英文原文及翻译
Characterization of bio-oil from induction-heating pyrolysis of food-processing sewage sludges using chromatographic analysis (可搜到原文)
利用色谱法分析感应加热热解食品加工污泥中生物油特征
Wen-Tien Tsai a,*, Mei-Kuei Lee b, Jeng-Hung Chang b, Ting-Yi Su b, Yuan-Ming Chang a
a Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
b Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717,
Taiwan
摘要：在这项研究中，利用气相色谱分析-质谱法(GC-MS)分析了热解生物油和来自感应加热技术热解工业污水污泥产生的气体的分数。使用从25到500℃加热速率为300℃/min，低温冷凝氮气中的挥发分得到了液体产品。分析结果表明：热解生物油是非常复杂的有机化合物的混合物和含有大量的氮氧化物/或含氧化合物，如脂肪烃类物质、酚类化合物、吡啶类、吡咯、胺类、酮类，等等。目前污水污泥中的微生物含有来自蛋白质和核酸纹理的有机碳氢化合物含有氮/或氧。不凝性挥发组分由氮氮氧化物和含氧的化合物组成，但所载小分数为酚类化合物、1H-吲哚和脂肪羧酸。另一方面，通过气相色谱法-热导检测器（GC-TCD）进行分析得出不凝气体产品中的成分主要是二氧化碳、一氧化碳和甲烷。
关键字：污水污泥；热解油；气相色谱-质谱法
介绍
为了应对全球气候变暖和化石燃料价格飙升，近年来生物质资源的能源利用已引起广泛关注，因为这种替代能源将难以放出有害空气污染物（如硫氧化物和有毒重金属）和不作为化石燃料相比增加净温室气体（即CO2）排放到大气中。这一发展的同时，产生的活性污泥对于城市污水污泥的处理和处置是严重问题及其对环境和人类健康的影响。生物废料传统上被植入土壤为农业应用(Fytili and Zabaniotou，2008).然而，由于市民洞察到有毒污染物和污水污泥中所载的病原体可能有不利影响，该方法引起了越来越多地市民的关注。由于不断增加的污泥管理成本，污水污泥最近已用作用于能量在所有产业生产的生物质资源（Rulkens，2008）。
在热化学技术中，热解已被广泛用于将生物质资源转化为可燃气体、生物油和焦炭。最近技术进一步证实了因为液体产品的产量增加了在(1)很高的加热速率及其加工条件（>100℃/min），（2）研磨得生物饲料（< 1mm），(3)严格控制温度(大约500℃)和(4)快速冷却的热解蒸气，得到生物原油产品(Bridgwater et al.，1999；Demirbas，2001；McKendry，2002；Gross et al.，2003)。热解产物从生物质资源的利用，这种气体可以视为气体燃料，而非水相生物油可用于作为液体燃料或原料化学品。在这方面，热解一直被视为一种可用的替代技术，污水污泥转化为生物燃料和有价值的化学品(Campbell and Bridle，1986; Werther and Ogada，1999)。污水污泥的热解机理是一个复杂的过程，因为同时众多的降解反应的发生可能与异类生物量(Cones et al.，1998)。其中包含可生物降解的有机物质，死掉的细菌和非生物降解分数。
为了更好地理解从污水污泥热解过程中产生的生物油产品制造的化学成分，在气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）的基础上进行了几项研究。利用热重分析法-质谱联用仪(TGA-MS)，Conesa et al. (1998)研
究了不同污水厂污泥从城市废水处理厂在升温速率20℃/min，产生大量的热降解C1-C4烃类，乙酸，等。Dominguez et al.(2003，2005，2006)调查产生的不同的城市生活污水的微波热解油馏分的表征污泥在高升温速率从167到300℃/min，识别不同种类的有机化合物：对于脂肪族、酸、酯、酰胺、腈、类固醇激素和多环芳烃（PAHs）。Fullana et al. (2003，2005)从社区废水处理厂取得污泥在卧式反应器炉中加热至850或700℃/min热解，展示有机化合物生物油中确定已被分为速度轻烃（如苯、甲苯）和半挥发性化合物（如苯甲腈、多环芳烃），大多属于氮氧化物化合物，如腈吡啶类、酰胺类、胺类和多环芳烃等化合物。Shen and Zhang (2003)也热解城市污水污泥在低温度（300-600℃）流化床上的7℃/min至500℃加热速度和进一步确定生物油成分的气相色谱-质谱法，表明热解油是复杂的混合物组成的沥青质、脂肪族、芳香烃和双星。Karayildirim et al.(2006年) 调查了在摇床上的7℃/min 至500℃，加热速度固定石油化工废水处理厂的污泥的热解和鉴定的生物油和分别使用TGA-MS和气相色谱法-热导检测器（GC-TCD），热解气体产品，指示热解油中含有大量的脂肪族化合物和气态产品主要是CO、CO2、氢和甲烷。Dominguez et al. (2007)也报道产生从电炉在升高的温度(即1000℃) 和高升温速率（约100℃/min) 在城市污水厂污泥的热解气体的特点。它被发现，气态的分数在热解过程中产生的氢含量高和湿生污泥气化明显高于干污泥的热解。Zhai等(2008)最近描述了从直径不同，城市污水厂污泥的热解产品的特点。他们主要确定化合物在生物油的组成包括芳香环分支链和长长的直的烃链联系在一起。
在以往的研究(Tsai et al.，2006，2007)，式感应加热技术是适合于农业废弃物快速热解（即水稻稻壳、稻草，甘蔗蔗渣和椰子壳）。它被发现由此产生-生物油含有大量的水和较少的内容的羰基氧合脂肪烃合成。进一步，从食品加工工厂的三个污水污泥的热解研究了在感应加热炉，显示出变异生物油的产量和及其特点(即pH值、水分含量、元素分析、和低热值）不是那么重要的三个污水厂污泥的实验条件(Tsai et al.，2009)。这项工作的目的是来表征成分的挥发馏分，其中三个食品加工污水污泥处理中指定的感应加热热解条件下，用色谱方法生产（即气相色谱-质谱和气相色谱法-热导检测器）。因此，挥发组分样品包括的不凝性气体和可凝性生物油产品收集的低温系统（-10℃）在这项研究。
2.实验
2.1原料
实验运行的初始原料取自三个污水厂污泥分别是果糖制造、牛奶衍生物和啤酒酿造的工厂，被指定为标志污泥“X”、污泥“Y”和污泥“Z”。为了消除大部分的水分，将这些污泥在阳光下晒干，然后去除杂质（比如，碎石）。污水厂污泥在水平固定流化床反应器中，它由一种高频率发生器加热快速热解制备脱挥发分分数样品（即感应加热）如以前报告(Tsai et al.，2006，2007)。快速热解系统的实验条件如下：热解温度从室温到500℃、300℃/min，加热速率和氮气流量1000 cm3/min不等。由此产生的热解气体产品立即被冷却并冷凝通过操作低温循环浴在10℃与乙二醇/水的解决办法。由此产生的生物油然后被从耐热玻璃真空收集器，良好的绝缘情况，防止它蒸发。凝组分都含有大量的冷凝水。它们的C/H/N分别是5.4/4.9/1.7、6.4/2.8/2.3和5.3/0.7/1.3由重量(Tsai et al.，2009)，分别得到的果糖制造污泥、牛奶制造污泥和啤酒酿造的污泥热解。这一结果与污水厂污泥的最终分析一致(Tsai et al.，2009)。
2.2热解实验
液化作为快速热解的污水污泥水平固定床反应堆的准备，由高频发生器加热(例如：感应热)，此前报道(Tsai et al.，2006，2007)。快速热解系统的实验条件如下:热解温度范围从室温300℃~500℃ /min 升温速率，氮流量为1000cm3/min。由此产生的热解气体产品立即冷却和冷凝操作低温循环浴10℃与乙二醇/水的解决方案。用从派热克斯玻璃真空收集器收集生物油，它良好的绝缘防止它蒸发，可压缩的分数包含大量的凝聚水。他们的C/H/N质量比为5.4/4.9/1.7，2.8/2.3/6.4和5.3/0.7/1.3(Tsai et al.，2009).，热解分别获得果糖制造污泥、牛奶制造污泥和啤酒加工污泥。这个结果支持了污水污泥的最终分析((Tsai et al.，2009).。
2.3热解产品的特性
气相色谱/质谱（GC/MS）光谱分析对热解油进行了与惠普HP5890 系列二气相色谱仪配备-惠普HP-5972A质量选择检测器（MS）与离子源的电子碰撞在70eV，使用0.25mm内径0.25 lm薄膜厚度HP-1MS毛细管柱(固定相：100%制法）。温度程序进行如下：40℃(初始温度；保持5min)→(升温速率在5℃/min)→200℃(中间温度；保持5min)→(加热速度10℃ /min)→350℃ (最终温度；保持2min)。喷油器温度和检测器温度分别为250℃，280 ℃。石油样品(0.2ul)是一个汉密尔顿注射器注射。纯度为99.999%的氦用作载气以恒定流量的1mL/min。操作的在扫描模式和质量范围45-500a.m.u。化合物初步确定了通过比较他们的质谱和保留时间与搜索文件(HP MS ChemStation)。证明Dominguez et al .(2003、2005、2006)，半定量的数据确定化合物可以进一步通过集成处理的总离子色谱图(TIC)和计算每个峰的面积百分比为目的的比较。
为了检查的不凝分数由此产生的气相焦油产品，气相色谱-质谱(如上所述)是用于分析热解气体收集10 l泰德拉袋。采用温度程序如下：初始的和最终的温度为35和200℃，分别初始和最终的是10min和5min，分别和加热率为10℃。喷油器温度150 ℃和气体样本的汉密尔顿注射器注射1mL。另一方面，定量成分的不凝气体收集在3l泰德拉袋使用安捷伦6820型气相色谱仪分析了GC系统热导检测器。不锈钢填充柱(4.5m，1/8，60/80-1000；USA Supelco Inc.)，被用来量化(如永久气体：CO 和CO2)和光碳氢化合物(如：食品加工生物污泥CH4)热解。温度进行气相色谱-热导检测器如下：40℃(初始温度；保持5min)→(加热20℃/min)→160℃(最后温度；保持9min)。喷油器温度和检测器温度分别为250 ℃、280 ℃。气体样品是汉密尔顿不漏气的注射器注射。纯度为99.9999%的氦用作载气以恒定流量的30mL/min。校准气体混合物(包括H2、O2、CO、CO2和CH4、N2)从斯科特获得专业气体(48；Supelco Inc.)、USA)被用来确定CO的浓度、二氧化碳和甲烷中包含非冷凝气体从食品加工生物污泥热解产物。
3结果与讨论
3.1成分的热解生物油
正如前面研究(Tsai et al.，2009)，从热解生物油污水污泥应该包含高氮的成分和含氧碳氢化合物的元素分析数据显示。这些有机成分可以或许污水污泥的来源，因为氮气和氧气的蛋白质氨基酸(和/或)可以发现出现在位于污泥(Gomez-Rico et al .，2005)。在这个工作，使用气相色谱/质谱法(气相色谱-质谱)分析热解生物油的特性可能是有益的，因为生物油的氮氧化物(NO x)来源而被利用作为一个潜在的生物燃料热。
表1列出了确定成分及其相对结果面积(%)。总化合物中确定这项工作达53.6%，占总数的38.2%和22.0%峰值分别是污泥热解的X，Y污泥和污泥Z。显然，这种未知热解油和复杂的有机化合物的混合物，探测器的设置，主要是由于缺乏一个合适的校准的标准混合物。证明Dominguez et al .(2003、2005、2006)，构成城市污水污泥的热解还含有多环芳烃(多环芳烃)、萜烯，类固醇，单芳化合物，没有检测到这个工作。
可以看出热解生物油是复杂的混合物约46暂时鉴定有机化合物。在这种情况下，数额可观的氮氧化物芳香和环烃化合物存在于由于蛋白质和核酸的事实存在于原污水污泥。类似的化合物被确定，污水污泥的热解氮含量高(Dominguez et al.，2003，2005；Fullana et al.，2005)。所显示Fullana et al .(2003)，芳香化合物可以形成两种可能的方式:脱氢氨基酸群存在于蛋白质和核酸，和氰化氢(HCN)和/或氨(NH3)单芳碳氢化合物(即苯和甲苯)在主要分解形成的。因此，之间的相似性可以发现在目前的研究结果和形成通路被Full-ana et al.(2003)。
果糖制造厂污水污泥的热解生物油(污泥X)，最高的五个化合物的内容是:4-甲基苯酚(8.90%)、吡啶(3.38%)、2 -甲基吡咯(3.19%)、2 -甲基吡啶(2.95%)，和2 -甲基吡嗪(2.56%)。相比之下，最高的五个化合物含量牛奶衍生物污水污泥的热解生物油(污泥Y)如下:棕榈酸(3.69%)、1H-吲哚(3.31%)，十七酸(2.99%)、1-（1H-吡咯-2 -基）-乙酮(2.66%)，和4-甲基-丙酮(2.66%)；和1 -（1H-吡咯-2 -基）-乙-环己酮(3.11%)、吡啶(2.75%)，2，6 -二甲基吡嗪(2.09%)、2 -甲基吡啶(1.62%)，和2 -甲基吡咯(1.40%)
在啤酒制造污泥的热解生物油(SludgeZ)。应该注意，污泥的热解生物油高饱和脂肪酸(即的内容。，C15:0 C14:0 C16:0、C17:0 C18:0)，结果表明，这些化合物应该直接来源于残留在污水污泥。然而，生物油污泥Y和Z显示非常低的污泥浓度的饱和脂肪酸。
表 1 显示了氮化作用的化合物，绝大多数都是氰基化合物和杂环。大多是结果根据获得的Fullana et al. (2003)和Zhai et al. (2008).。另一方面，确定的化合物可以是进一步分为以下类：
1 酚类化合物:4 - 甲基-酚和酚。
2 含氮芳香/杂芳香族化合物：吡啶，吡嗪，吡咯，嘧啶，吡啶-2-偕胺肟，1-氧化物喹喔啉，1H-吲
哚等，等等。
3 胺类：
4 -甲氧基苯胺。
4 酮类：1-（2-呋喃基）乙酮和2-羟基-2,4,6 -环庚三烯-1 -酮。
5 腈类：2-吡啶甲腈，苯乙腈，苯丙。
6脂肪族化合物：1-烯烃，含碳数范从C12到C19的烷烃和环烷烃。
7饱和脂肪酸：十二烷酸，十四烷酸，十五烷酸，十六烷酸，十七烷酸，并十八烷酸。
8 单芳族烃类：甲苯。
3.2 热解气体中不可冷凝的的成分
在前面的研究(Tsai et al.，2007)，，排出气的成分从稻壳热解还包含一个相对少量的可压缩的有机化合物(即芳烃)。热解产物的研究结果解释了为什么总收益(包括液体和字符)在62-88%得到热解条件。确定的组成化合物在排出气感应加热高温裂解食品加工污水污泥，并用气相色谱-质谱法进行了半定量的分析基于面积的百分比抽搐的峰值。在所有情况下，只有25-35%的总色谱图ic面积被发现可能是因为许多化合物如多环芳烃(多环芳烃)、萜烯，醇类，酯类，这个工作没有检测到单芳族化合物。如上所述，数据报告的相对分布用于比较。表2显示了化合物的相对比例的值确定在这工作。生物油的三个食品加工污水污泥热解，较高的化合物内容如下:苯酚(2.4-3.7%)，4-甲基苯酚(3.8-8.9%)，1 H-吲哚(3.2-5.3%)、2 -甲基-1H-吲哚(2.5-3.0%)、棕榈酸(2.0-5.0%)、硬脂酸(-3.0%-1.8)，和十六烷(2.0-3.2%)。当一个对比表1和表2的结果，这也是值得注意的一些化合物，包括2-乙基苯酚、2-甲基1H-吲哚，12-烷基十四酸，十六烷，明显发现在排出气，但没有确定裂解生物油。
表1
a生物污泥X，Y和Z分别取自果糖制造工厂，牛奶制造工厂，啤酒酿造工厂。热解液体产品获得300℃/min的升温速率和热解温度500℃。
b保留时间
3.3 气体产品的组成
包含从热解碳的气体产物组成的污水处理的污泥往往是富含CO、CO2和其他C1-C2脂肪族碳氢化合物(Dominguez et al.，2005，2006；Fullana et al.，2003；Karayildirim et al.，2006)。实验部分中提到，填充的柱用于有效地分隔的永久气体（即，N2，O2，CO和CO2）和C1-C2烃类（即CH4、C2H2、C2H4和C2H6）在这项工作。表3中所示是来自感应加热的气态产物的组成食品加工污水污泥的热解。表3中的数据相关C1-C2烃主要是甲烷，尤其是果糖制造污水污泥(污泥X)。相反，二氧化碳的浓度(即13025ppm)污泥X(即，分别为35687和26259 ppm)污泥污泥Y和Z。大多数不凝气体产
品已知的吸热气化反应热的有机原料和氧气不足条件(Dominguez et al .，2006):
能形成的水煤气变换反应：
甲烷和二氧化碳的浓度之间的变化可能是由于这样的事实，另一个放热反应是有利的：
表2
试探性的气相色谱-质谱表征非冷凝气体产品从食品加工污水污泥感应加热热解。
A 生物污泥X，Y和Z取自果糖制造工厂，牛奶制造工厂，分别和啤酒酿造工厂。热解液体产品获得300 C /min的升温速率和热解温度500 C。
B保留时间。
表3
成分的气体产品感应加热食品加工污水污泥的热解。
然而，进一步对H2的分析研究，将有助于阐明六氯环己烷和NH3的热解气体产品中的所有种在生物油中的热解产品鉴定信息机制和排气。
4.结论
在这项研究从食品加工工厂的三个污水厂污泥被重用作为诱导的喂料加热热解系统。热解生物油和排气气用气相色谱——质谱分析表明他们组成杂环化合物酚类物质，和组成的氮化作用芳香，脂肪羧酸中蛋白质和核酸是本原的污水污泥中的事实是合理的。在另一方面，转折的成分气体和轻烃的排气气体主要是二氧化碳、一氧化碳和甲烷。
致谢
该研究是由国科会（行政院国家科学委员会，台湾）根据合同编号NSC94-2211-E-041-021和国科会95-2221-E-020-040。
参考文献
Bridgwater, A.V., Meier, D., Radlein, D., 1999. An overview of fast pyrolysis of biomass. Org. Geochem. 30,1479–1493.
Campbell, H.W., Bridle, T.R., 1986. Sludge management by thermal conversion to fuels. Can. J. Civil. Eng. 13,
569–574.
Conesa, J.A., Marcilla, A., Moral, R., Moreno-Caselles, J., Perez-Espinosa, A., 1998.Evolution of gases in the primary pyrolysis of different sewage sludges.Thermochim. Acta 313, 63–73.
Demirbas, A., 2001. Biomass resource facilities and biomass conversion processing for fuels and chemicals. Energy Convers. Manage. 42, 1357–1378.
Dominguez, A., Menendez, J.A., Inguanzo, M., Bernad, P.L., Pis, J.J., 2003. Gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric study of the oil fractions produced by microwave-assisted pyrolysis of different sewage sludges. J. Chromatogr. A 1012, 193–206.
Dominguez, A., Menendez, J.A., Inguanzo, M., Pis, J.J., 2005. Investigations into the characteristics of oils produced from microwave pyrolysis of sewage sludge. Fuel Process. Technol. 86, 1007–1020.
Dominguez, A., Menendez, J.A., Inguanzo, M., Pis, J.J., 2006. Production of biofuels by high temperature pyrolysis of sewage sludge using conventional and microwave heating. Bioresour. Technol. 97, 1185–1193.
Dominguez, A., Menendez, J.A., Pis, J.J., 2007. Hydrogen rich fuel gas production from the pyrolysis of wet sewage sludge at high temperature. J. Anal. Appl.Pyrol. 77, 127–132.
Fullana, A., Conesa, J.A., Font, R., Martin-Gullon, I., 2003. Pyrolysis of sewage sludge:nitrogenated compounds and pretreatment effects. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 68–69,561–575.
Fullana, A., Contreras, J.A., Striebich, R.C., Sidhu, S.S., 2005. Multidimensional GC/MS analysis of pyrolysis oils. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 74, 315–326.
Fytili, D., Zabaniotou, A., 2008. Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods – A review. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 12, 116–140.
Gomez-Rico, M.F., Font, R., Fullana, A., Martin-Gullon, I., 2005. Thermogravimetric study of different sewage sludges and their relationship with the nitrogen content. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 74, 421–428.
Gross, R., Leach, M., Bauen, A., 2003. Progress in renewable energy. Environ. Int. 29,105–122.
Karayildirim, T., Yanik, J., Y uksel, M., Bockhorn, H., 2006. Characterisation of products from pyrolysis of waste sludges. Fuel 85, 1498–1508.
McKendry, P., 2002. Energy production from biomass (part 2): conversion technologies. Bioresour. Technol. 83, 47–54.
Rulkens, W., 2008. Sewage sludge as a biomass resource for the production of energy: overview and assessment of the various options. Energy Fuels 22, 9–15.
Shen, L., Zhang, D.K., 2003. An experimental study of oil recovery from sewage sludge by low-temperature pyrolysis in a fluidised-bed. Fuel 82, 465–472.
Tian, F.J., Li, B.Q., Chen, Y., Li, C.Z., 2002. Formation of NOx precursors during the pyrolysis of coal and biomass. Part V. Pyrolysis of a sewage sludge. Fuel 81,2203–2208.
Tsai, W.T., Lee, M.K., Chang, Y.M., 2006. Fast pyrolysis of rice straw, sugarcane bagasse and coconut shell in an induction-heating reactor. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol.76, 230–237.
Tsai, W.T., Lee, M.K., Chang, Y.M., 2007. Fast pyrolysis of rice husk: product yields and compositions. Bioresour. Technol. 98, 22–28.
Tsai, W.T., Chang, J.H., Hsien, K.J., Chang, Y.M., 2009. Production of pyrolytic liquids from industrial sewage sludges in an induction-heating reactor. Bioresour.Technol. 100, 406–412.
Werther, J., Ogada, T., 1999. Sewage sludge combustion. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci.25, 55–116.
Zhai, Y.B., Liu, Q., Zeng, G.M., Li, C.T., Yang, F., Li, S.H., 2008. Experimental study on the characteristics of sewage sludge pyrolysis under the low-temperature conditions. Environ. Eng. Sci. 25, 1203–1212.
综合英语(一)课文及翻译
Lesson One: The Time Message Elwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际，千头万绪，最重要的是安排好时间，做时间的主人。本文作者提出了7点具体建议，或许对你有所启迪。 1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look a head, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer? Control! 译：时间真是不好对付，既难以控制好，又很容易浪费掉，当你向前看时，你觉得你的时间用不完。例如，在一个学期的开始，你或许觉得你有许多时间，但到学期快要结束时，你会突然发现时间快用光了，你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完，这样你就紧张了。答案是什么呢？控制。 2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem. 译：时间是危险的，如果你控制不了时间，时间就会控制你，如果你不能让时间为你服务，它就会起反作用。所以，你必须成为时间的主人，而不是它的奴仆，作为刚入学的大学生，妥善安排时间是你的头等大事。 3 Time is valuable. Wasting time is a bad habit. It is like a drug. The more time you waste,the easier it is to go on wasting time. If seriously wish to get the most out of college, you must put the time message into practice. 译：时间是珍贵的，浪费时间是个坏习惯，这就像毒品一样，你越浪费时间，就越容易继续浪费下去，如果你真的想充分利用上大学的机会，你就应该把利用时间的要旨付诸实践。 Message1. Control time from the beginning. 4 Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the Beginning of the term. 译：抓紧时间就是抓紧当前的时间，不要把事情推到明天或是下周，在学期开始就开始计划。 Message2. Get the notebook habit. 5 Go and buy a notebook today, Use it to plan your study time each day. Once a weekly study plan is prepared, follow the same pattern every week with small changes. Sunday is a good day to make the Plan for the following week.
英语原文及其翻译
Exploring Filipino School Counselors’ Beliefs about Learning Allan B. I. Bernardo [Abstract] School reform efforts that focus on student learning require school counselors to take on important new roles as advocates of student learning and achievement.But how do school counselors understand the process of learning? In this study, we explore the learning beliefs of 115 Filipino school counselors who indicated their degree of agreementwith 42 statements about the process of learning and the factors thatinfluence this process.A principal components analysis of the responses to the 42 statements suggested three factors:(F1)social-cognitive constructivist beliefs, (F2) teacher-curriculum-centered behaviorist beliefs,and (F3) individual difference factors.The preliminary results are briefly discussed in terms of issues related to how Filipino school counselors’ conceptions of learning may guide their strategies for promoting student learning and achievement. [Key words]beliefs about learning, conceptions of learning, school counselors, student learning, Philippines School reform efforts in different parts of the world have focusedon students’learning. In particular,most school improvement programsnow aim to ensure that students acquire the high-level knowledge and skills that help them to thrive in today’s highly competitive globaleconomy (e.g., Lee & Williams, 2006). I n this regard, school reform programs draw from various contemporary theories and research on learning (e.g.,Bransford,Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998).The basic idea is that all school improvement efforts should be directed at ensuring students achieve high levels of learning or attainment of well-defined curricular objectives and standards.For example, textbooks (Chien & Young, 2007), computers and educational technology (Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003;Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003), and educational assessment systems (Black & Wiliam2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005) are being reconsidered as regards how they can effectively provide scaffolds and resources for advancing student learning. Likewise,the allocation and management of a school’s financial resources are assessed in terms ofwhether these are effectively mobilized and utilized towards improving student learning (Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007). In this regard, some advocates have also called for an examination of the role of school counselors in these reform efforts (Herr, 2002). Inthe United States, House and Hayes (2002) challenged school counselors to take proactive leadership roles in advocating for the success of all
文献翻译英文原文
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/cc11300150.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
英文翻译(原文)
GRA VITY RETAINING?WALL 1. INTRODUCTION Retaining walls are structures used to provide stability for earth or other material where conditions disallow the mass to assume its natural slope, and are commonly used to hold back or support soilbanks,coal or ore piles, and water. Retaining walls are classified, based on the method of achieving stability, into six principal types (Fig.1). The gravity-wall depends upon its weight, as the name implies, for stability. The cantilever wall is a reinforced-concrete wall that utilizes cantilever action to retain the mass behind the wall from assuming a natural slope. Stability of this wall is partially achieved from the weight of soil on the heel portion of the base slab. A counterfort retaining wall is similar to a cantilever retaining wall, except that it is used where the cantilever is long or for very high pressures behind wall and has counterforts, which tie the wall and base together, built at intervals along the wall to reduce the bending moments and sheers. As indicated in Fig.1c, the counterfort is behind the wall and subjected to tensile forces. A buttressed retaining wall is similar to a counterfort wall, except that the bracing is in front of the wall and is in compression instead of tension. Two other types of walls not considered further are crib walls, which are built-up members of pieces of precast concrete, metal, or timber and are supported by anchor pieces embedded in the soil for stability, and semigravity walls, which are walls intermediate between a true gravity and a cantilever wall. (a)(b)(e)
英语原文及翻译
高速视频处理系统中的信号完整性分析 摘要：结合高速DSP图像处理系统讨论了高速数字电路中的信号完整性问题，分析了系统中信号反射、串扰、地弹等现象破坏信号完整性的原因，通过先进IS工具的辅助设计，找出了确保系统信号完整性的具体方法。 关键词：高速电路设计信号完整性 DSP系统 深亚微米工艺在IC设计中的使用使得芯片的集成规模更大、体积越来越小、引脚数越来越多；由于近年来IC工艺的发展，使得其速度越来越高。从而，使得信号完整性问题引起电子设计者广泛关注。 在视频处理系统中，多维并行输入输出信号的频率一般都在百兆赫兹以上，而且对时序的要求也非常严格。本文以DSP图像处理系统为背景，对信号完整性进行准确的理论分析，对信号完整性涉及的典型问题[1]——不确定状态、传输线效应、反射、串扰、地弹等进行深入研究，并且从实际系统入手，利用IS仿真软件寻找有效的途径，解决系统的信号完整性问题。 1 系统简介 为了提高算法效率，实时处理图像信息，本图像处理系统是基于DSP+FPGA结构设计的。系统由SAA7111A视频解码器、TI公司的TMS320C6701 DSP、Altera公司的EPlK50QC208 FPGA、PCI9054 PCI接口控制器以及SBRAM、SDRAM、FIFO、FLASH等构成。FPGA是整个系统的时序控制中心和数据交换的桥梁，而且能够对图像数据实现快速底层处理。DSP是整个系统实时处理高级算法的核心器件。系统结构框图如图1所示。 在整个系统中，PCB电路板的面积仅为15cm×l5cm，系统时钟频率高达167MHz，时钟沿时间为0．6ns。由于系统具有快斜率瞬变和极高的工作频率以及很大的电路密度，使得如何处理高速信号问题成为一个制约设计成功的关键因素。 2 系统中信号完整性问题及解决方案 2．1 信号完整性问题产生机理 信号的完整性是指信号通过物理电路传输后，信号接收端看到的波形与信号发送端发送的波形在容许的误差范围内保持一致，并且空间邻近的传输信号间的相互影响也在容许的范围之内。因此，信号完整性分析的主要目标是保证高速数字信号可靠的传输。实际信号总是存在电压的波动，如图2所示。在A、B两点由于过冲和振铃[2]的存在使信号振幅落入阴影部分的不确定区，可能会导致错误的逻辑电平发生。总线信号传输的情况更加复杂，任何一个信号发生相位上的超前或滞后都可能使总线上数据出错，如图3所示。图中，CLK为时钟信号，D0、D1、D2、D3是数据总线上的信号，系统允许信号最大的建立时间[1]为△t。在正常情况下，D0、D1、D2、D3信号建立时间△t1<△t，在△t时刻之后数据总线的数据已稳定，系统可以从总线上采样到正确的数据，如图3(a)所示。相反，当信号D1、D2、D3受过冲和振铃等信号完整问题干扰时，总线信号就发生
科普版英语六年级下册课文及翻译 (直接打印版)
Lesson 1 I’m not feeling well. Let’s talk （M=Mom, T= Tom） M: What,'s the matter, Tom T: I'm not feeling well, Mom M: Do you have a cold T: Yes, I think so. Could you give me some water, please M: Here you are. T: Thank you, Mom. M: Tom, you must go and see a doctor. T: OK, Mom. M: It's cold outside. You must wear your coat. T: OK, Mom. Could you pass me my coat,please M: Here you are. T: Thank you, Mom M: Tell me your teacher's number. I'll call him and tell him you are sick. T: OK. Here it is. 译文 (M=妈妈,T=汤姆) 妈妈:怎么了,汤姆 汤姆:我感觉不舒服,妈妈。 妈妈:你感冒了吗 汤姆:是的,我想是这样的。您能给我一些水吗 妈妈:给你。 汤姆:谢谢您,妈妈。 妈妈:汤姆,你必须去看医生. 汤姆:好的,妈妈。 妈妈:外面很冷。你必须穿你的外套。 汤姆:好的,妈妈。您能把我的外套递给我吗 妈妈:给你。 汤姆:谢谢您,妈妈。 妈妈:告诉我你老师的电话号码。我将给他打电话告诉他你生病了。
英语翻译专业必翻经典文章英文原文参考译文
文档简介 一，英语翻译经典文章之英文原稿二，中文翻译：这篇英语文章的最好翻译版本！不是俺说的，是俺老师说哒！！ 英文原稿Brian It seems my only request (“please, let me sleep”) is not clear enough, so I made this simple table that can help you when you’re in doubt. Especially during the night
中文翻译小子： 我只想好好地睡觉，你不明白吗？！所以，我做了这个简表。当你不知道怎么办时，特 别是在晚上的时候，你可以看看它。 具体情况行动指南 1，我正在睡觉禁止进入 2，你不确定我是否睡觉，你想搞清楚管你“鸟”事；禁止进入 3，你嗑了药，想奔向我的床你他妈的滚远点 4，你在youtube上看了一个超赞的视频，禁止进入；在脸书上把链接发给我想让我看看 5，就算第三次世界大战开始了管我屁事，他妈的别进来 6，你和你的基友们想和我“玩玩”抱歉，直男一枚。不要碰我的任何东西，门都别碰 7，你想整理我的房间我谢谢你了！我自己会打扫 8，普京宣布同性婚姻合法化终于等到“它”！还好你没放弃！还是不要来我房里！ 9，我不在家进我房间，想都别想 10，白天，我在家。你敲了门，我说“请进” 你可以进来了 福利放送！！
如果你已经看到了这里，那么说明你应该是英文爱好者哦。 下面有一些非常实用，我精心整理的英文资料，你一定用得到！快去看看吧！ 一，最常用英语翻译政治文体句型总结大全完美版 二，英文合同翻译最常用句型总结专业版 三，英语毕业论文提纲模板优秀完整详细无敌版
英文翻译原文
南京师范大学泰州学院 英文翻译原文 年级： 2011级学号：12110330 姓名：申佳佳 系部：信息工程学院 专业：通信工程 题目：基于C51的数字测速仪设计与仿真 指导教师：焦蓬蓬 2015 年 4 月 5 日
Linux - Operating system of cybertimes Though for a lot of people , regard Linux as the main operating system to make u p huge work station group, finish special effects of " Titanic " make , already can be re garded as and show talent fully. But for Linux, this only numerous news one of. Rece ntly, the manufacturers concerned have announced that support the news of Linux to i ncrease day by day, users' enthusiasm to Linux runs high unprecedentedly too. Then, Linux only have operating system not free more than on earth on 7 year this piece wh at glamour, get the favors of such numerous important software and hardware manufa cturers as the masses of users and Orac le , Informix , HP , Sybase , Corel , Intel , Net scape , Dell ,etc. , OK? 1.The background of Linux and characteristic Linux is a kind of " free (Free ) software ": What is called free, mean users can o btain the procedure and source code freely , and can use them freely , including revise or copy etc.. It is a result of cybertimes, numerous technical staff finish its research a nd development together through Inte rnet, countless user is it test and except fault , c an add user expansion function that oneself make conveniently to participate in. As th e most outstanding one in free software, Linux has characteristic o f the following: (1)Totally follow POSLX standard, expand the network operating system of sup porting all AT&T and BSD Unix characteristic. Because of inheritting Unix outstandi ng design philosophy , and there are clean , stalwart , high-efficient and steady kernels , their all key codes are finished by Li nus Torvalds and other outstanding programmer s, without any Unix code of AT&T or Berkeley, so Linu x is not Unix, but Linux and Unix are totally compatible. (2)Real many tasks, multi-user's system, the built-in n etwork supports, can be with such seamless links as NetWare , Windows NT , OS/2 , Unix ,etc.. Network in various kinds of Unix it tests to be fastest in comparing and ass ess efficiency. Support such many kinds of files systems as FAT16 , FAT32 , NTFS , E x t2FS , ISO9600 ,etc. at the same time .
专业英语原文和翻译
Basic Control Actions and Industrial Automatic Control An automatic controller compares the actual value of the plant output with the desired value, determines the deviation, and produces a control signal which will reduce the deviation to zero or to a small value.The manner in which the automatic conroller produces the control signal is called the control action. Classifications of industrial automatic controllers Induetrial automatic controllers may be classified according to their control action as: ·two-position or on-off controllers; ·proportional controllers; ·integral controllers; ·proportional-plus-integral controllers; ·proportional-plus-derivative controllers; ·proportional-plus-derivative-plus-integral controllers. Most industrial automatic controllers use eletricity or pressurized fluid such as oil or air as power sources. Automatic controllers may also be classified according to the kind of power employed in the operation, such as pneumatic controllers, hydraulic controllers, or electronic controllers.What kind of controller to use must be decided by the nature of the plant and the operating conditions,including such considerations as safety, availability, reliability, accuracy, weight, and size? Elements of industrial automatic controllers An automatic controller must detect the actuating error signal, which is usually at a very low power level, and amplify it to a sufficiently high level. Thus, an amplifier is necessary. The output of an automatic controller is fed to a power device, such as a pneumatic motor or valve, a hydraulic motor, or an electric motor. The controller usually consists of an error detector and amplifier. The measuring element is a device that converts the output variable into another suitable variable, such as a displacement, pressure, or electric signal, which can be used for comparing the output to the reference input signal. This element is in the feedback path of the closed-loop system. The set point of the controller must be converted to a reference input of the same units as the feedback signal from the measuring element. The amplifier amplifies the power of the actuating error signal, which in turn operates the actuator. The actuator is an element which alters the input to the plant according to the control signal so that the feedback signal may be brought into correspondence with the reference input signal. Self-operated controllers In most industrial automatic controllers, separate units are used for the measuring element and for the actuator. In a very simple one, however, such as a self-operated controller, these elements are assembled in one unit. Self-operated controllers utilize power developed by the measuring element and are very simple and inexpensive. The set point is determined by the adjustment of the spring force. The controlled pressure is measured by the diaphragm. The actuating error signal is the net force acting on the diaphragm. Its position determines the valve opening. The operation of self-operated controller is as follows: Suppose that the output pressure is lower than the reference pressure, as determined by the set point. Then the downward spring force is greater than the upward pressure force, resulting in a downward movement of the diaphragm. This increases the flow rate and raises the output pressure.
英文翻译原文
Engineering with Computers(2002)18:109–115 Ownership and Copyright ?2002Springer-Verlag London Limited Structural Optimization of Automotive Body Components Based on Parametric Solid Modeling M.E.Botkin GM R&D Center,Warren,MI,USA Abstract Abstract::Parametric modeling was used to build several models of an automotive front structure concept that utilizes carbon fiber composite materials and the corresponding molding processes.An ultra-lightweight aluminum body front structure was redesigned to include an all-composite front structure.Two alternative concepts were studied which represent the structure as a bonded assembly of shells.Closed sections result from two pieces–an inner and outer.Parametric modeling was found to be a useful tool for building and modifying models to use in optimization concept studies. Such models can be built quickly and both the sketch dimensions and location dimensions are particularly useful for making the adjustments necessary to fit the various body pieces together.The parametric models then must be joined together as one geometric solid model in order to obtain a surface mesh.Structural optimization input data can then be seamlessly and quickly created from the parametric-modelbased finite element model to begin the tradeoff studies.This integrated process in which parametric modeling was coupled with structural optimization was used to carry out design studies on the lightweight body front structure.Several carbon fiber material combinations were studied to determine mass reduction potential of certain types of carbon fiber products considered to be lower cost than typical carbon fiber materials used in the past.Structural optimization was used to compare several composite constructions for the design of the bonded front structure.Eight cases were studied using various materials and composite lay-ups.Mass savings estimates from45–64%over steel were obtained.The most reasonable design consisted of a combination of relatively low cost chopped carbon fiber and woven carbon fiber and using a20mm balsa core in the top of the shock tower area. This design had a maximum thickness of7mm and a mass reduction over steel of approximately62%.Correspondence and offprint requests to:Mark E.Botkin,Principal