英语本科论文《士兵突击》与《红色英勇勋章》中的

四川外语学院

Sichuan International Studies University 本科毕业论文

题目（中文）《士兵突击》与《红色英勇勋章》中的

英雄主义差异

（外文）Different Heroism in Soldiers Sortie and The Red

Badge of Courage

系别英语翻译系

专业英语

年级2008 级

学生姓名

指导教师

结稿日期2012年4月25日

四川外语学院成都学院教务处制2012 年 4 月25 日填

Abstract

The spirit of hero makes a profound impact on almost everyone, for example, the spirit of Xu Sanduo in a blockbuster TV series Soldiers Sortie which tells us a story about a country boy’s legendary army career. Meanwhile, an American novel The Red Badge of Courage, written by Stephen Crane, has also represented a new image of heroism. This paper will discuss two images of heroism reflected in the above two works which respectively stand for Chinese and American different heroism. It is divided into five parts. The first part consists of the purpose and the structure of this paper. Next, the paper will give a brief literary review about these two works. Then, respective features of the two types of heroism will be discussed, which interpret American heroic values showed by Henry Fleming and Chinese heroic values reflected by Xu Sanduo. Besides, the paper will analyze the reasons for the differences in their religious, historical, and political aspects. In the end, the significance and influence of the heroism on the public are summarized in this part. Through the analysis, the paper attempts to help readers have a deeper understanding of the Chinese and American heroic images and achieve efficient intercultural communication.

Key W ords:heroism;Soldiers Sortie; The Red Badge of Courage; Chinese and American heroic images

Outline

Thesis Statement: Different heroism embodied in Soldiers Sortie and The Red Badge of Courage mirrors the differences between Chinese and American

heroic values, the perceiving of which contributes to facilitating

intercultural understanding and communication.

Ⅰ.Introduction

Ⅱ. Literary Review

Ⅲ.Respective Features of the Two Kinds of Heroism

A.Chinese Heroic V alues Showed by Xu Sanduo

1.Collectivism

2.Perfect Character

3.Rational Orientation

B.American Heroic V alues Showed by Henry Fleming

1.Individualism

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/cd15779228.html,mon Character

3.Emotional Orientation

Ⅳ.Reasons for the Differences in Heroic Values Between China and America

A.Different Religious System

1. Confucianism in China

2. Christianity in America

B. Different Historical Origin

1. Chinese Civilization Originating from the Y ellow River

2.American Civilization Originating from Greece

C.Different Political Background

1.Focusing on Centralization and Collective Interest in China

2.Focusing on Freedom and Individual V alues in America Ⅴ.Conclusion

Different Heroism in Soldiers Sortie and The Red Badge of Courage

Ⅰ. Introduction

In the TV series Soldiers Sortie, people may have been impressed by the image of Xu Sanduo. The heroic spirit that this series conveys has made a big influence on the public. Heroes or hero worships do exist in our daily life, and many images of hero have been seen from the mass media or some novels. So is the American novel The Red Badge of Courage. Its writer, Stephen Crane, also creates a new image of heroism. To some extent, these two works have represented two kinds of heroism which show the difference between the Chinese and American heroic values. This paper will discuss them in the following parts, in order to help readers have a deeper understanding of the Sino-US heroic images and thus achieve efficient intercultural communication.

With a comprehensive study on different heroism in The Red Badge of Courage and Soldiers Sortie, the paper is divided into five parts, focusing on the respective characteristics of the two images of heroism and the reasons for the differences. In a sense, Xu Sanduo, the protagonist of the Soldiers Sortie, has interpreted Chinese heroic image, that is, collectivism, perfect character, and rational orientation. At the same time, the protagonist in the novel The Red Badge of Courage，Henry Fleming, has showed one of the American heroic images: individualism, common character, and emotional orientation. Besides, what has caused their differences will be discussed. As a result of different religious belief, historical origin, and political background, China and America respectively show two different kinds of heroism. After in-depth research on the information mentioned above, the significance and influence of the heroism on the public are summarized.

Ⅱ.Literary Review

This paper concentrates on the features of the two kinds of heroism and the reasons for their differences, which the two works have showed to us. Therefore, it is essential to know about the general plot of the two works.

To begin with, Soldiers Sortie tells us a story about a country boy’s legendary army career. Xu Sanduo, the major character in this series, was forced to join the army by his father, because his father’s belief was that Xu was a coward and that training in the army might turn him into a brave man. At first, Xu was nobody in the army, so he couldn’t stay in the excellent military force. Then, he was assigned to be charge of the oil pipeline in the Red Third Company where there was no link with the army training. However, Xu did not give up his good habits in the military training. He built a road by himself and thus returned "Steel Seventh Company". As his father expected, he finally became a special task soldier originally selected from "Steel Seventh Company". Although he made a fool of himself many times during the devilishly hard training, he gradually became the most outstanding soldier of his whole regiment. After that, Xu took the opportunity to be a member of Special Army corps. But he accidentally killed a criminal while carrying out a task. This accident gave him a great shock; he freaked out. But later he found his true conviction again in the army.

Likewise, the novel The Red Badge of Courage also tells us a soldier’s story. It is written by Stephen Crane (1871-1900), an American novelist, short story writer, poet and journalist.He is a revolutionary in that he is one of the first American proponents of a literary genre called Naturalism, which takes hold as an American literary trend at that time.

The story was set during the American Civil War, describing a battlefield of the Civil War. It was about a young farm boy named Henry Fleming who dreamed of glory and thus joined the Union Army. After living in the regiment for several months, his regiment began to move in the battlefield. Although he was induced by the glory, he once wavered after experiencing the threats of death. Hence, he ran away when his

group suffered a heavy attack by the enemy army. But when hearing the good news of his regiment, he felt regretful about his behavior. To compensate his fault, he decided to risk moving to the front. Unfortunately, he was head-hurt by a soldier using his gun, and was brought to his regiment with the help of a passer-by soldier. His companions saw the injury and admired his brave spirit, instead of suspicion. However, Henry could not forgive his wrong doings and sought more opportunities to make up his runaway. Finally, he succeeded in overcoming his fear for the war, forgetting his wrong deed, and restoring his confidence.

Ⅲ. Respective Features of the Two Kinds of Heroism

Every culture will shape unique hero.Heroism refers to the profound and abundant source of force which will push continuously the historic progress, social development, and abundance of humanity.1 Its definition will be different with the change of nationality, culture, time, and personal differences. To a certain extent, Xu Sanduo and Henry Fleming have respectively displayed Chinese and American heroic images. The Chinese and Ameirican heroic values possess their unique features in these two works, especially for the two protagonists.

A.Chinese Heroic Values Showed by Xu Sanduo

Xu Sanduo is the major character in Soldiers Sortie. He can be said to be the model of loyalty, perseverance, and noble faith. Chinese heroic values are showed by Xu in terms of collectivism, perfect character, and rational orientation.

1.Collectivism

Just like the saying says, “Unity is strength”, Chinese people tend to emphasize the power of unity. As a result, a typical Chinese hero should be a selfless person, devoting almost all his energy, money and time to the unity. According to Moyra Grant, in political philosophy "collectivism" refers to any philosophy or system that puts any kind of group (such as a class, nation, race, society, state, etc.) before the individual.2 Here, collectivism stresses group goals over individuals, which is the essence of Chinese culture. When the interest of individual has any conflict with that of group, individual must obey the principle of collectivism. We can see it from Xu Sanduo in the following aspects.

Firstly, Xu embodies the spirit of devotion. It is the devotion that makes him a real hero. He believes that he must do many meaningful things. For example, in

Chapter four in the novel Soldiers Sortie, Xu is assigned into Red Third Company and has nothing to do with the military training. All the five members of his class lose their goals in the army except Xu. Cleaning, or morning training should have been the ordinary thing for soldiers, but that becomes a rare thing for them. Other four persons are smoking, playing cards, or even day-dreaming. They are desperate, lazy, and unwilling to make any progress. This is not true of Xu Sanduo. Instead, he sticks to do morning training like a real soldier and he finds an aim to build a road for his company, but his roommates think Xu just makes a joke. Xu uses his own hands to carry stones, and he does not spend any money on it. Although other four members sometimes dest roy the road, Xu doesn’t give up his hope and continues to devote for his company. At last, he has built a real road which gains much praise for his devotion for the company.

Secondly, Xu embodies the spirit of obeying the interest of group. This is one of the features of the collectivism. If necessary, one must be subordinated to group interest or even sacrifice oneself when individual interest is not consistent with it. When Xu returns from Red Third Company to Steel Seventh Company, he finds it difficult to adapt himself in this company and leaves behind others, compared with other members. To conquer his carsickness, his master tells him he should do exercise, especially the horizontal bar. At first, he is not good at exercising the horizontal bar, which makes him depressed for some time. His commander, Gao Cheng, dislikes his behaviors in the army and believes that Xu will be a heavy burden on the whole company. Conversely, his master, Shi Jin, strongly trusts his friend Xu Sanduo and encourages him from time to time. One day, Xu is ordered to do 50 horizontal bars to get the honored flag for his company, which is impossible for Xu. However, he breaks the records unexpectedly and does 333 horizontal bars. This has made him famous in his army. He has succeeded in getting the honored flag for the whole company, even if he is ill after the exercise.

In China, a real hero should obey the principle of collectivism. He must have the noble belief that serves forever for his class, nation, or society. From the abo ve two points, it is naturally concluded that Xu Sanduo has his own heroic images, which

stands for Chinese heroic values to some extent.

2.Perfect Character

Perfectionism is a state that working or outputting that is anything less than perfect is unacceptable. Although there is a saying that no one is perfect, an image of a real hero has given us a perfect impression. Some people may think that Xu Sanduo is but a common person. Others may think Xu has set people a good example that such a person can not be found in the real world. Here, the paper will display Xu’s perfect character.

Xu says that he must do many meaningful things in his whole life.3And this conviction has always encouraged him in the army career. In reality, it is impossible to find that kind of man, while in Soldiers Sortie, Xu Sanduo is nearly a perfect man. Due to a new military reform, the Steel Seventh Company is rearranged and most of the soldiers are arranged in other companies but only Xu is left in the empty building for more than one and a half years. In the TV series, he could succeed finally in contributing a lot to the friendly and upright people around him to help him. Instead, the real society is exactly contrary, full of competition, cunning tricks and disappointment. If one tends to be naive, simple and trusty to everyone, one would tend to feel disappointed and even despised in the end, but Xu has successfully showed people a perfect profile. It is his “stupidity” that creates an unimagined heroic picture. Xu Sanduo’s buildin g a road is just like our being a man. Even in a circumstance without a hope, he can find some ways to live meaningfully.

Everyone has a dream in his or her mind, even someone has greedy desire for promotion or being the outstanding one, but for Xu Sanduo, he only wishes to be a qualified soldier. Perhaps he could be questioned to be a self-contended person, while he says that people should not live too comfortable, it will go wrong.4 Xu himself is sticking to the above words in his mind and making progress step by step until success.

During his whole army career, he always keeps the most important motto in his

mind “Never give in, never give up”.5 On the contrary, he holds the belief that is really difficult to put into practice for some common people. He does show a picture of perfectionism in Chinese heroic values.

3.Rational Orientation

Rational orientation here refers to an ability to learn, understand, ponder, and resolve a problem. Unlike Henry Fleming, Xu represents an image of being rational all the time in his army life.

In the TV series, Xu always keeps optimistic and calm even though he meets some upset or tough situations. After Shi Jin’s leaving, he is stronger and maturer t han before. When Steel Seventh Company is rearranged, the whole company only Xu stays in the dormitory. Every day he just talks to the wall and has to be charge of the goods and materials. He finds no one to talk with him , but watches the video that records the company’s honor. Maybe one can do this for several days, but how c an one uphold it for one and a half years or more? Xu has done it. He persists in doing the morning training and cleaning his dorm day after day. He makes every effort to do his best.

Besides, soldiers in their company usually will sing a song before lunch, but how could it be for Xu Sanduo? Unbelievably, he does it, singing a song by himself in the front of many soldiers. None of them thinks this is stupid or shameful. Otherwise, they all have admiration for his calmness in such a lonely atmosphere. Even in any military maneuver, he is calm all the time. Xu and many other outstanding soldiers are invited to enter a competition through which only three have the opportunities to enter the “A” Brigade in the Special Army corp. Xu and Cheng Cai take pride in being members of “A” Brigade but they are soon upset by the treatment in the test period. Although Xu Sanduo feels a little disappointed, he still finishes what he ought to do. Hence, being rational has made him successful, which is a significant quality to be a hero for Chinese people.

To sum up, Xu Sanduo has represented Chinese heroic spirit. It can be naturally

seen the Chinese heroic values, namely, collectivism, perfect character, and rational orientation. He also embodies Chinese traditional heroic outlook, like Lei Feng, who has been regarded as a perfect hero since 1960s. It’s hard to say he really made great achievements as a soldier. But he serves the people’s heart and soul. So does Xu Sanduo.

B.American Heroic Values Showed by Henry Fleming

People always worship different kinds of heroes. Some heroes, such as Abraham Lincoln and Barack Obama, really exist in reality, while others only live in fictional stories and films, for instance, the protagonist Henry Fleming in the novel The Red Badge of Courage. Stephen Crane in his novel creates a newly unique image of hero.American heroic values showed by Henry Fleming can be interpreted with regard to individualism, common character and emotional orientation.

1.Individualism

Individualism has influenced the western society deeply. Unlike the collectivism in China, it means the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that stresses "the moral worth of the individual".6 In the US, individualism is the core of American culture and the main value in America, and it has played a decisive role in the development of American history. Henry Fleming’s heroic image fully expresses this conception.

To begin with, Henry Fleming strongly believes he himself can decide his own destiny. That is just what individualism assertes. At the beginning of the novel, Henry dreams that he can enlist the Northern Army and thus becomes a hero. When he hears the news that several soldiers say they are going to move, he listens with eager ears to the words of the tall man and to the comments of the others. He has imagined himself in many battles, and has seen himself as “the great protector of peoples”.7 Later, he puts his dream into practice and enlists in the blue army, hoping that he can get a red

badge of coura ge and enjoy people’s applause.

More importantly, Henry is willing to get freedom before the enlistment and after the battle. On the one hand, he wants to enlist the army to realize his dream of being a hero before he enters into the army. Several times he has burned with desire to enlist. However, his mother opposes to his idea. She discourages him, saying that he has far more important reason why he should stay at home than goes to the battlefield. Although his mother disagrees with his decision, he still upholds his belief. His feelings to be a great soldier gro w stronger than his mother’s persuasion. On the other hand, he wishes he can free himself from the field of battle. Through his army career, he has gained praise and honor. Even if he makes an error in the battle, he enables to correct his deeds and feel inner peace. He realizes the significance of integrity, and starts a new, mature, and honorable phase of his life. He becomes a real hero.

Americans emphasize the consciousness of individual instead of the concept of unity in Chinese values.As a complete individual hero, one should be in charge of their lives, and pursue their own realization of the value of life.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/cd15779228.html,mon Character

Here Henry’s common character relates to the situation that a hero is but a common or ordinary person, which is true of the soldier Henry. In reality, we can easily find this kind of person. He also has shortcomings and is not perfect. In many American films, the director always sets an atmosphere that a hero is near around us and that he is just an average person although he has done something great. For Henry, he embodies the heroic spirit that one can overcome his or her fear and thus gain self-reliance and self-assertion. What he shows to us is an image of common hero.

Before he gets a red badge of courage, the self-doubt overwhelms him all the time. He realizes the cruelty of the war and the incompetence towards the nature. He hesitates between grand fantasies of the courage that causes glory in the battle and an innocent belief that the army is never going to fight. Faced with the deaths in the battle field, he loses all sense of self and feels that just as the world spins around the

anonymous soldier’s dead body, so will it spin around his.8 His second experience of battle further complicates his imagination about war, so he panics and flees. This is often what normal people will also choose. When facing difficulties or even deaths, people are always selecting to run away, which is determined by the nature of human beings. Not until he recognizes his error and restores his confidence does he live a shameful life.

Stephen Crane has redefined the new American heroic images. He advocates: “A hero is no longer a great giant by establishing unexpected cause to show his extr aordinary talents.” 9Instead the hero he writes is the one who can truly know one’s shortcomings and determine to correct them in order to conquer one’s fear and realize one’s self-value.

3.Emotional Orientation

We can find full expression of the emotional quality of Henry. Unlike Xu Sanduo, Henry is always angry, anxious, or excited when facing the battlefield. He is more likely to show his sentiments as if no one could hold back him. This is what the author will demonstrate as follows.

He thinks he is going to do great things before a fight, but he is very afraid of the war when hearing the news that his regiment will be involved with the battle. That means they will move forward the field without any fighting experience:

The youth felt quite alone with his thoughts. He had failed to find anything

like his own point of view. No one else seemed to be troubled with such a

terrible personal problem…In the darkness visions of a thousand fears—

any of which might cause him to run—came crowding into his mind. For a

long time he sweated with the pain of these thoughts, but at last, tired and

ill from his anxiety, he fell asleep.10

It suddenly occurs to him that he might be dead, not to mention that he will get “a red

badge of courage”. The youth (Henry) is in a little horror without any fighting occasion. Meanwhile, he feels a little anger toward those in his regiment who do not run but rather defeat the enemy without him. And he feels betrayed by their stupidity. He tells himself that everyone will understand that the best interest of the army lies in each soldier’s own self-preservation. Controlled by these thoughts, he instantly feels comforted by nature. He tries to persuade himself that fleeing from danger is a natural and universal tendency.

Stephen describes the battlefield scene in details and explains the major character’s psychology in a vivid way. From eagerness, excitement, and easement to anxiety, anger, and aberration, Henry has showed to us his complex inner feelings. Just like other heroes in American films, they almost all have a tendency to be emotional when confronting some dangerous or risky scene.

Generally speaking, Henry Fleming brings a new heroic image to us. From him, we can easily find the fact that he also possesses the American unique image of heroism. Individualism, common character and emotional orientation, these features are all typically showed by him in The Red Badge of Courage.

Ⅳ.Reasons for the Differences in Heroic V alues Between

China and America

A country’s religion, history, and political background often influence its culture or social values. The paper will analyze the reasons that have great impact on Chinese and American heroic values in the following points.

A.Different Religious System

It is universally acknowledged that Christianity has brought about great influence on the America. Meanwhile, the Confucianism, not strictly as defined as religion but more a doctrine than belief, plays an essential part in forming the Chinese profound and grand culture.

1. Confucianism in China

Confucianism is the system of social, political, ethical, and religious thought based on the teachings of Confucius and his successors. It has dominated a feudal society for nearly 2000 years, and has had great impact for thousands of years on Chinese people. If we were to describe in one word the Chinese way of life for the past thousands of years, the word would be “Confucianism”.

Influenced by Confucianism, in Chinese culture, a student is not limited in study alone. He should be successful in being a human and in his manner of himself.

A key objective of a student should be to make full use of his ability, personality and intelligence to do good to the state, society and the world at large. Therefore, many heroes in China, like Lei Feng, Yuan Longping, Yang Liwei and so on, have been influenced by its virtues and done honorable things for the country and people.

We have seen many kinds of hero in the television, magazines or books. There is no denying the fact that a real hero ought to have the characters of being humane,

righteous, polite, wise, and loyal. This is what Confucianism has claimed, that is to say, the five virtues: Ren(Humaneness), Yi(Righteousness), Li(Etiquette), Zhi(Knowledge), Xin (Integrity). Confucianism is a rational, ethical system with its own creeds, stressing loyalty to the nation, obedience toward one’s parents, and proper behavior. These qualities can be found from Xu Sanduo, too.

2.Christianity in America

Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in canonical gospels and other New Testament writings.11 It is a religion of over a billion scattered throughout the western countries. In America, it is evolved into Puritanism. Christians strongly believe in organized worship as a means of proclaiming God’s message. In the novel The Red Badge of Courage, many colloquial words, such as “Good Lord”, “God”, “My God”, can be f ound. In their mind, the self is not a single existing individual in isolation, and God will take care all of them.

The important western concept of the individual can be linked partially to Christianity.God has a close connection with each person in that God sees, hears, rewards, and punishes. Each person is important to him. The Christian God is a personal God, who desires a wonderful relationship with his creation. In a culture that values individualism, Christianity is perhaps the perfect religion. We can easily see the great influence of the Christianity on the American culture. The beliefs of Christianity ask for individual to be independent, so Americans depend on themselves more than Chinese people do. Everyone has the right to pursue his or her own happiness. If they make any mistake, they believe that they can save themselves with the help of God. As a result, Christianity has taken the crucial role in American culture and its heroic values.

B.Different Historical Origin

History is a mirror that can reflect the past important occasions; history is a tool

that can record the beautiful moment; history is a storehouse that can keep a great number of things. We need to recognize that the history of every society or nation deserves to be studied not only as a part of world history but also as a result of its fixed values.

1. Chinese Civilization Originating from the Y ellow River

The Y ellow River is well-known as China’s mother river. It is believed that the Chinese civilization originates from the Y ellow River basin. To a large extent, it is called the cradle of the Chinese civilization. During the long history of China, the Y ellow River has been regarded as a blessing. Chinese civilization has been built on agriculture for five thousands years. Moreover, the first and foremost thing we learn from Chinese history is China’s long history in isolation. The isolation makes Chinese people have little chance to contact with the outside world. At that time, China has been ruled by feudal for centuries. Thus, Chinese people have to rely on agriculture to support their families.

What’s more, nearly every ruler would like to emphasize the importance of agriculture and ignore the function of business. And generations of peasants have been tied to the land on which they live and work. This traditional condition of Chinese history makes the people cycle with their families, neighbors, or relatives. Under such circumstances, people should bear the burden to raise their parents and children. If their nation confronts any enemy or difficulty, they must protect their homeland and their country with other brothers. Only in a peaceful country can they live a better life, so they have the responsibility to strive hard. The spirit of a hero comes from the traditional patriotism. It is such ancient values that shape Chinese people’s heroic images. They must have the feature s of collectivism, perfect character, and rational orientation.

2. American Civilization Originating from Greece

The culture of Greece is the birthplace of the western culture, including America. The land area is narrow; the mountain is numerous; Mediterranean climate is given priority to all type of climate, so it is not suitable for developing agricultural production and the productivity is not high. People in this area live on hunting, which can make outstanding personal qualities. Those people who are brave and strong will capture more prey with individual effort, so personal heroism has been born from then on.

Apart from its geographical factor, ancient Greek culture mainly derives from the Greek mythology, for example, the major character Achilles, who is the greatest warrior and the Greek hero in Homer’s epic poem Iliad. He is so brave and fearless that he becomes the soul of the army in the Trojan War. He obviously shows the Greek pursuit for freedom and heroism of advocating force, which forms the heroic images in the later times. Henry Fleming, as well as Achilles, has shown to us the unusual heroic image. Although Henry is a kind of hero who overcomes his demerits and restores his confidence to be real hero, he belongs to the kind of individual heroism, which features in terms of its individualism, common character and emotional orientation.

C.Different Political Background

Apart from their different religious system and historical origin, another reason for the differences of the Sino-US heroic values lies in their different political background.

1. Focusing on Centralization and Collective Interest in China

In the political aspect, centralization refers to the concentration of a government’s power. In China, feudalism had affected its social, political, economic system for centuries. Almost all rulers at that time wanted to control their country in a united way. In order to unite the language, conventional customs, and laws of the

whole society, they required everybody should obey their rules that they made. Everyone had the obligation to serve for the nation, especially when the country was in danger. This is also what the collectivism advocates. If the country needs you, you should try your best to protect your own motherland, like the most lovely men—the Chinese People’s Libera tion Army who always do good to the people and the state.

Centralization stresses the essence of obedience. In Soldiers Sortie, Xu obeys the rules of the army and the orders given by his commanders. He must be subordinated to his company. Where there is a danger, there is a Xu Sanduo. To win in a maneuver, he has successfully finished his task according to the commander’s order. Therefore, the centralization in China has deeply rooted in its culture and social morals, and has big influences on forming the people’s view.

2. Focusing on Freedom and Individual Values in America

The United States is a young country full of vitality. This country is established through the American War of Independence. Those people who settled the colonies valued the quality of individuality and efficient use of time. In the Declaration of Independence, it says: “We hold these truths to be sel f-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”12 And then, individual’s independence and freedom have been respected and valued by American people. Everyone has the right to pursue his or her happiness, and the development of one’s own is priority to the family, and one must strive to be self-sufficient. The words that American people always bear in mind are efforts, persistence, perseverance and competition, and they live for themselves not for others. These conceptions penetrate into the American cultural values, so heroes must have these intrinsic features, too.

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