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电机学专外原文和翻译

电机学专外原文和翻译
电机学专外原文和翻译

Introduction to D.C Machines

A D.C machines is made up of two basic components:

-The stator which is the stationary part of the machine. It consists of the following elements: a yoke inside a frame; excitation poles and winding; commutating poles (composes) and winding; end shield with ball or sliding bearings; brushes and brush holders; the terminal box.

-The rotor which is the moving part of the machine. It is made up of a core mounted on the machine shaft. This core has uniformly spaced slots into which the armature winding is fitted. A commutator, and often a fan, is also located on the machine shaft.

The frame is fixed to the floor by means of a bedplate and bolts. On low power machines the frame and yoke are one and the same components, through which the magnetic flux produced by the excitation poles closes. The frame and yoke are built of cast iron or cast steel or sometimes from welded steel plates.

In low-power and controlled rectifier-supplied machines the yoke is built up of thin (0.5~1mm) laminated iron sheets. The yoke is usually mounted inside a non-ferromagnetic frame (usually made of aluminum alloys, to keep down the weight). To either side of the frame there are bolted two end shields, which contain the ball or sliding bearings.

The (main)excitation poles are built from 0.5~1mm iron sheets held together by riveted bolts. The poles are fixed into the frame by means of bolts. They support the windings carrying the excitation current.

On the rotor side, at the end of the pole core is the so-called pole-shoe that is meant to facilitate a given distribution of the magnetic flux through the air gap. The winding is placed inside an insulated frame mounted on the core, and secured by the pole-shoe.

The excitation windings are made of insulated round or rectangular conductors, and are connected either in series or in parallel. The windings are liked in such a way that the magnetic flux of one pole crossing the air gap is directed from the pole-shoe towards the armature (North Pole), which the flux of the next pole is directed from the armature to the pole-shoe (South Pole).

The commutating poles, like the main poles, consist of a core ending in the pole-shoe and a winding wound round the core. They are located on the symmetry (neutral) axis between two main poles, and bolted on the yoke. Commutating poles are built either of cast-iron or iron sheets.

The windings of the commutating poles are also made from insulated round or rectangular conductors. They are connected either in series or in parallel and carry the machine's main current.

The rotor core is built of 0.5~1mm silicon-alloy sheets. The sheets are insulated from one another by a thin film of varnish or by an oxide coating. Both some 0.03~0.05mm thick. The purpose is to ensure a reduction of the eddy currents that arise in the core when it rotates inside the magnetic field. These currents cause energy losses that turn into heat. In solid cores, these losses could become very high, reducing machine efficiency and producing intense heating.

The rotor core consists of a few packets of metal sheet. Redial or axial cooling ducts (8~10mm inside) are inserted between the packets to give better cooling. Pressure is exerted to both side of the core by pressing devices foxed on to the shaft. The length of the rotor usually exceeds that of the poles by 2~5mm on either side-the effect being to minimize the variations in magnetic permeability caused by axial armature displacement. The periphery of the rotor is provided with teeth and slots into which the armature winding is inserted.

The rotor winding consists either of coils wound directly in the rotor slots by means of specially designed machines or coils already formed. The winding is carefully insulated, and it secured within the slots by means of wedges made of wood or other insulating material.

The winding overcharge are bent over and tied to one another with steel wire in order to resist the deformation that could be caused by the centrifugal force.

The coil-junctions of the rotor winding are connected to the commutator mounted on the armature shaft. The commutator is cylinder made of small copper. Segments insulated from one another, and also from the clamping elements by a layer of minacity. The ends of the rotor coil are soldered to each segment.

On low-power machines, the commutator segments form a single unit, insulated from one another by means of a synthetic resin such as Bakelite.

To link the armature winding to fixed machine terminals, a set of carbon brushes slide on the commutator surface by means of brush holders. The brushes contact the commutator segments with a constant pressure ensured by a spring and lever. Clamps mounted on the end shields support the brush holders.

The brushes are connected electrically-with the odd-numbered brushes connected to one terminal of the machine and the even-numbered brushes to the other. The brushes are equally spaced round the periphery of the commutator-the number of rows of brushes being equal to the number of excitation poles.

直流电机的介绍

一个直流电机是由两个基本元素组成:

-定子是电机固定的部分。它由以下基础组成;在结构中有一个磁轭;励磁磁极和绕组;换向极和绕组;有滑动轴承的端罩;电刷和电刷固定器;出线盒。

-转子是电机旋转的部分。它构成了一个中心,这个中心是安放在设备轴上并且已经平均地隔开,把电枢绕组放入槽中。还有一个换向器和一个风扇组成,被放在设备的轴上。

它用螺栓和底座固定在地板上。低压电机的磁轭和本身的结构是一体的,穿过励磁磁极闭合而产生的磁通量。它的结构和磁轭是用生铁和铸钢制造成的,有时候也用焊接的钢板。在低压和可控补偿整流器电机中,磁轭是由0.5~1毫米的薄铁板制成的。磁轭经常被安放在一个非铁磁性的结构内(通常是由铝合金制成,为了缩减重量)。在内部有两个端盖并且都包含球体和滑动轴承。

励磁磁极由用0.5~1mm的铁片通过用螺栓钉牢互相支撑。磁极被放入结构内的依靠螺栓固定。它们支撑绕组,让它运送励磁流动。在电枢上,磁极铁心的末端是极靴,它通过气隙有助于磁通量的分布。绕组被放置在一个绝缘结构内的中心处,被极靴保护。

励磁绕组是由绝热的圆形物或矩形的导体制成,并且和另一个连续或平行的相连接。绕组是以一个磁极的磁通量穿过气隙,然后被指引由极靴向电枢(北极),下一个磁极的磁通量由电枢到极靴(南极)。换向极的磁极就像主磁极,它组成了一个中心,末端在极靴中并且一个绕组绕在中心周围。它们被放在两个主磁极中间的对称轴,拴在磁轭上。换向极的磁极是由生铁或铸铁制成。换向极的绕组是由周围绝缘的或垂直的导线制成。它们相互平行或首尾连接,带动设备的主电流。

转子的中心是由0.5~1毫米硅合金薄板制成。薄板是通过清漆薄膜或氧化物涂层和其他物质绝缘。绝缘物质厚度为0.03~0.05毫米。目的是当它在磁场中旋转时涡流升高时,减少涡流。它变得很热将导致能量损失。在实心物的中心,它损失得很高,减少电机的效率和产生剧烈的热量。转子的中心包含了一些金属薄片。轴向的冷却管(8~10毫米)被嵌在金属薄片中给它更好的冷却。压力施加在中心的两端。转子的长度超过磁极2~5毫米,作用是减少磁力渗透性导致的轴向位移。转子的外围提供了槽放入电枢绕组。每个转子绕组包含了一个线圈直接绕在转子槽中依靠特殊设计机械或成行的线圈。绕组是绝缘的,依靠木制的或绝缘物质制成的槽楔保护它。绕组过载是其弯曲,用钢丝相互连接为了抵抗由地心引力产生的变形。转子绕组的线圈交叉点连接到放在电枢轴的换向器上。换向器是圆柱体含有少量的铜。换向片是绝缘的。转子线圈被焊接在换向片上。低压电机的换向器片被分割成一个独立的单元,依靠合成树脂互相绝缘,例如人造

树脂。为了连接电枢绕组固定接线端,一组电刷在换向器的表面上依靠支架滑动。电刷通过弹簧给予不变的压力连接换向片。卡钉安放在端盖上并且支撑碳刷支架。奇数的炭刷连接到电机的一个接线端上,偶数的炭刷连接到另一个接线端上。炭刷围绕换向器的外围等距隔开,有多少排炭刷就有等量的励磁磁极。

英文文献翻译

中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离,该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好,但是其需要消耗大量的时间,并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时,这些问题显得更加突出。近年来,几种制备系统已经进行了改进,能将分离时间减少到1-3h,并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥(使用薄层色谱分析进行分析)。在这些方法中,在我们的实验室中,媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近,我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术,可用于反应产物的常规提纯,我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等(ΔR f≥),而且构建这个系统花费非常低,并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础,专门针对快速分离,介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的,优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本,放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内,使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间(r)和峰宽(w,w/2)的比率进行测定的(Figure 1),结果如图2-4所示,图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。

《穿井得一人、杞人忧天人》选择、文言现象、翻译习题及答案【部编版七上24课】

《穿井得一人、杞人忧天》习题及答案【部编版七上第24课】 班级:姓名: 题型:【选择题】【文言现象:通假字、古今异义、词类活用、一词多义、文言句式】【重点句子翻译】 一、选择题: 1、下列句中“若”的用法和意义不同的一项是() A.求闻之若此 B.不若无闻也 C.若屈伸呼吸 D.未若柳絮因风起 2、下列句中“闻”的用法和意义不同的一项是() A.不若无闻也 B.有闻而传之者 C.闻之于宋君 D.闻之,欣然规往 3、下列句中“之”的用法和意义不同的一项是() A.宋之丁氏 B.国人道之 C.闻之于宋君 D.宋君令人问之于丁氏 4、下列各句中与其他选项句式特点不同的一项是() A.至于负者歌于途 B.宋君令人问之于丁氏 C.非得一人于井中也 D.闻之于宋君 5、下列各句中不含通假字的一项是() A.尊君在不 B.身亡所寄 C.其人舍然大喜 D.因往晓之。 6、下列各句中“之”的用法不同的一项是() A.宋之丁氏 B.又数刀毙之。 C.禽兽之变诈几何哉 D.得一人之使 7、下列加点词语不属于古今异义的一项是() A.可以 ..讲论文义 ..为师矣 B. 与儿女

C.其人舍然大喜 .. .. D.亦不能有所中伤 8、下列加点词解释错误的一项是() A.身亡.所寄,废寝食者。(亡:同“无”,没有) B.奈何 ..忧崩坠乎?(奈何:为何,为什么) C.若.屈伸呼吸(若:假如) D.只使坠,亦不能有所中伤 ..。(中伤:伤害) 9、下列加点词词意思用法相同的一项是() A.其人舍.然大喜太丘舍.去 B.日.月星宿吾日.三省吾身 C.终日在天中行止.止.增笑耳 D.因往晓之.求闻之.若此 10、下列各句中句式特点不同的一项是() A.即公大兄无奕女,左将军王凝之妻也。 B.地,积块耳 C.日中不至,则是无信。 D. 宋君令人问之于丁氏 11、对《穿井得一人》的寓意说法有误的一项是() A、不要轻信流言蜚语。 B、一家之言,经再三转述,往往会丧失原义。 C、对于别人的话,要注意实地调查,掌握第一手材料。 D、要勇于揭穿别人的谎言。 12、下面句子中“杞人忧天”这一成语使用错误的一项是() A.许多科幻书对地球的前景都抱着一种悲观的态度,这并非杞人忧天,如果我们不注意保护环境,科幻书中所描绘的情景就会成为可怕的现实。 B.只因为被拉黑的人数少,就觉得制裁不文明旅游者没有除恶务尽,那是一种典型的杞人忧天。 C.日本政府于2001年制定了“今后50年内诞生30名左右诺贝尔奖得主”的目标,针对此事韩国媒体用了杞人忧天来形容。

计算机网络-外文文献-外文翻译-英文文献-新技术的计算机网络

New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.

(完整版)《杞人忧天》标准翻译及课文理解

部编版语文七上《寓言四则》第四则《杞人忧天》标准翻译及课文理解 杞人忧天 《列子》 杞国有人忧天地崩坠,身亡(wú)所寄,废寝食者。 又有忧彼之所忧者,因往晓之,曰:“天,积气耳,亡处亡气。若屈伸呼吸,终日在天中行止,奈何忧崩坠乎?” 其人曰:“天果积气,日月星宿(xiù),不当坠耶?” 晓之者曰:“日月星宿,亦积气中之有光耀者,只使坠,亦不能有所中(zhòng)伤。” 其人曰:“奈地坏何?” 晓之者曰:“地,积块耳,充塞四虚,亡处亡块。若躇(chú)步跐(cǐ)蹈,终日在地上行止,奈何忧其坏?” 其人舍(shì)然大喜,晓之者亦舍然大喜。 崩坠:崩塌陷落。亡:无,没有。 寄:依靠,依附。晓:告知,开导。 积气:聚积的气体。若:你。 行止:行动,活动。奈何:为何,为什么。 果:如果。星宿:星辰,天上的星星。 只使:纵使,即使。中伤:伤害。 积块:聚积的土块。四虚:四方。 躇步跐蹈:这四个字都是踩、踏的意思。 舍然:消除疑虑的样子。舍,通“释”,解除、消除。

杞国有个人担忧天会崩塌地会陷落,自己无处容身,以至于整天睡不好觉,吃不下饭。 另外又有个人为这个杞国人的担心而担心,就去开导他,说:“天,不过是积聚的气体罢了,没有一个地方没有气的。你一举一动,一呼一吸,整天都在天空里活动,怎么还担心天会塌下来呢?” 那个人说:“天如果真的是积聚的气体,那日月星辰不就会掉下来吗?” 开导他的人说:“日月星辰也是气积聚的东西中那些能发光的,即使掉下来,也不会有什么伤害。” 那个人又说:“地陷下去怎么办?” 开导他的人说:“地不过是堆积的土块罢了,填满了各方的虚空之处,没有一个地方是没有土块的。你踏步行走,整天都在地上活动,怎么还担心地会陷下去呢?” 那个杞国人放心了,非常高兴;开导他的人也放心了,非常高兴。 评价(现实意义) 在人类还没有完全认识自然界之前,一个人提出任何疑问,其勤学好问、勇于探索的精神本身无所谓错误。可是杞人成天为这个问题烦恼忧愁,而影响到自己的现实身心生活就不对了。未来有很多会发生和不会发生的事情,我们成天只是担忧有什么用?关键是多学知识,了解自然,做好防范。 “世上本无事,庸人自扰之。”现代社会是一个竞争激烈的社会,具有良好的心态和健康的心理状况对于一个人的发展是极其重要的。我们平时要注意分析

3英文文献及翻译格式示例

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归去来兮辞原文翻译及讲析

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