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The First Chapter Introduction翻译

The First Chapter  Introduction翻译
The First Chapter  Introduction翻译

目录

Abstract (2)

The First Chapter Introduction (3)

1 a synthesis of professional (3)

2 the development of professional education (4)

The Second Chapter Technology (7)

1 Introduction (7)

2 Cellular Radio System (9)

摘要 (13)

第一部分介绍 (14)

1 专业综合介绍 (14)

2 专业教育发展状况 (15)

第二章技术 (17)

1 概述 (17)

2 蜂窝无线系统 (18)

Abstract

Electronic and Information Engineering tentacles all walks of life, small to a switch designed to study aerospace aircraft, has its shadow. The professional students can be engaged in the Electronic and Information Engineering and operation of the system, automatic control, power electronics technology, information processing, testing technology, research and development, electronic and computer technology applications in areas such as the work is"compound" High engineering and technical personnel. High-level talents in the field of high demand.It is estimated that with the entry of large foreign enterprises in the fields of expertise will be a big gap, then there is likely to personnel shortage.

Cellular communication systems allow a large number of mobile users to seamlessly and simultaneously communicate to wireless modems at fixed base stations using a limited amount of radio frequency (RF) spectrum. The RF transmissions received at the base stations from each mobile are translated to baseband, or to a wideband microwave link, and relayed to mobile switching centers (MSC), which connect the mobile transmissions with the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Similarly, communications from the PSTN are sent to the base station, where they are transmitted to the mobile. Cellular systems employ either frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), or spatial division multiple access (SDMA).

The First Chapter Introduction

1 a synthesis of professional

Electronic and Information Engineering professional is an emerging field of science, but because of people's daily lives and industrial production is closely related to the extraordinarily rapid development of relatively more mature now. High-tech industry has become an important component of the widely used in industry, agriculture, national defense and other fields, in the national economy is playing an increasingly important role. Control theory and electrical network theory is a professional Electronic and Information Engineering of the base, power electronics technology, computer technology is its main technical means, but also includes a system analysis, system design, system development and system management and decision-making research.There are some characteristics of the profession, that is, combining the strength of power, electrical and electronic technology, software and hardware combined with a cross-disciplinary nature, electricity, electronics, control, computer integrated multi-disciplinary, so that graduates with strong adaptation capacity.

Because of this wide range of professional research, applications, and professional graduates is relatively high, so the employment situation is very good. Our country is now a great need for the direction of the professional personnel, as small as a family as large as the whole community can not be separated from the work of these professionals. Under normal circumstances, students can choose the state after graduating from the quality and technology supervision department, research institutes, industrial and mining enterprises, etc.; also can be a number of foreign investment, the private sector, the treatment is considerable. If enough students, and also in the learning accumulated during the relatively good results, can be our own business, break a piece of the sky belongs to them. It should be noted that as a result of foreign professionals in the direction of research should lead us, so if you want to have further development, and identify their roles in the domestic leading position in that direction, go abroad for further study is a good choice.

Electronic and Information Engineering of the majority of candidates have a strong appeal, are popular professional, college entrance examination admission than is often high in many other professional direction, resulting in the situation of the main reasons: ① job easier, a good working environment, income high; ② the name

of good, professional content attractive to students; social advocacy and public opinion in his favor. The direction of the profession has a very good development prospects, research products more easily converted to reality, and considerable benefits.His research and creative ideas to attract a large number of candidates, where they can really show a good place. However, in view of the domestic form of the present candidates in time to apply the profession should pay attention to the following two points:

(1)give full consideration to their interests. Perhaps their interest was not the direction, but many people say that good, so they are "interested " . This future development is very negative, after all, interested in is the best teacher.

(2) to measure the overall quality of their own.Electronic and Information Engineering with a solid professional needs of mathematics, physics basis for a strong comprehensive foreign language capabilities, for future flexibility in the use of and access to expertise to prepare. The demand for professional talent while the direction, but to choose a lot of people, if there is no overall quality is very strong, it is difficult to stand out among the people, have achieved outstanding results. This may cherish lofty aspirations of many of the candidates is unacceptable. Of course, the two points mentioned here and also the feasibility of the pursuit of individual students, and if a person is limited to the pursuit of a better work, the profession is indeed a good choice. However, if you want to make a breakthrough in scientific and technological innovation or contribution to the establishment of personal strength and hard work on the basis of the pie for no reason at all will not come knocking on the door.

2 the development of professional education

Electronic and Information Engineering is the science, engineering, the combination of financial engineering, art and computer design in one of the new cross-disciplinary professionals. Backbone of disciplines, including electrical engineering, computer science and technology, control science and engineering.

Resulting in 70 of the professional era, first of all, the Oxford University in England, the first time that the DC control, then the implementation of components of the drive voltage is a DC control voltage is DC, the automation system is very simple, rough accuracy is very low. However, the control of DC because of its long history has been well-known people, people naturally think of using the DC component to control the exchange of implementation. With the transistor, high-power transistors,

FET high-power electronic devices, such as the emergence and maturity, as well as the establishment of the presence of the theory, modern mathematics, matrix algebra of the weak theoretical basis for the strong electrical control system of electronic technology and automation to reach a new historical high. So far, this has been a wide range of professional development, Japan, the United States, Britain and other countries have also established the University of the professional, the results during this period and also quite a few, such as the completion of CNC machine tools, factory automation work shop is a new topic.

Electronic technology and automation, the organic integration of computer, electronic engineering and automation to give a new meaning of professional. No manipulation, the system simplified, reasonable structure, plug-and-play products to become the new darling.

The founding of the early (1949-1966) established in many universities in this profession, the main practice teaching links include the experimental circuit and electronics technology, electronics technology training, curriculum design metalworking practice, production internships, graduate, and the culture of many countries in this fields. They have become the industry experts and scholars in China's many provinces, cities and become the backbone of.

"Cultural Revolution" period, because of political influence, the country's institutions of higher learning have to stop recruitment, the professional has been a great impact, first teacher was criticized and denounced, and later run schools do not go on, only to stop enrollment. But even so, many teachers did not stop the research. They know that in electrical engineering and automation of the modernization of China's important role to play, which, in this period, and did not give up on the professional research and exploration. After reform and opening-up in under the correct leadership of the CPC Central Committee, the University Admissions restored, the profession has developed, many universities set up a professional, and have students trained each year a large number of high-level compound talents, including the degree, Dr. intellectuals, especially, expansion of the professional, the professional capacity of students is also rising.

Although China's development in this area is also not on the side of the world's most cutting-edge, but with the improvement of China's overall national strength, the increase in foreign exchanges, we have gradually narrowed the gap with the developed countries. Representative is: 300 billion times per second, the successful development of a computer; nano-technology to master; simulation technology. A

problem th After the professional efforts of teachers and students to electrical engineering and automation professions open to expand into, "Power System and Automation" and "Electronic and Information Engineering", covering the original "insulation technology", "Electrical Insulation and cable "," Electric Motor and Control "," Electrical Engineering and Automation, "" the application of electronic technology "and" light and lighting, "and several other professional direction. And the design of industrial products based on the application of computer modeling, design, realization of the structure of industrial products, performance, processing, shape and other design and optimization.

The professional training needed to adapt to society, both based on solid scientific and technological innovation capability and high-level art composite technology. Focus on the professional training of students in foreign languages, computer applications, product modeling, design of practical work, such as the ability to achieve graphic design, three-dimensional design, product design, intelligent all-round. The graduates can be engaged in industrial product design, computer applications, visual communication design, environmental design, advertising creative, corporate image planning, such as industry, teaching, scientific research, production, development and management. Include circuit theory, electronic and technological base, and electric machinery, power electronics, electric drive and control, computer technology (languages, software infrastructure, hardware, microcontroller, etc.), signals and systems, control theory and so on. High-grade based on the needs of the community to learn flexibility, adaptability, wide coverage of elective courses and professional. At the same time also the experimental and control the electrical and electronic engineering experiments, such as power electronics experiments.

All along, our CIMS, automatic control, robotics products, application specific integrated circuit and so on has made substantial progress. For example: "Computer-based integrated environment CAPP application framework and development platform" to develop a knowledge base as the core technology to interactive design based on the model of the integrated intelligent CAPP development platform and application framework (CAPPFramework), the introduction of Golden CAPP, with CAPP and other side products. With the support process modeling and dynamic knowledge of knowledge acquisition, the design of various types of technology and information management, product process information sharing in support of the characteristics of generative process-based decision-making functions, and provide technology Knowledge management, technology applications such as

card format support of the definition of tools and secondary tools. System openness, and easy expansion and maintenance. Products have been in the country's enterprises, especially enterprises CIMS demonstration project to promote the application, as well as the development of the automatic control devices and products, infrared photoelectric safety protection device, high power, high-quality switching power supply development. Products include mobile gantry robot automatic spraying machine, electric spraying robot, flexible profiling automatic spraying machine, reciprocating spray machines, automatic coating robots, robot frame, handling robots, welding robot.

Over the development and application of these products are only in electrical engineering and automation in the production of one aspect does not adequately reflect the full picture. In the impact of foreign advanced technology from all aspects of the reorganization of a new round of technology. The situation is serious, but also full of opportunities.

The Second Chapter Technology

1 Introduction

A wide variety of wireless communication systems have been developed to provide access to the communications infrastructure for mobile or fixed users in a myriad of operating environments. Most of today’s wireless systems are based on the cellular radio concept. Cellular communication systems allow a large number of mobile users to seamlessly and simultaneously communicate to wireless modems at fixed base stations using a limited amount of radio frequency (RF) spectrum. The RF transmissions received at the base stations from each mobile are translated to baseband, or to a wideband microwave link, and relayed to mobile switching centers (MSC), which connect the mobile transmissions with the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Similarly, communications from the PSTN are sent to the base station, where they are transmitted to the mobile. Cellular systems employ either frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), or spatial division multiple access (SDMA) .

Wireless communication links experience hostile physical channel characteristics, such as time-varying multipath and shadowing due to large objects in the propagation path. In addition, the performance of wireless cellular systems tends to be limited by interference from other users, and for that reason, it is important to have accurate

techniques for modeling interference. These complex channel conditions are difficult to describe with a simple analytical model, although several models do provide analytical tractability with reasonable agreement to measured channel data . However, even when the channel is modeled in an analytically elegant manner, in the vast majority of situations it is still difficult or impossible to construct analytical solutions for link performance when error control coding, equalization, diversity, and network models are factored into the link model. Simulation approaches, therefore, are usually required when analyzing the performance of cellular communication links.

Like wireless links, the system performance of a cellular radio system is most effectively modeled using simulation, due to the difficulty in modeling a large number of random events over time and space. These random events, such as the location of users, the number of simultaneous users in the system, the propagation conditions, interference and power level settings of each user, and the traffic demands of each user,combine together to impact the overall performance seen by a typical user in the cellular system. The aforementioned variables are just a small sampling of the many key physical mechanisms that dictate the instantaneous performance of a particular user at any time within the system. The term cellular radio system,therefore, refers to the entire population of mobile users and base stations throughout the geographic service area, as opposed to a single link that connects a single mobile user to a single base station. To design for a particular system-level performance, such as the likelihood of a particular user having acceptable service throughout the system, it is necessary to consider the complexity of multiple users that are simultaneously using the system throughout the coverage area. Thus, simulation is needed to consider the multi-user effects upon any of the individual links between the mobile and the base station.

The link performance is a small-scale phenomenon, which deals with the instantaneous changes in the channel over a small local area, or small time duration, over which the average received power is assumed constant . Such assumptions are sensible in the design of error control codes, equalizers, and other components that serve to mitigate the transient effects created by the channel. However, in order to determine the overall system performance of a large number of users spread over a wide geographic area, it is necessary to incorporate large-scale effects such as the statistical behavior of interference and signal levels experienced by individual users over large distances, while ignoring the transient channel characteristics. One may think of link-level simulation as being a vernier adjustment on the performance of a

communication system, and the system-level simulation as being a coarse, yet important, approximation of the overall level of quality that any user could expect at any time.

Cellular systems achieve high capacity (e.g., serve a large number of users) by allowing the mobile stations to share, or reuse a communication channel in different regions of the geographic service area. Channel reuse leads to co-channel interference among users sharing the same channel, which is recognized as one of the major limiting factors of performance and capacity of a cellular system. An appropriate understanding of the effects of co-channel interference on the capacity and performance is therefore required when deploying cellular systems, or when analyzing and designing system methodologies that mitigate the undesired effects of co-channel interference. These effects are strongly dependent on system aspects of the communication system, such as the number of users sharing the channel and their locations. Other aspects, more related to the propagation channel, such as path loss, shadow fading (or shadowing), and antenna radiation patterns are also important in the context of system performance, since these effects also vary with the locations of particular users. In this chapter, we will discuss the application of system-level simulation in the analysis of the performance of a cellular communication system under the effects of co-channel interference. We will analyze a simple multiple-user cellular system, including the antenna and propagation effects of a typical system. Despite the simplicity of the example system considered in this chapter, the analysis presented can easily be extended to include other features of a cellular system.

2 Cellular Radio System

System-Level Description:

Cellular systems provide wireless coverage over a geographic service area by dividing the geographic area into segments called cells as shown in Figure 2-1. The available frequency spectrum is also divided into a number of channels with a group of channels assigned to each cell. Base stations located in each cell are equipped with wireless modems that can communicate with mobile users. Radio frequency channels used in the transmission direction from the base station to the mobile are referred to as forward channels, while channels used in the direction from the mobile to the base station are referred to as reverse channels. The forward and reverse channels together identify a duplex cellular channel. When frequency division duplex (FDD) is used, the

forward and reverse channels are split in frequency. Alternatively, when time division duplex (TDD) is used, the forward and reverse channels are on the same frequency, but use different time slots for transmission.

Figure 2-1 Basic architecture of a cellular communications system

High-capacity cellular systems employ frequency reuse among cells. This requires that co-channel cells (cells sharing the same frequency) are sufficiently far apart from each other to mitigate co-channel interference. Channel reuse is implemented by covering the geographic service area with clusters of N cells, as shown in Figure 2-2, where N is known as the cluster size.

Figure 2-2 Cell clustering:Depiction of a three-cell reuse pattern The RF spectrum available for the geographic service area is assigned to each cluster, such that cells within a cluster do not share any channel . If M channels make up the entire spectrum available for the service area, and if the distribution of users is uniform over the service area, then each cell is assigned M/N channels. As the clusters are replicated over the service area, the reuse of channels leads to tiers of co-channel cells, and co-channel interference will result from the propagation of RF energy

between co-channel base stations and mobile users. Co-channel interference in a cellular system occurs when, for example, a mobile simultaneously receives signals from the base station in its own cell, as well as from co-channel base stations in nearby cells from adjacent tiers. In this instance, one co-channel forward link (base station to mobile transmission) is the desired signal, and the other co-channel signals received by the mobile form the total co-channel interference at the receiver. The power level of the co-channel interference is closely related to the separation distances among co-channel cells. If we model the cells with a hexagonal shape, as in Figure 2-2, the minimum distance between the center of two co-channel cells, called the reuse distance N

D, is

3

R

D N N

where R is the maximum radius of the cell (the hexagon is inscribed within the radius). Therefore, we can immediately see from Figure 2-2 that a small cluster size (small reuse distance N

D), leads to high interference among co-channel cells.

The level of co-channel interference received within a given cell is also dependent on the number of active co-channel cells at any instant of time. As mentioned before, co-channel cells are grouped into tiers with respect to a particular cell of interest. The number of co-channel cells in a given tier depends on the tier order and the geometry adopted to represent the shape of a cell (e.g., the coverage area of an individual base station). For the classic hexagonal shape, the closest co-channel cells are located in the first tier and there are six co-channel cells. The second tier consists of 12 co-channel cells, the third, 18, and so on. The total co-channel interference is, therefore, the sum of the co-channel interference signals transmitted from all co-channel cells of all tiers. However, co-channel cells belonging to the first tier have a stronger influence on the total interference, since they are closer to the cell where the interference is measured.

Co-channel interference is recognized as one of the major factors that limits the capacity and link quality of a wireless communications system and plays an important role in the tradeoff between system capacity (large-scale system issue) and link quality (small-scale issue). For example, one approach for achieving high capacity (large number of users), without increasing the bandwidth of the RF spectrum allocated to the system, is to reduce the channel reuse distance by reducing the cluster size N of a cellular system . However, reduction in the cluster sizeincreases co-channel interference, which degrades the link quality.

The level of interference within a cellular system at any time is random and must

be simulated by modeling both the RF propagation environment between cells and the position location of the mobile users. In addition, the traffic statistics of each user and the type of channel allocation scheme at the base stations determine the instantaneous interference level and the capacity of the system.

The effects of co-channel interference can be estimated by the signal-tointerference ratio (SIR) of the communication link, defined as the ratio of the power of the desired signal S, to the power of the total interference signal, I. Since both power levels S and I are random variables due to RF propagation effects, user mobility and traffic variation, the SIR is also a random variable. Consequently, the severity of the effects of co-channel interference on system performance is frequently analyzed in terms of the system outage probability, defined in this particular case as the probability that SIR is below a given threshold 0S IR . This is

dx p ]SIR Pr[SIR P )x 0

SIR 0SIR 0outpage (?=<=

Where is the probability density function (pdf) of the SIR. Note the distinction between the definition of a link outage probability, that classifies an outage based on a particular bit error rate (BER) or Eb/N0 threshold for acceptable voice performance, and the system outage probability that considers a particular SIR threshold for acceptable mobile performance of a typical user.

Analytical approaches for estimating the outage probability in a cellular system, as discussed in before, require tractable models for the RF propagation effects, user mobility, and traffic variation, in order to obtain an expression for Unfortunately, it is very difficult to use analytical models for these effects, due to their complex relationship to the received signal level. Therefore, the estimation of the outage probability in a cellular system usually relies on simulation, which offers flexibility in the analysis. In this chapter, we present a simple example of a simulation of a cellular communication system, with the emphasis on the system aspects of the communication system, including multi-user performance, traffic engineering, and channel reuse. In order to conduct a system-level simulation, a number of aspects of the individual communication links must be considered. These include the channel model, the antenna radiation pattern, and the relationship between Eb/N0 (e.g., the SIR) and the acceptable performance.

SIR(x)p

摘要

电子信息工程的触角伸向各行各业,小到一个开关的设计,大到宇航飞机的研究,都有它的身影。本专业生能够从事与电子信息工程有关的系统运行、自动控制、电力电子技术、信息处理、试验技术、研制开发以及电子与计算机技术应用等领域的工作,是“复合型”高级工程技术人才。该领域对高水平人才的需求很大。据估计,随着国外大企业的进入,在这一专业领域将出现很大缺口,那时很可能出现人才供不应求的现象。

蜂窝通信系统允许大量移动用户无缝地、同时地利用有限的射频(radio frequency,RF)频谱与固定基站中的无线调制解调器通信。基站接收每一个移动台发送来的射频信号,并把他们转换到基带或者带宽微波链路,然后传送到移动交换中心(MSC),再由移动交换中心连入公用交换电话网(PSTN)。同样的,通信信号也可以从PSTN传送到基站,再从这里发送个移动台。蜂窝系统可以采用频分多址(FDMA)、时分多址(TDMA)、码分多址(CDMA)或者空分多址(SDMA)中的任何一种技术。

第一部分介绍

1 专业综合介绍

电子信息工程专业是一门新兴学科,但由于和人们的日常生活以及工业生产密切相关,发展非常迅速,现在也相对比较成熟。已经成为高新技术产业的重要组成部分,广泛应用于工业、农业、国防等领域,在国民经济中发挥着越来越重要的作用。控制理论和电力网理论是电子信息工程专业的基础,电力电子技术、计算机技术则为其主要技术手段,同时也包含了系统分析、系统设计、系统开发以及系统管理与决策等研究领域。该专业还有一些特点,就是强弱电结合、电工电子技术相结合、软件与硬件相结合,具有交叉学科的性质,电力、电子、控制、计算机多学科综合,使毕业生具有较强的适应能力。

由于本专业研究范围广,应用前景好,毕业生的专业素养相对较高,因此就业形势非常好。我国现在非常需要该专业方向的人才,小到一个家庭,大到整个社会,都离不开这些专业人才的工作。通常情况下,学生毕业后可以选择国有的质量技术监督部门、研究所、工矿企业等;也可以是一些外资、私营企业,待遇当然是相当可观的。如果学生能力足够强,又在学习期间积累了比较好的研究成果,完全可以自己创业,闯出一片属于自己的天空。需要指出的是,由于国外在该专业方向的研究要领先于我们,因此如果想要有进一步的发展,确立自己在国内该方向的领先地位,出国深造是一个不错的选择。

电子信息工程专业对广大考生有很强的吸引力,属于热门专业,高考录取分数线往往要比其他专业方向高许多,造成这一情况的主要原因有:①就业容易,工作环境好,收入高;②名称好听,专业内容对学生有吸引力;社会宣传和舆论导向对其有利。该专业方向有着非常好的发展前景,研究成果较容易向现实产品转换,而且效益相当可观。他创造性的研究思路吸引着众多考生,这里的确是展示他们才能的好地方。但是鉴于国内现在的形式,考生在报考该专业的时候应该注意以下两点:

(1)充分考虑自己的兴趣。也许自己本来并不对该方向感兴趣,但是许多人都说好,于是自己就“感兴趣”了。这对以后的发展是很不利的,毕竟兴趣是最好的老师。

(2)衡量自己的综合素质。电子信息工程专业需要具有扎实的数学、物理基础,较强的外语综合能力,为今后能够掌握并且灵活运用专业知识做准备。该专业方向的人才需求虽然大,但可供选择的人也很多,如果没有非常强的综合素质,很难在众人之中脱颖而出,取得突出成绩。也许这对许多胸怀远大志向的考生来说是不能接受的。当然,这里所说的两点是否可行也和学生个人的追求有关,如果一个人追求仅限于一份较好的工作,该专业的确是一个不错的选择。

但是,如果想在科技创新方面做出突破性的贡献还是要建立在个人实力以及刻苦努力的基础上,馅饼是决不会无缘无故从天上掉下来的。

2 专业教育发展状况

电子信息工程专业是理、工、文相结合,融机械工程、艺术学和计算机设计于一体的新型交叉学科专业之一。主干学科包括电子工程、计算机科学与技术、控制科学与工程。

本专业产生于70年代,首先在英国的牛津大学,首次实现的是直流电的控制方式,那时候执行元件的驱动电压是直流的,控制电压也是直流的,自动化系统的工作方式是很简单、粗糙的,精度也很低。但直流的控制方式由于其历史的久远而被人们所熟知,自然而然的人们想到了用直流电去控制交流执行元件。随着晶体管、大功率晶体管、场效应管等大功率的电子器件的出现和成熟、以及建立在场的理论上、以现代数学、矩阵代数为理论依据的弱电强电控制系统更使电子技术与自动化达到新的历史高度。至此,本专业得到了广泛的发展,日本、美国、英国及其他国家的大学也纷纷设立了本专业,在这一时期的成果也并不少,诸如完成数控机床,车间厂房自动控制的工作已经是新的课题。

电子技术与自动化、计算机的有机结合,赋予电子工程及自动化专业以全新的内涵。无人操纵,系统简化,格局合理,即插即用型的产品成为新宠。建国初期(1949—1966)我国许多大学设立了本专业,主要实践性教学环节包括电路与电子技术实验、电子工艺实习、金工实习课程设计、生产实习、毕业设计,并为国家培养了许多的这方面人才。他们已成为本行业的专家学者,分布在我国许多省、市,成为骨干力量。“文革”期间,由于受政治的影响,全国的高等院校相继停止招生,本专业受到了很大的影响,先是老师被批斗,后来学校根本办不下去了,只能停止招生。但是,即便如此,许多老师并没有停止研究。他们知道电子工程及自动化对我国的现代化建设起重要的作用,因而,在这一时期,并没有放弃对专业的研究和探索。改革开放以后,在党中央的正确领导下,大学恢复了招生,本专业也发展起来,许多大学设立了本专业,并陆续招生,每年为国家培养大量的高级复合型人才,包括学士、博士等高级知识分子,特别是目前,各专业扩招,本专业的招生量也在上升。

虽然我国在这方面的发展还没有站在世界的最前沿,但随着我国综合国力的提高,对外交往的增加,我们已经逐渐缩小与发达国家的差距。具有代表性的是:每秒3000亿次计算机研制成功;纳米技术的掌握;模拟技术的应用。一个不容忽视的问题摆在我们面前:如何迎接新技术革命的挑战?并以工业产品设计为基础,应用计算机造型、设计、实现工业产品的结构、性能、加工、外形等的设

计和优化。

该专业培养适应社会急需的,既有扎实科学技术基础又有艺术创新能力的高级复合型技术人才。本专业着重培养学生外语、计算机应用、产品造型、设计等实际工作能力,实现平面设计、立体设计等产品设计的全面智能化。该专业毕业生可从事工业产品造型设计、计算机应用、视觉传达设计、环境设计、广告创意、企业形象策划等行业的教学、科研、生产、开发和管理工作。囊括了电路原理、电子技术基础、电机学、电力电子技术、电力拖动与控制、计算机技术(语言、软件基础、硬件基础、单片机等)、信号与系统、控制理论等课程。高年级还根据社会需要学习柔性的、适应性强、覆盖面宽的专业课及专业选修课。同时也进行电机与控制实验、电子工程系统实验、电力电子实验等。

一直以来,我国在CIMS,自动控制,机器人产品,专用集成电路等等方面有了长足的进步。例如:“基于微机环境的集成化CAPP应用框架与开发平台”开发了以工艺知识库为核心的、以交互式设计模式为基础的综合智能化CAPP开发平台与应用框架(CAPPFramework),推出金叶CAPP、同方CAPP等系列产品。具有支持工艺知识建模和动态知识获取、各类工艺的设计与信息管理、产品工艺信息共享、支持特征基创成工艺决策等功能,并提供工艺知识库管理、工艺卡片格式定义等应用支持工具和二次开发工具。系统开放性好,易于扩充和维护。产品已在全国的企业,特别是CIMS示范工程企业,推广应用,还研制了自动控制装置及系列产品,红外光电式安全保护装置,大功率、高品质开关电源的开发。机器人产品包括移动龙门式自动喷涂机,电动喷涂机器人,柔性仿形自动喷涂机,往复式喷涂机,自动涂胶机器人,框架式机器人,搬运机器人,弧焊机器人的研制。

以上这些产品的开发应用还只是电子工程与自动化在生产中的一个侧面,不足以反映其全貌。在国外先进技术的冲击下,从各个方面进行新一轮技术重组。形势是严峻的,同时也充满机遇。

第二章技术

1 概述

人们开发出了许多无线通信系统,为不同的运行环境中的固定用户或移动用户提供了接入到通信基础设施的手段。当今大多数无线通信系统都是基于蜂窝无线电概念之上的。蜂窝通信系统允许大量移动用户无缝地、同时地利用有限的射频(radio frequency,RF)频谱与固定基站中的无线调制解调器通信。基站接收每一个移动台发送来的射频信号,并把他们转换到基带或者带宽微波链路,然后传送到移动交换中心(MSC),再由移动交换中心连入公用交换电话网(PSTN)。同样的,通信信号也可以从PSTN传送到基站,再从这里发送个移动台。蜂窝系统可以采用频分多址(FDMA)、时分多址(TDMA)、码分多址(CDMA)或者空分多址(SDMA)中的任何一种技术。

无线通信链路具有恶劣的物理信道特征,比如由于传播途径中有再大的障碍物,会产生时变多径和阴影。此外,无线蜂窝系统的性能还会受限于来自其他用户的干扰,因此,对干扰进行准确的建模就很重要。很难用简单的解析模型来描述复杂的信道条件,虽然有集中模型确实易于解析求解并与信道实测数据比较相符,不过,即使建立了完美的信道解析模型,再把差错控制编码、均衡器、分集及网络模型等因素都考虑再链路中之后,要得出链路性能的解析在绝大多数情况下任然是很困难的甚至是不可能的。因此,在分析蜂窝通信链路的性能时,常常需要进行仿真。

跟无线链路一样,对蜂窝无线系统的性能分析使用仿真建模时很有效的,这是由于在时间和空间上对大量的随机事件进行建模非常困难。这些随机事件包括用户的位置、系统中同时通信的用户个数、传播条件、每个用户的干扰和功率级的设置(power level setting)、每个用户的话务量需求等,这些因素共同作用,对系统中的一个典型用户的总的性能产生影响。前面提到的变量仅仅是任一时刻决定系统中的某个用户瞬态性能的许多关键物理参数中的一小部分。蜂窝无线系统指的是,在地理上的服务区域内,移动用户和基站的全体,而不是将一个用户连接到一个基站的单个链路。为了设计特定大的系统级性能,比如某个用户在整个系统中得到满意服务的可能性,就得考虑在覆盖区域内同时使用系统的多个用户所带来的复杂性。因此,需要仿真来考虑多个用户对基站和移动台之间任何一条链路所产生的影响。

链路性能是一个小尺度现象,它处理的是小的局部区域内或者短的时间间隔内信道的顺时变化,这种情况下可假设平均接收功率不变。在设计差错控制码、均衡器和其他用来消除信道所产生的瞬时影响的部件时,这种假设时合理的。但是,在大量用户分布在一个广阔的地理范围内时,为了确定整个系统的性能,有必要引入大尺度效应进行分析,比如在大的距离范围内考虑单个用户受到的干扰

和信号电平的统计行为时,忽略瞬时信道特征。我们可以将链路级仿真看作通信系统性能的微调,而将系统级仿真看作时整体质量水平粗略但很重要的近似,任何用户在任何时候都可预计达到这个水平。

通过让移动台在不同的服务区内共享或者复用通信信道,蜂窝系统能达到较高的容量(比如,为大量的用户服务)。信道复用会导致公用同一信道的用户之间产生同频干扰,这是影响蜂窝系统容量和性能的主要制约因素之一。因此,在设计一个蜂窝系统时,或者在分析和设计消除同频干扰负面影响的系统方法时,需要正确理解同屏干扰对容量和性能的影响。这些影响主要取决于通信系统的状况,如共享信道的用户数和他们的位置。其他与传播信道条件关系更密切的方面,如路径损耗、阴影衰落(或叫阴影)、天线辐射模式等对系统性能的影响也很重要,因为这些影响也岁特定用户的位置而改变。本章我们将讨论在同频干扰情况下,包括一个典型系统中的天线和传播的影响。尽管本章考虑的例子比较简单,但提出的分析方法可以容易地进行扩展,以包括蜂窝系统的其他特征。

2 蜂窝无线系统

系统级描述:

如图2-1所示,通过把地理区域分成一个个称为小区的部分,蜂窝系统可以在这个区域内提供无线覆盖。把可用的频谱也分成很多信道,每个小区分配一组信道,每个小区中的基站都配备了可以同移动用户进行通信的无线调制解调器。从基站到移动台这个发送方向使用的射频信道称为前向信道,而从移动台到基站这个发送方向使用的信道称为反向信道。前向信道和反向信道共同构成了双工蜂窝信道。当使用频分双工(FDD,frequency division duplex)时,前向信道和反向信道使用不同的频率;当使用时分双工时(TDD,time division duplex)时,前向信道和反向信道占用相同的频率,但使用不同的时隙进行传送。

图2-1 蜂窝通信系统的基本结构

高容量的蜂窝系统在小区间进行频率复用,同频小区(共用相同频率的小区)之间要离开足够的距离以减轻同频干扰。如图2-2所示,N个小区构成一个簇(cluster,又叫“区群”),覆盖地理上的服务区,以实现信道复用,N是簇的大小。

把服务区内可用的无线频谱都分配给每一个簇,使同一个簇内的小区不共用相同的信道。如果服务区内的可用频谱由M个信道构成,用户均匀分布在服务区内,则每个小区可以分得M/N个信道。因为簇在服务区内复制,复用信道将导致同频小区的层状结构(tier)。同频基站和移动台之间的射频能量传播,会引起同频干扰。例如,如果一个移动台同时接收来自本地小区基站的信号和邻近层的同频小区基站产生的信号,就会产生同频干扰。本例中,其中一个同频前向链路信号(基站到移动台的传输)是我们的有用信号,移动台接收到的其他同频信号就构成了对接机的同频干扰,同频干扰的功率级与同频小区之间的分隔距离密切相关。如果小区建模为如图2-2所示的六边形。两个同频小区中心之间的最小距离N

D(叫做复用距离)等于

(2-1)

3

R

D N N

式中R式小区的最大半径(这个六边形内接在半径为R的圆中)。因此,我们马上可以从图2-2看出,小簇(小复用距离N

D)会引起同频小区间的大干扰。

图2-2 小区簇:三小区复用模式的描述

在一个指定小区中接收到的同频干扰的电平,还取决于任一时刻活跃的同频小区的数量。如前所述,在我们感兴趣的那个特定小区周围,同频小区组成一个个的层。在一个给定层中,同频小区的数量取决于层的阶次和用来表示小区的几何形状(如一个基站覆盖的面积)。对于典型的六边形,最近的同频小区在第一层,有六个同频小区,第二层有12个,第三层有18个,以此类推。因此,总的同频干扰时从所有层的全部同频小区发送出的同频干扰信号的总和。但是第一层的同频小区对总的干扰时从所有层的全部同频小区发送出的同频干扰信号的总

和。但是第一层的同频小区对总的干扰有较强的影响,因为它们更靠近测量干扰的小区。

人们认识到同频干扰时制约无线通信系统的容量和链路质量的主要因素之

一。在系统容量(大尺度系统问题)和链路质量(小尺度系统问题)之间作折中时,它起到举足轻重的作用。例如,在不增加分配给系统的无线频谱带宽的前提下,得到高容量(大量的用户)的一种措施是,通过减小蜂窝系统簇的大小N ,来缩短信道复用距离。然而,减少簇大小又增加了同频干扰,这会降低链路质量。

蜂窝系统中的干扰电平在任何时候都是随机的,必须通过对蜂窝之间的射频传播环境和移动用户的位置进行建模才能仿真。另外,每个用户话务量的统计特性以及基站中信道分配方案的类型决定了瞬时干扰电平和系统的容量。

同频干扰的影响可以用通信链路的信干比(SIR )来估计,这里信干比定义为有用信号的功率S 与总干扰信号的功率I 之比。由于无线传播影响,用户移动性以及话务量的变化,功率级S 和I 都是随机变量,SIR 也是一个随机变量。因此,同频干扰对系统性能产生影响的严重程度,通常用系统的中断概率来进行分析。在这个特定场合下,中断概率定义为SIR 低于给定阈值0S IR 的概率,即

dx p ]SIR Pr[SIR P )x 0

SIR 0SIR 0outpage (?=<= (2-2)

要注意链路中断概率和系统中断概率之间的区别,前者是根据可接受的声音性能所需的特定误比特率(BER )或者Eb/N0阈值,确定是否为中断,而后者考虑的是一个典型用户可接受的移动性能所需的SIR 阈值。

如前所述,用来估计蜂窝系统中断概率的解析方法,需要已知射频传播影响、

用户移动性和话务量变化等随机量的易于处理的模型,以求得

的解析表达式。然而,由于这些影响和接受信号电平间的复杂关系,很难对这些影响采用解析模型。因此,主要靠仿真来估计蜂窝系统的中断概率,仿真还为分析提供了灵活性。本章我们给出了蜂窝通信系统的简单仿真示例,着重考虑通信系统的一些系统方面的问题,包括多用户性能、话务量工程和信道复用。为了进行系统级仿真,要考虑单个通信链路的许多方面,包括信道模型、天线辐射模式,以及Eb/N0(如SIR )和可接受性能之间的关系。

SIR(x)p

《高山流水》原文翻译及阅读答案

《高山流水》原文翻译及阅读答案 《高山流水》原文翻译及阅读答案 伯牙善鼓琴,钟子期善听。伯牙鼓琴,志①在高山,钟子期曰:“善哉,峨峨②兮若泰山!”志在流水,钟子期曰:“善哉,洋洋③兮若江河!”伯牙所念,钟子期必得之。 伯牙游于泰山之阴,卒④逢暴雨,止于岩下,心悲,乃援琴而鼓之。初为《霖雨》之操⑤,更造《崩山》之音。曲每奏,钟子期辄穷其趣。伯牙乃舍琴而叹曰:“善哉,善哉!子之听夫志,想象犹吾心也。吾于何逃声哉?” (选自《列子·汤问》) 【注释】 ①志:志趣、心意。 ②峨峨:高耸的样子。 ③洋洋:宽广的样子。 ④卒:通“猝”,突然。 ⑤操:琴曲。 【试题】 1.解释文中加点词语的含义。 (1)伯牙善鼓琴善: (2)善哉,峨峨兮若泰山善:

2.请将文中画线的句子翻译成现代汉语。 子之听夫志,想象犹吾心也。 译文: 3.“高山流水觅知音”的故事至今广为传颂,从文中的哪句话可以看出子期堪称伯牙的“知音”?请结合文意,谈谈你对“知音”的理解。 【参考答案】 1.(1)擅长(2)好 2.你听琴时所想到的,就像我弹琴时所想到的。(意思对即可) 3.“伯牙所念,钟子期必得之。”或“曲每奏,钟子期辄穷其趣。” 真正的“知音”是指能彼此了解,心心相印,心意相通的人。(意思对即可) 【意译】 俞伯牙擅长弹琴,钟子期善于倾听。俞伯牙弹琴时,心里想到高山,钟子期说:“好啊,我仿佛看见一座巍峨峻拔的泰山屹立在我眼前!”俞伯牙心里想到流水,钟子期说:“好啊,我仿佛看见了奔腾不息的江河!”俞伯牙心里想的,钟子期一定能知道他的心意。 俞伯牙游览泰山遇到暴雨,只好暂停行露。被坏天气搞得心绪很恶劣的俞伯牙,以抚琴来发泄自己的情绪。琴声最初表现久久不停的雨声,后来描述由于大

伯牙绝弦

(一)、揭题导入(课件出示插图,插图上写有文章的题目) 同学们,今天老师给大家带来一首曲子,我们来听一听,(教师播放乐曲《高山流水》。)流水依依,千折百回。高山伫望,恍然如梦。相识满天下,知音能几人?一曲令人荡气回肠的《高山流水》的背后,蕴藏着一个何等感人至深的故事?今天让我们一起走进这个故事——《伯牙绝弦》。(学生齐读课题。) (此环节的设计,在于创设情境,激起学生学习兴趣,将学生思绪引入学习古文的情境中来。)(二)、整体读文(课件出示课文) 1、同桌检查读课文情况,互读正音。 2、指名读课文,根据自己对文言文的理解注意停顿恰当。然后指名点评。教师适当指导。 3、教师范读,引导学生感受文言文的节奏和韵味。然后学生齐读。 (伯牙/善/鼓琴,钟子期/善听。伯牙鼓琴,志在高山,钟子期曰:“善哉,峨峨兮/若/泰山!”志在流水,钟子期曰:“善哉,洋洋兮/若/江河!”伯牙/所念,钟子期/必得之。子期死,伯牙/谓/世/再无知音,乃/破琴/绝弦,终身/不复鼓。) (三)、初解绝弦 1、理解文章的题目: 教师提问:所谓书读百遍,奇意自见,我们也读了很多遍了,谁知道“伯牙绝弦”是什么意思?学生会说:就是伯牙把琴弦弄断,再也不弹琴了。 2、文章还在哪里提到了伯牙绝弦?学生马上就会找到文章的最后一句话“子期死,伯牙谓世再无知音,乃破琴绝弦,终身不复鼓。”教师接着问:你是怎样理解这句话的?学生通过预习,很容易就能说出句子的意思:子期死了,伯牙认为世界上再也没有知音了,就把琴摔破把琴弦弄断,从今以后再也不弹琴了。 (通过这个环节,学生能用自己的话说出题目及文章最后一句话的意思,并初步了解了伯牙绝弦的原因。) (四)、再解绝弦 1、默读课文,哪些地方能看出子期是伯牙的知音,想想句子的意思,勾画相关语句,并在旁边写写自己的体会。(为学生默读,思考,和批书留有一定的时间。) 预设的几个教学生成点: (1)“伯牙善鼓琴,钟子期善听”伯牙善于弹琴,钟子期善于欣赏。从这能看出钟子期是伯牙的知音。 当学生汇报这句话时引导学生:这句话中的“善”字,是“善于”的意思,除了“善于”还可以理解为什么?学生可能会说“擅长”“喜欢”“爱好”等。然后分别让回答的学生把自己对“善”字的理解带到句子中说一说。 然后接着引导,短文中还有两个“善”字,在哪句话中?学生会找出“善哉,峨峨兮若泰山!”和“善哉,洋洋兮若江河!”这两句话。 这两个“善”也是善于,擅长的意思吗?学生可能会说,不是,这两句话中的“善”应理解为“好啊”。还可以理解为什么?学生会说“真棒”,“太妙了”。也同样让回答的同学把自己的理解带到句子中说一说。 (通过这样的引导,学生感觉到了学习文言文要学会变通;这样的训练,同时也是学生口述句子意思的检查与训练。) (2)伯牙鼓琴,志在高山,子期曰:“善哉,峨峨兮若泰山!”志在流水,子期曰:“善哉,洋洋兮若江河!”伯牙心中想着高山,琴声就会传达出高山,钟子期就会说:“好呀,真高大呀,仿佛是巍峨的泰山!”伯牙心中想着流水,钟子期就会说:“妙呀,洋洋洒洒,仿若是滔滔江河!”从这也能看出钟子期是伯牙的知音。 当学生汇报这句话时,教师引导:如果你是子期,伯牙鼓琴志在高山,透过伯牙的琴声,你

部编版小学语文古诗文《伯牙鼓琴》原文+注释+翻译+赏析+试题

伯牙鼓琴 体裁:文言文 题文: 伯牙鼓琴,钟子期听之。方鼓琴而志在太山,钟子期曰:“善哉乎鼓琴,巍巍乎若太山。”少选之间而志在流水,钟子期又曰:“善哉乎鼓琴,汤汤乎若流水。”钟子期死,伯牙破琴绝弦,终身不复鼓琴,以为世无足复为鼓琴者。 作者: 名字:佚名 年代:先秦 描述: 翻译: 原文 伯牙鼓琴,钟子期听之。 译文: 伯牙弹琴,钟子期听他弹琴。 原文 方鼓琴而志在太山,钟子期曰:“善哉乎鼓琴,巍巍乎若太山。” 译文: 伯牙在弹琴时心里想着高山,钟子期说:“你弹得真好呀,就像那巍峨的太山。” 原文 少选之间而志在流水,钟子期又曰:“善哉乎鼓琴,汤汤乎若流水。” 译文: 不一会儿,伯牙心里又想到流水,钟子期又说:“你弹得真好呀,就像那奔腾不息的流水。” 原文 钟子期死,伯牙破琴绝弦,终身不复鼓琴,以为世无足复为鼓琴者。 译文:

钟子期死了以后,伯牙摔琴断弦,终身不再弹琴,认为世上再没有值得他为之弹琴的人了。 赏析: 赏析一:创作背景 《伯牙鼓琴》是伯牙在探亲途中发生的故事。这个故事最早是从民间口头流传下来的,历史上并无确切记载。在古籍中,战国郑人列御寇著《列子》一书中有关于伯牙鼓琴的民间故事。 原文:伯牙善鼓琴,钟子期善听。伯牙鼓琴,志在高山。钟子期曰:“善哉,峨峨兮若泰山!”志在流水,钟子期曰:“善哉,洋洋兮若江河!”伯牙所念,钟子期必得之。伯牙游于泰山之阴,卒逢暴雨,止于岩下;心悲,乃援琴而鼓之。初为霖雨之操,更造崩山之音。曲每奏,钟子期辄穷其趣。伯牙乃舍琴而叹曰:“善哉,善哉,子之听夫,志想象犹吾心也。吾于何逃声哉? 赏析二:思想内容 “伯牙绝弦”是中华传统文化中友谊的千古楷模,他流传至今并给人历久弥新的启迪。也是故事确立了中华民族高尚的人际关系与友情的标准。 赏析三:艺术特色 《伯牙绝弦》的全部精神都在文中一“志”上。志者,志向也。“志在高山”者,“高山之志”也;“志在流水”者,“流水之志”也。志者,藏之于心的怀抱也。伯牙以琴声写志,子期呢,则以诗言度志。“巍巍乎若太山”“汤汤乎若流水”子期以巍巍太山、汤汤流水来隐喻伯牙的高远志向和宏大怀抱。 赏析四:语言赏析 全文虽然短小简洁,寥寥数言,但语言精炼准确,字字掷地有声。 赏析五:诗歌结构 “知音”是贯穿全文的线索,“知音”表现在伯牙善鼓琴,钟子期善听,全文围绕该句逐步展开。“知音”表现在“钟子期死,伯牙破琴绝弦”,抒发作者对知音的渴求与感慨,突出文章主旨。由于这个传说,人们把真正了解自己的人叫做“知音”,用“高山流水”比喻知音难觅或乐曲高妙。 解释: 关键词:志 心志,情志。

伯牙绝弦的原文及翻译

伯牙绝弦的原文及翻译 伯牙绝弦的原文及翻译 伯牙绝弦,是讲述知音难求的一个故事,俞伯牙与钟子期是一对千古传诵的至交典范。俞伯牙善于演奏,钟子期善于欣赏。这就是“知音”一词的由来。后钟子期因病亡故,俞伯牙悲痛万分,认为 知音已死,天下再不会有人像钟子期一样能体会他演奏的意境。所 以就“破琴绝弦”,终生不再弹琴了。 原文: 伯牙善鼓琴,钟子期善听。伯牙鼓琴,志在高山,钟子期曰:“善哉,峨峨兮若泰山!”志在流水,钟子期曰:“善哉,洋洋兮 若江河!”伯牙所念,钟子期必得之。伯牙游于泰山之阴,卒逢暴雨,止于岩下,心悲,乃援琴而鼓之。初为霖雨之操,更造崩山之音。曲每奏,钟子期辄穷其趣。伯牙乃舍琴而叹曰:“善哉,善哉!子之听夫志,想象犹吾心也。吾于何逃声哉?子期死,伯牙谓世再 无知音,乃破琴绝弦,终身不复鼓。 语文书版本: 伯牙善鼓琴,钟子期善听。伯牙鼓琴,志在高山,钟子期曰:“善哉,峨峨兮若泰山!”志在流水,钟子期曰:“善哉,洋洋兮 若江河!”伯牙所念,钟子期必得之。子期死,伯牙谓世再无知音,乃破琴绝弦,终身不复鼓。 注释: 绝:断绝 善:擅长,善于。鼓:弹。 志在高山:心里想到高山。

哉:语气词,表示感叹也表示"啊"的意思。 峨峨:山高峻的样子 兮:语气词,相当于“啊”。 若:像……一样。 洋洋:广大。 念:心里所想的。 必:一定,必定。 之:他。谓:认为。 知音:理解自己心意,有共同语言的人。 乃:就。 复:再,又。 弦:在这里读作“闲”的音。 译文 伯牙擅长弹琴,钟子期擅长倾听。伯牙弹琴的时候,心里想到巍峨的泰山,钟子期听了赞叹道:“好啊!这琴声就像巍峨的泰山!”伯牙弹琴时,心里想到澎湃的`江河,钟子期赞叹道:“好啊,这琴 声宛如奔腾不息的江河!”无论伯牙想到什么,钟子期都能准确地 说出他心中所想的。钟子期去世后,伯牙认为世界上再也没有比钟 子期更了解自己的知音了。于是,他把自己心爱的琴摔破了,断绝 了琴弦,终生不再弹琴。 词句解析 (1)对句子的理解。 ①伯牙鼓琴,志在高山,钟子期曰:“善哉,峨峨兮若泰山!”志在流水,钟子期曰:“善哉,洋洋兮若江河!”

《伯牙鼓琴》原文、译文及赏析(部编本六年级上册)

《伯牙鼓琴》出自《吕氏春秋》,《吕氏春秋》又称《吕览》,是先秦杂家代表著作,《吕氏春秋》由秦国丞相吕不韦集合门客们编撰而成。成书于秦始皇统一前夕。全书共分二十六卷分为十二纪、八览、六论,一百六十篇,二十余万字。《吕氏春秋》注重博采众家学说,以儒家学说为主干,以道家思想为基础,以名、法、墨、农、兵、阴阳家思想学说为素材,熔诸子百家学说为一炉,闪烁着博大精深的智慧之光。主要的宗旨属于道家,所以《汉书艺文志》等将其列入杂家。 《伯牙鼓琴》原文 伯牙善鼓琴,钟子期善听。伯牙鼓琴,志在高山,钟子期曰:“善哉,峨峨兮若泰山!”志在流水,钟子期曰:“善哉,洋洋兮若江河!”伯牙所念,钟子期必得之。子期死,伯牙谓世再无知音,乃破琴绝弦,终生不复鼓。 译文: 伯牙善于弹琴,钟子期善于倾听。伯牙弹起来琴,心里想到高山,钟子期说:“好啊,高峻的样子好像泰山!”心里又想到流水,钟子期说:“好啊,汹涌的样子好像江河!”不管伯牙心里想什么,钟子期都能准确地道出他的心意。子期死后,伯牙认为这世上再也没有知音了,于是就把琴摔碎,终生不再弹琴。 作品赏析: 第一部分:伯牙与锺子期“高山流水遇知音”。 “知音”是什么意思? 明确:“知音”本义是“通晓音律”,现在一般用来指“真正了解自己的人”。读懂课文,借助注释,说说课文大意。 第二部分:伯牙失去知音之悲。(锺子期死,伯牙绝弦不再弹琴。) (1)伯牙弹琴水平与锺子期的音乐鉴赏能力高不高?从哪里可以看出来?伯牙琴艺高超:“志在高山”“志在流水”,写出伯牙将自己的情操与志向融入琴声,用琴声表达他像高山一样巍然屹立于天地之间的心志,像江河一样奔腾不息的情感。锺子期音乐鉴赏能力极高。他每次都能快速、准确地听出来。(从“方鼓琴”可看出)“善哉乎鼓琴”表现了锺子期对伯牙高超琴艺的由衷赞叹;“巍巍乎若太山”和“汤汤乎若流水”是锺子期对琴声的描述,更表明他真正听懂了伯牙通过琴声表现出的情怀。可谓知其“音”,更知其“志”。(这也是对伯牙琴艺高超的侧面描写) (2)遇到知音,伯牙的心情如何?文中写了吗?没有直接写他遇到知音的欣喜。却写了他失去知音的悲哀。 (3)“锺子期死,伯牙破琴绝弦,终身不复鼓琴”,这一行为表现了什么?他为什么这么做?这一行为充分表现了伯牙失去知音的巨大痛苦和不再弹琴的决绝态度。因为他“以

伯牙绝弦阅读整理及答案

伯牙善________,钟子期________。伯牙鼓琴,志在高山,钟子期曰:“善哉,峨峨兮________!”志在流水,钟子期曰:“善哉,________!”伯牙所念,________。子期死,伯牙谓________,乃________,终身不复鼓。 阅读课文中的语段,回答问题。 1.按原文填空。 2.解释下列句子意思。 (1)伯牙鼓琴,志在高山,钟子期曰:“善哉,峨峨兮若泰山!” _____________________________________________________________________ (2)子期死,伯牙谓世再无知音,乃破琴绝弦,终身不复鼓。 _____________________________________________________________________ 3.“伯牙绝弦”这个故事赞扬了( ) A.朋友间相互理解和欣赏的真挚友情。 B.伯牙精湛的琴技和钟子期高超的音乐鉴赏力。 C.伯牙和钟子期志趣高远,情操高尚。 4.伯牙善鼓琴,他的琴声除了表示峨峨高山、洋洋江河,还会表现什么动人场景呢仿写句子。 志在流水,钟子期曰:“善哉,洋洋兮若江河!” 志在____,钟子期曰:“善哉,____________!”

1.鼓琴善听若泰山洋洋兮若江河钟子期必得之世再无知音破琴绝弦 2.(1)伯牙弹琴的时候,心里想到高山,钟子期听了,赞叹道:“你弹得太好了!简直就像巍峨的泰山屹立在我的面前。” (2)子期死后,伯牙认为世界上再也找不到比钟子期更了解他的知音了。于是,他把心爱的琴摔碎,终身不再弹琴。 4.明月皎皎兮若明月 注译: 绝:断绝 善:擅长,善于。 鼓:弹。 志在高山 :心里想到高山。 哉 :语气词,表示感叹也表示"啊"的意思。 峨峨 :高 兮 :语气词,相当于“啊”。 若:像~~一样。 洋洋:广大。 念:心里所想的。 必:一定,必定。 之:他。谓:认为。 知音:理解自己心意,有共同语言的人。 乃:就。 复:再,又。 弦:在这里读作“闲”的音。 伯牙/善/鼓琴,钟子期/善听。伯牙鼓琴,志在高山,钟子期曰:“善哉,峨峨兮/若/泰山!”志在流水,钟子期曰:“善哉,洋洋兮/若/江河 !”伯牙/所念,钟子期/必得之。子期/死,伯牙/谓/世/再无知音,乃/破琴/绝弦,终身/不复鼓。

高中语文 课外古诗文 吕氏春秋寓言故事《伯牙破琴》原文及翻译

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伯牙绝弦

《伯牙绝弦》教学设计 【教学目标】 1、知识与能力:读通读懂文言文,有感情地朗读和背诵。 2、过程与方法:借助注释初步了解文言文的大意。 3、情感态度与价值观:积累中华经典诗文,感受朋友间真挚的友情。 【教学重难点】 能凭借注释和工具书读通、读懂课文内容;感受朋友间相互理解、相互欣赏的纯真友情。 【教学准备】 1、教师准备: 多媒体课件、划分好节奏的课文、音乐《高山流水》。 2、学生准备:搜集了解伯牙的相关资料。 【教时安排】1课时。 【教学过程】 一、课前谈话、揭题导入 师:同学们,今天老师给你们带了一幅美丽的自然景物画—— 课件出示画面及文字描述:巍巍高山直插云天,滔滔江水汹涌澎湃,徐徐清风吹面不寒,淙淙流水叮咚歌唱,皎皎明月洒满清辉,皑皑白雪纯洁无瑕,绵绵春雨润物无声。 师:这些文字在我们面前展现出了一幅幅多么美妙的图画啊!其实,不止是文字,音乐也会为我们展示这样奇妙的景象呢!今天我们要学习的一篇课文,所讲述的就是一个关于音乐的千古传诵的感人故事。这个故事千古流传,令人吟诵至今,它记载了两个好朋友之间深厚的情谊,它就是我们今天将要学习的一篇文言文《伯牙绝弦》。 二、初读课文,感知课文 1.请同学说一说这篇课文和平时课文的有什么区别。 2.先让学生试着读一读,谈谈体会。 3.师:自由、大声读课文,至少读3遍,有生字的地方,难读的地方多读几遍。(学生自由大声地读课文。) 4.师:读通顺了吗?读流利了吗?但是古文的朗读和现代文不同,要读出节奏。再次朗读课文,这次要求读得有节奏。 5.生再读课文,根据自己对文言文的理解注意停顿恰当。 6.指名读,学生评议,在初步感知课文内容的基础上读好文言文的节奏。 7..师范读,齐读,引导学生感受文言文的节奏和韵味,在读正确的

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伯牙绝弦翻译及原文 伯牙绝弦,是讲述知音难求的一个故事,伯牙与钟子期是一对千古传诵的 至交典范。伯牙善于演奏,钟子期善于欣赏。这就是“知音”一词的由来。今 天我们就一起来看看伯牙绝弦翻译及原文吧! 伯牙绝弦翻译及原文 原文: 伯牙善鼓琴,钟子期善听。伯牙鼓琴,志在高山,钟子期曰:“善哉,峨 峨兮若泰山!”志在流水,钟子期曰:“善哉,洋洋兮若江河!”伯牙所念,钟 子期必得之。伯牙游于泰山之阴,卒逢暴雨,止于岩下,心悲,乃援琴而鼓之。初为霖雨之操,更造崩山之音。曲每奏,钟子期辄穷其趣。伯牙乃舍琴而叹曰:“善哉,善哉!子之听夫志,想象犹吾心也。吾于何逃声哉?子期死,伯牙谓世 再无知音,乃破琴绝弦,终身不复鼓。 语文书版本: 伯牙善鼓琴,钟子期善听。伯牙鼓琴,志在高山,钟子期曰:“善哉,峨 峨兮若泰山!”志在流水,钟子期曰:“善哉,洋洋兮若江河!”伯牙所念,钟 子期必得之。子期死,伯牙谓世再无知音,乃破琴绝弦,终身不复鼓。 注释: 绝:断绝 善:擅长,善于。鼓:弹。 志在高山 :心里想到高山。 哉 :语气词,表示感叹也表示"啊"的意思。 峨峨 :山高峻的样子 兮 :语气词,相当于“啊”。 若:像……一样。 洋洋:广大。 念:心里所想的。 必:一定,必定。 之:他。谓:认为。

知音:理解自己心意,有共同语言的人。 乃:就。 复:再,又。 弦:在这里读作“闲”的音。 译文 伯牙擅长弹琴,钟子期擅长倾听。伯牙弹琴的时候,心里想到巍峨的泰山,钟子期听了赞叹道:“好啊!这琴声就像巍峨的泰山!”伯牙弹琴时,心里想到 澎湃的江河,钟子期赞叹道:“好啊,这琴声宛如奔腾不息的江河!” 无论伯 牙想到什么,钟子期都能准确地说出他心中所想的。钟子期去世后,伯牙认为 世界上再也没有比钟子期更了解自己的知音了。于是,他把自己心爱的琴摔破了,断绝了琴弦,终生不再弹琴。 词句解析 (1)对句子的理解。 ①伯牙鼓琴,志在高山,钟子期曰:“善哉,峨峨兮若泰山!”志在流水,钟子期曰:“善哉,洋洋兮若江河!” “善哉”,太好了。“若”,好像。伯牙弹琴的时候,心里想到高山,钟 子期听了(赞叹)道:“你弹得太好了!简直就像巍峨的泰山屹立在我眼前! 伯牙心里想到流水,钟子期(如痴如醉,击节称妙):“好极了!这琴声宛如奔腾不息的江河从我心中流过!”伯牙琴技出神入化,钟子期欣赏水平同样高超。教学时,可通过反复吟诵,体会钟子期发自内心的赞叹以及伯牙遇到知音时欣 喜若狂的心情。读了这个句子,我们对“伯牙善鼓琴,钟子期善听”有了更真切、更形象的了解。 ②伯牙所念,钟子期必得之。 不管伯牙心里想到什么,钟子期都能准确地道出他的心意。伯牙精妙的乐曲,只有通晓音律的钟子期能真正听懂,伯牙的心意,只有钟子期能真正理解。情投意合,这才是知音啊! ③伯牙谓世再无知音,乃破琴绝弦,终身不复鼓。 “破琴”,把琴摔碎。“知音”,理解自己心意、有共同语言的人。这里 指伯牙把钟子期当做他的知音。“复”,再,重新。伯牙(悲痛欲绝),觉得世 界上再也找不到(比钟子期更了解他的)知音了,于是,他把心爱的琴摔碎,终 身不再弹琴。

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洋洋:广大 谓:认为 之:他 必:知道 知音:理解自己心意,有共同语言的人 乃:就 善:擅长 念:所思的,所想的 翻译 伯牙擅长弹琴,钟子期善于听琴.伯牙弹琴的时候,心里想到泰山,钟子期听了赞叹道:“你弹得太好了!简直就 像巍峨的泰山,屹立在我的面前!”伯牙心里想到流水,钟子期如痴如醉,击节称快道:“妙极了,这琴声宛如奔 腾不息的江河从我心中流过!”不管伯牙心里想到什么,钟子期都能准确地道出他的心意.钟子期去世后,伯牙悲 痛欲绝,觉得世界上再也找不到比钟子期更了解他的知音了,于是,他把自己最心爱的琴摔碎,终生不再弹琴. 伯牙介绍

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部编版六年级语文上册《21.文言文两则》原文、注释及参考译文

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伯牙在弹琴,钟子期听他弹。伯牙正弹奏到意在描绘泰山的乐曲,钟子期(仿佛就看到了高山)说:“弹得真好啊!我好像看到巍峨的大山!”一会儿,伯牙又弹奏到意在描绘流水的乐曲,钟子期(仿佛就看到了江河)又说:“弹得真美啊!我又好像看到浩浩荡荡的江河!”钟子期死后,伯牙悲痛万分,拉断了琴弦,把琴摔破,并发誓终身不再弹琴。他认为这个世上没有值得再为之弹琴的人了。 不仅仅是弹琴这样,对人才也同样是这个道理。虽有能人,而不能以礼相待,为什么要求人才对你尽忠呢?就好像不善于驾驶车马,好马也不能发挥日行千里的才能。 【道理】 此后,由于这个故事,人们把“高山流水”比喻知音难觅或乐曲高妙,便也有《高山流水》的古筝曲。把“知音”比作理解自己的知心朋友,同自己有共同语言的人,“伯牙绝弦”一词也渐渐演变成了一种意思:由于知音逝世,从而弃绝某种特长或爱好,表示悼念。 书戴嵩画牛 【原文】 书戴嵩画牛蜀中有杜处士,好书画,所宝以百数。有戴嵩《牛》一轴,尤所爱,锦囊玉轴,常以自随。一日曝书画,有一牧童见之,拊掌大笑曰:“此画斗牛也!牛斗力在角,尾搐入两股间。今乃掉尾而斗,谬矣!”处士笑而然之。古语有云:“耕当问奴,织当问婢。”不可改也 【注释】

伯牙绝弦文言文翻译

伯牙绝弦文言文翻译 导读:原文 伯牙善鼓琴,钟子期善听。伯牙鼓琴,志在高山,钟子期曰:“善哉,峨峨兮若泰山!”志在流水,钟子期曰:“善哉,洋洋兮若江河!”伯牙所念,钟子期必得之。伯牙游于泰山之阴,卒逢暴雨,止于岩下,心悲,乃援琴而鼓之。初为《霖雨》之操,更造《崩山》之音。曲每奏,钟子期辄穷其趣。伯牙乃舍琴而叹曰:“善哉,善哉,子之听夫志,想象犹吾心也。吾于何逃声哉?” 伯牙善鼓琴,钟子期善听。伯牙鼓琴,志在高山,钟子期曰:“善哉,峨峨兮若泰山!”志在流水,钟子期曰:“善哉,洋洋兮若江河!”伯牙所念,钟子期必得之。子期死,伯牙谓世再无知音,乃破琴绝弦,终身不复鼓。 人教版七年级上半学期语文书版本: 伯牙鼓琴,锺子期听之。方鼓琴而志在太山,锺子期曰:“善哉乎鼓琴,巍巍乎若太山。”少选之间,而志在流水,锺子期又曰:“善哉乎鼓琴,汤汤乎若流水。”锺子期死,伯牙破琴绝弦,终身不复鼓琴,以为世无足复为鼓琴者。 译文 伯牙擅长弹琴,钟子期擅长倾听琴声。伯牙弹琴的时候,心里想到巍峨的泰山,钟子期听了赞叹道:“好啊!就像巍峨的泰山屹立在我的面前!”伯牙弹琴时,心里想到宽广的长江,黄河,钟子期赞叹

道:“好啊,宛如一望无际的`长江黄河在我面前流动!”无论伯牙弹琴的时候心里想到什么,钟子期都会清楚地道出他的心声。钟子期去世后,伯牙就此认为世界上再也没有他的知音了。于是,他坚决地把自己心爱的琴摔破了,挑断了琴弦,终生不再弹琴,以便绝了自己对钟子期的思念。 【关于伯牙绝弦文言文翻译】 1.关于伯牙绝弦原文及翻译 2.《伯牙绝弦》文言文翻译 3.文言文《伯牙绝弦》原文及翻译 4.关于文言文翻译 5.关于狼的文言文翻译 6.关于伤仲永文言文翻译 7.关于口技的文言文翻译 8.《伯牙绝弦》文言文练习 上文是关于伯牙绝弦文言文翻译,感谢您的阅读,希望对您有帮助,谢谢

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