托福阅读教学大纲
托福阅读
I. 要求学生在作业要求之外每天一篇阅读练习，长期坚持。
II. 分析选项改写的思路
III. 考试时间策略
BASIC SKILLS:
SKIMMING
SCANNING
INFERENCE
QUICK RESPONDING
ENIMILATING
OPERATING PC
Understanding facts and details F&D
Identifying negative facts NEG
Understanding vocabulary in context VOCAB
Making inferences INF
Determining purpose PRP
Recognizing paraphrases PRPH
Recognizing coherence COH
Summarizing important ideas SM
Organizing information OI
阅读基本原则：
1.文章结构观念,为总结题做准备
2.小定位，有目的阅读原则
3.读懂前后句，上下文原则
4.选项“关键点”验证原则
5.最佳答案原则，可能都不确信，但是选择对不怀疑的。“两利相权取其重，两害相权取其轻。”
陷阱类型
1.主被动
2.因果倒置
3.先后颠倒
4.正话反说
After 1815, ...→prior to 1815
5.
单词题
1.构词法以及单词题
内容:
a.基本构词法---17页图片前缀解题原则exceptional-extraordinary; illuminate-light; heterogeneous-varied;
proliferation-growth; superseded-replaced
构词法：
440题;
官方核心词汇400；
近义词总结归纳
“正负向”分析，前缀归类
最终只是解题线索，辅助手段
b.70%是基本含义，可以直接选；但是30%要依赖语境；所以保险的策略C
c.语境优先原则：
把单词带回文章，自己给出一个最接近的近义词；
然后用自己的理解词对应选项；
绝对不要先看选项，很可能“先入为主”，掉进陷阱；
即使自己对5个单词绝对有把握也一定要带回原文验证。
d.原文语境很可能有一个词语对应正确选项，这取决于文章逻辑呼应的思路，例如：
正确答案很可能是我们不熟悉的第二第三义项
Context clues:
BE
A supernova is a...
OR
The inclination or tilt of the earth...
A skyscraper, or building more than twenty stories high,...
APPOSITIVE
Thermal power stations are designed to pass as much energy as possible from the fuel to the turbines, machines whose blades are turned by the movement of the steam.
Adjective clause or phrase
The sun crosses the equator twice a year at the equinoxes，when day and nights are nearly equal in length．Prescribed fire，ignited by forest rangers under controlled conditions to restore balance in the forest，is a safe way to mimic natural fire conditions．
The radiating surface of the sun is called the photosphere，and just above it is the chromosphere，which is visible to the naked eye only during total solar eclipses，appearing then to be a pinkish——violet layer．LIST or SERIES
Because of their similar teeth，seals and walruses are believed to have evolved from the same ancestral groups as the weasels，badgers，and other mustelids．
If someone is said to have“a chip on his shoulder,”he is angry, pugnacious，sullen，and looking for trouble．EXAMPLE
For example, for instance, like, such as
Several personnel managers complain about the lag of business colleges in eliminating obsolete skills．For instance，shorthand is still taught in many secretarial programs although it is rarely used．
Intangible assets，such as a company's recognized name and its goodwill，are neither physical nor financial in nature．
CONTRAST
alternatively different instead rather but however nevertheless unlike
conversely in contrast on the contrary whereas despite in spite of on the other hand while
For example
1.Twilight rays are nearly parallel，but because of the observer's perspective，they appear to diverge．
2.Songbirds are early risers and remain active throughout the day, except during the warmest hours in
summer．Owls，on the 0theF hand，are primarily nocturnal．
Unlike sun pillars，which are caused by reflection of light，arcs and haloes are caused by refraction of light through ice crystals．
标点符号
；并列：- ，___ ，双逗号之间, ( ), 解释
Example
Crepuscular rays--alternating bright and dark rays in the sky―appear to radiate from the sun．
Virtually every community college now offers contract education：short-term programs，ranging from a few hours to several days, for employees of specific companies, which pays a share of the cost.
Folate supplementation before and during pregnancy can prevent certain defects of the brain and spine，
such as anacephaly (absence of a major part of the brain)．
e.KEY WORDS ---- clue for new words
Accessories add interest to a room．They can accent or highlight an area and give a room, beauty and
personality．
Light output，measured in lumens，depends on the amount of electricity used by a bulb．
f.排除法
g.“相同全舍”原则
h.相对概念，文中一般有对应表达
Abu Hureyra was founded about 9500B.C., a small village settlement of cramped pit dwellings (houses dug partially in the soil) with reed roofs supported by wooden uprights.
Q6 The word “cramped” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○primitive ○secure ○extended ○confined
作业：
TPO18-24里面的单词题
遇到生词，老是“卡壳”
1. 不要纠结，实在不认识，先跳过，不重要不看-科技型词汇
2. 如果特别重要，结合前后单词理解
3. 理解到哪类事物，正负态度即可
句子改写题-recognizing paraphrases
2.长难句以及句子改写题
A.出题理念: 快速抓住关键信息，理顺逻辑关系
B.表达特征：paraphrasing with synonyms, sentence structure, synonyms clues, pronoun clues
Original Sentence
Culture consists of the language,values，norms，and artifacts that define and unite a society．
These can be spread from one society to another through culture contact
Paraphrase
Contact with other cultures is a way of spreading language，values，norms，and artifacts．
Original Sentence
In l 889．an Austrian Physicist named Ernst Mach created a system of numbers for measuring‘'supersonic”
speeds．This is why, when a plane travels at a speed faster than the speed of sound,its speed is referred to as Mach l
Paraphrase
A plane moving faster than the speed of sound has a speed of Mach 1，after the inventor of the numbering
system．
C.长难句思路和练习题（自己的资料）
D.该题型思路总结：
A) 只看本句
B) 语法结构分析阅读法
C) 长句分层次，短句找主干，
D) 抓住关键信息点
E) 使用符号图解法：A B C
F) 重视标点符号，：—（）
G) 理清关键信息之间的逻辑关系，例如因果，列举，转折，递进等, 关注关联词和从句标志
H) 正确选项：原文关键信息不能省略掉，但可以概括；信息点之间的逻辑关系必须与原文一致；
I) 近义词替代
J) 错误选项：忽略关键信息；关键信息错误(F)；关键信息原文未提及（NG）
K) 适当运用排除法，尤其针对原文又长又乱的题目
L) 细节信息可以省略
If the water table intersects the land surface, groundwater will flow out onto the surface at springs, either to be collected there or to subsequently flow farther along a drainage.
Where the water table meets the land surface, groundwater flows out through surface springs.
M)
E.
内容及作业：自己的资料
TPO18-24里面的句子改写题
3.事实细节题
A. 题目问道文章中的一个细节，
事实：真实发生-正在发生、已经发生、正确、有时是一个支持细节
细节：比较具体的信息，例如事例，原因，统计数字，一段描写，一副插图
表达形式：
B. USEFUL SKILLS:
SKIMMING
SCANNING
SCROLLING
C. TRANSITIONS
D. PARAPHRASING--- 分析选项改写的思路
改写方法例子
同义词As a meteorological term, “eye”describes a circular region at the
center of a severe wind storm.
As a meteorological concept “eye”refers to a round area in the
middle of an extreme wind disturbance.
语态主动/
被动
In the eye of a hurricane, you may experience light, variable winds.
In the eye of a hurricane, light, variable winds may be experienced. 词形或句子
结构
Because this area is so small and irregular, it is difficult to observe.
People have difficulty observing this small and irregular area.
短语/分词结构However, the eye of a hurricane and the eye of a tornado differ in various ways based on size and speed.
However, they of a hurricane and the eye of a tornado differ in various ways based on how big they are and how fast they go.
P: Tony asked Rose to go shopping
Q: Tony was asked to go shopping
E. WRONG ANSWER CHOICES
Right but not answering questions
FALSE
INACURATE
NG
F. PROCEDURE: SPI in Q-CHOICE STUDY-LOCATING-JUDGING & ELIMINATING
G. RELATED EX
PAGES 20-28
4.选非题-NEG-identifying negative information
A.一篇文章一道题，或没有
B.难度较低，考察能力：快速定位，简单分析理解
C.题干定位
D.大多针对列举类信息，例如：
事物列举:
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in ... as a disadvantage of the ...?
All of the following are mentioned ...EXCEPT
...all of the following could be seen...EXCEPT
性质/特征：
...which of the following is NOT true of ...
... all of the following characterize ...EXCEPT
起因:
...is affected by all of the following EXCEPT
...each of the following contributes to ...EXCEPT
...believes that all of the following contributed (positively )to ...EXCEPT
...all of the following are reasons why...EXCEPT
结果影响:
...all of the following are problems that ... To overcome EXCEPT
...provides all of the following essential functions for ...EXCEPT
解决方案:
...all of the following are mentioned in ...as ways that ...EXCEPT
...which of the following was NOT necessary for ...EXCEPT
分布位置
...in all of the following geographic areas EXCEPT?
结合细节：
...answers all of the following questions about...EXCEPT
...all of the following statements compared the caravel with the galley are true EXCEPT
E.Contradictory / not mentioned/given
F.D-A逆序
G.排除法，排除正确信息, 有同学容易“晕”
H.直接矛盾；NG
内容及作业：TPO18-24里面的细节题和反选题
5.推理题
Paragraph 3 supports which of the following statements about…?
It can be inferred that part of the reason... is that... TPO19 Q11
Imply, infer, suggest, assume, mean, most likely true about...
Probably occur, most accurately reflect...
第二，我们在解答这类题目的时候，要注意下列特征：
1.正确选项不能是文章中的直接表达，这是暗示推理题的第一项重要要求，同学们往
往忽视；
2.正确选项的思维逻辑归类如下：
总结归纳型，具体/笼统型，推论型，条件/因果/目的推定型，时间先后型，数量比较型，反向表达型，正话反说型
3.该题型具备其他选择题的普遍特征：选项信息不能和原文不一致，逻辑关系不能和
原文矛盾，文章未提及的信息点不能作为正确答案；
4.常识的使用以不和原文矛盾为限；
5.在这种题型里，“陷阱”选项的特征往往是：极端表达，过于笼统，原文无法支持或未提及.
6.写作目的题
完整阅读关键词所在句
“回头看”
信号词: Notice, notify, define, explain, compare, criticize etc.
主题句，首尾句
目的表达：
argue define illustrate prove caution describe introduce show
classify emphasize persuade summarize compare explain point out support contrast give examples praise trace criticize identify predict warn
Why do the author mention “…” ?
The author mentions “343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead' in order to
Possible Distractions:
FALSE: Inaccurate or contradictory
Too general
NG
内容及作业：TPO18-24里面的对应题型
阅读思考练习
A.Why does the author write the article?
B.What attitudes does he hold for the topics presented?
C.How does of each paragraph serve the whole article?
D.What details serve for the author’s intention?
E.What vocabulary words are employed for this purpose?
7.文本插入题-recognizing coherence
Reorder the following sentences
---The trunk's inner core consists of vertically oriented cells that are closely packed together in parallel row．
---Millions upon millions of such cells form the heartwood--the nonliving central pillar on which the living tree hoists itself skyward．
---The most distinguishing characteristic of a mature tree is its self-supporting woody spine，or trunk．
Insert the following sentence into your short paragraph
All trees share certain growth characteristics that distinguish them from other members of the plant kingdom．
扑捉信号词：
指示词：代词指代this, that, it, these, those，名词指代---回头看
An, a-------the … / the same
固定搭配：
On the one hand, on the other hand, either…or,
Another possibility is…
关联词：因果并列转折连词while，whereas，whist；
逻辑介副词（rather than, instead of, on the contrary, however，non/nevertheless，indeed，in fact，）;
过度副词（first, second, then, at last, to start with, to kick off, for starters, initially, additionally, to add, on top of that, in the end, to sum up, to wrap up）
However, but, whereas, rather than, instead,
On the other hand
As a result of / result in / from, accordingly,
this gives rise to
Again, without a doubt
In addition, similarly
Obviously, on the whole, therefore
A. Clues:
语境：it is very likely that…
There are great chances that…
前后都要衔接：during these periods, …
句子之间的不可分性
承上启下：but the evidence of past organic life is not limited to petrification.
Coherence ---purpose of writing
Two reasons for government regulation of industry stand out．First，economists have traditionally stressed the
importance of containing market power．A second reason, deriving from public—choice theories, is that the regulators are captured by the regulated．
Purpose to list the causes of government administration
Good managers adjust plans when necessary．Flexible plans allow for several contingencies．Contingencies are events that might affect what you plan to do，but rarely are out of your control．For example，rain is a
contingency that might affect the success of an outdoor event，so plans for an outdoor event should include a “rain plan.”
“Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is
associated with the rise of the middle classes.”
“An alternative to this notion of genetic programming is to see the teacher subjects’
actions as result of the social environment under which the experiment was carried
out.”
But it is not only in technology and commerce that glass has widened its horizons, the use
of g lass as art, a tradition going back at least to Roman times, is also booming.”
“but not all the glass technology that touches our lives is ultra-modern. Consider the
simple light bulb;…traditional /conventional”
“Despite the extensive coverage in the po pular media of the destruction of rain-forests,
little formal information is available about ”
B. Pronoun clues
Every society has a favorite imagined figure that is seen in the surface markings of the full moon．In Asia and Europe，it is commonly a hare，while North Americans see the “man in the moon．”
Because she was essentially a realist，Willa Cather made human nature the subject of her novels．Many of her characters were based on real people that she knew and loved．
The brain of a computer is its central processing unit．In the case of a microcomputer, this is a chip called the microprocessor，which is connected to the other units by groups of wires．
Driving while intoxicated is illegal．However, this is not the only reason to avoid drinking and driving．
Three common herbs are effective remedies for a sore throat：angelica，sage，and vervain. All，are available in health food stores．
Only two elements are liquids at normal temperatures．One is mercury and the other is bromine．
The bassoon and the oboe are members of the woodwind family. The former is a low-pitched double-reed instrument that can produce high and delicate legato sounds，as well as low and loud staccato notes．
C. Transition clues
However, but, whereas, rather than, instead (of), not only…but also, A as well as b,
Akira Kurosawa's masterful works burst on the international film scene in the 1 950s with the sound of fireworks and epic battles ．In contrast ，the quiet dignity and unobtrusive techniques of Satyajit Ray's films also placed him among the world's great directors ． 并列且对比，决定语序
of course, a lake may be neither …nor …， nevertheless, still the same, all the same, still (I'm afraid he's crazy. Still, he's harmless )
D. Answer choices
A) 相邻语句逻辑性被打乱 B) 指代混乱
C) 过渡词无法正确表意
E. Eg.
TPO28-(2)Early Saharan pastoralists
This knowledge enables the hunters to adopt a different approach to hunting.
③Smith believes that the hunters were well aware of the more disciplined ways in which their prey
Addition Contrast Example/ illustrate Cause / Result explain compare limit also although for example as a result At this point both certainly another however for instance because In fact like indeed 0ther
in contrast
including consequently how similarly
Most
importantly
first ，second... instead one example is hence In this case Equally important clearly moreover Rather than such as therefore The same In fact too While / whereas to illustrate thus
Similar to surely furthermore rather One reason is finally conversely Due to Not only ...but also nevertheless since As well as unlike accordingly On the contrary consequently In contrast
otherwise
On the other hand
behaved. ■ Instead of following the cattle on their annual migrations, the hunters began to prevent the herd from moving from one spot to another. ■ At first, they controlled the movement of the herd while ensuring continuance of their meat diet. ■ But soon they also gained genetic control of the animals, which led to rapid physical changes in the herd. ■ South African farmers who maintain herds of wild eland (large African antelopes with short, twisted horns) report that the offspring soon diminish in size, unless wild bulls are introduced constantly from outside.
Reference answer ■1
This knowledge enables the hunters to adopt a different approach to hunting.
A B
③Smith believes that the hunters were well aware of the more disciplined ways in which their prey
A
behaved. ■ Instead of following the cattle on their annual migrations, the hunters began to prevent the
B
herd from moving from one spot to another.
TPO28-(3) Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes
This process can take a few hours to several days.
①A conspicuous sign indicating the presence of white-tailed deer in a woodlot is a buck rub. ■ A male deer makes
a buck ru
b by stripping the bark (outer layer) of a small tree with its antlers. ■ When completed, the buck rub is an obvious visual signal to us and presumably to other deer in the area. ■ A rub is usually located at the shoulder height of a deer (one meter or less above the ground) on a smooth-barked, small-diameter (16-25 millimeters) tree. ■ The smooth bark of small red maples makes this species ideal for buck rubs in the forests of the mid-eastern United States.
Reference answer
This process can take a few hours to several days.
A B
①A conspicuous sign indicating the presence of white-tailed deer in a woodlot is a buck rub. ■ A male deer makes
a buck ru
b by stripping the bark (outer layer) of a small tree with its antlers. ■ When completed, the buck
A B
rub is an obvious visual signal to us and presumably to other deer in the area. ■ A rub is usually located at the shoulder height of a deer (one meter or less above the ground) on a smooth-barked, small-diameter (16-25 millimeters) tree. ■ The smooth bark of small red maples makes this species ideal for buck rubs in the forests of the mid-eastern United States.
8. 总结题-summarizing
文章首尾句，主题句
必看所给的全文总结句, 全文结构的概念，具体题目加深印象
托福常考文章结构特征：
根据关键词回忆对应段落
利用常识，只要不与文章相悖即可
主题性信息，细节性信息（数字，地点，人名，机构名称）怀疑之后要回文章去验证正确选项：
归纳一段主题---主题句
也可能归纳两段以上
错误选项：
细节
次要观点，包含段落中
NG
F
千万不能只看某一细节或某一单词就选择
极端词汇
排除法
最后没有时间，瞎蒙
内容及作业：TPO18-24里面的对应题型
9. 填表题-classifying information
文章结构：先背景，然后清晰分两部分，很少较交叉对比
对比或对照类文章
确定对比的事物或对比点
相对应的结论
正确答案多为主要观点或重要的支持信息
多个信息点列举: 特征，原因，结果，解决方案
干扰项：矛盾，NG, 共性的？
多选多，两个多余项
反向暗示：sleep-rib cage ↑---wakefulness---rib cage↓
定位词---往往是比较点/关键点归类
TPO ONLINE TEST---OPPORTUNISTS AND COMETITORS
TPO12-P3-Water in the Desert
TPO14- maya water problems;
TPO 16-P3-planets in our solar system
TPO 24-P2-breathing during sleep
TPO 26-P2-survival of plants and animals in desert conditions
TPO 29-P2-the pace of evolutionary change
内容及作业：TPO18-24里面的对应题型
10.Recognizing organization
表达方式汇总：
The organization of passage can best be described as…TPO21-3
What is the organizational structure of paragraph 3? TPO22-1
Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage? TPO23-2 Which of the following best indicates the organization of the passage? TPO23-3
How is paragraph 2 related to paragraph 3? TPO25-3
结构类型：
11.套题策略
文章结构原则
有目的阅读原则
得分优先原则
背景知识储备原则
分类词语构架原则
9.干扰选项的类型以及考生的常见错误
1)混淆行为和状态
2)未提及
3)直接矛盾
4)多重信息部分正确
5)多重信息的逻辑关系与原文不符
6)
10.正确选项的出题理念
1)同义词改写
2)正话反说
3)语言结构拆分或组合
4)主动被动互换
5)
11.
1.
【美梦网】实例解析：托福听力考试三大类题型
实例解析：托福听力考试三大类题型 根据《The Official Guide To The New TOEFL》即新托福考试官方指南(OG)的介绍，新托福听力考试部分有八种题型，可分为三大类。下面介绍一下每种托福听力题型的考察目的和应对策略分析，希望对大家有帮助。 (一)Basic Comprehension Questions 对材料的基本理解 1.Gist-Content (内容主旨题，理解讲座或对话的主旨大意) 2.Gist-Purpose (目的主旨题，考察对话目的) 3.Detail (细节题，听懂并记住讲座或对话中明晰的细节或事实) (二)Pragmatic Understanding Questions 情景理解题 4.Understanding the Function of What Is Said (句子功能题，测试是否理解某一句话的功能) 5.Understanding the Speaker's Attitude (说话人态度题，考查是否能听出说话人的态度或观点) (三)Connecting Information Questions 整合信息题 6.Understanding Organization (组织结构题，识别整个听力材料的结构和听力材料中两个部分之间的关系) 7.Connecting Content (连接内容题，考查对材料中各观点之间的关系的理解能力，有时需要根据所听内容来推测) 8.Making Inferences (推论题，根据已听到的内容得出结论) 对于听力基础较弱的同学，尤其要抓住的就是第一类--基本理解题。我们把其中的前两种题型Gist Content(内容主旨题)以及Gist Purpose(目的主旨题)统称为Gist Questions(主旨题)。下面我们就一起来看一看托福听力Lecture中的主旨题该如何破解。 1、出题位置： 主旨题的出题位置是固定的，是听完每篇文章后的第一道题目。从题号上来说，是每个section中的1、6、12题。 要注意的是，托福听力答题过程中不走回头路，也就是说大家无法根据后面的细节题来推测文章的主旨大意。 2、题型识别： (1)What is the main topic of the lecture? What is the lecture mainly about? What aspect of X does the professor mainly discuss? 【此类是OG中出现的Lecture 部分Gist Content的题目问法】 (2)Why does the professor explain X? 【此类是OG中出现的Lecture 部分Gist Purpose的题目问法】 不论是Gist Content还是Gist Purpose，考察重点都是文章的主旨大意，
托福新手备考攻略学员整理
托福新手备考攻略 内部学员冬冬整理，教师Chloe指导 像我这种学习不走心，却面临考托福的懒人来说，在准备考试之前，能有个严谨的备考攻略，那真是再好不过了！鉴于我自己的经历，在考前接受了大家众多的帮助，除了感谢大家的慷慨分享之外，我决定将这一优良传统延续下去。所以这一篇既是整合大家经验也是结合个人经验的攻略，希望它能惠及更多的和我一样的“烤鸭们”。BTW ，还要感谢“西雅图教育”在我备考一路走来为我提供的支持和鼓励。 这篇攻略以我自己备考的准备顺序分了三阶段，每一阶段都有侧重点，由易入难。第一阶段主要是背单词，研究OG，听力、作文入门；第二阶段主攻阅读和听力，兼顾作文和口语（入门），加强单词复习；第三阶段主攻口语和写作，兼顾复习阅读。最后是模考“受虐”阶段收尾。其中单词词汇的背诵是贯穿始终的，至死方休...各阶段具体安排参考如下： 第一阶段：背单词 准备材料：词汇书、OG 、longman综合教程、 词汇书： 前期“小红宝书”打底（45天突破版，词根+联想，涵盖8000单词） 后期“词以类记”巩固（适于有词汇基础的“烤鸭”，利于脑中浆糊分区巩固） 安排时间：3--4周，平均每天4小时 具体安排： 备考初期，词汇量要足够，循环背诵。词汇就是硬道理。缺乏词汇量有三大危害：第一，阅读考试中的词汇题会大量丢分。第二，听力无法有效记笔记，不但影响
听力成绩，还会影响综合写作和综合口语的发挥。第三，同义词贫乏，在写作和口语中不停重复同一个单词，降低了成绩。
对于fresh“烤鸭”来说，每天词汇量控制在2个list（200个左右）是比较合适的。最重要的还是不断重复复习学过的单词，杨鹏的循环记忆法比较值得借鉴。每天闲暇、坐车途中推荐“百词斩”软件,一遍一遍不厌其烦的给你重复不会的单词，直到你忍无可忍将它拖出去斩了。在单词积累过程中，复习比初背更重要。即使某天没有时间背多少新单词，也要确保复习任务的时间，尤其是在单词的第二、三次刺激加固复习的重要阶段。一般来说，初背200个单词每天就要花大致2小时。复习时间上，复习新背过不久的单词每个list（100个左右）大致花费20-30分钟不等。复习已经看过3、4遍的 list，大致花费5-10分钟不等。所以单词上每天花费的时间其实并不少，是这一阶段需投入最多精力的部分。 其次就是OG(OFFICAL GUIDE): OG就是ETS考试中心官方给出的应试指南，和托福实战考试的难度非常接近。OG是非常标准的向你介绍TOEFL的题型.所以OG 应该是大家在考试复习时候的必备的材料。开始主要是看OG上解释说明的部分，尤其是对于各个单项的介绍。通过看OG了解TOEFL考试的概况。利用里面ETS 提供的较为丰富的作文样本、口语录音样本，配合主观题的评分标准，自己研究具体评分细则，从样本里找出扣分的原因。这种分析能对主观题的解答能奠定良好的基础。 首先在做题的时候，把所有做着别扭、不能确定的题都画上记号，之后重点分析错题和这些画上记号的题，回忆做的时候自己的思路，再仔细理解正确答案中体现出来的思路。基本上，除了单词题没有太多诀窍可言外（单词题必须要靠基本功做），其他内容大多可以感悟到ETS的出题思路。OG里很重要的一点是有官方的题目类型分析，而一般来讲我们错的题都会集中落在其中的某几类上（例如代词指代、句子作用、归纳总结题等），这个时候仔细揣摩正确答案的思路就很重要。 再次是初级听力、写作范文“冰冻三尺，非一日之寒”，说的就是听力和写作能力方面的提升。初级阶段就听比较简单的材料，“TED公开课”是我比较推荐的APP，全球名校课堂或名人限时18分钟演讲，涉及各个领域，对自己不管是知识还是听力的提升都是非常有效的。教材可以选择
托福阅读是怎么算分的呢及评分标准
托福阅读是怎么算分的呢及评分标准 托福阅读评分标准是这样的：托福阅读三篇文章,每篇12-14道题,如果有加试的话，从所有考题中选3篇阅读题目计分。回答正确的总题目数量加起来就是你的总分。除托福阅读观点题和归类题以外，每道题分值1分。重要观点题的分值可能是2分。归类题为3或4分。托福阅读分数范围为0-30分。在托福官方指南中，关于托福阅读评分标准的描述是这样的：The Reading Section score is based on your performance on multiple-choice items. Except for the last question of each set， you received one point for each of the questions you answered correctly. The total points that you received were than converted to a score on a scale from 0-30. The reported score for the Reading Section will always be on this scale of 0-30. The last question in each set is worth 2 points. These questions were scored as follows： If you had： You received 1 correct answers 0 points 2 correct answers 1 point 3 correct answers 2 points 三立教育提醒考生注意：托福阅读应该计算实际拿到多少原始分“Raw Point Total(0-45)”，再参照评分表，计算最后的分数(0-30)。不同版本的试卷因难度不同有不同的转换标准，所以新托福阅读是没有固定的评分表的。 根据以上托福考试指南里的英文原文描述，我们可以确定托福阅读评分标准，以下是详细托福阅读评分表。 托福阅读总分换算表
你要找的小托福考试阅读模拟题在这里!
你要找的小托福考试阅读模拟题在这里！ 小托福的词汇量和语法难度相当于大学英语四级的水平，如果考生想要考一个好成绩，一定要多多练习，下文分享的就是小托福考试阅读模拟题，一起阅读下吧~ 在阅读部分，文章会涉及到人文学科、科学、社会科学等内容，学生要注意掌握文章主要内容，抓住关键点，了解作者意图并进行推理。同时，阅读部分的文章形式也十分多样，如电子邮件、信件、新闻、学生写作、广告、日程表等，学生需要在平时积累一些关于习惯用语的表达。 小托福考试阅读模拟题： 模拟题1： Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous-perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed. Question: According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the outflow channels on Mars EXCEPT: A. They formed at around the same time that volcanic activity was occurring on the northern plains. B. They are found only on certain parts of the Martian surface. C. They sometimes empty onto what appear to have once been the wet sands of tidal beaches. D. They are thought to have carried water northward from the equatorial regions. 答案：C 解析：题干问的是原文关于“outflow channels”的描述。在真正考试中，把原文阅读完毕再去和选项比较会花费较多时间。因此，比较合理的做题顺序是，先读选项，然后拿选项和原文信息去比对。 A选项说的是outflow channel的形成时间和火山活动在北部平原的发生时间是相同的。快速浏览原文，只有在最后一句提到了它们的形成时间，说大概在30亿年前，about引导的时间状语很重要，补充说明了这一时间和北部火山平原形成的时间相同。A正确。 B选项说的是火山形成的地点，只在火星表面的特定区域。看原文，第二句，说的是它们只在赤道区域出现。B 也正确。
托福备考书籍详细介绍
IBT备考教材推荐 （2006年11月26日更新） 目前推荐大陆地区的考生可以考虑准备OG、Delta教程（这两本书当当网和卓越网上有比较便宜的引进版可以买，不过也有PDF可以在顶置下载贴下载）和新托福考试完全攻略。如果备考时间比较多（4个月以上）并且基础一般（CET4级左右），还可以准备Longman教程。身在海外的考生，还可以考虑在https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c814378657.html,购买kaplan教程、barron教程。另外，daviddalin指出amazon虽然便宜些但送货较慢，想快些拿到书的朋友可以去 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c814378657.html,购买（当然，如果大陆地区的考生有美金和国际信用卡，也可以从海外购书网站购买原版书籍） 目前由于已经有很多的书籍可以选择，所以根据最近两个多月来大家的反馈意见，把教材分为三类，安装重要性依次是：必备资料，重点推荐，推荐。其中除了必备资料建议人手一份之外，重点推荐资料和推荐资料大家可以根据自己的情况，酌情准备。 P.S：1.本帖中的教材具体介绍可参考 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c814378657.html,/ https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c814378657.html,/book/jichu/jichu.asp https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c814378657.html,/product_catlog.asp?pl=dbtl&type_id=4 2.目前还根据目前可以搜罗到地教材，编写了一个5个月的新托福复习计划（针对新人，有基础的朋友可以缩短），参见 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c814378657.html,/dispbbs.asp?boardID=19&ID=189385。估计还有不成熟之处，欢迎大家谈论 3.本帖中介绍的教材，部分书的配套CD可以在下载贴中下载，比如Longman和Kaplan的模考CD，李笑来《TOEFL.iBT 高分作文》的MP3等 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c814378657.html,/dispbbs.asp?boardID=19&ID=172397 一、针对IBT的教材 1.综合类教材 (1).The Official ETS Study Guide (俗称OG）【必备资料】 作者：美国教育考试服务中心（ETS）出版社：世界图书出版公定价：英语版98元双语版68元 ETS自己出的官方指南应该是目前最权威的备考材料了，题目虽然不多，但指导性、权威性应该是此书的最大亮点。据参加过IBT的朋友们反映此书还是很有用的，考试题目风格，难度都与之非常接近（阅读和听力比考试真题稍简单一些，口语和作文和考试很接近）。建议将此书的阅读和听力反复做几遍，吃透，并体会出题思路，口语和作文的录音、范文是非常有价值的参考资料，建议多听多看，认真体会，学习。
零基础托福90分四个月备考计划
托福四个月备考意见与计划 学员：王英祯 目前情况: 总体情况雅思5分水平，有一定简单单词积累，语法知识不牢靠，基本对托福考试不熟悉 目标分数：90 分值设计：听24（保证对29个）说20 读26（保证对39个）写20 总体计划 1，时间周期 4个月 2，计划安排 A，第一阶段（持续1个月到1个半月） 目标：熟悉考试，夯实基础 重点：基础词汇与语法，熟悉OG 选用教材：内部四级词汇讲义+无敌英语语法+新概念第二，三册+OG（托福官方指南） 词汇 大学4级词汇+OG题干与选项高频单词，重点在于记忆单词快速记忆方法与一词多义和运 用。 语法： 无敌英语语法+OG与TPO长难句分析，重点在于掌握基本语法知识与长难句快速分解，语义把握能力；辅助新概念第二，三册熟悉与练习 听，说，读，写专项：VOA慢速练习材料，辅助每周一到两篇作文练习，听说练习穿插在新概念讲解中 B，第二阶段（持续1个半月到2个月时间） 目标：熟悉应试，强化分块练习 重点：突击高频词汇，掌握各项题型规律与应试方法 教材：kaplan蓝皮+镇魂高频词汇6000+内部分专项讲义+科学美国人练习资料 词汇：镇魂高频词汇6000，结合课后完形填空，要求掌握
听：引入内部听力讲义，熟悉听力题目设计规律与场景词汇，明白三大场景四大话题典型应答套路 读：十大题型分类与应对办法，掌握快速定位关键词与把控文章主旨能力 说：六个题目的常考题型与task典型应答套路，重点解决中国学生的口音，语法与逻辑问 题 写：写作评分标准与常考题型，独立写作的一般套路与句型，综合写作的一般思路与句型。 C，第三阶段（持续1个月） 目标：磨练技巧，查漏补缺 重点：barron+TPO大量强化练习，内部冲刺讲义与每次课后针对点评，查漏补缺 教材：barron与TPO，辅助CNN听力阅读资料与科学美国人资料 词汇：总结前阶段真题词汇，结合核心词汇，不熟悉的加强记忆 阅读与听力：一定要按照考试要求做到精读精听，先barron每周两到三套题，每周一次TPO， 一定要保证4小时之内完成（做好每周摸考都放在10AM-14PM），教师只针对错题针对点 评 说：每天进行一小时与教师互动练习，并每次计时录音，教师给予反馈解决问题 写：每隔一天进行一次写作练习，上机计时完成，教师给予反馈点评修改，熟悉掌握较好句型与表达。 D，第四阶段（最后1个月） 目标：最后突击，准备考试 重点：熟悉近三个月真题，磨练速度与准确度 教材：预测与近期真题 关键点：每隔一天进行上机TPO，计时并计时向教师反馈错误与疑惑；机经与预测只看近三个月，可以拿口语，写作题目练习思路，保证练习强度与时间把控，准备战斗！ 托福只是万里长征第一步，cast a cold eye, on life, on death, horsemen,pass by ! Jason Hsu
历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案
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