8机械设计制造及其自动化外文翻译外文文献英文文献普通

8机械设计制造及其自动化外文翻译外文文献英文文献普

通

普通钻床改造为多轴钻床

目前，我国中、小型企业的产品质量和生产效率都需要有一个新的提高(但是加工手段却远远不能满足需要(许多中小型企业都结合自己的实际对设备的技术状态进行改进，通过强化自身(以求自我发展.普通钻床为单轴机床，但安装上多轴箱就会成为多轴的钻床，改造成多轴钻床后，能大大地缩短加工时间，提高生产效率。

多轴加工应用:据统计，一般在车间中普通机床的平均切削时间很少超过全部工作时间的15%。其余时间是看图、装卸工件、调换刀具、操作机床、测量以及清除铁屑等等。使用数控机床虽然能提高85%，但购置费用大。某些情况下，即使生产率高，但加工相同的零件，其成本不一定比普通机床低。故必须更多地缩短加工时间。不同的加工方法有不同的特点，就钻削加工而言，多轴加工是一种通过少量投资来提高生产率的有效措施。多轴加工优势:虽然不可调式多轴头在自动线中早有应用，但只局限于大批量生产。即使采用可调式多轴头扩大了使用范围，仍然远不能满足批量小、孔型复杂的要求。尤其随着工业的发展，大型复杂的多轴加工更是引人注目。例如原子能发电站中大型冷凝器水冷壁管板有15000个ψ20孔，若以摇臂钻床加工，单单钻孔与锪沉头孔就要842.5小时，另外还要划线工时151.1小时。但若以数控八轴落地钻床加工，钻锪孔只要171.6小时，划线也简单，只要1.9小时。因此，利用数控控制的二个坐标轴，使刀具正确地对准加工位置，结合多轴加工不但可以扩大加工范围，而且在提高精度的基础上还能大大地提高工效，迅速地制造出原来不易加工的零件。有人分析大型高速柴油机30种箱形与杆形零件的2000多个钻孔操作中，有40%可以在自动更换主轴箱机床中用二

轴、三轴或四轴多轴头加工，平均可减少20%的加工时间。1975年法国巴黎机床展览会也反映了多轴加工的使用愈来愈多这一趋势。

多轴加工的设备:多轴加工是在一次进给中同时加工许多孔或同时在许多相同或不同工件上各加工一个孔。这不仅缩短切削时间，提高精度，减少装夹或定位时间，并且在数控机床中不必计算坐标，减少字块数而简化编程。它可以采用以下一些设备进行加工:立钻或摇臂钻上装多轴头、多轴钻床、多轴组合机床心及自动更换主轴箱机床。甚至可以通过二个能自动调节轴距的主轴或多轴箱，结合数控工作台纵横二个方向的运动，加工各种圆形或椭圆形孔组的一个或几个工序。现在就这方面的现状作一简介。

多轴头:从传动方式来说主要有齿轮传动与万向联轴节传动二种。这是大家所熟悉的。前者效率较高，结构简单，后者易于调整轴距。从结构来说有不可调式与可调式二种。前者轴距不能改变，多采用齿轮传动，仅适用于大批量生产。为了扩大其赞许适应性，发展了可调式多轴头，在一定范围内可调整轴距。它主要装在有万向.二种。(1)万向轴式也有二种:具有对准装置的主轴。主轴装在可调支架中，而可调支架能在壳体的T形槽中移动，并能在对准的位置以螺栓固定。(2)具有公差的圆柱形主轴套。主轴套固定在与式件孔型相同的模板中。前一种适用于批量小且孔组是规则分布的工件(如孔组分布在不同直径的圆周上)。后一种适用于批量较大式中小批量的轮番生产中，刚性较好，孔距精度亦高，但不同孔型需要不同的模板。

多轴头可以装在立钻式摇臂钻床上，按钻床本身所具有的各种功能进行工作。这种多轴加工方法，由于钻孔效率、加工范围及精度的关系，使用范围有限。

多轴箱:也象多轴头那样作为标准部件生产。美国Secto公司标准齿轮箱、多轴箱等设计的不可调式多轴箱。有32种规格，加工面积从300,300毫米到

600,1050毫米，工作轴达60根，动力达22.5千瓦。Romai工厂生产的可调多轴箱调整方便，只要先把齿轮调整到接

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轮辐六轴专用钻床

近孔型的位置，然后把与它联接的可调轴移动到正确的位置。因此，这种结构只要改变模板，就能在一定范围内容易地改变孔型，并且可以达到比普通多轴箱更小的孔距。根据成组加工原理使用多轴箱或多轴头的组合机床很适用于大中批量生产。为了在加工中获得良好的效果，必需考虑以下数点:(1)工件装夹简单，有足够的冷却液冲走铁屑。(2)夹具刚性好，加工时不形变，分度定位正确。(3)使用二组刀具的可能性，以便一组使用，另一组刃磨与调整，从而缩短换刀停机时间。(4)使用优质刀具，监视刀具是否变钝，钻头要机磨。(5)尺寸超差时能立即发现。

多轴钻床:这是一种能满足多轴加工要求的钻床。诸如导向、功率、进给、转

速与加工范围等。巴黎展览会中展出的多轴钻床多具液压进给。其整个工作循坏如快进、工进与清除铁屑等都是自动进行。值得注意的是，多数具有单独的变速机构，这样可以适应某一组孔中不同孔径的加工需要。1.2.4 自动更换主轴箱机床为了中小批量生产合理化的需要，最近几年发展了自动更换主轴箱组合机床。

(1) 自动更换主轴机床

自动更换主轴机床顶部是回转式主轴箱库，挂有多个不可调主轴箱。纵横配线盘予先编好工作程序，使相应的主轴箱进入加工工位，定位紧并与动力联接，然后装有工件的工作台转动到主轴箱下面，向上移动进行加工。当变更加工对象时，只要调换悬挂的主轴箱，就能适应不同孔型与不同工序的需要。

(2) 多轴转塔机床

转塔上装置多个不可调或万向联轴节主轴箱，转塔能自动转位，并对夹紧在回转工作台的工件作进给运动。通过工作台回转，可以加工工件的多个面。因为转塔

不宜过大，故它的工位数一般不超过4—6个。且主轴箱也不宜过大。当加工对象的工序较多、尺寸较大时，就不如自动更换主轴箱机床合适，但它的结构简单。

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(3) 自动更换主轴箱组合机床

它由自动线或组合机床中的标准部件组成。不可调多轴箱与动力箱按置在水平底座上，主轴箱库转动时整个装置紧固在进给系统的溜板上。主轴箱库转动与进给动作都按标准子程序工作。换主轴箱时间为几秒钟。工件夹紧于液压分度回转工作台，以便加工工件的各个面。好果回转工作台配以卸料装置，就能合流水生产自动化。在可变生产系统中采用这种装置，并配以相应的控制器可以获得完整的加工系统。

(4) 数控八轴落地钻床

大型冷凝器的水冷壁管板的孔多达15000个，它与支撑板联接在一起加工。孔径为20毫米，孔深180毫米。采用具有内冷却管道的麻花钻，5,7巴压力的冷却液可直接进入切削区，有利于排屑。钻尖磨成90?供自动定心。它比普通麻花钻耐用，且进给量大。为了缩短加工时间，以8轴数控落地加工。

多轴加工趋势:多轴加工生产效率高，投资少，生产准备周期短，产品改型时设备损失少。而且随着我国数控技术的发展，多轴加工的范围一定会愈来愈广，加工效率也会不断提高。生产任务:在一批铸铁连接件上有同一个面上有多个孔加工。在普通立式钻床上进行孔加工，通常是一个孔一个孔的钻削，生产效率低，用非标设备，即组合机床加工，生产效率高，但设备投资大。

但把一批普通立式普通单轴钻床改造为立式多轴钻床，改造后的多轴钻床，可以同时完成多个孔的钻、扩、铰、等工序。

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轮辐六轴专用钻床

General transformation of multi-axis drilling

machine drilling machin

At present, China's small and medium enterprises in product quality and production efficiency are the need for a new increase. But the processing means is far from sufficient. Many small and medium enterprises with their actual technical state of equipment improvements, through strengthening its own. In order to

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/cd10817789.html,mon drilling for single-axis machine tools, but the installation will become a multi-axis multi-axle box of the drill, transformation into a multi-axis drilling, we could greatly shorten the processing time, improve production efficiency. Application of multi-axis machining :According to statistics, in general machine tools in the workshop in general, the average cutting time rarely exceeds 15% of total working hours. The remaining time is plug-in, loading and unloading the workpiece, exchange tools, operation tools, measurements, and clear the iron filings and so forth. Although the use of CNC machine tools can improve 85%, but the purchase of costly. In some cases, even if the high productivity, but the processing of the same components, the cost is not necessarily lower than the average machine. Therefore must be more to shorten the processing time.

Different processing methods have different characteristics, the

drilling process, the multi-axis machining is a small investment to increase productivity through effective measures.

The advantages of multi-axis machining :Although it is not the first in automatic

multi-axis adjustable long line applications, but only limited to high-volume production. Even with the adjustable multi-axis head expanded the scope of use is still far from being able to meet the volume is small, hole complex requirements. In particular, as industrial development, large and complex multi-axis machining is even more compelling. For example, large-scale nuclear power plants in the water-wall tub e plate condenser has 15000 ψ20 holes, if radial drilling machine processing, and simply drilling holes and countersink countersunk head is necessary to 842.5 hours, while also crossed hours 151.1 hours. However, if the 8-axis CNC machining floor drilling,

drilling countersink holes as long as 171.6 hours, crossed is also simple, as long as 1.9 hours. Therefore, the use of numerical control of two axis, so that proper alignment tool processing location, combined with multi-axis machining can not only expand the range of processing, but also on the basis of improving the accuracy can greatly enhance the work efficiency, easy to quickly create original processing parts. Some analysis of large high-speed diesel engine with 30 kinds of box-shaped rod-shaped parts of the more than 2,000 drilling operations, 40% could be the automatic replacement of machines using two-axis spindle box, three-axis or four-axis multi-axis machining head, the average can be reduced 20% of the processing time. Machine Tool Exhibition in Paris in

1975 also reflected the multi-axis machining using more and more the trend.

Multi-axis machining equipment :Multi-axis machining is the same

time in a feed

processing a number of holes or simultaneously in many of the same

or different

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processing of a workpiece on each hole. This will not only shorten the cutting time and improve accuracy, reduce fixturing or positioning time, and in the CNC machine tool is not necessary to calculate the coordinates, reducing the number of character blocks and simplified programming. It can be processed using the following equipment: radial drilling vertical drilling, or upload multi-axis head, multi-axis

drilling machine, multi-axis modular machine tool spindle box heart and automatic replacement of machines. May even be able to automatically adjust wheelbase by two or more of the spindle axle box, junction All CNC vertical and horizontal table two directions of movement, processing a variety of round or oval-shaped hole group of one or several steps. Now the status quo in this regard to make a profile.

Multi-Axis Head :Transmission is from the main drive gear drive with two kinds of universal joint couplings. This is our familiar. Former is more efficient, simple structure, which is easy to adjust wheelbase. From the structure is concerned there is not adjustable and the adjustable two kinds. The former can not change the wheelbase, multi-use

gear drive, only applies to high-volume production. Adaptability in

order to expand its approval to develop a multi-axis adjustable head, in a certain range adjustable wheelbase. It is mainly mounted in a universal. Two. (1) there are two kinds of universal axis: alignment device with a spindle. Spindle mounted on adjustable bracket in an adjustable bracket can be T-shaped slot in the shell move, and the position in alignment with bolted. (2) with a tolerance of cylindrical spindle units. Set of fixed spindle hole with pieces of the same type template. The former applies to small batch and the rules of

distribution of pore groups are artifacts (such as the hole groups in different diameter circle). The latter applies to a larger batch-type production of small quantities of turns, rigid better pitch accuracy is also high, but a different hole requires a different template.

Multi-axis head can be mounted on vertical drilling-type radial

drilling machine, press the drill itself with the various functions work. This multi-axis processing methods, due to drilling efficiency, range

and accuracy of processing of the relationship between the use of

limited scope.

Multi-axle box :As also the first multi-axis as the production as a standard

component. U.S. Secto's standard gear boxes, multi-axle box, etc.

are not designed adjustable multi-axle box. 32 kinds of specifications, process size from 300X300 mm to 600X1050 mm, the working-axis up to 60, and power up to 22.5 kilowatts. Romai factory adjustable multi-axle box

easy to adjust, as long as the gear should first be adjusted to the location near the pass and then connected with its adjustable-axis move to the correct location. Therefore, this structure changes as long as the template, will be able to pass a certain extent change the content of shoes, and can reach more than ordinary axle box smaller pitch.

According to principles of the use of group processing the first multi-axle, or a combination of multi-axis machine tool is applicable to large and medium volume production. In order to process to get good results, need to consider the following points: (1) workpiece clamping simple, there is enough coolant away iron filings. (2) The fixture rigidity, processing, without deformation, dividing the right position.

(3) the possibility of using the two group knives for a group to use, another set of grinding and adjustment, thereby reducing tool change downtime. (4) The use of quality tools to monitor whether the blunt

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轮辐六轴专用钻床

tool, drill grinding to machine. (5) Dimensions can be detected immediately when the ultra-poor.

Multi-axis drilling machine :This is a multi-axis machining to meet the

requirements of the drill. Such as orientation, power, feed, speed and processing range. Displayed at the Paris Exhibition of multi-axis drilling machine with hydraulic multi-feed. Throughout its work, such as fast-forward through the bad, workers enter and clear the iron filings

are all automatically. It is noteworthy that the majority of agencies with separate variable speed, so that one group can adapt to the

different pore size hole processing needs. 1.2.4 automatic replacement machine tool spindle box

In order to rationalize the needs of small and medium volume production in recent years the development of the automatic replacement of modular machine tool spindle box. (1) The automatic replacement spindle machine

Automatic replacement of rotary spindle machine tool spindle box at the top is a library, there are several non-adjustable hanging spindle box. Vertical and horizontal patch panel to the first series of good working procedures, so that the corresponding spindle box into the processing station, location and with the power connection tight, and then turn to the table with the workpiece spindle box below, upward mobility for processing. When the change processing object, as long as the exchange suspension spindle box, you can pass with different processes for different needs.

(2) The multi-axis machine tool turret

Turret to install more non-adjustable or universal coupling spindle box, turret can automatically switch to digital, and clamp the workpiece in the rotary table to feed motion. Through the rotary table can be a number of workpiece surface. Because the turret not be too big, so it is generally not exceed the median of workers 4-6. And the spindle box is also not too large. When the machining process more objects, size larger,

it should automatically replace the machine tool spindle box fit, but

its simple structure. (3) Automatic replacement of modular machine tool spindle box

It consists of automatic line or a combination of standard machine parts. Non-adjustable multi-axle box and power box by home base in the horizontal, the spindle rotates, the entire case library fastening device to the system in the slip into the board. Library Headstock rotation and feed movement is based on standard routines of work. Headstock time for a few seconds. Clamping the hydraulic sub-degree rotary table so that each workpiece surface. Good fruit rotary table accompanied by discharging device, we can co-flow production automation. In the variable production system using this device, accompanied by the corresponding controller can obtain a complete processing system. (4) 8-axis CNC drill floor

Large condenser water wall tube plate holes as many as 15,000, which linked together with the support plate processing. Diameter of 20 mm, hole depth 180 mm. Used inside the cooling pipe has a twist drill ,5-7 bar pressure, coolant directly into the cutting area is conducive to chip removal. And ground into a 90 ? drill point for the self-centering. Durable than regular twist drill, and a large quantity of feed. To shorten the processing time to 8-axis CNC machining floor.

trends in multi-axis machining :Multi-axis machining high production efficiency,

low investment and production preparation cycle is short, product modification, when a

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small loss of equipment. And as China's CNC technology, the scope of multi-axis machining will become the broad, processing efficiency will be improved. production tasks :A group of cast-iron joints have the same surface processing with multiple holes. In the general processing of vertical holes on the drill, usually a hole a hole drilling, production efficiency is low, use non-standard equipment, that is, combination of machining, production efficiency is high, but the large investment in equipment. However, the number of common vertical drilling machine to transform ordinary single-axis vertical multi-axis drilling machine

after transformation, multi-axis drilling machine can simultaneously perform multiple hole drilling, expansion, hinges, and other processes.

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红外数据通信技术外文翻译文献

红外数据通信技术外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique, drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos

etc. characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage. Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit customer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish customer’s operation demand. Keywords: Infrared dray；Code；Decoding；LM386；Red outside transceiver 1 Introduction 1.1 research the background and significance Infrared Data Communication Technology is the world wide use of a wireless connection technology, by the many hardware and software platforms supported. Is a data through electrical pulses and infrared optical pulse switch between the wireless data transceiver technology.

英文文献翻译

中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。

外文翻译 - 英文

The smart grid Smart grid is the grid intelligent (electric power), also known as the "grid" 2.0, it is based on the integration, high-speed bidirectional communication network, on the basis of through the use of advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipme nt technology, the advanced control method, and the application of advanced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly and use the security target, its main features include self-healing, incentives and include user, against attacks, provide meet user requirements of power quality in the 21st century, allow all sorts of different power generation in the form of access, start the electric power market and asset optimizatio n run efficiently. The U.S. department of energy (doe) "the Grid of 2030" : a fully automated power transmission network, able to monitor and control each user and power Grid nodes, guarantee from power plants to end users among all the nodes in the whole process of transmission and distribution of information and energy bi-directional flow. China iot alliance between colleges: smart grid is made up of many parts, can be divided into:intelligent substation, intelligent power distribution network, intelli gent watt-hourmeter,intelligent interactive terminals, intelligent scheduling, smart appliances, intelligent building electricity, smart city power grid, smart power generation system, the new type of energy storage system.Now a part of it to do a simple i ntroduction. European technology BBS: an integration of all users connected to the power grid all the behavior of the power transmission network, to provide sustained and effective economic and security of power. Chinese academy of sciences, institute of electrical: smart grid is including all kinds of power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution network, power equipment and storage equipment, on the basis of the physical power grid will be modern advanced sensor measurement technology, network technology, communication

快速外文文献翻译

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英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,

英文外文文献

Personnel management system development and design By Dustin Marx Summary With the rapid development of computer technology, computer applications in the popularity of business management, personnel management of enterprises using computers is imperative. For medium-sized enterprises, enterprises and efficient use of computer support to complete the daily affairs of labor and personnel management is to adapt to the modern enterprise system, encourage enterprises to labor and personnel management to scientific, standardized, a necessary condition; incomparable advantage of the computer to retrieve management rapid, easy to find, high reliability, large memory capacity, security and good, long life and low cost. These advantages can greatly improve the efficiency of personnel management, but also corporate scientific and standardized management, an important condition for integration with the world. Different companies have different human resources management system, which determines the different companies need different personnel management system. Human Resource Management Systems (HRMS) have become one of the most important tools for many businesses. Even the small, 20-person office needs to realize the benefits of using HRMS to be more efficient. Many firms do not realize how much time and money they are wasting on manual human resource management (HRM) tasks until they sit down and inventory their time. HRMS is advancing to become its own information technology (IT) field. It allows companies to cut costs and offer more information to employees in a faster and more efficient way.Especially in difficult economic times, it is critical for companies to become more efficient in every sector of their business; human resources (HR) is no exception. Human Resource Management Systems, also called Human Resource modules, is a link between Human resource management and information technology. A Human r esource management system provides a single, accurate view of all human resource activities including recruiting, performance management, training and development and compensation. workload of the human resource department as well as increasing the efficiency of the department by standardizing human resource process. Human resource department plays an important role in the smooth running of the company by tracking and analyzing the time keeping and work patterns of the workforce. There a re a wide range of applications available to help human resource department in their tasks, making possible the automation of certain tasks and helping in the organization many other tasks. The function of human resource management to large extent is administrative and common to all organizations. Most organizations have formalized selection, evaluation and payroll processes. The function consists of tracking innumerable data of each employee from personal histories, data, skills, capabilities, experiences to payroll records. Organizations began electronically automate many of theses processes by introducing Human resource management systems to reduce the manual workload. Human resource executives depend on internal and external IT professionals to develop and maintain their Human resource management systems due