动词不定式(The Infinitive)
动词不定式(The Infinitive)
动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
一、不定式的形式：
主动被动
一般式to do to be done
进行式to be doing /
完成式to have done to have been done
完成进行式to have been doing /
否定式：not /never + (to) do
二、不定式的句法功能：
1.作主语：
eg.)To make a speech here is an honor.
To lose heart means failure.
动词不定式短语作主语时，常用形式主语it作形式主语，如上两句可用如下形式：
It is an honor to make a speech here.
It means failure to lose heart.
常用结构：
It+be+ adj./n.+ for sb. to do sth.
It+be+ adj. + of sb. to do sth. =sb. be + adj. + to do sth.
(常见形容词:clever, silly, foolish, stupid, wise, kind, rude, impolite, careless, cruel, crazy, etc.)
Eg.)It’s necessary for us to have a good knowledge of English.
It is foolish of you to make such a mistake.=You are foolish to make such a mistake.
2.作表语：
eg.)Her wish is to become a novelist.
He appears to have caught a cold.
不定式一般紧跟在系动词如be, seem, remain, appear等后面,用来说明主语的内容。这类结构中的主语一般为名词，如：idea, purpose, hope, plan, intention, wish, dream, etc.
eg.) My purpose is to teach them a lesson.
有时句子主语也可以是不定式或名词性从句。
Eg.) To be strict with students is to be responsible to them.
What I want to do is (to )tell you the truth.
如果主语中含有do的任何形式, 那么不定式可以省去to.
Eg.) The only thing he could do was ( to) tell the truth.
比较:
A组: Sth.+be +不定式(作表语)---表示主语的具体内容
Sth.+be +不定式(作表语)---表示时态(将来时)
Eg.)He is to tidy up the room.
His plan is to tidy up the room.
B组:动名词和不定式在句中作表语的区别:
1. 一般情况下,区别不大,可通用
eg.) Seeing is believing.
=To see is to believe.
2. 动名词表示的动作较抽象、或是习惯性的, 而不定式表示某次具体的动作.
Eg.)My job is typing papers.
My job now is to type these papers.
3.作宾语：
A. 动词+ to不定式
常见动词: hope, wish, long, want, refuse, pretend, promise, agree, aim, decide, expect, offer, fail, plan, learn, manage, intend, desire, etc.
eg.) I longed to become an artist.
He helped (to) bring up the orphan.
B.动词+(间接宾语)+疑问词+ to不定式
常见动词: know, decide, wonder, learn, remember, understand, find out, etc.
eg.) I don’t know what to say to comfort her.
The farmer showed us how to milk the cow.
C.动词+ it+宾语补足语+( for sb.)+ to不定式：
常见动词:find, consider, think, make, feel, etc.
eg.) Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
I think it important for you to recite some English articles.
D.介词but, except后可接to不定式作宾语。
注意句中谓语或非谓语部分含有do，那么不定式可省去to
eg.)Seeing the room crowded, I had no choice but to stand in the dark.
Seeing the room crowded, I could do nothing but stand in the dark.
4.作宾语补足语：
A. 动词/动词词组+宾语+to不定式
常见动词: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, allow, permit, help, advise, persuade, cause, force, warn, invite, urge, encourage, prepare, call on, would like, wait for, etc.
eg.)I got them to join us in the discussion.
They are waiting for the school bus to come.
B. 动词+宾语+不带to的不定式
常用动词: feel (一感) ; hear, listen to(二听); make, let, have(三让); see, watch, observe, notice, look at(五看) ;help (半帮助,可带to或不带to)etc. 但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to.
Eg.) I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
比较: I saw him crossing the road.
He was seen _____the road.
I saw him carried downstairs.
He was seen ____ downstairs.
5.作定语：(考点集中在动词不定式与被修饰词的逻辑关系的判断上)
A.与被修饰名词构成动宾关系：
Eg.) I have a meeting to attend.
He found a good house to live in. (如果不定式是vi，其后应有适当的介词.)
如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：
eg.)He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
注意如果句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语,不定式就用被动语态表示。比较:
I am going to the post office, for I have a letter to post.
I am going to the post office, do you have any letter to be posted?
B. 与被修饰名词构成主谓关系：
Eg.)He is the right person to do that job.
He is the first to get here.
注意不定式+介词修饰名词也可以转换成介词+关系代词（whom或which）+不定式。
Eg.) Mary is a nice companion to travel with.
Mary is a nice companion with whom to travel.
I got a piece of paper to write on.
I got a piece of paper on which to write.
C．说明所修饰名词的内容：
Eg.) We have made a plan to finish the work.
Jane expressed a wish to earn her own living.
6.作状语：
A.表目的：
Eg.) He worked day and night to pay off the debt .
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：
To save money, every means has been tried. (×)
To save money, he has tried every means. (√)
= He has tried every means in order to/so as to save money.
= In order to save money, he has tried every means.
B.表结果：
Eg.)I visited him only to find him out.
Would you be so kind as to tell me the way to the garden Hotel?
His behavior is such as to make his friends angry.
The patient is strong enough to walk about.
too…to…结构
Eg.)It’s too da rk for us to see anything.
The question is too simple for him to answer.
注：对少数几个表示心情或倾向的形容词，如：glad, ready, pleased, willing, anxious, happy, satisfied, etc.用于too…to…结构时表示肯定意义。
eg.)They were too anxious to leave.
I am only/but too glad to do you the favor.
C.表原因：
Eg.)They were very excited to hear the news that their team had won the game.
7.作插入语和同位语：
常见插入语:to tell (you) the truth/to be frank; truth to tell实不相瞒;to start/begin with; to conclude; to make matter worse; to be more exact确切地讲;to make a long story short长话短说，简而言之;to be fair公平地说，凭心而论;to be sure肯定地，毫无疑问地;
eg.)To tell (you) the truth, I don’t like the way _______he talked.
To make matter worse/___ ____, the computer broke down.
We have made a plan to finish the work.
Her wish to be an air hostess has never come true.
三、不定式的时态:
1.一般式－(to)+动原：不定式的一般式所表示的动作或状态与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后。Eg.)The policeman made the thief stand in the corner.
The play is said to be made into a film soon.
2.进行式－to be+现分：不定式的进行式所表示的动作或状态与谓语动词动作同时发生。(seem, appear, happen, pretend 等动词的结构中)
Eg.)The boy pretended to be working hard.
=The boy pretended that he was working hard.
He seems to be reading in his study.
=It seems that he is reading in his study.
3.完成式－to have +过分：不定式的完成式表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词动作之前.
eg.)I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
The novel is said to have been translated into several foreign languages.
=It is said that the novel has been translated into several foreign languages.
比较: I must be off now. I am pleased to have met/meeting you all.(分手告别时)
Pleased to meet you, Mr. Cook.(初次见面时)
四、不定式的语态:
主动式和被动式
A. 如不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者, 不定式需用被动语态－to be +过分
eg.) He dislikes to be praised in public.
The only animal to be seen in the desert was the camel.
B. 主动的形式表示被动:
①句中存在不定式的逻辑主语, 构成逻辑上的主谓关系：
eg.) The master gave his dog a few bones to eat.
I have a lot of papers to type.
(比较:I am free now. Do you have any papers to be typed?)
②在“形容词+不定式”结构中, 如不定式与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,那么不定式多用主动语态.
常见形容词：hard, difficult, easy, fit, cheap, expensive, interesting, etc.
Eg.) The water is fit to drink.
The couch is comfortable to sit on.=It is comfortable to sit on the couch.
The sentence is easy _____ (explain). =It is________
The tea is bitter _______(taste).
③在there be结构中,倾向于用不定式主动语态表示被动意义.
Eg.) There is always much work to do in the house.
④下列句子惯用不定式主动语态.
Eg.) The house is to let/to be let. 这房子待出租。
He is not to blame. 他不该受责备。
但在be + to不定式以及be likely to结构中，如果主语是不定式所表示的承受者，那么不定式仍须用被动语态。Eg.) The collection of poems is to be published within a year.
The results of the exams remain to be seen.
He is likely to be made monitor of our class.=It is likely that he is made ….
五、不定式的否定式：not/never + (to ) 不定式
eg.) They hurried along in order not to be late.
The boy promised never to play truant again.
六、不定式的省略与保留：保留to,省略do动词。
Ⅰ.不定式符号的省略与保留:
1. 在had better, would rather, would rather…than…, would sooner…than…, cannot but, why (not) 等结构后面的不定式符号to通常被省略。如:
eg.) You’d better tell her the truth.
2. 动词不定式短语作介词but, except, besides的宾语，且介词之前有行为动词do或其它形式时，不定式符号to通常被省略。
Eg.) What do you like to do besides swim?
My mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.
Now he had given himself no choice but to tell her.
3. 两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时，后面不定式短语的不定式符号to通常被省略；如果表示对比关系，则不定式符号to通常保留。
eg.) They didn’t tell me whether to go on or to stop. （对比关系）
She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back. （并列关系）
4．在某些感官动词或使役动词（如：hear，listen to，notice，observe，see，watch，make等）之后充当宾语补足语
的不定式中，不定式符号to总是被省略，但在被动语态的句子中，不定式符号to通常保留。
Eg.) They made that man work all the morning.
That man was made to work all the morning.
5.不定式短语作表语，不定式符号to通常保留，但当what引导的名词性从句作主语，或all，everything等后接定语从句作主语，从句谓语部分含有动词do 或do的其他形式时，作表语的不定式可以保留也可省略不定式符号to。eg.) The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all.
The only thing I can do is (to) go on y myself.
II.不定式符号后面动词的省略与保留
1.为了避免重复，在hope，wish，want，like，love，decide，mean，prefer，have to，be able to，be going to，used to，ought to等动词及习语后面出现与上文相同的不定式时，常保留不定式符号to，而把其它部分省略。
Eg.) Ms King lied to us because she had to.
2.当不定式在ask, advise, persuade, wish, allow, permit, tell, expect, force, invite, beg等动词后面充当宾语补足语时, 为了避免重复, 常保留不定式符号to，而把后面的动词省略.
eg.) She wants to come , but her parents won’t allow her to.
If he doesn’t want to go there, don’t force him to.
He didn’t come, though we had invited him to.
3.在特定的上下文中, 为了避免重复, 如果不定式为一般式to be…或完成式to have done时, 则不定式符号to和be或have常一并保留, be或have之后的部分通常要省略.
eg.) ---Aren’t you the headmaster?
--- No, but I don’t want to be.
--- Hasn’t he finished the report?
--- No, but he ought to have.
补充:
不定式符号后面动词的省略与保留：
Eg.)1. If you don’t want to do it, you don’t need to.
2.---Ought I to finish the work today?
---Yes, you ought to.
注：㈠以上例句中的不定式符号to均不能省略。但如省略名词后的不定式时，则to可以一起省去。
Eg.) Never will Tom miss school for no reason; he hasn’t the courage (to).
I will come as soon as I have got the chance (to).
㈡want 和would like如用于从句中，to通常可以省略。
Eg.) Come whenever you want (to).
You can stay here as long as you like (to).
㈢如不定式带有系动词be或助动词have, 则须保留be或have.
Eg.) ---Are you a teacher?---No, but I used to _be_.
--- Sorry, I haven’t finished my work yet?---Well, you ought to have.
㈣另外两种省略to的情况.
⑴如主语部分含有动词do,则作表语的不定式可省略to
eg.) What I want to do is run a night school.
⑵当两个或两个以上的不定式并列使用时,除第一个不定式以外,其余的不定式一般要省略to.
Eg.) It is up to you to decide whether to stay or leave.
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
高中英语动词不定式用法大全
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词for引导的短语，称为不定式的复合结构。例： It’s good for us to read English aloud in the morning. 对我们来说每天早晨大声读英语是很有益的。 It is important for students to use English every day. 对学生来说每天使用英语是很重要的。 二. 作表语：（在形式上，位于系动词后的就是表语。从含义上讲，表语是回答主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的语法成分。） 动词不定式（短语）作表语常用于系词be的后面。例： His work is to drive a car. 他的工作是开车。 My job is to feed animals. 我的工作是饲养动物。 Her ambition is to be a doctor. 她的理想是当医生。 三. 作宾语 动词不定式（短语）可以放在一些动词后面用作宾语，能以动词不定式作宾语的动词有：begin, start, want, forget, remember, show, learn, like, hate, love, ask等。例： I want to tell you a story. 我想给你讲个故事。 They begin to work at eight every morning. 他们每天早晨8点开始工作。 Don’t forget to lock the door.别忘了锁门。 Would you like to go and have a picnic with us tomorrow?明天和我们一
2017年中考英语专题复习 动词不定式(试题部分含答案)
动词不定式 动词不定式 不定式：to + 动词原形 知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！ 动词不定式的基本形式是"to + 动词原形"，有时可以不带to。动词不定式（或不定式短语）没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语。动词不定式仍可保留动词的特点，即可以有自己的宾语和状语。动词不定式同它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。如：to read the newspaper, to speak at the meeting 等 动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语： 注：作主语用的动词不定式常常为it替代，动词不定式（或短语）放在后面。例如： It is not easy to learn a foreign language. It took us three days to do the work. 动词不定式的否定形式由"not+动词不定式"构成. 如: Tell him not to be late. The policeman told the boys not to play in the street.
4) 不定式省去to的情况: 在感官动词see，watch，look at，hear，listen to，feel和使役动词make，have，let等所接的宾语中（不定式做宾语不足语），不定式应省去to。但是在被动语态中不能省。如： Let me listen to you sing the song. He watched his son play computer games. I saw him run away.------He was seen to run away. The boss make the workers work the whole night.----The workers were made to work the whole night. 5) 动词不定式和疑问词连用 动词不定式可以和疑问词what ,which, how, where, when 等连用，构成不定式短语。如： The question is when to start. I don't know where to go . He showed me how to use a computer. What to do is a big problem. 例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！ 翻译下列句子，说出句中不定式的作用： 1. To grow plants is very important. 2. It is so nice to hear your voice. 3. My dream is to be a pilot. 4. He began to read and write at the age of five. 5. The teacher asked me to speak more loudly. 6. Tom came to see me last night. 7. I am glad to see you. 8.Have you got anything to say? 9.There are many places to see in China. 10.I asked him not to open the window. 11. I don't know what to buy for you.
动词不定式的语法功能
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动词不定式的基本用法
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inconvenient, unnecessary, right, wrong...)＋( for/of sb.)＋ 不定式 【例如】 It is essential to reserve a table in advance of Christmas Eve. hard to put my hopessintoswords. It is not easy to catch fish with your hands only. It is important for us young people to learn English and master it. b) It is＋名词(a pleasure, a pity, a pleasant thing, one’s du ty, an honor, a shame, a crime, no easy job...) ＋不定式 It is a sheer waste of time to read that kind of trash. It is a pity to have to go without her. It is a glorious death to die for the people.
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考研语法深度分析(三)动词不定式
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充当宾语补足语 I persuaded him to make a speech in public. 注意：在感官动词／使役动词／help后（see, hear, watch, notice, make, have, let后不定式做宾补时，可省略“to”） I saw them have a disagreement on who should sweep the floor. （我看到了他们争论的整个过程） 但，感官动词后面也可接Ving形式，表示正在进行。 I saw them arguing about who should sweep the floor. （我看到他们正在争论谁该扫地，并不一定看到了整个过程） 充当状语（目的，原因，结果状语，其逻辑主语与句子主语一致） I wrote him a letter to further explain this matter. （目的状语） I’m sorry to bother you.（原因状语） He queued for hours at the box office only to find that the show was sold out. （结果状语，only + to find/realize/discover表示出乎意料的结果） 充当定语（不定式作定语，要放在所修饰的词的后面） I have a lot of dishes to wash. Do you have anything to say There are 3 questions to answer. 一些固定句型中不定式省略“to” had better would rather do… than do… why not do “except/but” 有“do” 无“to”，有”to”无“do” have nothing to do but do… do everything but/except have no choice but to want nothing but/except to 当两个或多个作用相同的不定式并列（and/or/than）时，通常只保留第一个不定式的“to”. He told me to stay there and wait for him. It’s easier to persuade people than force them. To try and fail is better than not to try at all. （否定式中“to”不能省略）
初中英语动词不定式讲解试题和答案
初中英语动词不定式讲解试题和答案 一、作主语，可以用it代替，it叫形式主语，动词不定式放在后面叫真正主语 1．To learn a foreign language is not easy. It is not easy to learn a foreign language. 2. It’s dangerous to drive very fast. 二、作表语 My idea is to ring him up at once. 我的想法是马上给他打电话。 如果主语部分含实义动词do，且作表语的动词又是“do”的内容，这时表语不定式的“to”可以省略。如：All I did was wait here. 我能做的就是在这里等。 三、常可接动词不定式作宾语的动词有：agree(同意), hope(希望), decide(决定), need(需要), mean(打算), wish(希望), fail(失败), want(想要), begin(开始), would like(想要)等。 He has decided to go to the countryside. 他已决心去乡下。 四、“疑问词+ 动词不定式”结构可以作动词know、think、find out等的宾语。 I don’t know who to ask. 我真不知道该问谁。 五、“疑问词+ 动词不定式”可以作动词show、teach、ask等后面的直接宾语。 She told me where to find the earphone. 她告诉我什么地方可以找到耳机。 六、如果宾语太长，可用it作形式宾语，构成“主语+ 谓语+ it + 宾语不足语(名词或形容词) + to do sth”结构，谓语动词常为find、think、feel等。 I found it difficult to stop him. 我发现拦截他很困难。 七、动词不定式可以作介词的宾语。 Autumn harvest is about to start. 秋收即将开始。 I’m worrying about what to do next.我正愁下一步该怎么办。 八、作定语的动词不定式与被修饰词有动宾关系。
动词不定式的用法
动词不定式的用法 概念： 动词不定式由to+动词原形构成。这里的to 是不定式标志，没有词义。不定式具有名词、 形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的 时态和语态的特点及作用。可以做主语、宾 语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语。 一、作主语动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语 动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种： (1) 把不定式置于句首。如： To get there by bike will take us half an hour. (2) 用it 作形式主语，把真正的主语不定 式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：
① It + be + 名词+ to do It's our duty to take good care of the old. ② It takes sb+some time+to do How long did it take you to finish the work? ③ It + be + 形谷词+ b + to do It is difficult for us to finish for swriting the composition in a quarter of an hour. 在句型③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词, 如： easy, difficult, hard, possible, impossible, necessary, better; the first, the next, too much, too little, not enough ④ It + be +形容词+ of sb + to do It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays. 在句型④中，常用 careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,la zy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise rude, clever, important, comfortable, the last, the best
(完整版)动词不定式的用法总结
动词不定式的用法总结 动词不定式在中学英语中应用非常广泛，一方面在句中可起名词、形容词或副词的作用，同时也可在句中作主语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。接下来为大家提供了以下：动词不定式的用法总结一 动词不定式的形式一般是to +动词原形，但to有时要省去。 而动词不定式在具体运用时用不用to，取决于谓语动词的用法。 现就以下几方面介绍如下。 一、不定式结构 1. 带to的不定式结构 能直接跟带to的不定式结构的动词主要有：want, ask, tell, hope, learn, try, decide, forget, remember, like, love, stop, go, come等。 如： I want to go to the movies with you. 我想跟你一起去看电影。 Don’t forget to turn off the light before you leave. 在你离开之前别忘了关灯。 注意：动词不定式的否定形式是在不定式前直接加not，即not to do sth.。
如： Dave told me not to wake up Kate. 大卫告诉我别叫醒凯特。 2. 不带to的不定式结构 以下几种情况使用不带to的动词不定式： (1)在固定词组had better之后。 注意：had better的否定形式是had better not do sth.。 如： You had better go home now. 你最好现在回家。 It’s cold outside. You’d better not go out. 外面很冷，你最好不要出去。 (2)在let, make, see, feel, watch, hear等感官或使役动词后，要跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。 如： I made them give me the money back. 我迫使他们把钱还给我。 I didn’t see you come in. 我没看见你进来。 (3)在引导疑问句的why not之后。 Why not+不带to的不定式是Why don’t you do的省
动词不定式主动表被动用法归纳
动词不定式有两种被动式, 即一般式和完成式, 例如do的被动式有to be done, to have been done。只有及物动词和相当于及物动词的短语才有不定式的被动式。一般说来, 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者时, 该不定式要用被动式。例如: He asked to be sent to work in that factory. 他要求派他去那个工厂工作。 These books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. 这些书不许带出室外。 但在某些情况下, 不定式虽然表示被动意思, 用的却是主动形式。常见的有下列几种情况: 一、在某些固定句型中, 动词不定式作定语, 用主动形式表被动意义。 1）have（give, show）sth. to do 在这种句型中的不定式与前边的名词有动宾关系, 又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系。例如: I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. to do与things是动宾关系, 与I是主谓关系。否则, 在表示被动意义时, 仍需要被动式。试比较: Have you anything to do this afternoon? 今天下午你有事要做吗? （to do是由you发出的） Have you anything to be taken to your parents? 你有要带给你父母的东西吗? （谁带不得而知）再如: Please get me something to read. 请给我弄点读的材料。 He'll show you the right path to take. 他会给你指出要走的正确的路。 2）It（This, That）＋be＋a／an＋adj. ＋n. ＋to do 在这种句型中, 不定式与前面的名词有动宾关系。动词不定式可改为动词不定式复合结构。例如: This is a difficult question to answer. 这是个难答的问题。 question与to answer为动宾关系。to answer可改为for me to answer。再如: It is an easy sentence to translate. 这个句子很容易翻译。 3）There ＋be ＋n. ＋to do 在此句型中, 用来修饰主语的不定式, 可用主动式, 也可用被动式, 只是侧重点不同。用主动式作定语, 重点在人, 用被动式作定语, 重点在物。例如: 没有时间可以耽误。可译成: There is no time to lose（to be lost）. 用to lose可看成for us to lose; 用to be lost, 谁lost time 不明确。 但下述两句用主动不定式与被动不定式意义不同: a. There is nothing to do now. （＝We have nothing to do now. ）现在没事干。 b. There is nothing to be done. （＝We can do nothing now. ）现在没办法了。 a. There is nothing to see. （nothing worth seeing）没有东西值得看。 b. There is nothing to be seen. （nothing there at all）看不见什么东西。 二、在某些“形容词＋不定式”的结构中, 不定式有被动意义, 与句子主语构成动宾关系。其句型有: 1）n. ＋be＋adj. ＋to do The question was very difficult to answer. 这问题很难回答。 The job is very easy to do. 这工作很容易做。 2）n. ＋be＋too＋adj. ＋to do