论斯嘉丽的性格(英文论文)解析
《飘》中斯佳丽的性格英文解析时间:2010-04-15 06:45来源:英语作文网作者:英语作文投稿收藏:收藏本文《飘》是美国女作家玛格丽特.米切尔一生中创作的唯一的一部长篇小说，一经面世，其销售量立即打破了美国出版界的多项记录并一直在世界各地畅销不衰。小说以美国南北战争为背景着重描述塔拉农场主的女儿思嘉丽在战前战后的生活，同时通过思嘉丽与艾希礼、瑞德等人的感情
浅析《飘》中斯佳丽的性格
[摘要] 《飘》是美国女作家玛格丽特.米切尔一生中创作的唯一的一部长篇小说，一经面世，其销售量立即打破了美国出版界的多项记录并一直在世界各地畅销不衰。小说以美国南北战争为背景着重描述塔拉农场主的女儿思嘉丽在战前战后的生活，同时通过思嘉丽与艾希礼、瑞德等人的感情纠葛为线索，为我们刻画了一幅壮观而又生动的南方社会的生活画面。小说不仅有丰富多彩的生活内容，而且具有纵横开阖的故事情节，跌宕起伏的矛盾冲突，为刻画人物性格起了重要的艺术作用。在作品塑造的众多富有特色的人物中，最成功的莫过于对女主人公思嘉丽这一集矛盾、复杂、多面于一体的核心人物的塑造。本文拟从三个方面对思嘉丽性格特征进行分析。一是思嘉丽在内战前、内战期间、和内战后所表现出的生活态度；二就是思嘉丽性格形成的外部原因和内部原因；三是思嘉丽对爱情与婚姻的态度，从而展现了这一形象所赋予作品的永恒的魅力。
[关键词] 斯佳丽的性格；内因；外因；《飘》
An Analysis of Scarlett’s Character in Gone with the Wind
[Abstract] Gone with the Wind is one of the most popular American novels, which is written by American female writer Margaret Mitchell. When it was published, its sales broke many records among the publishing circles, and it is famous all over the world. The novel mainly describes the life of Scarlett who is the daughter of Tara’s master during the American Ci vil War. Meanwhile with the hint of a triangular love between Scarlett, Ashley and Rhett, the novel depicts a wide and prosperous picture of the social life of the South in America. Not only the rich content of the novel but also the complex plots and the contradictions between the figures of the novel have an important artistic effect on shaping the characters in the novel. Among all the roles, Scarlett, is the most successful one who is full of conflicting and complicated features. This article analyzes the character of Scarlett from three aspects: the first one is her attitude towards life during the Civil War; the second one is the exterior and internal reasons for the shaping of her character; the last one is her attitude towards her love and marriage. The analysis aims at showing the eternal charm of the image, Scarlett in the novel.
[Key Words] Scarlett’s character; exterior reason; internal reason; Gone with the Wind
斯佳丽图片
浅析《飘》中思嘉丽的性格
[摘要] 《飘》是美国女作家玛格丽特.米切尔一生中创作的唯一的一部长篇小说，一经面世，其销售量立即打破了美国出版界的多项记录并一直在世界各地畅销不衰。小说以美国南北战争为背景着重描述塔拉农场主的女儿思嘉丽在战前战后的生活，同时通过思嘉丽与艾希礼、瑞德等人的感情纠葛为线索，为我们刻画了一幅壮观而又生动的南方社会的生活画面。小说不仅有丰富多彩的生活内容，而且具有纵横开阖的故事情节，跌宕起伏的矛盾冲突，为刻画人物性格起了重要的艺术作用。在作品塑造的众多富有特色的人物中，最成功的莫过于对女
主人公思嘉丽这一集矛盾、复杂、多面于一体的核心人物的塑造。本文拟从三个方面对思嘉丽性格特征进行分析。一是思嘉丽在内战前、内战期间、和内战后所表现出的生活态度；二就是思嘉丽性格形成的外部原因和内部原因；三是思嘉丽对爱情与婚姻的态度，从而展现了这一形象所赋予作品的永恒的魅力。
[关键词] 思嘉丽的性格；内因；外因；《飘》
正文开始：
1. Introduction
Gone with the Wind has been hailed as(被称赞为) a triumph of American literature and film. In1937, Margaret. Mitchell won Pulitzer Prize, for her sweeping portrayal of the crumbling of the Old South. Since then, the novel has sold millions of copies. The film, a production by David O.Selznick, exceeded all expectations, receiving critical and public acclaim that included an unprecedented ten Academy Awards.[1] Even today, Gone with the Wind, despite its many historical inaccuracies, forms the basis of American popular memory of the Old South in the years since the Civil War, but Margaret Mitchell’s tale is the one that is most deeply embedded in American culture. The novel mainly describes the life of Scarlett who is the daughter of Tara’s master around the American Civil War. Meanwhile with the hint of a triangular love between Scarlett, Ashley and Rhett, the novel depicts a wide and prosperous picture of the social life of the South in America. An important element of the story’s popularity is Scarlett O’Hara, the outstanding heroine who is full of conflicting and complicated features. This article analyzes the character of Scarlett from three aspects: the first one is her attitude towards life around the civil war; the second one is the exterior（外部的）and internal reasons for the shaping of her character; the last one is Scarlett’s attitude towards love and marriage. The analysis aims at showing the eternal charms of the image, Scarlett in the novel.
2. Scarlett’s Attitude towards Life
Scarlett has the strong courage to face fresh and blood and to overcome difficulties, but this wish of independence is not accepted by the society at that time. But in modern society, Scarlett is definitely an independent female who has strong will. She has the spirit of not admitting failure even it is at present.
2.1 Scarlett’s Rebellion against Social Restrictions限制
Scarlett is a hybrid混血的who exhibits more of her Irish father’s hard-headedness than her mother’s refined Southern manners. Although initially she tries to behave prettily, her instincts rise up against social restrictions.[2]
Girls at that time are taught such things as: a hearty appetite would never catch a man. Thus, when going to a party, they would stuff themselves with food at home. Then they would be able to eat only the daintiest morsels at the party. Also, women were taught to act ignorant, to hang on every word a man said as if she knew nothing herself, in order to make him feel superior. They were never to say what they actually thought. Scarlett’s mother Ellen and Mammy also teach her all that a gentlewoman should know, but Scarlett never learns nor does she see any reason for learning it. Scarlett shows her distain for the artificial manners: “I’m tired of everlastingly being unnatural and never doing anything I want to do. I’m tired of acting like I don’t eat more than a bird, and walking when I want to run and saying I feel faint after a waltz, when I could dance for two days and never get tired. I’m tired of saying, ‘How wonderful you are!’ to fool men who haven’t got one-half the sense I’ve got, and I’m tired of pretending I don’t know anyt hing, so men tell me things and feel important while they’re doing it. “Some day I’m going to do and say everything I
want to do and say, and if people don’t like it I don’t care.” She does as what she says with the development of the novel.
Scarlett does not like the other girls at that time, who lead a life of waiting, they wait for men’s allegiance and acceptance; they wait for love and they wait for appreciation and compliment.[4] Scarlett is completely different from them at all; instead, she strives for love and happiness actively. When she hears the news that the man she loves, Ashley will marry his cousin Melanie, she confesses her love for him without pudency and she even mentions of eloping with him. She knows she must let him understand her love, thus it is possible for her getting his love. Her action is not different from the modern people.
Scarlett hates the rules of the society. When she becomes a widow who has to wear black weeds and can’t show her face in the public, she is very displeased. So she accepts Rhett’s invitation to dance with him openly and undoubtedly at the charity ball. When people are talking about her and scolding her, she doesn’t care at all. After the war, in order to rebuild and protect Tara, she even goes outside to manage a sawmill herself and does other business successfully. Although people at that time can’t endure women to appear in public for earning money, especially to the men, they can’t tolerate the women who can defeat them. Scarlett disregards of what people sa y, but just does what she believes.
Scarlett’s success proves that woman has the same intelligence and brightness as men. And her action is a heavy blow to the society that is man-centered. Her effort also breaks the traditional prejudice, which is admired by many readers.
2.2 Changing Concepts for the New Life
2.2.1 Before the Civil War
Before the Civil War, spoiled and beautiful Scarlett is a proud princess. She is also na?ve and carefree for she is brought up in a rich family, in which they have many large fertile fields to grow cottons and many slaves that work for them. It is no necessary for her to think about anything but just to dress in new costumes to attract the sights of the boys and to join the balls.[5] Wherever she goes, she is always the focus and center among the young girls, and she is adored by many men, which irritates the other girls. So she gradually becomes a girl who is coddled, undisciplined, egotistic, fractious and narcissistic. She believes every man around the village will fall in love with her, and she can’t endure the talk without a topic of her. But her self-centered and exclusive character causes the tragedies of her love. After her failure to confess to Ashley, she doesn’t fall down or leave away which shows her courage for life at the first time.
2.2.2 During the Civil War
With the outbreak of the war, she loses everything she owns. War makes her become a widow who has to wear black weeds for her husband. In the summer of 1864, Sherman starts to attack Atlanta and everyone is fleeing the city. But Scarlett has to stay at Atlanta with Melanie for she has made a promise to Ashley to look after Melanie who is going into labor，she even braves the life danger to escort Melanie and her newly-born baby to go back to Tara in the flames of war. Her kindness conquers the selfishness, which shows her nice aspect. She is so horrible but she sticks to go back home, but what she sees in Tara is only the endless loneliness and desolation.
The war absolutely changes the way of her life and her affectionate homestead, Tara. The invasive Yankees destroy all of their treasure and cottons, leaving nothing but hunger to them. Her mother is dead and her father’s mind has gone; her two sisters and Melanie are ill; Melanie’s baby and her
own child need to be fed; only several perplexed black slaves do not know what to do either. Scarlett is the only one that the family can depend on. Scarlett can’t lead a life comfortably as a child any more, for the reason that no one can protect her from threat.
Scarlett changes her concepts for the new life. She lays down her position of a lady of noble birth and changes her concepts of the old Southern life. She wants to feed her family and herself through her own work, which shows her realistic character towards life. When her sisters and the house servants complain, Scarlett even works in the fields of Tara herself to ensure a good harvest of cotton. To her, the memory of hunger is clearer than the memory of brain. She vows her famous line, "As God as my witness I will never be hungry again.”
When others cannot face flesh and blood, but she believes that one must keep on working to alter the actuality. Thereupon, she adopts the new ways of living which change her from a young lady who must rely on the black slaves to enjoy her to a laborer who supports the whole family depending on her own working.[6] She walks personally to the destroyed Twelve Oaks to look for something to eat, and even uses her elegant hands to dig greens, to do excavation, to split the wood, to crush the milk, to pick cottons, even to plough the field which used to be done by slaves. Most shockingly, though, is when Scarlett kills a Yankee who comes in and tries to steal what’s left of their money, but Scarlett kills him and takes all of his money.
Scarlett is just different from those people like Ashley who always lives in the dreams of the old South and is unwilling to weak up for the new life. Although the life of the old South is colorful and yearning to most of the Southern people, it is already dead and people still have to seek new ways for living. Scarlett knows this very well. No matter how hard the life is and no matter what the new world is; she has to raise her whole family and protect them from starving and freezing to death.
2.2.3 After the Civil War
The war is finally over! But they are still in trouble; the Yankee carpetbaggers and southern scalawags have raised the taxes on Tara. Tara faces the danger of being bought away by the others. She must do something to save Tara. She tries all the ways to get money for Tara. After the failure of borrowing money from Rhett who is in the jail, she lures her sister’s lover Frank and marries him undoubtedly; never considering her sister’s feeling and her own sacrifice. She is so realistic that she even has no time to think about the future, but just resolves the problems at present. Although women at that time are not allowed to go outside to earn money, Scarlett sticks to managing the sawmill herself. She puts her all energy to the business. When she has no accompanier, she will drive the carriage herself even she is pregnant. She employs prisoners to work for her for less expenditure but more profit; she send out her money to mortgage as loan; she trades with black men for money; and she even cleans up the money from the widows. Though she has a bad reputation of having an eye to the main chance, she doesn’t care at all, for the reason that she feels so horrible about the memory of hunger, coldness, loneliness and danger again and again in the nightmares. She makes money to make sure the whole family to lead a life without worry for food and clothes. Rhett says Scarlett wants to get two things in the world: one is Ashley; the other is money for doing what she wants to do. After the war, she becomes a new-rich who is not necessary to worry about money any more and Melanie’s death gives her chance to be together with Ashley, but she suddenly finds that both before her face are not what she really wants. The man who really loves her and her loves is going away…
From 1920s to 1930s, America suffered from the most serious economic crisis in the history:
Factories were closed and many workers lost their jobs; Agriculture was lean and so many farmers left their land to seek new ways for living. What people should do? The women needing the book or watching the film in the 1930s were coming out of the Great Depression, and perhaps gained strength and inspiration from the characters in the story.[7]Certainly, Scarlett’s famous determination not to be hungry again encouraged most of the readers and audience.
3. Reasons for the Shaping of Scarlett’s Character
Portrayal of a character can’t be separated from the environment she or he is in, and the social environment plays the same important role as the natural environment to portray the characters of the figures. It is the same to portray the figure of Scarlett, which must also rely on both the social and the natural environment.[8]
3.1 The Exterior Reason
The transition of the living environment is the exterior reason for Scarlett’s changing her character, which causes Scarlett’s distinctive character. Before the war, Scarlett lives in the traditional and conservative plantation and the life style forms her plantation master’s character of loving land than anything else in the world and her rebellious character spontaneously.[9] She leads an extremely poor life during and after the war, and that abominable environment molds her character to confront the reality bravely; and her independence and selfishness to overcome difficulties. The rich life experience before war; the unstable life during the war and the extremely poor life after war provide the foundation to form the character of Scarlett. And thus in such environment, Scarlett’s character can be complicated.
3.2 The Internal Reason
Meanwhile the triangular love between Scarlett, Ashley and Rhett is another element to influence the developing of Scarlett’s character; it is also the internal reason for the mature of her character. Scarlett is in love with two men, one is Ashley, and the other is Rhett. She undergoes the love for Ashley from being blind to being stubborn and to being disillusioned, and she also experiences the change from being childish to mature. When she meets Ashley for the first sight, his mysterious and complex character attracts her, which is a kind of simple and childish emotion. However, when Ashley refuses her at Twelve Oaks, her pride and vanity is bruised strongly, which deepens her blind love for him, so does the war. Although she can’t understand Ashley’s ideas at all, she still regards him as a idealized lover obstinately. This unreal image supports her to stand up in the horrible environment and overcome difficulties in life. And because of this spirit backbone, she can confront the difficulties and setbacks in life. However, Scarlett cannot face the reality on the spirit aspect until the death of Melanie. Ashley is a man who still lives in the past and can’t face the reality. His cowardice and decadence break Scarlett’s dream, thus S carlett begins to understand that Ashley is not the man she wants, and at the same time her realistic character is displayed both on her spiritual life and material life.
At last, Scarlett realizes that Rhett and herself are the people with the same character, and he always loves her and supports for her. But Scarlett looks down upon him and mocks him, and she doesn’t know his love for her. However, she admits the common sense between them and she likes to be with him. Under the tolerance of Rhett, she shows her rebellion, her vanity and selfishness. She can’t realize her true feeling and she avoids facing the reality of the spirit. Until her dream for Ashley is broken and Rhett is too tired to love her and is going to leave her, she realizes the value of Rhett, but it is too late. Although her realistic character unites together both on the material and spiritual aspects and she realizes what the true love is, she must face the reality that Rhett willeave
her alone.
Life is filled with various contradictions, and when a contradiction is over; another is coming, so the plots of the story will develop further and the portrayed image will be more charming.
It is better to see her not being blown down. She always encourages herself that “Tomorrow is another day”and “Things always look better in the morning.”[10] She still believes that she cans get him back finally.
4. Scarlett’s Attitude towards Love and Marriage
Scarlett spends most of her life being adored and loved by others. Wherever she goes, she is always the center and focus among the girls. Although she marries three times, she never understands the meaning of love or gets the true love. In real life, love and marriage are often related with each other by most of people, because love is the foundation of marriage. But Scarlett divides them into two, which proves that she is a character full of contradictory and complexity. In the novel, Scarlett has been thinking that she loves Ashley and some decisions she made are also related with Ashley. However, she never considers marriage as a serious matter but just treats it as playgames, and she marries with the men she doesn’t love just in order to resolve living problems.
4.1 Scarlett’s Attitude towards her Marriages
Marriage is a serious matter and also a nice dream to most of the young girls, but Scarlett treats her marriage as playgames. Scarlett is so immature that she marries Charles Hamilton who she doesn’t love at all to hurt Ashley for her first marriage. From then on, she becomes a slave of love, and she loses the ability to distinguish what is right from wrong, which is the basis of her love tragedy.[11] The Civil War kills her first husband after two months of their marriage, and Scarlett becomes a widow at her sixteen years old. She endures the rules of being a widow, but the war changes her goal of life. In order to survive, to save Tara, she marries her sister’s lover by subterfuge once more. Not long after her second husband’s death, she marries Rhett for her third marriage. She thinks that marring him, she will never have to bother about money again and never to worry about money again, to know that Tara was safe, that the family was fed and clothed, that she would never again have to bruise herself against stonewalls.
4.2 Scarlett’s Bewilderment in Love
Scarlett falls in love with Ashley at her first sight. Through the relationship with Ashley she is affected by the love and all the struggles and lessons that go along with it. Scarlett loves Ashley because of all the young man she flirts with; he is the one who seems to have the strength of character she admires. The difference between Ashley and the other boys is that Ashley is well educated, intellectually, artistically and musically talented, and does not put him at the mercy of every pretty fac e. He is also tall and handsome, and somewhat aloof, Scarlett doesn’t understand anything he talks about, but she is drawn to his dignity and his old world charm. In fact, Scarlett doesn’t understand him at all. What she sees is just his surface merely, kn owing nothing about his disposition and thought.
Although Scarlett dislikes the people with weak character, she still loves Ashley. She regards him as her prince since she is a young girl and offers her pure love blindly. Even if she can’t get him, she never gives up or changes her love to him through the repeated tribulations. Her love to him is so loyal, clinging and self-sacrificing that she is willing to do anything for him. When Ashley is leaving away for the war, he asks Scarlett to look after his wife, Melanie, Scarlett is very depressed but she still complies. In order to keep promise to Ashley, Scarlett stays by the side of her lover’s wife in dangerous Atlanta and escorts her and her baby to Tara; unfortunately, her
dearest mother is dead before th e day she comes back. When the war is over, Ashley can’t adept the postwar new life, and he can’t do anything but just lives in the dreams of the past, and he even doesn’t have the ability to support his own family. However, Scarlett doesn’t look down upon him but she helps him support his family silently with her own money. In order to defend Ashley’s self-respect as a man, Scarlett undertakes the loss of money of her sawmill, which is given to her lover Ashley to manage,. She spends no time to accompany her husband and her children, for the reason that she is occupied by the thoughts of earning more money or making appointment with Ashley.
In fact, Scarlett is very different from Ashley. Scarlett is very brave, energetic, realistic, and she has enough courage to face any difficulties during and after the Civil War. Ashley is that kind of person who likes thinking rather than acting. He misses the life of the old South and he can’t adjust to the new life. Ashley loves nobody but himself. He marries Melanie not because he loves her but because they are alike and only he stays with Melanie, thus he can link himself with the past of the old days. Although Scarlett is strong on some aspects, she still needs someone to encourage and comfort her sometimes, that is to say Scarlett needs a man who is stronger than her. But Ashley can give her nothing, and he even shows his fear for the new life to her: “It isn’t that I mind splitting logs here in the mud, but I do mind what a stand is for. I do mind very much the loss of the beauty of the old life I loved. Scarlett, before the war, the life was beautiful. There was glamour in it, perfection and completeness and symmetry to it like Grecian art. Maybe it wasn’t so to everyone. I know that now. But to me, living at Twelve Oaks, there was a real beauty to living. I belonged in that life. I was part of it. And now it is gone, and I am out of place in this new life and I am afraid. Now I know that in the old days it was a shadow show I watched. I avoided everything which was not shadowy, people and situations which were too real, too vital”. Scarlett is alike Rhett very much: Both of them are the rebels of their families and the society of the South; they all oppose the feudal morals, and they all have the bourgeoisie merchant natural disposition, that is to say, they are all selfish and they will try all means to achieve their goals. They seem to be made for each other. In fact, Scarlett has already trusted in him and depended on him when she affiliates with him, but she doesn’t realize her love to him.
Rhett knows that Scarlett scorns men she can win easily, so Rhett refuses to show her she defeats him. He mocks her, argues with her, and eventually resorts to cruelty and indifference in order to win her. Even knowing about the true reason of Scarlett’s marriage to him, Rhett still loves her and dotes on her, acting as parent to Scarlett throughout the novel-guiding her out of mourning, comforting her from bad nightmares. Rhett to Scarlett, in the final scene: "You were such a child, my dear, I wanted to marry you and protect you".[13] He understands Scarlett very much, so he gives her all supports he can. He encourages her to shun social customs and gives her money to start her own business. He wants to drive Ashley out of Scarl ett’s hearts, but after a long time with his best efforts, he still cannot change her and make her understand his love for her. He feels pain and tired at last. He compares Scarlett to a child crying for the moon: “I’m sorry for you-sorry to see you throwing away happiness with both hands and reaching out for something that would never make you happy…”[14]
Scarlett’s idealization of Ashley slowly fades as time goes on, and she finally sees that the Ashley she loves is not a real man but a man embellished an d adorned by her imagination. “I love something I made up, something that’s just as dead as Melly is. I made a pretty suit of clothes and fell in love with it. And when Ashley came riding along, so handsome, so difference, I put that
suiton him and made hi m wear it whether it fitted him or not. And I wouldn’t see what he really was. I kept on loving the pretty clothes-and not him at all.”[15] After Melanie’ death, Scarlett finds that Ashley has never loved for Melanie, to him, she is only a dream that he lived and breathed and did not die in the face of reality. Scarlett finds him only a coward who will depend on her in the future without Melanie. Then she knows that the heaven she has sought in dreams, the place of warm safety, which has always been hidden from her in the mist. It is not Ashley! Scarlett can’t get any warmth and security from Ashley. It is Rhett who has strong arms to hold her, a broad chest to pillow her tired head, jeering laughter to pull her affairs into proper perspective. And he completely understands her, because he, like her, sees truth as truth, unobstructed by impractical notions of honor, sacrifice, or high belief in human nature.
For years Scarlett has had her back against the stone wall of Rhett’s love. Rhett loves her, understands her, ready to help her. Rhett at the bazaar reads her impatience in her eyes and leads her out the reel; Rhett helps her out of the bondage of mourning; Rhett conveys her through the fire and explosions the night Atlanta fell; Rhett lends her the money, Rhett comforts her when she wakes up in the nights crying with fright from her horrible dreams. No man does such things without loving a woman to distraction.
Scarlett comes to her sense at last. She wants to tell him everything; she wants to tell him she loves him and she wants to gain his love to her. But it’s too late. Her lovely daughter is dead; Rhett is worn out and decides to go away. “Oh, my darling, if you go, what shall I do?” He said: “My dear, I don’t give a damn.”[16] Suddenly, her great house becomes a tomb, and her wealth has already lost the significance to her. What Scarlett loses is not only her love but also her soul, although she owns too many things on the aspect of materials. And it just likes a cup; she just gets hold of it on the left hand, but then loses it on the right hand.
However, she is able to handle the tragedies by thinking about them “tomorrow is another day” and “things always look better in the morning”. She wants to return to Tara, the source of her strength, and she believes that she can get Rhett back confidently.
5. Conclusion
The three parts above analyze the features and reasons of Scarlett’s complex character. The figure of Scarlett is real and vivid and the image of Scarlett’s portrayed by the author corresponds to the logic of the developing of the figure’s character, which is real and full of appeal, and that is enough to prove that Gone with the Wind is a masterpiece, charming and valuable.
Joozone Editor's Bibliography
[1]隋红升扬怡人，《飘》中的家园意识探究[J]，宁波大学学报，2005, 18(1)，P63
[2] 李培峰周蓉，论思嘉的现实主义性格特征[J]，新疆教育学院学报，1999, 15(1), P87
[3][10][12][13][15][16] Margaret Mitchell，Gone with the Wind[M], New York: A Time Warner Company, 1993, P81, P956, P519, P1016, P1004, P1023
[4] 邓玉芬，斯佳丽：“飘”不走的梦和人-对《乱世佳人》的女性主义解读[J]，湖南科技学院学报，2005, 26(2), P183
[5] 施经碧，适者生存—简析《飘》的主题[J]，南京理工大学学报（社会科学版），2004, 17(2), 本文来自作文地带:https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c715910145.html,/BilingualNews/Original/2559_9.html
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目录 摘要 (2) ABSTRACT (3) 正文 (4) 一、完全信息讨价还价 (4) 二、不完全信息下的讨价还价 (6) 三、总结 (7) 参考文献 (7) 附录一 (8)
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Viewing from the bargaining, market economy Abstract This paper expounds the bargaining game theory in the application of theory. Main under complete information and incomplete information, further according to different situation, comprehensive introduction to bargaining model in theory and application. Bargaining as the most common, ordinary things in market economy, as well as the most classical game theory of dynamic game problems. Is full of "bargain" in real economic situations, big to trade agreements between countries and agreed on the price of small to individual consumers and retailers, and manufacturers and the unions wage agreement between, between property developers and buyers about the determination of prices, various types of negotiation, and so on. This is actually a game between two agents, can also read the bargain as a strategy choice problem, namely how to divide the two players of the correlation between income problem. Key words:Game theory Argy-bargy, Game tree
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人物分析论文大纲怎么写 关于人物分析论文大纲怎么写，下面文章告诉你。 小说中的人物描写是为表现人物性格，揭示作品主题思想服务的。阅读时只有了 解了人物描写的方法和作用，把握人物性格特点，才能深刻理解文章的思想内容。在 写作人物分析论文之前需要拟定大纲，接下来我们就来看看人物分析论文大纲怎么写。 拟订写作提纲。 拟订写作提纲是论文写作的开始。提纲是论文的雏形，通过它把论文的主要观点 和结构用文字固定、明确下来，使论文构思更完善，起到组织材料、思考缜密、防止 遗漏的作用。在提纲的拟订的过程中，要完成下面几项工作。 (1)明确文章的中心论点和分论点。 中心论点也叫总论点。它是作者将要在文章中阐述的核心观点。文章里的全部材 料都是为它服务的。中心论点在文章中就像血脉一样贯通全篇。但是，要想把中心论 点阐述得具体、切实，就得分解成若干个分论点。分解中心论点的根据一定要明确、 统一，前后一致。分解出的分论点，既要有紧密的内在联系，又要有外在的序列形式。每个分论点都是中心论点的构成部分，几个分论点的综合就是中心论点。全文就是根 据分论点的序列展开的。 (2)安排分论点的的序列。 明确了有几个分论点以后，要把它们排列起来。安排时，要根据中心论点的需要 和分论点的内在关系作全面分析。可以分成几个方面一一论述，也可以由主到次，由 大到小，由轻到重地论述。这也就是前面所讲的两种情况，并列关系和递进关系。 (3)材料对号入座。 把将要写到文章里的材料，根据分论点的需要分组，属于同一分论点的材料放在 一组。有几个分论点，就有几组材料。到撰写时，写到哪个分论点，就自然用到哪个 材料。 进行了上述工作之后，要形成具体的写作提纲。常用的提纲类型有两种： 第一，列项式提纲：粗线条地搭起全文的框架。用简洁、概括的词组、句子、材 料序号，把中心论点、分论点、材料一一排开，制成一个草图。例如论文“浅析学生掌 握几何概念过程中的思维障碍及其对策”的列项式提纲如下： 分析产生障碍的原因，探讨排除障碍的方法(中心论点)
英语电影赏析论文
华北科技学院 “英语电影赏析”课程论 文 题目 学院 专业班级 学号 学生姓名 任课教师 完成时间
【Theme】 Titanic an epic romance, directed by James Cameron, starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet, American 20th Century Fox and Paramount Pictures Corporation jointly funded. Film in 1912, the Titanic in the virgin sail rocks an iceberg and sank in the event as the background, describes in different sectors of the two - the poor painter Jack and noble woman Ruth abandon worldly prejudice fall in love and eventually Jack put the chance of life to the Ruth's touching story. 【Genre】 Obviously, the Titanic is a Hollywood blockbuster, but also can be said to be a disaster movie and love film mixed. The smart Cameron with the 3D version of the Titanic successfully opened up a new commercial film type - conversion film. This film completely abandoned the approach taken, directly in have into a piece of film fabrication, analysis and processing every frame image, to import set in advance good depth of field scene, so that the original three-dimensional image plane. This film is the original new trees flower, transformed into a stylish 3D
博弈论课文翻译
搏弈论 阿维纳什?迪克斯特&巴里?内尔巴夫 1搏弈是有关策略的科学。它试图以数学和逻辑的方法来帮助搏弈者作出决策，在一系列纷繁复杂的搏弈中应采取何种策略来保证自己获得最大利益。搏弈论研究的搏弈的范围包括了从下棋到抚育儿童，从网球竞技到公司转手。但是所有的博弈都具有一个共同的特征：相互作用。也就是说,每一个博弈者的博弈结果取决于所有博弈参与者的策略选择。在零和搏弈中，搏弈者的利益之间是完全冲突的，因此一方的得利必然导致另一方的损失。更多具有代表性的例子还有会导致共同得利(正和)搏弈和共同损失(负和)搏弈，同样的情况还会发生在另外一些冲突中。 2搏弈论研究的先驱者是普林斯顿数学家约翰?冯?诺依曼。在早先的一段时间里，研究的重点被放在了完全冲突(零和)搏弈(非合作搏弈)上，其他的搏弈当时被认为是以合作形式出现。也就是说，搏弈要求参与者共同地选择和实施他们的行为.最近的研究则把重点放在了那些既不属于零和搏弈也不属于绝对合作搏弈的情况上，在这些搏弈中，搏弈者自主地选择搏弈行为，但他们之间的相互关系中充满了合作与竞争。 3搏弈行为与我们在中性环境中所作的各种决定有着根本性的不同。要说明这一点，我们可以思考一下伐木工人和军队将军所作决定之间的不同。当伐木工人决定要如何砍树时，他不会考虑树木本身会有什么反抗，他所处的环境为中性。而当将军决定要消灭敌军时，他必须提前预料到并消除敌军的反抗。与这一例子中的将军相类似，一个搏弈者必须认识到他与其他机智且怀有争胜之心的竞争者之间的相互作用，他自己所作的决定也必须能够同时应对可能出现的合作或冲突。‖ 4搏弈的实质是搏弈者采取策略之间的相互依赖性。这种策略性的相互依赖表现为两个不同的类别：连续策略之间的相互作用以及联立策略之间的相互作用。就前者而言，搏弈者依次采取行动，每个人都会注意其他搏弈者先前的行为。就后者而言，搏弈者同时采取行动，每个人都会忽略其他搏弈者当前的行为。 5对连续策略博弈中的某一博弈这来说，一个普遍的原则就是放眼前方，及时反思和总结。每个博弈者应该弄清楚其他博弈者会对他当前的策略行为做出怎样的回应，他自己将如何应对等情况。博弈者要预料到他的最初决定会最终导致何种结果，并且运用对形势的判断来计划好当前的最佳策略。在考虑其他博弈者会如何应对时，博弈者必须能设身处地地换位思考，而不能把自己的主观判断强加与人。 6从理论上说，采取固定次序行动的任何连续博弈都可以圆满地完成。我们可以通过预测每个可能的结果来决定各个博弈者的最佳策略。例如象井字棋(tic-tac-toe)这样的简单游戏由于可以以这样的方式完成，因而并不具有挑战性。但诸如象象棋等的其他博弈，即使是借助电脑的帮助，由于其本身的计算过程过于复杂而难以在实践中去实施。因此，博弈者往往会会依据经验提前对形势作出判断并尽可能的评估最终的局面。 7与连续策略博弈的线形思维不同的是，采取共发性策略的博弈要求逻辑思维。在忽略其他参与者当前策略的情况下，尽管博弈者们同时采取行动，每一个参与者必须清楚的意识同时还会有其他的参与者在依次关注整个博弈过程。这时的思维模式可描述为：我想他认为我会这样考虑…。因此，博弈者必须从全体博弈者的立场出发并努力判断出最终的博弈结果。每个参与者的个人最佳行为都是全局谋划中不可或缺的一部分。 8运用普林斯顿数学家约翰?纳什提出的均衡概念，可以推导出这种逻辑思维的结论。我们寻求一系列的策略组合，每个博弈者都会有自己的选择，当所有的对手们在实施他们决定的最佳策略时，我们所做的选择应该对自己是最有利的。换句话说，每个博弈者都会对其他人的策略作出最优化的应对。
苔丝的人物形象分析论文
高等教育自学考试本科 毕业论文（设计）题目：浅析苔丝人物形象分析 专业：英语教育 学生姓名：王丽珍 准考证号： 216714100021 指导教师：郭晓华 二零一五年四月十日
目录 摘要 (1) 引言 (1) 一、苔丝的纯洁与资产阶级的虚伪 (2) 二、苔丝的善良与宗教的伪善和法律的不公 (3) 三、苔丝的悲剧和自我道德意识 (4) 四、结论 (5) 参考文献 (6)
苔丝的人物形象分析 ———其悲剧的必然性 摘要英国著名作家托玛斯.哈代最伟大的小说《德伯家的苔丝》描写的是贫穷的农家女子苔丝的悲剧性命运。造成小说主人公苔丝悲剧的原因历来为人们所关注。本文将从社会的角度解读苔丝的悲剧。本文认为苔丝的悲剧是在宗法制社会的毁灭与资本主义社会的胜利这一历史演变过程中形成的。苔丝的悲剧是一个纯洁、善良的女子被资产阶级腐朽的伦理道德、伪善的宗教以及不公正的法律制度所毁灭的悲剧；而苔丝自身的资产阶级道德与宗教道德意识也在一定程度上造成了自己的悲剧。此外，苔丝的悲剧还有其它方面的因素。就苔丝本人而言，其源自农家女孩纯洁天性的种种选择往往成为与资本主义社会相违背的超越行为，这种对社会现实的超越导致了苔丝的悲剧。 关键词苔丝形象分析悲剧 Abstract：Tess of the D'urbervilles, the greatest novel of British famous writer Thomas Hardy, describes the misfortune of a poor peasant girl Tess, the cause of which has always been the concern of people. This passage will inquire into the cause of her tragedy from a social point of view. In this passage, we can know the tragedy of Tess takes shape from a social developing procession, in which the traditional society exterminated and the bourgeois society had a victory. Tess's death is a typical representative of the misfortune of the peasants because of the bourgeo is invading. Her miserable life reflects all kinds of sufferings of the impoverished peasants who have to turn workers. Besides, Her tragedy still lies in some other factors. Considering Tess herself, as a pure girl of the peasant nature, her choices go beyond bougeois society, which naturally leads to her tragedy. Key words:Tess；image Analysis；tragedy
生活中的博弈论论文
生活中的博弈论 这学期我在人文课的选择上，我选了“生活中的博弈论”这门课。本来以为会很枯燥乏味，现在课要结束了，回想起来觉得还是挺有趣的。其中含有很浓的智慧气息，趣味横生。下面就是我关于这门课的小论文。 我们首先就会问，什么是博弈论？其实就是研究个体如何在错综复杂的相互影响中得出最合理的策略。生活中每个人，其每一个行为如同在一张看不见的棋盘上布一个子，精明慎重的棋手们相互揣摩、相互牵制，人人争赢，下出诸多精彩纷呈、变化多端的棋局。博弈论是研究棋手们“出棋”着数中理性化、逻辑化的部分，并将其系统化为一门科学。事实上，博弈论正是衍生于古老的游戏或曰博弈如象棋、扑克等。数学家们将具体的问题抽象化，通过建立完备的逻辑框架、体系研究其规律及变化。这可不是件容易的事情，以最简单的二人对弈为例，稍想一下便知此中大有玄妙：若假设双方都精确地记得自己和对手的每一步棋且都是最“理性”的棋手，甲出子的时候，为了赢棋，得仔细考虑乙的想法，而乙出子时也得考虑甲的想法，所以甲还得想到乙在想他的想法，乙当然也知道甲想到了他在想甲的想法… 博弈论怎样着手分析解决问题，怎样对作为现实归纳的抽象数学问题求出最优解、从而为在理论上指导实践提供可能性呢？现代博弈理论由匈牙利大数学家冯·诺伊曼于20世纪20年代开始创立，1944年他与经济学家奥斯卡·摩根斯特恩合作出版的巨著《博弈论与经济行为》，标志着现代系统博弈理论的初步形成。
博弈论是指某个个人或是组织，面对一定的环境条件，在一定的规则约束下，依靠所掌握的信息，从各自选择的行为或是策略进行选择并加以实施，并从各自取得相应结果或收益的过程，博弈论经过了这么多年的发展已经完善成为一门十分重要的经济学分支学科，不管是在结构分析还是决策预测等方面都发挥着越来越重要的作用，尤其对于理性人来说懂得如何博弈就显得越发重要。 下面我说一下我个人的想法。博弈其实就是一种游戏，是如何做出对自己有利选择的游戏，但又区别于传统的如体育运动、下棋、打牌等游戏，同时又和这些有些有本质的共同特征，如都有一定的规则，都有一个结果，策略至关重要，同时策略和得益有相互依存性，游戏者不同的策略会带来不同的结果。这样看来博弈好像和我们身边普通的游戏是一样的，其实这并不奇怪，其实博弈本身的含义就是博弈参与者在一定的规则条件下选择相应的策略以期获得足够的利益的过程，这和传统的游戏是相通的，如最常见的斗地主，就是在一定的规则下（如连牌至少5张一连等等），选择如何出牌（出牌的组合以及出牌的顺序等等）而获胜（当然也可能输）的过程，这本身就是一个三方博弈的过程。 为了能够了解博弈的含义，那么下面我们来看一下经典的博弈模型。 需要提到的当然是任何与博弈有关的书籍中都会讲到的“囚徒困境”。
英文电影赏析课程标准
《英文电影赏析》课程标准 课程中文名称：英文电影赏析 课程英文名称： English Film Appreciation 课程编号： 学分： 1 学时：16 课程性质：公共选修课 课程类别：通识课 面向对象：全院学生专业：不限 考核方式：考查 一、课程描述 本课程旨在培养学生审美情趣，开拓学生视野，提高学生的文化艺术修养，并进一步促进英语的听说能力。本课程通过介绍相应影片故事背景，讲解重点词汇和句型，欣赏经典台词、评析影片所表现的主题等环节，教授学生英文电影的基本知识,培养学生欣赏和分析英文电影的能力。增强我校学生欣赏英美原版电影的能力和水平，加深他们对英美文化社会的了解，提高他们在真实语境中的听说能力和交际能力。在此过程中学生的语言技能和对英语国家文化的理解也会得到进一步的提升。 二、课程能力目标 1、素质和方法能力目标 (1)培养学生必要的政治素质。 (2)使学生具备一定的学业和社会意识。 (3)培养学生必备的人文素养和健康的身心。 (4)培养学生良好的职业道德。 (5)培养学生的学习能力。 2、职业精神和社会能力目标 (1)培养学生的沟通能力及团队协作精神。 (2)培养学生积极思考、勇于创新的学习作风。 (3)培养学生的安全意识，荣誉、责任意识和环境保护意识。 (4)培养学生分析问题、解决问题的能力。 (5)培养学生的交际和沟通能力。 (6)培养学生初步的管理能力和信息处理能力。 3、知识和专业能力目标 (1)了解英语的应用广度，增强英语学习的动力。
(2)掌握词汇、句型结构以及主要语法基础知识。 (3)了解英语听力的常用技巧，及时、准确抓住信息点。 (4)掌握英语的应用场合，准确、恰当地运用英语进行日常交际。 (5)培养学生欣赏和分析英文电影的能力。 (6)提升学生的语言运用技能。 (7)理解并学习英语国家的文化。 三、课程内容 本课程以每次课一部电影的讲解，向学生展现英美文化，了解异国的文化风俗和风土人情，并提高学生的听力能力。每次课程通过以下几个环节来实施： 电影背景知识及故事梗概 主要演员及导演介绍 精彩部分节选赏析 语言和文化差异疑难点讲解 影片的评论及主题的提炼 重点：理解电影主题 难点：掌握语言和文化的难点 四、教学实践环节 五、时间分配