英语词汇学考试复习用

Definitions:

Word词: a minimum free form of a language is a word. The smallest unit of a spoken or written language which has meanings and can stand alone.

Vocabulary词汇: it refers to all the words used in a particular kind of work, business, etc, Or known to a particular person. Words in general known, learnt, used, etc, or a list of words, usually in alphabetical order and with explanations of their meanings.

Morpheme词素: it is the minimal linguistic unit—an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning that cannot be further unanalyzed.

Free自由and bound束缚morpheme: free morphemes are these morphemes which can stand alone a words in their own right and enter into the structure of other words. Bound morphemes are these morphemes which cannot be used by themselves and must combine with other morphemes to form words.

Content and function morphemes: content morphemes are these morphemes that carry meaning; they are open to the invention of arbitrary new items. Function morphemes are heavily tied to a grammatical function, expressing syntactic relationships between units in a sentence, or categories such as number or tense; they are close to invention or borrowing. Derivational派生and inflectional屈折morpheme: derivational morphemes are these morphemes that can be added to a word to create another word; it changes the meaning of the word or part of speech or both. Inflectional morphemes are these morphemes that create a change in the function of the word, and they modify a word’s tense, number, aspect and so on. Roots词根: it is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. It carries the main component of the meaning of a word. It can also be defined as the part of a word which remains after all the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.

Stems词干: it can be defined as a form to which an affix can be added. A stem is a part of a word which remains after all the inflectional affixes have been removed.

Affixes词缀:it is a morpheme that is attached to a root to form a word. It is bound morpheme.

Derivation派生法: it is a morphological process whereby a derivational morpheme is attached to a root or stem. The form that results from the addition of a derivational morpheme is called Derived word.

Conversion转换法: it refers to a morphological process by which a new word is created without adding affixes to the root or stem, but by changing the word class of the original word.

Compounding合成法: it concerned with the combination of two or more words to form a new word—a compound word or compound.

Abbreviation involves clipping, initialism, acronym and blending.

Clipping截短法 is one way in which we shorten a relatively long word and thereby create a new one without changing its meaning. These words are called clipped words.

Initialism首字母缩略法is a reduction process in which initialization in words is used. These words are called initial-words. They are pronounced letter by letter.

Acronym首字母拼音法is a kind of shortening. An acronym is a word composed of the initial letters of the words of a phrase and is pronounced as a whole word.

Blending拼缀法 is the process in which some words are formed by joining part of one word with part of another. It is a minor technique for forming new words. These words are called blends or portmanteau words.

Back-formation逆生法 is a form of shortening in which the omitted省去的 material is or is perceived认为to be a formative构词要素, typically an affix. Its mission produces a new form with a meaning related to but distinct from that of the etymon.

Onomatopoeia拟声法 is one of the minor devices used to form echo/ echoic words related to the imitation of sounds made by human beings, animals and some other things. These words are called onomatopoeic words.

Reduplication复制法: it is a minor morphological process by which the root or stem of a word, or part of it, is repeated, through which a new compound word is formed either by doubling an entire word or part of a word. These words are called reduplications. Denotational指称 and non-denotational非指称 meaning: denottional meaning of a word is also named as its denotative, referential, descriptive, cognitive or logical meaning. It refers to the relationship between a linguistic sign and it referent. The denottional meaning is the basic concept of the word, comparatively stable. It is usually the meaning we grasp first when we learn a word. Non-denotational meaning constitutes the additional properties of a word. They may be of specific emotive values, stylistic overtones or pragmatic values. They are all the meaning associated with the word. It involves connotative隐含 meaning, affective情感meaning, stylistic文体 meaning and collocative搭配 meaning.

Meaning development词义发展: when the new meaning developed does not change the category the original meaning belongs to, it is meaning development. It involves generalization词义普遍化, specification词义特殊化, amelioration词义的改进, pejoration 词义变坏 , new meanings新意义, old meanings旧词义 and euphemisms委婉语言. Meaning shift词义转换: the new meaning of a word is obtain by rhetorical devices and the meaning shifts from the literal to the figurative. It involves metaphor暗喻, metonymy转喻, synaesthesia通感, synecdoche提喻 and onomatopoeia拟声.

Synonymy同义关系is the relation of lexical units which involves the similarities of meaning. Such words are called synonyms同义词.

Antonymy反义关系is the relation of lexical units which involves the oppositeness of meaning. Such words are called antonyms反义词. A ntonyms involve complementary antonyms, gradable antonyms and converses.

Polysemy多义关系 is a relationship that holds between different senses of the same word. The meanings are related to each other. These words are called polysements多义词. （由于一个词会有多个意思，可能会出现歧义ambiguity。如are you engaged？可以表示问某人是不是订婚了，也可以是问某人是不是在忙或者准备某事。）

Homonymy同音异义关系 refers to a situation where we have two or more words with the same linguistic form. Homonyms同音异义词 are words which are identical in pronunciation and spelling, or, at least, in one of these aspects, but different in meaning. Homonyms proper 同音同形异义词, homophones同音异形词, homographs同形异音词.

Hyponymy上下义关系is a relation of inclusion.（如水仙花是花的一种；dog是puppy 的成年形式）Taxonymy分类关系 is often regarded as a sub-hyponymy. （如松树是树木的一种）Meronymy部分整体关系is used to describe a part-whole relationship between lexical items.（如一天包括白天和夜晚）

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]

Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.

(完整版)英语词汇学英语词汇学习题3及答案

试题三 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( ) A. perfect homonyms B. homonyms C. homophones D. all the above 2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( ) A. ad for “advertisement” B. dish for “food" C. fond for “affectionate” D. an editorial for “an editorial article" 3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( ) A. the reader’s interpretation B. the neighbouring words C. the writer's intention D. the etymology of the word 4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order? A. extra- B. pro- C. re- D. semi- 5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary? A. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology B. Chamber's Encyclopedic English Dictionary C. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs D. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms 6.Which of the following statements is Not true? A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary. C. Concept is universal to all men alike. D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language. 7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( ) A. physical context B. grammatical context C. lexical context D. linguistic context 8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( ) A. definition B. explanation C. example D. hyponym 9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( ) A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field 10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( ) A. simile B. metaphor

初中英语词汇辨析的知识点总复习含解析(5)

一、选择题 1．I’d like to________the mall because it’s crowded and noisy. A．visit B．hang out C．walk D．go off 2．It’s ________ of the soldiers to rush into the fire to save people. A．stupid B．proud C．honest D．brave 3．In modern life, shopping online is________ used by many people, especially for teenagers. A．exactly B．badly C．heavily D．widely 4．—Oh, my God! I have ________ five pounds after the Spring Festival. —All of the girls want to lose weight, but easier said than done. A．given up B．put on C．got on D．grown up 5．— Sorry, I can't afford to go abroad. — What about having a country travel with a little________ price? A．cheaper B．higher C．lower D．less 6．My sister Nancy often gets lost because of her bad _____ of direction. A．sense B．feeling C．experience D．information 7．—Help yourselves! The drinks are ________ me. —Thank you. You’re always so generous. A．above B．in C．on D．over 8．Her only problem, ________ you can call it a problem, is that she expects to be successful all the time. A．if B．because C．though D．since 9．We should learn_______ each other. A．to B．from C．for D．of 10．We loved the food so much, ________the fish dishes. A．special B．especial C．specially D．especially 11．— Is your home close to the school, Tom? — No, it's a long way, but I am________ late for school because I get up early daily. A．always B．usually C．never D．sometimes 12．Remember to return the book to the school library in time, ________ you will be fined(罚款). A．or B．and C．but D．so 13．—Billy, you are very confident all the time, how do you make it? —I think confidence is more than just an attitude, it comes from a strong ________ to take responsibility rather than just let life happen. A．present B．care C．promise D．protect 14．—Does she have a ________? — Yes, she ________ in a food shop. A．job; work B．job; works C．work; job

《英语词汇学教程》论文(中文版)

英语词汇学论文(中文版) 单词记忆法细谈 一，读音规则记忆法 它就是按照元音字母、元音字母组合、辅音字母及辅音字母组合在开音节和闭音节的读音规律记忆。例如：ea，ee，er，ir，ur，or分别能发［i：］［：］［：］等。还有些固定的字母组合，例如：ing发［i］，ly发［li］，ty发［ti］和各种前缀、后缀，例如：a-，re-，un-，dis-，im-；-ed，-ing，-ly，-er，-or，-ful，-y等都有其比较固定的发音。掌握了这些规则，记单 词时就不必一个字母一个字母地记忆了。 二.字母变化记忆法 英语单词中以某个单词为基础，加、减、换、调一个字母就成了另一个新单词。具体方法 如下： 1.前面加字母。例如：is/his，ear/near/hear，read/bread 2.后面加字母。例如：hear/heart，you/your，plane/planet 3.中间加字母。例如：though/through，tree/three，for/four 4.减字母。例如：she/he，close/lose，star/tstar 5.换字母。例如：book/look/cook，cake/lake/wake/make/take 6.调字母（即改变字母顺序）。例如：blow/bowl，sing/sign， from/form 三.联想记忆法

在日常生活中可以根据所处的环境，所见到、所摸到的事物，联想相关的英语单词。例如： 打球时联想到：ball，(play)basketball，(play)football，(play)volleyball，playground等等；吃饭时联想到：dining-room，(have)breakfast，(have)lunch，(have)supper等等；睡觉 时联想到：bed，bedroom，gotobed，sleep，gotosleep，fallasleep等等。如果长期坚持下支，效果就会很好。 四.归类记忆法 众所周知，单词本身、单词与单词之间都存在着或多或少的联系，英语词汇中 有许多单词有着其近义词、反义词、一词多义、一词多音、同音词或形音形似词等内 在或外在的联系。因此，记忆单词的主要方法是把单词之间存在的这种联系挖掘归纳 出来，通过对比、对照的方式把学过的单词从各个方面进行归类 1.按词的构造归类 按词跟、前缀、后缀、合成词归类，找出词与词最本质 的联系。这种联系不仅使新词记得快、记得牢、记得久，而 且也同时复习了大量的旧词。合成词，如： schoolbag,school-boy,classroom,football,blackboard,etc. 前缀后缀词，如：unhappy,unhealthy,unfriendly,unlucky,worker,writer,visitor,us

《现代英语词汇学概论》

张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析 第一部分Chapter Ⅰ 英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary) Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。随着词汇学的发展跟完善。人们给词下了较为完整的定义。“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社） 一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。 英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。 第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ 英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation ) (一) 词素（Morphemes） 单词是有词素（morphemes）构成的。词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位，同时具有声音和意义。单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。如：nation 是一个词素，national有nation+al 两个词素。词素跟音素（phoneme）不同，词素必须同时具备声音和意义两方面，而音素只需要发出声音即可。如k 和u 只是音素，因为它们没有什么具体含义。而a 和i 分别存在于单词tame 和time 中是音素，但当a是定冠词和i表示第一人称时它们则是词素。词素并不等同于音节（syllable ），因为音节并没有什么具体含义。如单词dis·a·gree·a·ble有五个音节却只有三个语素（dis + agree + able ）。词素有不同的形式，同一语素的不同形式即语素变体。 词素可以分为自由词素（free morphemes）和黏着词素（bound morphemes）。自由词素可以单独成为单词，而黏着词素则必须要依附于其他的词素，如-ly , -ness。 词素又可以分为词根和词缀。词根是单词中表示含义的成分，可以是自由或者黏着词素。词缀只能是黏着词素，它又可以分为屈折词缀（inflectional affixes）和派生词缀（derivational affixes ）。屈折词缀跟语法有关，派生词缀又可以分为前缀跟后缀，这都是构成新单词的重要元素。从词素的层面来说，词可以分类为简单词，复杂词以及合成词。词素在词的构成中取到非常重要的作用，因为构词的二大过程----合成和附加都涉及到了词素，前者是词素的联合，后者是黏着词素附加到自由词素上。 (二) 词的构成（word-formation） 1/5页 有很多种途径可以构成词汇，大的方面主要有合成法（compounding），派生法(derivation)和转换法(conversion)三种，小的方面主要有八个过程，分别是首字母法(acronym)，混合法(blending)，截短法(clipping)，专有名词(word from proper names)，逆构法(back-formation)，复制法(reduplication)，新古典法(neo-classical famation)以及混杂法(miscellaneous)。

(完整版)全国英语词汇学(00832)高等教育自学考试试题与答案

全国高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）1．According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.（） A．meaning B．Sound C．combination of sounds D．Group 2．The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.（） A．more slowly than B．As quickly as C．more rapidly than D．Not so quickly as 3．Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（）A．use frequency B．notion C．origin D．sound 4．Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（） A．green revolution B．fast food C．moon walk D．space shuttle 5．Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need. （）A．form B．meaning C．look D．pronunciation 6．Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall” means ______ in British English.（） A．four B．fell C．for D．autumn 7．The plural morpheme “-s” is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______. （）A．/t/ B．/g/ C．/p/ D．/k/ 英语词汇学试卷第 1 页共9 页

(完整word版)英语词汇学复习大纲整理

1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)

自考英语词汇学复习大纲自己整理

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