科技英语阅读翻译(张敏)
Unlocking the Climate Puzzle
解开气候之谜
(1)Life has prospered on this planet for nearly four billion years. In that time, climate had fluctuated drastically, from ice ages lasting tens of thousands of years to epochs of steamy heat. With each change, sundry species have benefited and flourished.Others adapted, faltered, or died. Now, many experts believe, humans are imperiling their own ecological niche with the threat of global warming. The vaporous by-products of civilization, in the form of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (C0?), have trapped enough heat in the atmosphere to raise Earth's average surface air temperature a half degree Celsius (one degree Fahrenheit) during this century. If the trend continues, it could alter climate patterns worldwide-thawing glaciers, boosting sea level, scorching plains into deserts, and shifting vegetation zones.
（1）生命在这个星球上已经发展了近四十亿年。在这段时间里，气候有大幅波动，从冰河时代到蒸汽时代延续了几千年。每一次改变，各种物种受益和繁荣。其他适应，步履蹒跚，或死亡。现在，许多专家认为，人类正在通过全球变暖危及自己的生态位。在本世纪，文明的气态副产物，以二氧化碳（C0?）等温室气体的形式，把足够的热量困在大气中，来提高地球表面平均气温半摄氏度（1华氏度）。如果这种趋势继续下去，它可能会改变世界范围内的气候模式—融化冰川，提高海平面，把平原烤成沙漠，以及改变植被区。
(2) Or it might not. Global climate depends on combinations of factors interacting in subtle and complex ways that we do not yet fully understand. It is possible that the warming observed during this century may have resulted from natural variations, even though the increase has been much more rapid than what the planet has witnessed over the past hundred centuries. Moreover, the supercomputer simulations used to project future conditions may not be accurate.
（2）或者不可能。全球气候取决于各种因素的组合，这些因素以微妙和复杂的方式相互作用，我们还没有完全了解。这是可能的，在本世纪中观察到的变暖可能是由于自然的变化，即使增加已远远超过这个星球在过去的几百个世纪已经见证过的。此外，用于展现未来条件的超级计算机模拟可能是不准确的。
(3) Nonetheless, in 1995, after years of intense study, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), sponsored by the United Nations, concluded tentatively that "the balance of evidence suggests that there is a discernible human influence on global climate". The amount of that influence, the group noted, is unknown because of "uncertainties in key factors", including the degree to which clouds and the oceans affect
the rate of temperature change. It may take a decade or more of additional research to resolve those uncertainties.
（3）然而，由联合国发起的政府间气候变化专门委员会，经过数年集中的研究，在1995年，初步得到了“对照所有证据表明，人类对全球气候有明显的影响”这个结论。该委员会同时提到，由于“关键因素的不确定性”，包括云层和海洋对温度变化率的影响程度，人类对全球气候的影响量是未知的。解决这些不确定因素可能需要十年乃至更长时间的额外研究。(4) Meanwhile, much is known. And although the specific consequences of human activity remain ambiguous, our ability to alter the atmosphere is incontestable.
（4）同时，大多是已知的。尽管人类活动的具体后果仍不明确，我们改变大气的能力是不可否认的。
(5) What causes climate change? Weather is what happens outside your home this morning. Climate is what you can expect to happen outside during your 30-year mortgage. Over time small changes can make a big difference. Driven by tremendous flows of heat over the surface of the planet, Earth's climate system is influenced by innumerable interacting variables.
（5）是什么导致了气候变化？天气是这个早上出现在户外的自然现象。气候是在30年内可以预测的发生在户外的自然现象。随着时间的流逝，微小的变化会造成巨大的影响。由于星球表面上的巨大热流，无数相互作用的变量影响着地球的气候系统。
Solar Input
(6) Having traveled 93 million miles, solar energy hits the upper atmosphere at about the intensity of three 100-watt bulbs per square yard—one-third of which is reflected back into space. The rest of the energy warms Earth and fuels its weather engine. 太阳能输入
（6）已经走了9300万英里，太阳能达到高层大气时，每平方的强度大约是3个100瓦灯泡—其中三分之一被反射回太空。其余的能量使地球变暖，并引起天气改变。
The Atmosphere
(7) A delicate balance of gases gives Earth an average temperature of 15℃(59℉). Greenhouse gases一water vapor, C0?, methane, nitrous oxide, and others一absorb heat energy, then re-radiate a portion of it back to the surface.
大气
（7）气体的一种微妙平衡使地球平均温度为15℃（59℉）。温室气体一水汽，C0?，甲烷，一氧化二氮，和其他气体一吸收热能，然后再辐射一部分返回地面。
The Oceans
(8) Covering 70 percent of Earth's surface, oceans are the chief source of water vapor in the air. Oceans store heat efficiently and transport it thousands of miles. When warm water collects in one place, evaporation and cloud buildup may increase. Marine organisms consume huge amounts of C0?.
海洋
（8）覆盖地球表面的百分之70，海洋是空气中的水蒸气的主要来源。海洋能有效地储存热能和把它运输数千英里。当温水聚集在一个地方，蒸发和云层积累可能会增加。海洋生物消耗大量的C0?。
The Water Cycle
(9) Higher air temperatures can mean increased water evaporation and the melting of sea and land ice. Although water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas, evaporation also leads to cloud formation, which can have a cooling effect.
水循环
（9）更高的空气温度可以增加水的蒸发和融化海洋和陆地的冰。虽然水蒸气是最有效的温室气体，蒸发也导致云的形成，它可以有一个冷却效果。
Clouds
(10) The role of clouds is poorly understood, but they are known to both cool Earth by reflecting solar energy and warm Earth by trapping heat being radiated up from the surface.
云层
（10）人类对云层的作用了解很少，但是知道它们会通过反射太阳能使地面温度下降，且通过储存地表散发的热量使地面温度上升。
Ice and Snow
(11) Bright white expanses of ice and snow reflect sunlight back into space, cooling the planet. Melting sea ice draws heat from the ocean. In the Northern Hemisphere, snow cover has decreased about 10 percent in the past 21 years, but no significant melting of the Antarctic ice sheet has been detected.
冰和雪
（11）广阔区域的明亮白色的冰和雪把阳光反射回太空，使地球冷却。融化的海冰从海洋中吸取热量。在北半球，雪覆盖在过去的21年中减少了约百分之10，但没有明显的南极冰盖的融化已经被检测到。
Land Surface
(12) When solar energy penetrates the land surface, it is converted into heat, most of which radiates upward quickly. Still, topography and land use can have major effects on climate. Mountain ranges can block clouds, creating dry "shadows" downwind. Sloping land allows more water runoff, leaving the land and air drier. A tropical forest will soak up C0?，but once cleared for cattle ranching, the same land becomes a source of methane.
（12）当太阳能渗入地表时，会转化为热能，其中大部分会很快上升散发到空气中。地形和土地使用仍然对气候有主要的影响。在下风口，山脉会挡住云层，形成缺乏雨水的“阴影地”。坡地让更多的水分流失，使得土地和空气更加干燥。热带森林会吸收二氧化碳，但是一旦允许牲畜农场经营，这块土地将会产生大量的甲烷。
Human Influences
(13) Adding to the mix of greenhouse gases naturally present in the atmosphere, human activities magnify warming effects. Fuel combustion is the chief cause of rising C0?concentrations. Ranching, rice farming, and landfills have raised methane levels. Aerosols, such as smoke and sulfates from industry, reflect sunlight and have temporary, localized cooling effects.
人类的影响
（13）增加在大气中自然存在的温室气体的混合，人类活动放大变暖的影响。燃料燃烧是C0?浓度上升的一个主要原因。牧场，水稻种植，和垃圾填埋场已经提高甲烷的程度。悬浮颗粒，如来自工业的烟尘和硫酸盐，能反射阳光，有暂时的、局部的冷却效果。
(14) If C0?emission increases are to blame for global warming, skeptics say, then
temperatures should have risen appreciably during the postwar economic boom, when fossil fuels were burned in escalating quantity. Jerry Mahlman, director of NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory at Princeton, however, has calculated that the surge in coal and oil use quickly increased the amount of sulfates aloft, prompting the cooling. After 1970 the longer term effect of C0?and methane overwhelmed the
short-lived aerosols, accounting for the temperature rise since then.
（14）质疑者们说，如果CO2的增加应该对全球变暖负责，那么在战后经济繁荣期间化石燃料被越来越多的燃烧时，温度应该很明显的增加。不管怎样，Jerry Mahlman，美国
国家海洋和大气局位于普林斯顿关于地球物理流体动力学实验室的主任，曾计算过煤和油的使用量的激增会迅速增加空气中大量的硫酸盐，并促进它们冷却。从1970年后，CO2
和甲烷覆盖了短期效应的气溶胶从而带来的长期效应，导致了温度的上升。
(15) An enhanced greenhouse effect may not necessarily be catastrophic. Indeed, it might be good news for some farmers. High concentrations of C0?can have a fertilizing effect on plants, which is why some commercial greenhouses use an artificial indoor atmosphere containing C0?at about three times the level outside.Because plants use photosynthesis to turn C0?into living tissue, more vegetation also might mean more C02 scavenged from the atmosphere, perhaps slowing global warming.
（15）增强的温室效应可能不一定是灾难性的。事实上，这对一些农民来说可能是好消息。高浓度C0?对植物可以有施肥的效果，这就是为什么有些商业温室使用C0?浓度约为室外三倍水平的人工室内空气。由于植物利用光合作用将C0?转换为细胞组织，更多的植被也可能意味着更多来自于大气的C0?被清除，可能减缓全球变暖。
(16) Furthermore, higher temperatures might be most welcome where they are most likely to occur. Since 1900, the greatest warming has been observed between 40
degrees and 70 degrees north latitude-including Europe, Russia, and the northern half of the U.S.—where much of the world's industrial greenhouse gas emissions originate. Most of the warming has taken place at night-presumably because increased cloud cover shades the land by day and traps outgoing heat at night. The growing season in the northern U.S. has lengthened by about a week.
（16）此外，高温在最可能发生的地方也许会最受欢迎。从1990年开始，在人们北纬40°—70°之间观察最主要的温室变化。包括欧洲、俄罗斯和美国北部半数地区，这些地区是世界上工业温室气体主要的排放地。大多数的温室变化是发生在晚上的，大概是因为在白天增加的阴云遮住了大地并且晚上高温的散发受到了限制。在美国北部植物的增长期被延长了差不多一周左右。
(17) Some scientists argue that hasty measures are pointless: Any appreciable
alterations in climate, they say, are likely to be gradual enough that we will be able to adapt. And even if all greenhouse gas emissions stopped tomorrow, the planet almost certainly would continue to warm for several decades because of the gases' long atmospheric lifetime.
（17）一些科学家认为，草率的措施是毫无意义的：他们说，任何可预见的气候变化，有可能是渐进的，我们将能够适应。即使所有的温室气体在明天都停止排放，地球几乎肯定会继续温暖几十年，因为气体的长的大气寿命。
(18) On the other hand, there is evidence that some kinds of events could change
climate radically in the span of decades. Perhaps the most feared is an abrupt collapse in the huge Atlantic "conveyor belt" system that brings warm water north from the
equator, keeping Europe several degrees warmer than it would otherwise be.
Evaporation of this incoming flow leaves the belt with a higher salt content than the rest of the North Atlantic, which is fed by substantial freshwater runoff from continental watersheds. The belt cools and becomes denser as it approaches
Greenland, where it sinks. It then travels far below the surface in a south-moving return flow.
（18）从另一方面说，有证据表明一些事件会在数十年的时间内从根本上改变气候。也许人们大多数的担忧是巨大的大西洋“传送带”会发生一种突然的崩溃。这个“传送带”从赤道北部带来了温暖的水，使它比原来的温度高几度。这种流入水的消失会使“传送带”变得比北大西洋其它地区的盐度都高，北大西洋其它的地区存储着大量从陆地流域流入的淡水。这个“传送带”中的水在接近格陵兰岛时会变得冰冷而且稠密，在那里它下沉了。然后它随着向南流动的回流表层下部远去。
(19) But what if human-induced global warming altered the delicate temperature difference between the flows and at the same time caused increased rainfall over the oceans, diluting the salinity of the northward flow? The whole Atlantic conveyor belt could simply shut down, as ocean-sediment evidence suggests it has several times in the past. The effect would be locally disastrous. By one estimate, Ireland would have about the same temperature as present-day Spitsbergen, which is hundreds of miles above the Arctic Circle. Much of northern Europe would be largely uninhabitable.
（19）但是人类引起的全球变暖改变了水流之间的微妙的温度差，同时在海洋上引起的降雨量增加，稀释北上水流的盐度又怎样？整个大西洋输送带可以简单地关闭，因为海洋沉积物的证据表明，它在过去发生过好几次。影响会是局部灾难性的。根据一个预测，爱尔兰将会和现在位于北极圈数百英里以上的斯匹次卑尔根有大约相同的温度。欧洲北部的大部分将不适合居住。
(20) No one knows for certain whether such things will happen. Beyond that the specific human effect on climate change will remain hauntingly indefinite until our knowledge increases and the models improve.
（20）没人确信这些事情是不是真的会发生。除了对气候做出特别的人为影响，这种不确定性将会一直萦绕人们的心头直到我们的知识增加和理论提高。
The Greenhouse Effect
温室效应
(l)The air we breathe keeps us alive in more ways than one. Without our atmosphere, average global temperature would be about minus 18℃(minus 0.4℉) instead of the present 15℃(59℉). All the incoming sunlight, with energy equivalent to about three
100-watt light bulbs per square yard, would strike Earth's surface, causing it to emit infrared waves like a giant radiator. That heat would simply travel unimpeded back out into the void.
（l）我们呼吸的空气不止从一个方面确保我们活着。没有大气层，全球平均温度大约是零下18℃（零下0.4℉），而不是现在的15℃（59℉）。所有入射的太阳光，每平方码的能量相当于3个100瓦的灯泡，会撞击地球表面，使它像一个巨大的散热器一样发射出红外波。这种热将简单地传播，无阻碍地返回到虚空中去。
(2) Because of the atmosphere, however, only a fraction of that heat makes it directly back into space. The rest is trapped in the lower air layers, which contain a number of gases一water vapor, C0?, methane, and others—that absorb the outgoing infrared radiation. As those gases heat up, some of their warmth radiates back down to the surface. The entire process is called the greenhouse effect, and most of it is caused by the predominant greenhouse gas, water vapor·
（2）然而，由于大气，只有一小部分的热量，使它直接回到太空。剩下的热量被困在低层大气中，其中含有一些气体—水汽，C0?，甲烷和其他气体—吸收外面的红外辐射。由于这些气体加热，它们的一些温暖辐射回地面。整个过程被称为温室效应，大部分是由主要的温室气体，水蒸气引起的。
(3) With increased heating, more water evaporates from oceans, lakes, and soils. Because a warmer atmosphere can hold more water vapor, this creates a powerful feedback loop: the hotter it gets, the higher the water vapor content of the air, and thus the greater the greenhouse warming.
（3）因为热量增加，更多的水从海洋、湖泊和土壤中蒸发掉。由于一个温暖的大气可以容纳更多的水蒸气，这创造了一个强大的反馈回路：它得到的热量越多，空气中水蒸气含量越高，从而温室变暖越严重。
(4) Human beings have little direct control over the volume of water in the atmosphere. But we produce other greenhouse gases that intensify the effect. The IPCC estimates that rising C0?emissions, mostly from burning fossil fuels, account for about 60 percent of the warming observed since 1850. Carbon dioxide concentration has been
increasing about 0.3 percent higher than it was before the industrial revolution. If current rates continue, it will rise to at least twice pre-industrial levels by about 2060-and by the end of the century could be four times as high. That is particularly worrisome because C0?has a lifetime of more than a hundred years in the atmosphere, compared with eight days for water vapor.
（4）人类对大气中的水的体积几乎没有直接的控制权。但我们生产的其他温室气体可以加剧影响。IPCC估计，C0?排放上升，大部分来自化石燃料的燃烧，占据了自1850年开始观察的气候变暖的60%。二氧化碳浓度比工业革命之前持续增加了约0.3%。如果目前的速度持续下去，到2060左右至少会上升到工业化前水平的两倍—到本世纪末，可能高达四倍。这是特别令人担忧的，因为与水蒸气的八天寿命相比，C0?在大气中的寿命超过一百年。
(5) Pushing their way through emerging cities like Barakar, India,
automobiles carry unwanted cargo一C0?emissions. Since the late 1700s, the burning of fossil fuels and other human activities have increased atmospheric C0?concentrations more than 30 percent. While the amount added to the air by humans, roughly 7 billion metric tons a year, is a tiny fraction of the total held by the
atmosphere-750 billion tons-and an even smaller figure compared with that held in the oceans—about 35 trillion tons—it remains a significant amount. The reason: Natural processes are in balance, drawing about as much C0?from the air as they deposit. Human activity, however, only adds C0?.
（5）通过印度Barakar这样的新兴城市推动它们的方式，利用汽车运载无用的货物—C0?排放。自18世纪晚期，化石燃料和其他人类活动燃烧使大气C0?浓度超过30%。
然而人类向空气中每年大约增加70亿吨量的C0?，是大气C0?总容量的一小部分的—750亿吨—与海洋中的容量相比是一个更小的数字—大约35兆吨—它仍然是一个重要的数量。原因是：自然过程是平衡的，空气吸收的C0?和它们存储的差不多从。然而人类活动，只是增加C0?容量。
(6) Much remains to be learned about Earth's carbon cycle and the role
of the oceans as a "sink" for CO2. Despite such uncertainties, the computer
programs used to model Earth's climate are improving rapidly. Current models do well in simulating seasonal variations and climate over thousands of years, leading most scientists to take their overall projections seriously.
（6）地球的碳循环和海洋汇集CO2作用还有许多有待了解。不管有这些不确定
性，用于模拟地球气候的计算机程序正在迅速改善。目前的模型很好地模拟了几千年的季节性变化和气候，导致大多数科学家认真地接受他们的全部预测。
(7) Methane, the principal ingredient of natural gas, has caused an estimated 15 percent of the warming in modem times. Generated by bacteria in rice fields, decomposing garbage, cattle ranching, and fossil fuel production, methane persists in the atmosphere for nearly a decade and is now about 2.5 times as prevalent as it was in the 18th century. Other major greenhouse gases include nitrous oxide-produced by both agriculture and industry-and various solvents and refrigerants like
chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, which are now banned by international treaty because of their damaging effect on Earth's protective ozone layer.
（7）甲烷是天然气的主要成分，在现代已造成约15%的气候变暖。在稻田细菌，分解垃圾，养牛，和化石燃料生产的过程中产生，甲烷在大气中持续了将近十年，现在是在第十八世纪普遍存在的2.5倍。其他主要的温室气体包括NO—在农业和工业中产生—各种溶剂和制冷剂如氯氟烃，或者CFCs，现在已经被国际条约禁止，因为它们会破坏保护地球的臭氧层。
(8) The relentless accumulation of greenhouse gases has led the IPCC to project that in the next hundred years global average temperatures will rise by 1 to 3.5 degrees C. That may not seem like much. Yet the "little ice age", an anomalous cold snap that peaked from 1570 to 1730 and forced European farmers to abandon their fields, was caused by a change of only half a degree C.
(8)温室气体的不断积累，令IPCC预测在下一个百年全球平均气温将上升1到
3.5℃。看起来可能不太多。然而，“小冰河时代”，一个异常寒冷的瞬间，使最高温度从1570变为1730，并迫使欧洲农民放弃他们的田地，只是由一个半度的变化引起的。
(9) But how credible are current projections? The computer models used to project greenhouse effects far into the future are still being improved
to accommodate a rapidly growing font of knowledge. And it is remarkably difficult to detect a definitive "signature" of human activity in the world's widely fluctuating climate record.
（9）但目前的预测有多可信？用于预测遥远将来温室效应的计算机模型仍在改进，以适应快速增长的知识。而且世界上广泛波动的气候记录很难检测到一个明确的人类活动的“签名”。
Toyota’s Story in Europe
丰田汽车在欧洲
(1) It’s Monday afternoon inside Toyota Motor Corp.’s Valenciennes plant northern France, where workers turn and bend over the assembly line to meet demanding hourly production target. Red neon numbers mounted high above the river of moving cars blink steadily, comparing the rate of completed autos with the company’s goal. Demand for the Yairs subcompacts this pristine plant cranks out is outstripping the 920-per-day output. So Valenciennes has hired 500 more workers and this month is adding a third shift foR round-the-clock production—a first in Toyota manufacturing history. “We produce a car every minute. That’s the maximum. The solution is to try three shifts,” says Didier Leory, senior
vice-president o f Toyota MotoR Manufacturing, France.”
（1）一个周一的下午，丰田汽车制造公司旗下位于法国北部的瓦朗西安工厂内，工人们为达到每小时的生产目标，熟练且有条不紊的在装配线上忙碌着。在汽车生产流水线上方，红色霓虹灯数字持续地闪烁着，表示与公司目标对比下的汽车生产率稳步增长。对于这个新工厂迅速出产的丰田威姿微型汽车，公司要求日产量超过920辆。因此，瓦朗西安工厂雇佣了500多个工人，并且这个月实行三轮班制度不分昼夜地生产，这在丰田汽车制造史上尚属首次。法国丰田制造公司的高级副总裁Didier Leroy说“我们每一分钟就能生产出一辆汽车，这已经是最大限度了，相应的解决方案就是尝试三轮班制度。”
(2)Toyota, a marginal player in Europe, is becoming a fearsome market force as it applies itself to winning a bigger share of the Old World’s roadways. Sales in Europe rose 20.6% in the first four months of this year, following a 10.4 % leap in 2003, to 835,000 cars. Those gains, fueled partly by the redesigned Yaris, pushed Toyota’s market share in Western Europe to 5.3% in April, up from 4.5% a year ago, overtaking Mercedes and Audi and ending cl ose to Italy’s Fiat. “Every point Toyota gains is hurting the others badly,” says Peter Soliman, partner at Booz Allen Hamilton’s Disseldorf office.
（2）在欧洲并不起眼的丰田汽车，随着其在东半球公路市场赢得了更大的份额，
正在成为一股不容小觑的市场竞争力量。今年前四个月，丰田汽车在欧洲的销量上升了20.6%，紧接着在2003年销量又提高了10.4%，销售达到835000辆汽车。重新设计的丰田威姿汽车在一定程度上促进了这些成绩的取得，推动丰田汽车四月份在西欧的市场份额从去年的4.5%上升到今年的5.3%，其份额超过了梅塞迪斯汽车和奥迪汽车，并逐渐接近意大利的菲亚特汽车。“丰田的每一点收益都在严重打击着其他对手，” 博思艾伦咨询公司合伙人彼得·苏莱曼说。
(3) Toyota is determined to snare even bigger gains in Europe. Its goal is to up its market share there to 8% by 2010. The world’s No. 2 auto maker spent the 1990s slowly
acquiring a hefty 11% chunk of the $457 billion U.S. auto market. Industry experts say the Japanese giant has a good shot at becoming one of the leading auto brands in Europe and could well exceed its 8% target. “They are producing cars European really want,” says Garel Rhys, professor of automotive economics at the Cardiff Business School in Wales. “Toyota will become a major competitive threat in Europe now.”
（3）丰田决心在欧洲获得更大的收益。它的目标是到2010把它的市场份额上升到8%。世界第二大汽车制造商在20世纪90年代缓慢地从4570亿美元的美国汽车市场中获得11%的份额。业内专家说，日本巨人有一个很好的机会成为欧洲领先的汽车品牌之一，并可能超过其8%的目标。盖瑞尔·里斯说，“他们生产欧洲人真正想要的汽车”，他是威尔士卡迪夫商学院的汽车经济学教授。“丰田将成为欧洲的主要竞争威胁。”
(4) Soaring sales are also helping Toyota’s bottom line. European revenues rose 35.3% in 2003, to $19.5 billion. Operating profit rose nearly ninefold, to $654 million. Behind the sales surge are investments in local design and production—a strategy Toyota has followed with success in the U.S. Half the Toyotas sold in Europe are built at factories in Britain, France, and Turkey. In 2005, when a joint-venture plant with PSA Peugeot Citroen starts operations, Toyota’s local production will rise t o 60%, nearly matching the level of local production in the U.S. By 2010 the company aims to sell 1.2 million cars in Europe, maching the scales levels of Peugeot and Ford Motor Co. brands. “Toyota’s success are real. People are taking serious notice, but no one has a good plan to combat it,” says Booz Allan’s Soliman.
（4）飙升的销量也有助于丰田的底线。欧洲的收入在2003上升35.3%，达到195亿美元。营业利润增长近9倍，达到6亿5400万美元。销售潮的背后是对当地设计和生产的投资—丰田在美国占据欧洲一半销售额的一个成功战略是建立在英国，法国和土耳其的工厂里。在2005年，当合资工厂以及标致雪铁龙开始行动，丰田在本地的产量上升至60%，接近美国在本地的产量。公司的目标是到2010年在欧洲出售1.2万辆汽车，接近标致雪铁龙和福特汽车公司的规模。“丰田的成功是真实的。人们正认真关注，但没有一个有好的计划抗衡它”，Booz Allan' s Soliman说。
(5) Thanks to its new design studio in southern France, near Nice, Toyota’s recent models look distinctly Mediterranean. Its whimsical Yaris, which starts at $12,000, exudes Latin flair with its cute snout and peppy stance. “The first good result to come out of our effort was the Yaris,” says Toyota Motor Europe CEO Shulei Toyoda, one of the founding family scions. Toyota’s new compact minivan, the Corola Verso, at $25,000, matches the avant-garde styling pioneered by French and German rivals. Once-blah interiors sport
higher-quality fabrics, dashboards, and knobs, while clean diesel engines are helping to power sales.
（5）多亏了丰田公司在法国南部靠近尼斯的新设计室，丰田最近的模型看起来明显的具有地中海风格。丰田旗下起步价12000美元的威姿，其可爱的车头和活泼的车型散发着拉丁风格。“我们努力换来的第一个好成果是威姿，”丰田汽车欧洲创始家族的成员、丰田首席执行官徐雷说。丰田的新型简约小型货车花冠微型面包车，售价25000美元，可以与竞争对手法国和德国开创的前卫造型相匹敌。单调的内部高品质面料、仪表盘和旋钮，以及清洁柴油发动机有助于汽车的销售。
(6) European auto makers have more to fear from Toyota than a handful of hot models. While the Japanese powerhouse was figuring out how to build cars attractive to Europeans, it was also bearing down on costs to wield the efficiency needed to prevail in one of the world’s lowest-margin auto mar kets. Toyota’s management asked engineers to propose an innovative, cost-saving design for the Valencienne facility. The result, a compact, star-shaped factory, was a first at Toyota. It features a production area with limited space to store parts or compo nents. The 21/2 hours’ worth
of inventory on hand is lower than at any other Toyota factory in the world. “Some Toyota engineers said this plant could not work,” recalls Lerroy, “They said if we had any problem, it would stop the lines.
（6）相比其它少数热销车型，欧洲汽车制造商更担心丰田汽车。日本公司在解决怎样制造吸引欧洲人的汽车的同时，也在满足使用率的条件下削减成本，以便于在世界低赢利的汽车市场中占有一席之地。丰田汽车公司的管理人员要求工程师们为瓦朗西安的设备？提出一个既创新又节约成本的设计方案。最终，一个紧凑的星形工厂首次在丰田公司诞生。这个工厂的特征是，其生产区域存放零件和组件的空间有限。这个工厂两个半小时的存货价值比世界上其他丰田汽车工厂都低。雷洛伊回忆：“一些丰田公司的工程师说这些工厂不会运作起来，他们说如果我们出现任何问题，都会使生产线停止生产。”
(7) The daring design was a hit. By putting every production process under one roof—from press machinery to welding, painting, assembly, and final quality checks—Toyota cut the overall investment required for the plant by 40 %, to $732 million. The thin inventory levels act as a warning when things go wrong, since backlogs or rapidly depleted stacks of components are immediately noticeable. Over three years, Valenciennes’s so-called “lean design” has proven so successful that Toyota is basing its new joint-venture (with PSA Peugeot Citroen) on it. Dozens of Czech workers have been trained in France, preparing for next year’s ramp-up on Kolin, near Prague.
（7）大胆的设计是一个打击。通过把每一个生产过程放在同一个屋檐下—从机械压制到焊接，绘画，装配，和最终质量检查—丰田把工厂所需的总投资削减了40%，至7亿3200万美元。因为积压或迅速消耗成堆的零件是显而易见的，当事情出错时，稀少的库存水平作为一个警告。在过去的三年中，瓦朗谢讷的所谓“精益设计”已被证明非常成功，丰田是建立在新的合资（与标致雪铁龙）基础上的。捷克数十名工人已在法国接受培训，为了在布拉格附近的科林为下一年量产做准备。
(8) The design of the French plant is just one example of how Toyota is quietly but relentlessly increasing the standard of efficiency in Europe. European auto makers such as Fiat, Adam Opel, and Ford, which can never seem to get out of the red, will feel the squeeze.
（8）法国工厂的设计只是丰田在欧洲如何悄悄地并无情地提高效率标准的一个例子。欧洲的汽车制造商，如菲亚特，亚当欧宝和福特，这些似乎永远不会离开赤字，将会感觉到压力。
(9) One challenge still facing Toyota is burnishing its brand. Although the Japanese giant regularly ranks first in a variety of quality surveys across Europe, consumers don’t perceive Toyota as the quality leader. “That’s our No. 1 headache,’ says Toyota. But as Europeans see more Toyota on the street, opini ons are changing. “The people I know who have once told me they were great and that they never had any problem even after two years,” says Farhat Daouadi, a 49-year-old Parisian taxi driver who recently turned in his Renault for a blue Toyota Avensis Verso diesel minivan.
（9）丰田仍然面临的一个挑战是塑造自身品牌。虽然日本巨头定期在欧洲的各种质量调查中排名第一，但消费者不认为丰田是质量领先者。“这是我们的1号头痛问题，”丰田说。但随着欧洲人在街上看到更多的丰田，观点也在变化。“我认识的人曾经告诉我，丰田车是很好的，即使两年后丰田车也从来没有任何问题，Farhat Daouadi说，他是一个49岁的巴黎出租车司机，最近把他的雷诺汽车换成蓝色丰田Avensis Verso柴油货车。
(10) No doubt, European car makers will give Toyota a tough battle for every inch of ground. Twenty years ago, many European auto executives trooped to Japan to learn how to bolster quality and productivity, says Petro Nueno, professor at International Graduate School of Management on B arcelona. “Now they will have to run faster.” Peugeot’s factories already operate three shifts, and Volkswagen’s Spanish unit SEAT recently won more flexible labor conditions from its normally
intransigent unions. “There’s going to be a reaction. It will b e good for the automotive industry here,” says Neuno. But the gain won’t come without pain.
（10）毫无疑问，欧洲的汽车制造商将在每一寸土地上给丰田一场艰苦的战斗。二十年前，许多欧洲汽车业高管们去日本学习如何提高质量和生产力，巴塞罗那的国际管理研究生院教授Petro Nueno说：“现在他们将会跑得更快。”标致的工厂已经运行三班倒，大众的西班牙单位最近从通常不妥协的工会获得更灵活的劳动条件。“将有一个反应。它对这里的汽车行业有好处”，Nueno说。但是收获不会没有付出。
Why Diesel一powered Cars Are In and Electric Cars Are Out?
为什么柴油车而不是电动车变得时髦起来？
(1) Strange as it may seem, diesel is staking a claim to be the environmentally friendly fuel of the future.
（1）尽管听起来很奇怪，柴油将代表着未来的环保燃料。
(2) For car makers, at least, being smaller certainly seems more beautiful. At the recent Paris Motor Show they vied with each other to show small, economical cars, such as the tiny Volkswagen Lupo and the Toyota Yaris. The Lupo is billed as the world's first three-liter car一the number referring not to the size of its engine, but to its meagre thirst. It is the first car capable of traveling 100 kilometers on three liters of fuel, or about 90 miles to the gallon.
（2）对于汽车制造商而言，汽车越小，似乎就越好。在最近的巴黎车展上，制造商们争相展示小而经济的汽车，比如微型大众卢坡和丰田的YARIS。LUPO已经成为世界上第一个“三升”汽车-这个“三升”不是指发动机的排放量，而是指它极低的耗油量。LUPO是首款能够行驶100公里而只耗油3升，也就是大约行驶90英里只耗油1加仑的汽车。
(3) What makes this possible is a new kind of turbo-charged direct injection (TDI) diesel engine. The same technology, which has already appeared in a BMW, is also hitting the road in a Mercedes, an Alfa Romeo, and in cars from Volkswagen, Rover, Peugeot and CitroEn. Soon it will be common to all manufacturers' models as an engine option. Suddenly, diesel is cool.
（3）是一个新的涡轮增压直喷柴油发动机使这成为可能。相同的技术，它已经出现在宝马汽车上，也将要出现在是奔驰，阿尔法罗密欧，大众，罗孚，标致雪铁龙汽车上。很快，作为所有制造商的模型的一个引擎选项，这将是普遍的。突然，柴油很受欢迎。
(4) Behind this unlikely turn of events is a new generation of
electronically controlled, high pressure fuel-injection systems combined with new "common-rail" technology. This promises to make diesel as quiet and smooth as petrol,
while offering much greater fuel economy. It is also cleaner. After years as the poor, filthy relation to petrol engines, diesel has cleaned itself up. Why now?
（4）在这种不太可能的形式变化的背后，是新一代电控，高压燃油喷射系统与新高压共轨技术的结合。这种结合将使柴油使用如汽油一样安静顺畅，同时提供了更高的燃油经济性。同时柴油更加清洁。数年后，当汽油发动机变脏，性能变弱时，柴油发动机已经完成了自我清洁。为什么柴油发动机在现在变得时髦起来了呢？
(5) The short answer is that diesel represents the industry's best hope of cutting carbon dioxide emissions. That means that diesel best fits in with the car makers' medium-term thinking about their industry.
（5）简短的答案是，柴油代表了行业内关于削减二氧化碳排放量的最高希望。这意味着，柴油最适合汽车制造商关于他们行业的中期考虑。
(6) America, Japan and Europe are imposing ever-tighter rules to cut air pollution from cars. Battery electric vehicles have been dismissed as a colossal flop, so
hybrid-electric vehicles, which use an
internal-combustion engine for long journeys and an electric motor in town, will be a stop-gap to cut pollution and comply with laws limiting vehicle emissions. Then, from about 2007, environmentally friendly cars powered by fuel cells will begin to make an appearance. Eventually these vehicles, which will be able to run on hydrogen extracted from conventional
hydrocarbon fuel, are expected to displace petrol and diesel vehicles.
（6）美国，日本，欧洲都正倾向于实施规则来减少由于汽车造成的空气污染。纯电动汽车作为一个巨大的失败品，已经逐渐消失，因此，一种使用针对长途旅行使用内燃机引擎和针对城市使用电动发动机的混合动力电动汽车将会是一个减少污染和满足汽车尾气排放规定的权宜之计。当然，从2007年开始，由燃料电池供能的环境友好型汽车将会开始出现。最终这些汽车被期望去取代汽油和柴油汽车，这些汽车能够通过从传统的混合燃料中提取氢来供能运行。
(7) In the meantime, before hybrid and fuel-cell vehicles materialise, the conventional wisdom had been that ever-more refined petrol engines would dominate, better catalysts would clean up exhaust emissions; more precise fuel injection would make engines cleaner and more economical.
（7）在混合动力和燃料电池汽车突然出现之前的那段时间，传统智能车已经占据了市场的主导地位，通过更多的精确控制汽油发动机，智能车能用更好的催化剂来清理尾气排放量；更多的严格控制汽油注入使得能量更清洁而且更经济。
(8) But now that politicians and the green lobby are getting more worked up about emissions of global-warming gases, European car makers are terrified that regulations will be brought in to limit carbon dioxide emissions from cars，in the same way that toxic gases such as carbon monoxide or nitrogen oxides are subject to ever-falling statutory limits. This week the EU approved a voluntary deal with car makers to reduce carbon-dioxide emissions by a quarter. The easiest way to achieve changes like this will be to switch to diesel.
（8）但现在，政界人士和环保人士越来越担心全球温室气体的排放量，欧洲汽车制造商担心，条例将限制汽车的二氧化碳排放，以相同的方式，有毒气体，如一氧化碳或一氧化氮受到不断下降的法定限制。本周，欧盟与汽车制造商批准了一项自愿协议，以减少四分之一的二氧化碳排放量。最简单的方式来实现这样的变化，就是转换到柴油。
(9) That is because diesel engines are, typically, 30% more
fuel-efficient than petrol engines. Since they burn less fuel, diesel engines produce less carbon dioxide. On the other hand, they can be noisy, smelly and polluting in other ways. In particular, they produce nitrogen oxides and particulates-tiny bits of hydrocarbon soot, the result of incomplete combustion. The clever thing about common-rail technology is that, by improving combustion, it dramatically reduces the level of both emissions and noise.
（9）这是因为柴油发动机通常比汽油发动机高30%的燃油效率。由于他们燃烧的燃料少，柴油机产生更少的二氧化碳。另一方面，它们有噪声，有异味和其他方式的污染。特别是，它们产生的氮氧化物和微粒—少量的碳氢化合物颗粒，是不完全燃烧的结果。关于共轨技术的聪明之处在于，通过改进燃烧，它大大降低了排放和噪音的水平。
(10) Conventional fuel injection in a diesel engine involves a pump driven via a camshaft from the engine. The pump compresses the diesel, which is then squirted into each cylinder in turn. But because the pump is driven by the engine, the injection pressure rises and falls along with the engine speed. This is inefficient, because the fuel is not always injected at the optimal pressure.
（10）柴油机的常规燃油喷射涉及一个由发动机凸轮轴驱动的泵。泵将柴油压缩，然后喷射到每个转动的气缸内。但由于泵是由发动机驱动的，喷油压力随着发动机的转速升高而下降。这是低效的，因为燃料并不总是在最佳压力下注入。
(11) The common-rail system, in contrast, is more sophisticated, working with much higher pressure and more precise control of the fuel flow. It has a continuously running high-pressure pump that sends fuel into a pipeline running along the top of the engine (hence the term common-rail) at up to 1,400 times atmospheric pressure. Because the
pump is not driven by the engine, the injection pressure can be optimized irrespective of the engine speed.
（11）相比之下，共轨系统更为复杂，工作压力更大，更加精确地控制燃料流量。它有一个连续运行的高压泵，在高达1400倍的大气压力将燃料输送到一个沿着发动机顶部（因此术语共轨）运行的管道里。由于泵不由发动机驱动，因此可以不考虑发动机的转速而优化喷射压力。
(12) In addition, computer control of the fuel injection makes it possible to make several small 'pilot' injections, achieving precise control over the combustion process. According to Steve Whelan of Ricardo, a consultancy that develops engine technology, this improves fuel
efficiency, reduces the level of partial combustion products, and makes the engine much quieter.
（12）此外，电脑控制燃料喷射使做几个小的“试点”注射成为可能，从而在燃烧过程中实现精确的控制。根据Ricardo的Steve Whelan，一个开发发动机技术的顾问，这样可以提高燃料效率，降低部分燃烧产物的水平，并使发动机更安静。
(13) Ricardo engineers have developed additional technology that
complements common-rail technology by optimising the way air swirls as it enters the combustion chamber through two separate inlet valves. This approach lies at the heart of a new diesel engine from GM Opel, known as Ecotec, which (unusually for diesel) has four valves per cylinder. In future, an increasing number of diesel cars are likely to sport "16V" or "20V" badges as this kind of multi-valve system becomes commonplace. Many manufacturers are also turbo-charging diesels to increase air flow and further improve efficiency.
（13）里卡多引擎已经发展了额外的技术，它能弥补共轨技术通过充分利用空气涡流的轨迹当它从两个独立的进给阀进入燃料室的时候。这种技术是GM Opel新柴油发动机的核心部分，在Ecotec领域非常著名。在未来，越来越多的柴油汽车将携带“16V”或者“20V”徽章由于多气门系统的使用而变得非常普遍。大量的制造商采用涡轮增压柴油机去增加空气输入和更好的提高效率。
(14)Yet another refinement, exhaust-gas recirculation (EGR), is being adopted as a way of cutting the amount of nitrogen oxide produced by diesel engines. By selectively passing up to half the exhaust gas back through the engine, the amount of oxygen available for combustion can be reduced. This forces the engine to operate at lower combustion temperatures, reducing the quantity of nitro-gen-oxide produced.
（14）另一种改进，采用废气再循环（EGR）系统，用来减少柴油发动机产生的氮氧化物的产量。通过选择性地放弃一半废气返回发动机，可以减少用于燃烧的氧气的数量。这样迫使发动机在较低的燃烧温度下工作，减少了氮氧化物产生的数量。
(15) There is, however, a fly in the ointment. While EGR can reduce the output of nitrogen oxide, it can have the unwelcome side-effect of
increasing the level of particulates. The trouble is that other methods of reducing nitrogen-oxide emissions depend on catalysts that react very badly to sulphur: it wears them out.
（15）然而，美中不足的是，废气循环系统减少氮氧化物输出的同时，它可以带来不良副作用，就是增加微粒的数量。麻烦在于是，其他减少氮氧化物排放的方法依赖于对硫反应非常差的催化剂：它却把它们带出来。
(16) That is why, launching his new little Toyota Yaris in Paris, Shoichiro Toyoda, the chairman of Toyota, called for the oil companies to reduce the amount of sulphur in European fuels to the levels that are common in Japan. The oil companies are, unsurprisingly, reluctant to spend billions rebuilding refineries to do this, especially when low oil prices are hitting them hard. But the coming craze for diesel means that, sooner or later, they may have to dig into their pockets and comply.
（16）这就是为什么在巴黎推出他的新的小丰田雅力士，丰田董事长丰田章一郎呼吁石油公司减少欧洲燃料中的硫含量，达到和日本常见的水平一样。不出所料，石油公司不愿花费数十亿美元重建炼油厂来做到这一点，尤其是在低油价正沉重打击他们的时候。但是，即将到来的对柴油的狂热意味着，迟早，他们可能不得不伸到他们的口袋里，并遵从这一做法。
Executive Forecast
环保管理预测
Industry leaders from different sectors offer their predictions about trends in the environmental industry.
来自不同领域的行业领导者提供了在环境产业中的趋势预测。
The Future of Pollution Control Equipment Manufacturing
(1)Current regulatory and economic environments have converged to influence the future of controlling nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the two largest regional markets一Europe and North America. To meet both pollution reduction requirements and plant performance goals, these markets are demanding a more cost-effective, in-process approach, which
optimizes the combustion system to prevent emission generation. 污染治理设备制造业的未来
（1）当前的监管和经济环境已经集中到了未来加强治理两个最大的地区市场－欧洲和北美的氮氧化物（NOx）排放上了。为了同时满足减排需求和产能目标，这两个市场需要一个更加经济的加工方法来优化燃烧系统进而防止氮氧化物的排放。
(2) This demand is driving significant research and development
investment for new in-process technologies, which ultimately will reduce the need for the long entrenched post-combustion control technologies, including selective catalytic reduction (SCR)solutions. While these solutions effectively reduce NOx emissions, alternative technologies focused on pollution prevention am achieving此same results with added financial benefits and improved performance. Several next-generation combustion optimization techniques not only reduce emssions of NOx, carbon monoxide and particulate matter, but also improve boiler efficiency and reliability.
（2）这一需求推动了大量针对新加工工艺的研究和开发的投资，最终会减少长久以来根深蒂固的对选择性催化还原技术的需求。当这些方法显著地减少了氮氧化物排放时，其他重点研究防止污染的技术不但达到了相同的目的还有附加的经济利益和性能改良。几种新一代的燃烧优化技术不只减少了氮氧化物、一氧化碳和颗粒物的排放，还改进了锅炉的效率和可靠性。
(3) Today, Europe and North America represent 70 percent of the global market for environmental monitoring and control solutions. While
regulations differ in each of these regions, the need for pollution control and demand for innovative technologies are very much the same.
（3）今天，欧洲和北美占全球市场的全球环境监测和控制解决方案的70%。虽然在每个地区的法规不同，但是对污染控制和创新技术的需求是非常相同的。
(4) The European utilities recently implemented the Large Combustion Plant Directive, requiring the reduction of NOx from coal-fired electric generating units to 500 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) by 2008 and to 200 mg/m3 by 2015. The 2008 emissions limits can be achieved with a variety of in-process control solutions, including reburn, low NOx burners (LNB), combustion optimization and over-fired air. Recent
advancements in these technologies combined with emergent technologies, such as advanced sorbent injections), currently can attain the 2015 limits in many applications and will continue to gain ground on the incumbent SCR as the market opportunity expands.
（4）“欧洲公用事务”最近实施了“大型燃煤电厂排放物规程”，该规程要求各燃煤电厂的氮氧化物排放量（限度）在2008年降至500mg/m3，在2015年降至200mg/m3。2008年的排放量限制可以通过各种工艺控制方案来实现，这些方案包括再燃烧、低氮氧化物燃烧、燃烧优化以及充分燃烧。近期这些技术的发展与新技术相结合，比如先进的吸附喷射剂，目前在很多应用中可以达到2015年的限度，而且随着市场机遇的拓宽将继续普及当前的选择性催化还原法。
(5) Pending U.S. regulations and legislation-including the 8-Hour Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard and the Clear Skies Act-will drive a continued requirement to reduce allowable NOx generation for existing sources. Since 85 percent of the large一greater than 300 megawatt (MW) facilities-concentrated sources of NOx already have been controlled through LNB and SCR solutions, the major utilities are shifting their focus to identifying the most economical solutions for the mid-sized NOx sources, which range from 100 MW to 300 MW. On a dollar-per-ton basis, the most economical solution for achieving the umbrella requirements for the foreseeable future involves integrated
in-process technologies.
（5）这条包含8小时臭氧标准国家空气质量标准和《净化空气法案》的即将施行的美国法律条例，将推动持续发展的要求，以减少可容许生成氮氧化物的现存来源。由于85%的超过300兆瓦的大功率设备--氮氧化物的集中来源,（浓缩来源中的氮氧化物）已经通过LNB和SCR解决方案得到控制，主要的公共事业正在将关注点转移到最经济的解决方案----那些范围在100兆瓦到300兆瓦的中型氮氧化物的设备。在每吨一美元的基础上，为了实现综合的要求，在可预见的将来，最经济的解决方案包含整合一套过程技术。
(6) As more and more utilities realize the apparent financial and operational advantages of existing and emerging combustion and
optimization technologies, the selection of future of NOx control will clearly favor these techniques. Market demand for cost-effective,
in-process solutions inevitably will decrease the need for manufacturing pollution control equipment.
（6）随着越来越多的公用事业了解到现有新兴氧化和优化技术的明显财务和运营优势，未来关于氮氧化物控制的选择将明显有利于这些技术。由于成本效益的市场需求，生产中的解决方案必然会减少对制造业污染控制设备的需要。The "Spell Check" for Title V
(7) Using simple spreadsheets or PC-based databases like Microsoft Excel or Access to attempt to manage permitted obligations under Title V of the Clean Air Act is like typing a letter without the benefit of spell check. Sure, the letter can be painstakingly reviewed, word by word, a dictionary can be consulted and, in the end, the letter might
阅读教程翻译
Unit5 Beyond Babies不要孩子 在雅典市中心繁华的柯诺那基广场的时尚的初音岛咖啡店里，三十多岁或四十出头的希腊语专业人员沉浸在冰卡布奇诺咖啡里，过奢侈的生活。他们最喜欢谈论的话题是，当然，关系：男子不愿承诺，女性的独立，何时有孩子，或者说，逐渐是否有他们所有。“随着时间的推移，我有一个孩子的机会越来越小，37岁的行政助理美联社新闻社说。“但我不会只是因为要一个孩子而嫁给任何人。”她热爱她的工作，并从她那些紧密团结、志同道合的朋友那里得到她的社会支持，对于希腊年轻人来说，这些朋友渐渐充当了家人的角色。“如果在45岁，我仍然膝下无子，我会考虑要一个自己的孩子，”她说。但这并不意味着她个人成就取决于它。 在几十年前，Petropoulou和她的朋友们可能已经被认为是，嗯，奇怪的。希腊被称为欧洲最传统的社会，在那里东正教的对于结婚和繁衍的严格戒律当道。.强大的社会和宗教禁忌的标记是像不能怀孕的老处女一样的妇女无子，和对中年男子性偏好单一的怀疑。渐渐地，在一代人期间，由于诸多因素，包括女性接受更好的教育和就业选择以及希腊融入欧盟的主流文化，那种严格的社会限制基本上已经消失了。结果是：结婚率低于欧盟的平均水平，并在每名妇女生育平均为1.3，是世界上最低的生育率。这样的年轻希腊人，如果时间恰当拥有孩子是不错的。但他们肯定不是必不可少的。 在希腊，和世界上大部分地区，在激增的人口数下，有孩子们不再是一个想当然的事情。“在许多社会里从未有过无子女的女性和男性是合法的现象。”，研究在伦敦经济学院研究此现象的凯瑟琳哈基姆说。在像瑞士和新加坡、加拿大和韩国这类迥异国度中发生了急剧的社会变迁，年轻人把生育推迟到30好几，甚
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译6
1 While some studies have suggested that frequent use of cell phones causes increased risk of brain and mouth cancers, others have found no such links. But since cell phones are relatively new and brain cancers grow slowly, many experts are now recommending taking steps to reduce exposure. by bruce stutz 一些研究显示，经常使用手机会增加得脑部和口腔癌症的几率。有的研究却没发现两者之间有什么联系。但是，手机算是个新兴事物，而脑癌发展也缓慢，许多专家还是建议减少使用手机。 2 Does your cell phone increase your risk of brain cancer? Does it affect your skin or your sperm viability? Is it safe for pregnant women or children? Should you keep it in your bag, on your belt, in your pants or shirt pocket? Should you use a hands-free headset? Are present cell phone safety standards strict enough? 手机会增加得脑癌的几率吗？会不会影响皮肤或者精子活性？使用手机对孕妇或孩子安全吗？应该把手机放在哪，包里、衣服口袋，还是挂在腰带上？打电话的时候要用耳机吗？现在的手机安全标准够不够严？ 3 You don’t know? You’re not alone. 你不知道？这很正常。 4 With some 4 to 5 billion cell phones now in use worldwide and hundreds of studies seeking evidence of their health effects published in peer-reviewed journals over the last 10 years, there’s precious little scientific certainty over whether cell phones pose any danger to those using them. For nearly every study that reports an effect, another, just as carefully conducted, finds none. All of which leaves journalists, consumer advocates, regulatory agencies, politicians, industry spokespersons, and cell phone users able to choose and interpret the results they prefer, or ignore the ones they don’t. 如今，全世界共有40-50亿手机正在使用。过去十年里，成百上千的研究也在致力于寻找手机影响健康的证据，并在相关刊物上发表论文。但还没有确凿的证据能证明，使用手机损害健康。几乎没有研究发现手机对健康有不良影响。但这还是没影响到政治家、新闻记者、管理机构、产业发言人、消费者保护团体，还有消费者自己，选择他们喜好的结果去理解，忽略不喜欢的那些。 5 Do you, for instance, cite the studies that report adverse effects on sperm viability and motility, due to exposure to cell phone radiation or the studies that showed no —or mixed —results? 6 Do you cite the 2001 study that found increased incidence of uveal melanoma (a cancer of the eye) among frequent cell phone users, or the 2009 study by the same authors that, in reassessing their data, found no increase? 2001年的研究显示，常用手机的人患葡萄膜黑色素瘤（一种眼内癌症）几率会增大。2009年这些研究员又发表报告称，他们再分析当年的数据时，又不能确
新建科技英语阅读与翻译
Part I Reading comprehension (40%) 共四篇，其中一篇来自教材，占10%； Passage 6 1. 1) Yes, it is. 2) Once the technology had evolved, it became possible. It is just a matter of time. 3) The faster you go, the slower time seems to move for you with respect to everyone else. This concept is known as “time dilation.” 4) travel at the speed of light; 5) If your speed finally reaches the speed of light then time actually stands still, exceed the speed of light and its thought that time will start to flow backward. 6) An effect of Relativity is that the faster you go, the heavier you become and as you reach the speed of light, you become infinitely heavy. 7) The technique is called “quantum tunneling”. It is used by electrons orbiting around atoms to instantly move from point A to point B without passing through the space between. 8)It is actually only technology stopping us from doing it. 2. 1) 即使如我面前的杯子这么普通的东西也可以说某种程度上掌握了时间旅行。它在桌子上放着，看似无所事事，然而实际上正在穿越时空，无情地，它的速度是每天走一天。 2）如果我跑到这咖啡店的速度接近光速，当我坐下来时，我的年龄小于我周围的人。实际上，我已经走到他们的未来。 3) 剩下的就是当宇宙倒退时，以这个速度飞行，在适当的时候减速，然后在1973年7月突然出现，那是有史以来最伟大的时刻——我出生啦。 Passage 7 1. 1)By altering the function of one gene, the life span of a species of roundworm could be
(完整版)学习2017年版英语课程标准
学习2017年版英语课程标准 ——学科核心素养学习体会 高一英语组孙瑞建 普通高中英语课程是高中阶段全面贯彻党的教育方针、落实立德树人根本任务、发展英语学科核心素养、培养社会主义建设者和接班人的基础文化课程。新课标的实施加强和推进了我国高中学生素质教育的发展，也增强了学生自主学习英语的积极性，使学生从被迫学英语变为主动学英语。为了适应英语新课程改革需要，尽快提高学生的英语水平，达到新课标的要求，努力实现学生学科核心素养的要求。 学科核心素养是学科育人价值的集中体现，是学生通过学科学习而逐渐形成的正确价值观念、必备品格和关键能力。英语学科核心素养主要包括语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力。 一、语言能力 语言能力指在社会情境中，以听、说、读、写为基本理解方式和表达能力，新课标又增加了“看”这一项技能，旨在进一步培养学生观察和理解能力，从而在学习和使用语言的过程中形成语言意识和语感。英语语言能力构成英语学科核心素养的基础要素。英语语言能力的提高蕴含文化意识、思维品质和学习能力的提升，有助于学生拓展国际视野和思维方式，开展跨文化交流。日常教学过程中要注重学生知识信息的输入和输出，兼顾二者的平衡性、相互性，认识到输入是为输出提供准备和服务，特别是注意新技能“看”的开发，可以利用田民老师倡导的SSR，即持续性默读来提高学生看的能力形成。 二、文化意识 文化意识指对中外文化的理解和对优秀文化的认同，是学生在全球化背景下表现出的跨文化认知、态度和行为取向。文化意识的培育有助于学生增强国家认同和家国情怀，坚定文化自信，树立人类命运共同体意识，学会做人做事，成长为有文明素养和社会责任感的人。在现实教学过程中，三维目标的实现不能只停留在知识与技能、过程与方法上，而最终要实现学生情感态度和价值观。 三、思维品质 思维品质指思维在逻辑性、批判性、创新性等方面所表现的能力和水平。思维品质体现英语学科核心素养的心智特征。思维品质的发展有助于提升学生分析和解决问题的能力，使他们能够从跨文化视角观察和认识世界，对事物作出正确的价值判断。在教学中，我们要努力培养学生的个性特征，发散思维和创新能力，不能禁锢学生思想。要运用启发式教学，鼓励学生多看、多思、多问和多做，提升他们的动手和动脑习惯。 四、学习能力 学习能力指学生积极运用和主动调适英语学习策略、拓展英语学习渠道、努力提升英语学习效率的意识和能力。学习能力构成英语学科核心素养的发展条件。学习能力的培养有助于学生做好英语学习的自我管理，养成良好的学习习惯，多渠道获取学习资源，自主、高效地开展学习。教师在向学生传授间接知识的同时，更应该重视培养学生主动和善于发现和发掘知识信息的能力，真正理解“授人于鱼不如授之于渔”的道理。只有真正提高学生的学习能力，才能为学生将来更好的发展奠定基础和开拓道路。 以上是关于新课标学科素养的内容、要求及我个人的一点理解。今后会继续深入研读新课标，提升自己的理论水平和认知水平，更准确地把握高考的动向和方向，为英语教学作出更大的贡献。
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译8
Why We're Fat 1 So why is obesity happening? The obvious, clichéd-but-true answer is that we eat too much high-calorie food and don't burn it off with enough exercise. If only we had more willpower, the problem would go away. But it isn't that easy. 为什么会有肥胖症？一个明显、老生常谈但又真实的答案就是我们吃太多高热量食物并且没有进行足够的运动消耗它。要是我们的意志力更强大，这个问题便迎刃而解了。但是，问题并不是那么简单。 2 When warned about the dangers of overeating, we get briefly spooked and try to do better. Then we're offered a plateful of pancakes smothered in maple syrup, our appetite overpowers our reason, and before we know it, we're at it again. Just why is appetite such a powerful driver of behavior, and, more important, how can we tame it? 当我们被警告说吃得太多的时候，一时总会被吓倒并努力做好一些。然后一碟涂满槭糖浆的煎饼摆在面前，我们的食欲战胜了我们的理智，等到我们意识到它的时候，我们又重蹈覆辙了。到底为什么食欲具有如此强大的推动力？更重要的是，我们怎么才能够控制它？ 3 Within the past few years, science has linked our ravenous appetites to genes and hormones. Among the hormones that fuel these urges are ghrelin and leptin, known as the "hunger hormones." Ghrelin is produced mostly by cells in the stomach lining. Its job is to make you feel hungry by affecting the hypothalamus, which governs metabolism. Ghrelin levels rise in dieters who lose weight and then try to keep it off. It's almost as if their bodies are trying to regain the lost fat. This is one reason why it's hard to lose weight and maintain the loss. 近几年来，科学将我们迫不及待要吃的食欲跟基因和激素联系起来。激起这些强烈的欲望的激素有胃促生长素和消瘦素，也被称作“饥饿激素”。胃促生长素主要由胃保护层的细胞产生。它的职责是影响控制新陈代谢的下丘脑，让你感到饥饿。当节食者减肥并且努力维持减肥效果，他的胃促生长素水平就会升高。就像他们的身体要试图恢复失去的脂肪。这是为什么很难减肥并维持减肥效果的原因之一。 4 Leptin turns your appetite off and is made by fat cells. Low leptin levels increase your appetite and signal your body to store more fat. High leptin levels relay the opposite signal. Many obese people have developed a resistance to the appetite-suppressing effects of leptin and never feel satisfied, no matter how much they eat. Basically, your body uses these hormones to help you stay at your weight and keep you from losing fat —which is another reason why dieting can be so difficult. 消瘦素消除你的食欲，它来自脂肪细胞。低消瘦素水平增加你的食欲并通知你的身体储存更多的脂肪。高消瘦素水平传递相反的信号。很多肥胖的人已经形成了一种对消瘦素抑制食欲效应的抵抗，不管他们吃多少也从不感到满足。从根本上说，你的身体利用这些激素帮助你保持现在的体重，不让你的脂肪流走——这是节食如此之难的另外一个原因。
科技阅读翻译第一单元
第一单元环境 大规模研究发现：地球的“健康”每况愈下有史以来对地球进行的最大规模的科学分析表明，地球上的许多生态系统都达不到标准。 由联合国主持的《千年生态系统评估综合报告》指出，由于不可持续的使用，地球上将近三分之二的用来维持生命的生态系统已经遭到破坏，其中包括干净的水源、纯净的空气，以及稳定的气候。 以上大部分的破坏都是人类在过去的半个世纪里造成的。据报告分析，随着人类对食物、淡水、木材、纤维以及燃料等资源的需求日趋激增，环境发生了极大的变化，引发了诸如滥伐森林、化学污染等问题。因此，该报告的作者警告说，照此下去，本已岌岌可危的生态环境将会在21世纪的上半叶急剧恶化。 这项历史性的研究由来自世界95个国家的政府部门以及民间组织的1,300多位科学家共同完成。四年来，他们考察了地球上许多生物的生长环境、物种以及将他们联系起来的生态体系。联合国环境规划署对该报告进行了编辑整理并于昨天在中国北京公布了研究结果。 在公布该报告的新闻发布会上，联合国秘书长科菲·安南指出：“只有了解环境及其运作过程，我们才能制定出必要的决策加以保护。”他还说，“只有珍惜所有宝贵的自然资源和人类资源，我们才有希望去建设一个可持续发展的未来。” 对社会经济的影响 该报告对自然界的大部分生物多样性持悲观态度，地球上可能有10%—30%的哺乳动物，鸟类以及两栖动物濒临灭绝。 这次大规模生态调查是根据安南的《千年发展目标》展开的，该发展目标是由联合国发起的，旨在2015年之前大幅度缓解饥饿与极度贫困等社会经济问题。 总部位于内罗毕的联合国环境规划署执行主席克劳斯·托普弗说：“从某些方面来说，《千年生态系统评估综合报告》让我们首次认识到生态系统服务功能的经济价值，并使我们对尊重和保护地球生命维护系统有了新的见解。” 目前由于人类社会对地球环境的开发利用，食物供应不断增加，然而增长的速度仍然太慢，难以完成联合国制定的在2015年前消除全球一半饥饿的目标。 报告还说，过度使用生态系统的负面影响还包括渔业的衰退，含有大量沉积物的河口周围近海“死亡区”的出现，水质的变化以及不可预测的区域性气候等。 此外，森林的滥伐和其他生态系统的巨大改变也加剧了诸如疟疾、霍乱等疾病的传播，并使已有传染病分化出新的类别。 根据该报告，水资源体系的变化会增加毁灭性洪灾的爆发频率和程度。在20世纪90年代，洪灾造成的死亡人数超过10万，损失约2,430亿美元。
应用电子专业英语课程标准
《专业英语》(应用电子技术)课程标准 一、前言 《专业英语》课程是高职电子应用技术专业的一门专业拓展课程。这门课程一般开设在大三第一学期,在学生总体学习和掌握了本专业大部分课程的基础上,鉴于英语在现代科技尤其是信息类专业上的广泛使用, 让学生掌握较熟练阅读和翻译一般科技文章的能力，全面培养学生的专业技能,开拓学生的专业视野,提高综合能力，让学生在今后工作和发展中有更高层次的发展提高。 （一）课程基本信息 1.课程名称：专业英语 2.课程类别：专业扩展课程 3.课程编码： 4.学时：60 5.适用专业：电子应用技术 （二）课程性质 本课程是在学生已大部分掌握电子专业的基础和部分专业课程后,以专业知识为基础, 通过学习，扩大学生的专业词汇量，提高学生英文专业文章的阅读能力，同时使学生获得更多的电子信息类专业方面的新知识并了解新的发展动态，提高学生的思想和科学文化素质，形成综合职业能力。 （三）课程标准的设计思路 1.课程设置的依据 课程设置根据电子产品设计、电子设备维护、电子产品销售等岗位的技能要求制作。本课程要求学生掌握电子专业的相关词汇和知识，重点培养学生在科技文献方面的阅读和翻译能力，在一定程度上提高学生的英语表达能力，同时激发学生的自学热情，培养学生的自学能力，为学生在以后工作岗位进一步深造提供便利。 2.课程改革的基本理念 课程改革的基本理念是根据实际要求设置教学单元，在掌握基础知识的前提下，要根据科技发展、学生现状等扩展新内容，“不变”与“变”结合起来。 3.课程目标、内容制定的依据 （1）课程设置的依据 课程设置根据通信产品设计、通信设备维护、通信运营销售等岗位的技能要求制作。本课程要求学生掌握通信专业的相关词汇和知识，重点培养学生在科技文献方面的阅读和翻译能力，在一定程度上提高学生的英语表达能力，同时激发学生的自学热情，培养学生的自学能力，为学生在以后工作岗位进一步深造提供便利。 （2）课程改革的基本理念 课程改革的基本理念是根据实际要求设置教学单元，在掌握基础知识的前提下，要根据科技发展、学生现状等扩展新内容，“不变”与“变”结合起来。
研究生英语阅读教程(提高版)课后翻译(带原文)
Lesson 1 1. Yesterday’s terrorism darkened, marked and forever altered the way Americans live their lives. 昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。 2. “We are going to have to learn what a lot of other countries have gone through: to manage fear at a cultural and national level,” said Charles Figley, a professor of trauma psychology at Florida State University. “We’re getting a lesson in the way fear works.” 佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯?费格里说:“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。”他还说:“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。” 3. In a country long proud and even boastful of its openness—a country where an ordinary citizen can stroll through the U.S. Capitol unescorted—the terrorist attacks are likely to force Americans to a lot of that. Metal detectors now mark the front door of many government buildings, and security guards are a fixture in the lobby of most large office buildings. 美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼中闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。其实我们很大程度上已经是这样了。许多政府大楼的前门装设的金属探测器已然成为一道风景线，大部分的办公大楼里也必备保安。 4. But retaliation carries the risk of setting off a tightening spiral of violence and counterviolence not unlike the Middle East or Northern Ireland. Unlike countries that have had to learn to live with violence,”We are new at this,” said Florida’s Dr. Figley, who heads a project that has trained trauma teams in Yugoslavia.”My fear is we will overreach and make things worse rather than better by retribution, revenge, racism and marginalizing ethnic groups.” 报复有很大的危险，会引发和在中东及北爱尔兰一样的紧张的暴力和反暴力的恶性攀升。与那些不得不在暴力中学习如何生存的国家不同，“我们是新手，”曾在南斯拉夫训练过创伤急救队的项目负责人费格里博士说，“我所担心的是惩罚、报复、种族主义和排斥少数民族的举动会过于偏激，适得其反。” 5. Fear of terrorism is likely to lead Americans to tolerate more government surveillance—such as overhead video cameras at sporting events—than they have to date. “It’s very likely in the wake of today’s events that we’re going to see a greater acceptance on the public’s part—and on the court’s part—to approve certain kinds of police tactics,” said William Stuntz, a Harvard Low School professor. 对于恐怖主义的恐惧会使美国人接受比现在更多的来自政府的监控，例如在运动竞赛场上高架的摄象机。哈佛大学法学院教授威廉姆斯?斯汤资说，“经过目前前这些事件，我们将发现，无论是公众，还是法庭，都会在更大程度上接受某些警察的策略。” Lesson 5 戴维先到一步，事后他气愤地向我发难说当他告诉领班准备和谁一起吃饭时，领班的语气骤然逆转。一瞬间就从“这是个什么人？”变成“这边有请，先生。”当我们赶到时，拍照的人已经在饭店外忙个不停了。戴维开始嘲笑我是伦敦这家高级饭店里的知名人物。这时，我俩向屋内望去并同时看到了我们的偶像。
《科技英语阅读教程》陈勇版课文翻译(可编辑修改word版)
核电与核辐射 1986 年4 月26 日，切尔诺贝利核电站的一个反应堆发生爆炸，将相当于400 颗广岛原子弹的放射性尘降物散布到整个北半球。在此之前，科学家对辐射对植物和野生动物的影响 几乎一无所知。这场灾难创造了一个活生生的实验室，尤其是在这个被称为禁区的1100 平方英里的区域。 1994 年，德州理工大学生物学教授罗纳德·切瑟和罗伯特·贝克是首批获准完全进入该区域的美国科学家之一。“我们抓了一群田鼠，它们看起来和野草一样健康。我们对此非 常着迷。”贝克回忆说。当Baker 和Chesser 对田鼠的DNA 进行测序时，他们没有发现 异常的突变率。他们还注意到狼、猞猁和其他曾经稀有的物种在这片区域游荡，仿佛这里 是原子野生动物保护区。2003 年由一组联合国机构建立的切尔诺贝利论坛发表了声明一份关于灾难20 周年的报告证实了这一观点，称“环境条件对该地区的生物群落产生了积极 影响”，将其转变为“一个独特的生物多样性保护区”。 五年前，贝克和切塞尔在这片区域搜寻田鼠。Mousseau 到切尔诺贝利去数鸟，发现了与之相矛盾的证据。穆萨乌是南卡罗莱纳大学的生物学教授，他的合作者安德斯·佩普·穆 勒现在是巴黎南方大学生态、系统学和进化实验室的研究主任。他们发现该地区家燕的数 量要少得多，而那些存活下来的家燕则遭受着寿命缩短、(雄性)生育能力下降、大脑变小、肿瘤、部分白化病(一种基因突变)以及白内障发病率更高的痛苦。在过去13 年发表的60 多篇论文中，Mousseau 和Moller 指出，暴露在低水平辐射下对该区域的整个生物圈产生 了负面影响，从微生物到哺乳动物，从昆虫到鸟类。 包括贝克在内的批评人士对穆萨和穆勒持批评态度。贝克在2006 年与切塞尔合著的《美国科学家》(American Scientist)文章中指出，该区域“实际上已成为一个保护区”，穆萨和穆勒的“令人难以置信的结论只得到了间接证据的支持”。 我们所知道的关于电离辐射对健康影响的几乎所有信息都来自于一项正在进行的对原子弹幸存者的研究，该研究被称为寿命研究，简称LSS。辐射暴露的安全标准基于LSS。然而，LSS 留下了关于低剂量辐射影响的大问题没有得到解答。大多数科学家都同意，没有所谓 的“安全”辐射剂量，无论剂量有多小。小剂量是我们最不了解的。LSS 并没有告诉我们多 少低于100 毫西弗(mSv)的剂量。例如，引起基因突变需要多少辐射，这些突变是可遗传 的吗?辐射诱发的疾病(如癌症)的机制和遗传生物标记物是什么? 三重危机2011年 3月福岛第一核电站创建另一个生活摩梭实验室和穆勒可以研究低 剂量的辐射,复制他们的切尔诺贝利核事故研究和允许他们“更高的信心,影响我们看到有关辐射,而不是其他因素,“摩梭说。福岛310平方英里的隔离区比切尔诺贝利小，但在其他方面 是一样的。这两个区域都包括被遗弃的农田、森林和城市地区，在这些地区，辐射水平在 短距离内变化数量级。而且几乎可以肯定，他们进入福岛的速度比科学家进入苏联控制的 切尔诺贝利的速度还要快。简而言之，福岛事件提供了一个解决争议的机会。 福岛核事故发生后的几个月里，穆萨乌和莫勒就开始在这座正在冒烟的核电站以西受污染的山林里清点鸟类数量，但他们无法进入这个区域，亲眼看看家燕的情况。最后，在2013 年6 月，穆萨乌是首批获准完全进入福岛禁区的科学家之一。 对辐射的敏感度在生物和同一物种的个体之间有很大的差异，这是重要的原因之一，不要从蝴蝶推断到家燕或从田鼠推断到人类。蝴蝶对辐射特别敏感，Mousseau 说。2012年8 月，在线期刊《科学报告》(Scientific Report)发表了一篇论文，研究福岛核泄漏对淡草蓝 蝶的影响。冲绳县琉球大学的生物学教授大木若二(Joji Otaki)透露，在这种不雅行为发生两个月后，在福岛附近采集的蝴蝶出现了翅膀、腿和眼睛畸形的情况。Mousseau 和Moller 对切尔诺贝利和福岛昆虫的调查显示，蝴蝶作为一个群体数量急剧下降。但御宅族
计算机专业英语课程标准
《计算机专业英语》课程标准 课程代码：建议课时数：64 学分：4 适用专业：计算机网络技术、物联网应用技术等计算机相关专业 先修课程：《计算机应用基础》、江苏省职业学校文化课教材《英语》 一、前言 1．课程的性质 《计算机专业英语》是计算机网络技术等相关专业的一门必修课程，目标是让学生掌握计算机及相关专业英语词汇、掌握科技应用英语的阅读及表达的方法和技巧，使学生掌握计算机专业方面的英文应用能力，使其在实际工作中受益。它要以公共英语课程的学习为基础，也是进一步学习本专业核心课程的基础。（二）设计思路 1、该课程是依据计算机网络技术专业人才培养方案和高职学生英语基础课设置的。其总体设计思路是提高使用英语获取专业知识和信息的能力，提高英语阅读和翻译能力，能够从英文资料中获取知识，解决计算机使用过程中遇到的英语问题。课程内容突出对学生职业能力的培养，理论知识的选取紧紧围绕工作任务完成的需要来进行，同时又充分考虑高等职业教育对理论知识学习的需要，并融合了相关职业资格证书对知识、技能和态度的要求。任务设计以会用、能用、善用为线索来进行。教学过程中采用“教、学、做一体”。教学效果评价采取过程评价与结果评价相结合的方式。 2、该门课程的总学时为64学时。 二、课程目标 （一）总体目标 通过本课程的学习，使学生掌握本专业常用英语词汇和习惯表达方式，提高使用英语获取专业知识和信息的能力，提高英语阅读和翻译能力，能够从英文资料中获取知识，为熟练阅读英文的计算机技术文献、资料和书籍打下良好基础。（二）能力目标 能熟练运用计算机应用中的常见的技术英语词汇、句型、常用词组。 能使用英语获取专业的知识和信息，能阅读和翻译技术英语资料。 会使用英语查阅计算机专业英语文献。
跨文化英语阅读教程Unit课后翻译
Unit 1 The Texts: Piracy in the Twenty-First Century 参考译文： 二十一世纪的盗版现象 课文一 现代社会依赖于技术创新，而技术创新须依靠知识产权来保障。越来越多的国家遵守国际条约，实行知识产权保护。但这方面做得还远远不够。我们来回顾一下过去，看看缺乏知识产权保护会导致什么样的后果，从而吸取教训。 Reading B As many Western companies once discovered to their cost, investing in Southeast Asia before the advent of secure intellectual property rights was an expensive proposition. To enter these markets, Western companies had to disclose to authorities details not only of their products, but also of the processes whereby their products were created. The result, all too often, was rapid and blatant copying of goods which were not protected against copyright abuse of this kind. 参考译文： 许多西方公司付出了惨痛的代价才发现，知识产权保障机制还未健全时，在东南亚投资无异于将钱付诸东流。要进入这些市场，西方公司不仅必须向相关当局说明他们的产品，而且还要说明他们产品的制作过程。而结果经常是本该受到知识产权保护的产品很快被无耻地抄袭。
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1-10)
Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World? If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature. 如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。 In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle. 事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。根据农业部的统计，美国去年所种植玉米的1／3，大豆和棉花的一半以上都是生物技术的产物。今年，美国将种植6500多万英亩的转基因作物。基因妖怪已经从瓶子里跑出来了。 Yet there are clearly some very real issues that need to be resolved. Like any new product entering the food chain, genetically modified foods must be subjected to rigorous testing. In wealthy countries, the debate about biotech is tempered by the fact that we have a rich array of foods to choose from -- and a supply that far exceeds our needs. In developing countries desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations; the issue is simpler and much more urgent: Do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks? 但是，显然还有一些非常现实的问题需要解决。就像任何一种要进入食物链的新食品一样，转基因食品必须经过严格的检验。在富裕的国家里，由于有大量丰富的食品可供选择，而且供应远远超过需求，所以关于生物技术的争论相对缓和一些。在迫切想要养活其迅速增长而又吃不饱的人口的发展中国家，问题比较简单，也更加紧迫：生物技术的好处是否大于风险呢? The statistics on population growth and hunger are disturbing. Last year the world's population reached 6 billion. And by 2050, the UN estimates, it will probably near 9 billion. Almost all that growth will occur in developing countries. At the same time, the world's available cultivable land per person is declining. Arable land has
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级3版)课文答案翻译1-12单元完整版
Lesson 1 II. Translation Put the following passages into Chinese. 1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. 因为英语是个杀手。正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。 2. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion. 同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界，最重要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播。这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。 3. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat. 总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做也没有太大的风险，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么威胁。 4. Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus. 然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。在此，我暂且不谈任何世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如广泛的通信网，强大的文化传媒体系，及强有力的文化教育机构。 5. English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. 讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。 6. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse.