 4. 题型分析 这篇文章是由二种题型组成，都是阅读考试中常见的题型。 段落选标题+判断题 5. 题目解析
剑桥 雅思 10 test 4 的三篇阅读的解析
1. 2. The Context, Meaning and Scope of Tourism 3. 4. primitive a. motivation n. vital a. civilisation n. economy n. distinctly adv. phenomenon n. advent n. connotation n. revolution
availability n. commercial a. industrialised a. employment n. estimate v. investment n. excess n. profound a. obscure v. ... diversity n. fragmentation n. accommodation
remain v. amorphous a. exclusive a. institionalised a. commodity n. income n. quote v. valid a. domestic a. 5. + + 6. Questions 1-4 1. Paragraph B 2. Paragraph C
3. Paragraph D 4. Paragraph E 1. ii Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon. mass tourism tourism in the mass form 2. i Tourism today has grown significantly in both economic and social importance. significance importance 3. v However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden or obscured its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself. difficulty effects problems impact 4. vii Once the exclusive province of the wealthy, travel and tourism have become an institutionalised way of life for most of the population. world impact most of the population, institutionalised Questions 5-10 5. The largest employment figures in the world are found in the travel and tourism industry. 6. Tourism contributes over six per cent of the Australian gross national product. 7. Tourism has a social impact because it promotes recreation. 8. Two main features of the travel and tourism industry make its economic significance difficult to ascertain. 9. Visitor spending is always greater than the spending of residents in tourist areas. 10. It is easy to show statistically how tourism affects individual economies. 5. TRUE According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1992), ‘Travel and tourism is the largest industry in the world on virtually any economic measure including value-added capital investment, employment and tax contributions’ figures measure
剑桥雅思9阅读解析汇报test4
Passage 1 Question 1 答案： FALSE 关键词： husband, Nobel Prizes. 定位原文: 第1段第2、3句“...and was twice a winner…”……并两度问鼎诺贝尔奖：1903年，她同丈夫Pierre Curie以及Henri Becquerel被授予诺贝尔物理学奖，1911年她又独立获得诺贝尔化学奖。 解题思路: 题干要判断是否Marie Curie的丈夫与她共同获得了两项诺贝尔奖。原文陈述，她丈夫与她合着拿了一次，另外一次是她自己独立完成的。题干中的sole抵触于原文的both; 题干与原文陈述不一致。 Question 2 答案： NOT GIVEN 关键词： science, child 定位原文：第2段第1句“From childhood, Marie…”自幼年起，Marie就以惊人的记忆力而出名。她在16岁完成中等教育时获得了金牌。 解题思路：题干要判断Marie是否在还是个孩子时，就对科学产生了兴趣。原文陈述，Marie小时候记忆力惊人，并在16岁完成中等教育时获得了金牌，但是并没有提及她小时候是否对科学产生了兴趣。 Question 3 答案： TRUE 关键词： Sorbonne 定位原文：第2段最后一句“From her earnings she was…”有了这笔收入，她就能先资助姐姐Bronia 在巴黎学医，而Bronia也承诺，作为回报以后会帮助她继续完成学业。 解题思路：题干要判断Marie能够到巴黎大学学习，是否因为姐姐的经济资助。原文陈述姐姐确实是这么承诺的。但是如果有一些考生会纠结于姐姐虽承诺，但是是否兑现了诺言的话，可以再结合第三段第一句In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne. 1891年，Bronia兑现了她的承诺。Marie来到巴黎，开始在巴黎大学学习。由此题干与原文完全一致。 Question 4 答案： FALSE 关键词： when her children were born
剑桥雅思9阅读解析test2
剑桥雅思9阅读解析test2
Passage1 Question 1 答案： H 关键词： national policy 定位原文: H段第1句“The New Zealand Government…” 解题思路: 这一段的首句就以一种叙事口吻向考生交代了新西兰全国上下正在开展的一场为残疾人服务 的战略，该句含义为“新西兰政府已经制定出一项‘新西兰残疾人事业发展战略’，并开始进入广泛咨 询意见的阶段。”另外，在该段其它语句中也提到the strategy recognises..., Objective 3...is to provide...等信息，非常符合题干中account一词的含义。 Question 2 答案： C 关键词： global team 定位原文： C段最后一句“The International Institute of…” 解题思路：这句含义为“在世界卫生组织的建议下，国际噪声控制工程学会(I-INCE)成立了一个国际工作小组来”，这句话中international能够对应题干中的global, 而working party能够对应team。这是对应关系非常明显的一道题目。 Question 3 答案： B 关键词： hypothesis, reason, growth in classroom noise 定位原文： B段第3句“Nelson and Soil have also suggested...” 解题思路：在该段首句中就出现了classroom noise这个词，因此该段有可能就是本题的对应段落。在接下来的叙述Nelson and Soil have also suggested...中，suggest一词能够对应题干中的hypothesis 后一句中的This all amounts to heightened activity and noise levels，与题干中的one reason相对应 Question 4