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船舶与海洋工程毕业设计外文翻译

船舶与海洋工程毕业设计外文翻译
船舶与海洋工程毕业设计外文翻译

A Simple Prediction Formula of Roll Damping of Conventional Cargo Ships on the Basis of lkeda's Method and Its Limitation

Yuki Kawahara, Kazuya Maekawa and Yoshiho Ikeda

Department of Marine System Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531’ Japan

Since the roll damping of ships has significant effects of viscosity, it is difficult to calculate it theoretically. Therefore, experimental results or some prediction methods are used to get the roll damping in design stage of ships. Amo ng some prediction methods, Ikeda’s one is widely used in many ship motion computer programs. Using the method, the roll damping of various ship hulls with various bilge keels can be calculated to investigate its characteristics. To calculate the roil damping of each ship, detailed data of the ship are needed to input. Therefore, a simpler prediction method is expected in primary design stage. Such a simple method must be useful to validate the results obtained by a computer code to predict it on the basis of Ikeda,s method, too. On the basis of the predicted roll damping by Ikeda’s method for various ships, a very simple prediction formula of the roll damping of ships is deduced in the present paper. Ship hull forms are systematically changed by changing length, beam, draft, mid-ship sectional coefficient and prismatic coefficient. It is found, however, that this simple formula can not be used for ships that have high position of the center of gravity. A modified method to improve accuracy for such ships is proposed.

Key words: Roll damping, simple prediction formula, wave component, eddy component, bilge keel component.

Introduction

In 1970s, strip methods for predicting ship motions in 5-degree of freedoms in waves have been established. The methods are based on potential flow theories (Ursell-Tasai method, source distribution method and so on), and can predict pitch, heave, sway and yaw motions of ships in waves in fairly good accuracy. In roll motion, however, the strip methods do not work well because of significant viscous effects on the roll damping. Therefore, some empirical formulas or experimental data are used to predict the roll damping in the strip methods.

To improve the prediction of roll motions by these strip methods, one of the authors

carried out a research project to develop a roll damping prediction method which has the same concept and the same order of accuracy as the strip methods which are based on hydrodynamic forces acting on strips. The review of the prediction method was made by Himeno [5] and Ikeda [6,7] with the computer program.

The prediction method, which is now called Ikeda’s method, divides the roll damping into the frictional (BF), the wave (Bw),the eddy (Be) and the bilge keel (Bbk) components at zero forward speed, and at forward speed, the lift (Bi) is added. Increases of wave and friction components due to advance speed are also corrected on the basis of experimental results. Then the roll damping coefficient B44 (= roll damping moment (kgfm)/roll angular velocity (rad/sec)) can be expressed as follows: B44 B bk (1)

At zero forward speed, each component except the friction and lift components are predicted for each cross section with unit length and the predicted values are summed up along the ship length. The frict ion component is predicted by Kato’s formula for a three-dimensional ship shape. Modification functions for predicting the forward speed effects on the roll damping components are developed for the friction, wave and eddy components. The computer program of the method was published, and the method has been widely used.

For these 30 years, the original Ikeda’s method developed for conventional cargo ships has been improved to apply many kinds of ships, for examples, more slender and round ships, fishing boats, barges, ships with skegs and so on. The original method is also widely used. However, sometimes, different conclusions of roll motions were derived even though the same Ikeda’s method was used in the calculations. Then, to check the accuracy of the computer programs of the same Ikeda’s method, a more simple prediction method with the almost same accuracy as the Ikeda’s original one has been expected to be developed. It is said that in design stages of ships, Ikeda’s method is too complicated to use. To m eet these needs, a simple roll damping prediction method was deduced by using regression analysis [8]. Previous Prediction Formula

The simple prediction formula proposed in previous paper can not be used for

modem ships that have high position of center of gravity or long natural roll period such as large passenger ships with relatively flat hull shape. In order to investigate its limitation, the authors compared the result of this prediction method with original Ikeda’s one while out of its calculating l imitation. Fig. 1 shows the result of the comparison with their method of roll damping. The upper one is on the condition that the center of gravity is low and the lower one on the condition that the center of gravity is high.

From this figure, the roll damping estimated by this prediction formula is in good agreement with the roll damping calculated by the Ikeda’s method for low position of center of gravity, but the error margin grows for the high position of center of gravity. The results suggest that the previous prediction formula is necessary to be revised. Methodical Series Ships

Modified prediction formula will be developed on the basis of the predicted results by Ikeda’s method using the methodical series ships. This series ships are constructed based on the Taylor Standard Series and its hull shapes are methodically changed by changing length, beam, draft, midship sectional coefficient and longitudinal prismatic coefficient. The geometries of the series ships are given by the following equations. Proposal of New Prediction Method of Roll Damping

In this chapter, the characteristics of each component of the roll damping, the frictional, the wave, the eddy and the bilge keel components at zero advanced speed, are discussed, and a simple prediction formula of each component is developed.As well known, the wave component of the roll damping for a two-dimensional cross section can be calculated by potential flow theories in fairly good accuracy. In Ikeda's method, the wave damping of a strip section is not calculated and the calculated values by any potential flow theories are used as the wave damping.reason why viscous effects are significant in only roll damping can be explained as follows. Fig. 4 shows the wave component of the roll damping for 2-D sections calculated by a potential flow theory.

Conclusions

A simple prediction method of the roll damping of ships is developed on the basis

of the Ikeda’s original prediction method which was developed in the same concept as a strip method for calculating ship motions in waves. Using the data of a ship, B/d, Cb,Cm, OG/d, G),bBK/B, Ibk/Lpp,(pa, the roll damping of a ship can be approximately predicted. Moreover, the limit of application of Ikeda’s prediction method to modern ships that have buttock flow stern is demonstrated by the model experiment. The computer program of the method can be downloaded from the Home Page of Ikeda’s Labo (Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Grant-in Aid for Scientific Research of the Japan Society for Promotion of Science (No. 18360415).

The authors wish to express sincere appreciation to Prof. N. Umeda of Osaka University for valuable suggestions to this study.

References

五、Y. Ikeda, Y. Himeno, N. Tanaka, On roll damping force of shipEffects of friction of hull and normal force of bilge keels, Journal of the Kansai Society of Naval Architects 161 (1976) 41-49. (in Japanese)

六、Y. Ikeda, K. Komatsu, Y. Himeno, N. Tanaka, On roll damping force of ship~Effects of hull surface pressure created by bilge keels, Journal of the Kansai Society of Naval Architects 165 (1977) 31-40. (in Japanese)

七、Y. Ikeda, Y. Himeno, N. Tanaka, On eddy making component of roll damping force on naked hull, Journal of the Society of Naval Architects 142 (1977) 59-69. (in Japanese)

八、Y. Ikeda, Y. Himeno, N. Tanaka, Components of roll damping of ship at forward speed, Journal of the Society of Naval Architects 143 (1978) 121-133. (in Japanese) 九、Y. Himeno, Prediction of Ship Roll Damping一State of the Art, Report of Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering, University of Michigan, No.

239, 1981.

十、Y. Ikeda, Prediction Method of Roll Damping, Report of Department of Naval Architecture, University of Osaka Prefecture, 1982.

十一、Y. Ikeda, Roll damping, in: Proceedings of 1st

Symposium of Marine Dynamics Research Group, Japan, 1984, pp. 241-250. (in Japanese)

十二、Y. Kawahara, Characteristics of roll damping of various ship types and a simple prediction formula of roll damping on the basis of Ikeda’s method, in: Proceedings of the 4th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Marine Hydrodymics, Taipei, China,

2008,pp. 79-86.

十三、Y. Ikeda, T. Fujiwara, Y. Himeno, N. Tanaka, Velocity field around ship hull in roll motion, Journal of the Kansai Society of Naval Architects 171 (1978) 33-45. (in Japanese)

十四、N. Tanaka, Y. Himeno, Y. Ikeda, K. Isomura,

Experimental study on bilge keel effect for shallow draft

ship, Journal of the Kansai Society of Naval Architects 180 (1981) 69-75. (in Japanese)

常规货船的横摇阻尼在池田方法基础上的一个简单预测方法及其局限性

Yuki Kawahara, Kazuya Maekawa and Yoshiho Ikeda

海洋系统工程部,酒井599-8531日本大阪府立大学

摘要:由于船的横摇阻尼对其粘度有显着的影响,所以很难在理论上计算。因此,某些实验结果或某些预测方法都被用于一般的设计阶段。在这些预测方法中,池田方法被广泛应用于许多船舶运动的计算机程序。使用这个方法,可以对含有各种舭龙骨的船体进行计算,从而探讨其不同的特性。为了计算每个船的横摇阻尼,详细的数据也是必须的。因此,在设计初期就需要更为简便的预测方法。方法虽然简单,但也得通过电脑程序的验证并证明在池田方法的基础上是有用的。在这个基础上推导出的简便公式就是现在的这个在本文件。船体形式的变化是通过改变船长,船宽,吃水,中横剖面系数及棱形系数来等来等到。然而这个简化公式不能用于具有较高的重心位置的船。所以,一些改进的方法以提高准确行就应运而生了。

关键词:横摇阻尼,简单的预测公式,波分量,涡分量,舭龙骨组件。

介绍

在20世纪70年代以来,船舶在波浪中的运动已发展成了具有5个自由度的运动形式,新的预测方法已经建立。该方法是基于势流理论(Ursell-Tasai 方法,源分布法等),可以预测间距,升沉,摇摆及波浪中船的偏航运动,并都有不错的精度。然而在横摇运动中,带条的方法并适合。因为粘性效应对对横摇阻尼有很大的影响。所以,就需要用一些经验公式和实验数据来检验这些公式。

为了提高这些带钢方法预测横摇运动的准确性,作者之一就就开发了一些项目来发展这个横摇预测方法,而这些都是基于水动力带条方法,都有相似的概念和顺序,精确度也能够保证。预测方法是由姬野[5]和池田[6,7]的计算机程序审查。

预测的方式,现在叫池田方法,被分为了零航速阻尼的摩擦(BF),波浪(BW),涡流(BE)和舭龙骨(BBK)组件,前进的速度,升降机(Bi)。在校正实验结果的基础上,推进速度的波和摩擦部件增加。

前进速度为零,各组成部分之外的摩擦和电梯部件的每个横截面,单位长度预测,预测值总结了沿船的长度。摩擦成分预测由加藤的公式为一个三维的船舶形状。预测横摇阻尼元件的前进速度的影响的修改功能的开发的摩擦,波浪和涡流组件。这个方法的计算机程序也已经开发出来了,并被广泛的使用。

30年间,原始池田方法开发传统船舶已被该进,以适用于多种船舶,例如:更加修长和方形的船舶,渔船,驳船,带有尾鳍的船等等。原来的方法也被广泛使用。但是,有时,横摇运动的不同的结论,即使来自相同池田的方法,在计算中使用。然后,判断是否相同池田的方法,与几乎相同的精度池田原来一直期望开发一种更简单的预测方法的计算机程序的准确性。有人说,在船舶设计阶段,池田的方法太复杂,使用。为了满足这些需求,使用回归分析,推导出一个简单的横摇阻尼预测方法。

以前的预测公式

前文中提出的简单的预测公式不能用于的调制解调器船舶有高重力或自然卷长期间,如大型客船船体形状相对平坦的中心位置。为了研究它的局限性,作者比较的结果,这种预测方法与原池田之一,而其计算限制。实验结果与他们的方法的横摇阻尼。最上层在重心低的情况下,下面那层是在低重心的情况下。

从这个数字看,这个公式估计的结果与池田公式对低重心船的估计结果很好的吻合,对高重心船会有误差。实验结果表明,以前的预测公式需要被修改。、成型的系列船

修改的的公式可以用成型的系列船型来发展成为池田公式的预测结果。该系列的船是在泰勒船型的基础上建立的,通过对他的船长,船宽,吃水,中横剖面系数及纵向棱形系数来实现。

减摇预报的新方法建议

本章中,每个组件的一些特性,如横摇阻尼,摩擦,波浪力,涡流和舭龙骨组件,都是在静水中讨论并得出的简化公式。众所周知,二维横截面的波分量可以通过势流理论精确的计算。在池田的方法中,条状横截面的兴波阻尼不能计算得到,而通过势流理论得到的计算值曾经一直被使用,因为粘性效应值在横摇阻

尼有如此的重要性。

结论

在池田原预测方法的基础上,这是相同概念作为一个条法计算船舶运动波的

方式,并用船舶横摇阻尼开发的一个简单预测方法。用到的数据,B/d, C

b ,C

m

,

OG/d, G),bBK/B, Ibk/L

pp

。此外,模型实验证明了池田的预测方法,特别是在现代船舶的用途上,但有一定的限制。

The limit of Large V essels

on Feb 21st, the industry was shocked by the news that AP Moller-Maersk placed an order of 10 container ships of 18,000 TEU with the South Korean ship yards. The order brings the development of large vessels to a new climax and at the same time puts forward a series of research subjects to the industry, such as what is the limit for the development of large vessels, whether ship safety can be guaranteed, and etc.

In relation to the current development trend of large vessels, the chief engineer of Jiangnan Shipbuilding (Group) Company Ltd. Mr. Hu Keyi believes that from the perspective of theory and technology, there is no problem with the development of large vessels, even with the development of “infinitely large vessels”,however, the size of ships is limited by many factors such as channels, ports, wharf depth and the ability of cargo collection of shipowners. Therefore, such "infinite largeness" is relative.

In every period of time, the development of large vessels faces many constraints. However, as seen from the history of development (in particular container ships), each limit value" predicted by experts has been broken one by one. This gives an enlightenment to the industry: on one hand, development of large vessels can not ignore the constraints of practical conditions, on the other hand, it can not be restricted by the practical conditions. In today when science and technology are developing at a fast speed, nothing is impossible. The excellent performance of AP Moller-Maersk and South Korean ship yards in the area of container ship is a good example, which is deserving more attention and research from China’s port industry, shipbuilding industry,shipping industry and related industries.

At present, the industry pays close attention to the development of large vessels and at the same time the safety of ships.

Chen Yongnian from R&D center of CCS thinks that, though there are the preconditions in terms of theory and technology for the development of large vessels,

the issue of safety cannot be underestimated. Since the accidents involving these “Big Macs” will be devastating.

In traditional theory,the ability of withstanding waves will get stronger with the increase of the size of ships. However, we should be fully aware that human beings haven’t fully grasped the factors which affect vessels,strength and safety, in particular, the history of the development of large vessels is not long, and data accumulated is relatively limited, the safety of large vessels hasn't been verified in many aspects and there are still a lot of unknown factors affecting the safety of ships. Therefore, in the development of large vessels, it will be inevitable to have some safety problems. Like the nuclear plant accident in Japan, when they first built the plant, they did not predict that such accident could happen in the future. They could only make the solution they considered best and establish corresponding standards and rules in the light of the existing technical conditions and backgrounds. In fact, shipbuilding industry is the same. Though the technical solutions have become advanced and varied, there are still many uncertainties as to whether the existing experience and ability can cope with the development of large vessels.

大型船舶的限制

2月21日,被业界震惊的消息,AP穆勒- 马士基集团下订单的10与韩国造船厂18,000TEU集装箱船。该订单使大型船舶发展到了一个新的高潮,并在同一时间提出了一系列研究对象,如发展大型船舶的极限是什么,是否可以保证船舶安全等。

就目前的发展趋势,大型船舶,江南造船(集团)公司总工程师有限公司胡先生科艺认为,从理论和技术的角度来看,大型船舶的发展是没有问题的,即使有问题,发展船舶的大小是由许多因素决定,如通道,港口,码头的深度和船东揽货能力。因此,这种“无限大”是相对的。

在每一段时间中,大型船舶的发展面临着许多制约因素。然而,从历史的发展(尤其是集装箱船),每个限值“专家预测已被一个接一个打破,这给出了一

个行业的启示:一方面,大型船舶的发展不能忽视现实条件的制约,另一方面,它不能被限制的实际情况,在今天,在科学技术发展速度快,没有什么是不可能的。AP穆勒 - 马士基集团和韩国船厂的优异性能集装箱船在该地区是一个很好的例子,这是值得更多的关注和研究,从中国的港口业,造船业,航运业及相关行业。

目前,业界密切关注大型船舶的发展,同时船舶的安全。

陈拥辇CCS研发中心认为,虽然有方面的理论和技术的发展,大型船舶的先决条件,安全问题不能被低估。由于事故涉及这些“巨无霸”将是毁灭性的。

在传统理论中,与一般的大小的增加,承受波浪的能力将得到更强。但是,我们应该充分认识到,人类还没有完全掌握船只,强度和安全性因素影响,尤其是大型船舶的发展,历史不长,积累的数据是相对有限的,安全的大型船舶被证实在许多方面仍存在很多未知因素,影响船舶安全。因此,在大型船舶的发展,这将是不可避免的,有一些安全问题。在日本核电站事故一样,当他们第一次建的工厂,他们没有预测,这样的事故可能发生在未来。他们只能使他们认为是最好的解决方案,并建立相应的标准和规则,在现有的技术条件和背景光。事实上,造船工业是相同的。虽然技术解决方案已经成为先进和多样的,仍然有很多的不确定性,现有的经验和能力是否能够应对大型船舶的发展。

毕业设计外文翻译资料

外文出处: 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题: JDBC接口技术 译文: JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI(ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口)。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口,使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC,很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢?如果有,那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢? ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统(DBMS)中存取数据的,用C语言实现的,标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI,应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统(DBMS)中的数据,而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1.ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分:应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口:屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别,为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器:为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器:实现ODBC的函数调用,提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要,数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求,使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源:由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器,以便ODBC函数调用,但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用,并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时,数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时,数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求,对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译,并将结果返回给应用系统。 2.JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来,Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序,其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API,编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥,比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱,越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加,对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处,比如它并不容易使用,没有面向对象的特性等等,SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1.x 版本中,JDBC只是一个可选部件,到了JDK1.1公布时,SQL类包(也就是JDBCAPI)

桥梁工程毕业设计外文翻译箱梁

桥梁工程毕业设计外文翻译箱梁

西南交通大学本科毕业设计(论文) 外文资料翻译 年级: 学号: 姓名: 专业: 指导老师:

6 月

外文资料原文: 13 Box girders 13.1 General The box girder is the most ?exible bridge deck form. It can cover a range of spans from25 m up to the largest non-suspended concrete decks built, of the order of 300 m. Single box girders may also carry decks up to 30 m wide. For the longer span beams, beyond about 50 m, they are practically the only feasible deck section. For the shorter spans they are in competition with most of the other deck types discussed in this book. The advantages of the box form are principally its high structural ef?ciency (5.4), which minimises the prestress force required to resist a given bending moment, and its great torsional strength with the capacity this gives to re-centre eccentric live loads, minimising the prestress required to carry them.

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附件1:外文资料翻译译文 基于一维CFD模型下汽车排气消声器的实验研究与预测Takeshi Yasuda, Chaoqun Wua, Noritoshi Nakagawa, Kazuteru Nagamura 摘要目前,利用实验和数值分析法对商用汽车消声器在宽开口喉部加速状态下的排气噪声进行了研究。在加热工况下发动机转速从1000转/分钟加速到6000转/分钟需要30秒。假定其排气消声器的瞬时声学特性符合一维计算流体力学模型。为了验证模拟仿真的结果,我们在符合日本工业标准(JIS D 1616)的消声室内测量了排气消声器的瞬态声学特性,结果发现在二阶发动机转速频率下仿真结果和实验结果非常吻合。但在发动机高阶转速下(从5000到6000转每分钟的四阶转速,从4200到6000转每分钟的六阶转速这样的高转速范围内),计算结果和实验结果出现了较大差异。根据结果分析,差异的产生是由于在模拟仿真中忽略了流动噪声的影响。为了满足市场需求,研究者在一维计算流体力学模型的基础上提出了一个具有可靠准确度的简化模型,相对标准化模型而言该模型能节省超过90%的执行时间。 关键字消声器排气噪声优化设计瞬态声学性能 1 引言 汽车排气消声器广泛用于减小汽车发动机及汽车其他主要部位产生的噪声。一般而言,消声器的设计应该满足以下两个条件:(1)能够衰减高频噪声,这是消声器的最基本要求。排气消声器应该有特定的消声频率范围,尤其是低频率范围,因为我们都知道大部分的噪声被限制在发动机的转动频率和它的前几阶范围内。(2)最小背压,背压代表施加在发动机排气消声器上额外的静压力。最小背压应该保持在最低限度内,因为大的背压会降低容积效率和提高耗油量。对消声器而言,这两个重要的设计要求往往是互相冲突的。对于给定的消声器,利用实验的方法,根据距离尾管500毫米且与尾管轴向成45°处声压等级相近的排气噪声来评估其噪声衰减性能,利用压力传感器可以很容易地检测背压。 近几十年来,在预测排气噪声方面广泛应用的方法有:传递矩阵法、有限元法、边界元法和计算流体力学法。其中最常用的方法是传递矩阵法(也叫四端网络法)。该方

本科毕业设计外文翻译

Section 3 Design philosophy, design method and earth pressures 3.1 Design philosophy 3.1.1 General The design of earth retaining structures requires consideration of the interaction between the ground and the structure. It requires the performance of two sets of calculations: 1)a set of equilibrium calculations to determine the overall proportions and the geometry of the structure necessary to achieve equilibrium under the relevant earth pressures and forces; 2)structural design calculations to determine the size and properties of thestructural sections necessary to resist the bending moments and shear forces determined from the equilibrium calculations. Both sets of calculations are carried out for specific design situations (see 3.2.2) in accordance with the principles of limit state design. The selected design situations should be sufficiently Severe and varied so as to encompass all reasonable conditions which can be foreseen during the period of construction and the life of the retaining wall. 3.1.2 Limit state design This code of practice adopts the philosophy of limit state design. This philosophy does not impose upon the designer any special requirements as to the manner in which the safety and stability of the retaining wall may be achieved, whether by overall factors of safety, or partial factors of safety, or by other measures. Limit states (see 1.3.13) are classified into: a) ultimate limit states (see 3.1.3); b) serviceability limit states (see 3.1.4). Typical ultimate limit states are depicted in figure 3. Rupture states which are reached before collapse occurs are, for simplicity, also classified and

桥梁外文翻译

毕业设计/论文 外文文献翻译 院系城市建设学院 专业班级 姓名 原文出处 评分 指导教师 华中科技大学武昌分校 20 12 年3月1日

Study on nonlinear analysis of a redundant cable-stayed bridge 1.Abstract A comparison on nonlinear analysis of a highly redundant cable-stayed bridge is performed in the study. The initial shapes including geometry and prestress distribution of the bridge are determined by using a two-loop iteration method, it is an equilibrium iteration loop and a shape iteration loop. For the initial shape analysis a linear and a nonlinear computation procedure are set up. In the former all nonlinearities of cable-stayed bridges are disregarded, and the shape iteration is carried out without considering equilibrium. In the latter all nonlinearities of the bridges are taken into consideration and both the equilibrium and the shape iteration are carried out. Based on the convergent initial shapes determined by the different procedures, the natural frequencies and vibration modes are then examined in details. Numerical results show that a convergent initial shape can be found rapidly by the two-loop iteration method, a reasonable initial shape can be determined by using the linear computation procedure, and a lot of computation efforts can thus be saved. There are only small differences in geometry and prestress distribution between the results determined by linear and nonlinear computation procedures. However, for the analysis of natural frequency and vibration modes, significant differences in the fundamental frequencies and vibration modes will occur, and the nonlinearities of the cable-stayed bridge response appear only in the modes determined on basis of the initial shape found by the nonlinear computation. 2. Introduction Rapid progress in the analysis and construction of cable-stayed bridges has been made over the last three decades. The progress is mainly due to developments in the fields of computer technology, high strength steel cables, orthotropic steel decks and construction technology. Since the first modern cable-stayed bridge was built in Sweden in 1955, their popularity has rapidly been increasing all over the world. Because of its aesthetic appeal, economic grounds and ease of erection, the

毕业设计外文翻译

毕业设计(论文) 外文文献翻译 题目:A new constructing auxiliary function method for global optimization 学院: 专业名称: 学号: 学生姓名: 指导教师: 2014年2月14日

一个新的辅助函数的构造方法的全局优化 Jiang-She Zhang,Yong-Jun Wang https://www.wendangku.net/doc/cd18911975.html,/10.1016/j.mcm.2007.08.007 非线性函数优化问题中具有许多局部极小,在他们的搜索空间中的应用,如工程设计,分子生物学是广泛的,和神经网络训练.虽然现有的传统的方法,如最速下降方法,牛顿法,拟牛顿方法,信赖域方法,共轭梯度法,收敛迅速,可以找到解决方案,为高精度的连续可微函数,这在很大程度上依赖于初始点和最终的全局解的质量很难保证.在全局优化中存在的困难阻碍了许多学科的进一步发展.因此,全局优化通常成为一个具有挑战性的计算任务的研究. 一般来说,设计一个全局优化算法是由两个原因造成的困难:一是如何确定所得到的最小是全球性的(当时全球最小的是事先不知道),和其他的是,如何从中获得一个更好的最小跳.对第一个问题,一个停止规则称为贝叶斯终止条件已被报道.许多最近提出的算法的目标是在处理第二个问题.一般来说,这些方法可以被类?主要分两大类,即:(一)确定的方法,及(ii)的随机方法.随机的方法是基于生物或统计物理学,它跳到当地的最低使用基于概率的方法.这些方法包括遗传算法(GA),模拟退火法(SA)和粒子群优化算法(PSO).虽然这些方法有其用途,它们往往收敛速度慢和寻找更高精度的解决方案是耗费时间.他们更容易实现和解决组合优化问题.然而,确定性方法如填充函数法,盾构法,等,收敛迅速,具有较高的精度,通常可以找到一个解决方案.这些方法往往依赖于修改目标函数的函数“少”或“低”局部极小,比原来的目标函数,并设计算法来减少该?ED功能逃离局部极小更好的发现. 引用确定性算法中,扩散方程法,有效能量的方法,和积分变换方法近似的原始目标函数的粗结构由一组平滑函数的极小的“少”.这些方法通过修改目标函数的原始目标函数的积分.这样的集成是实现太贵,和辅助功能的最终解决必须追溯到

模具毕业设计外文翻译

冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策 冲压模具概述 冲压模具--在冷冲压加工中,将材料(金属或非金属)加工成零件(或半成品)的一种特殊工艺装备,称为冷冲压模具(俗称冷冲模)。冲压--是在室温下,利用安装在压力机上的模具对材料施加压力,使其产生分离或塑性变形,从而获得所需零件的一种压力加工方法。 冲压模具的形式很多,一般可按以下几个主要特征分类: 1.根据工艺性质分类 (1)冲裁模沿封闭或敞开的轮廓线使材料产生分离的模具。如落料模、冲孔模、切断模、切口模、切边模、剖切模等。 (2)弯曲模使板料毛坯或其他坯料沿着直线(弯曲线)产生弯曲变形,从而获得一定角度和形状的工件的模具。 (3)拉深模是把板料毛坯制成开口空心件,或使空心件进一步改变形状和尺寸的模具。 (4)成形模是将毛坯或半成品工件按图凸、凹模的形状直接复制成形,而材料本身仅产生局部塑性变形的模具。如胀形模、缩口模、扩口模、起伏成形模、翻边模、整形模等。 2.根据工序组合程度分类 (1)单工序模在压力机的一次行程中,只完成一道冲压工序的模具。 (2)复合模只有一个工位,在压力机的一次行程中,在同一工位上同时完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 (3)级进模(也称连续模)在毛坯的送进方向上,具有两个或更多的工位,在压力机的一次行程中,在不同的工位上逐次完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 冲冷冲模全称为冷冲压模具。 冷冲压模具是一种应用于模具行业冷冲压模具及其配件所需高性能结构陶瓷材料的制备方法,高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料由氧化锆、氧化钇粉中加铝、镨元素构成,制备工艺是将氧化锆溶液、氧化钇溶液、氧化镨溶液、氧化铝溶液按一定比例混合配成母液,滴入碳酸氢铵,采用共沉淀方法合成模具及其配件陶瓷材料所需的原材料,反应生成的沉淀经滤水、干燥,煅烧得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料超微粉,再经过成型、烧结、精加工,便得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料。本发明的优点是本发明制成的冷冲压模具及其配件使用寿命长,在冲压过程中未出现模具及其配件与冲压件产生粘结现象,冲压件表面光滑、无毛刺,完全可以替代传统高速钢、钨钢材料。 冷冲模具主要零件 冷冲模具是冲压加工的主要工艺装备,冲压制件就是靠上、下模具的相对运动来完成的。加工时由于上、下模具之间不断地分合,如果操作工人的手指不断进入或停留在模具闭合区,便会对其人身安全带来严重威胁。

道路工程毕业设计含外文翻译.doc

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