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中英文对照新版欧洲医疗器械法规资料MDR2017_745 Part 6

世界各国的国名和地名英汉对照

世界各国的国名和地名英汉对照集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）

1. 欧洲国家列表国家名称翻译世界各国首都列表各国首都名称翻译安道尔 Andorra 安道尔 Andorra 奥地利 Austria 维也纳 Vienna 阿尔巴尼亚 Albania 地拉那 Tirana 爱尔兰 Ireland 都柏林 Dublin 爱沙尼亚 Estonia 塔林 Tallinn 冰岛 Iceland 雷克雅未克 Reykjavik 白俄罗斯 Belarus 明斯克 Minsk 保加利亚 Bulgaria 索非亚 Sofia 波兰 Poland 华沙 Warsaw 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 Bosnia 萨拉热窝 Sarajevo 比利时 Belgium 布鲁塞尔 Brussels 德国 Germany 柏林 Berlin 丹麦 Denmark 哥本哈根 Copenhagen 俄罗斯联邦 Russia 莫斯科 Moscow 法国 France 巴黎 Paris 芬兰 Finland 赫尔辛基 Helsinki 荷兰 Holland 阿姆斯特丹 Amsterdam 捷克 Czech 布拉格 Prague 克罗地亚 Croatia 萨格勒布 Zagreb 拉脱维亚 Latvia 里加 Riga

立陶宛 Lithuania 维尔纽斯 Vilnius 列支敦士登 Liechtenstein 瓦杜兹 Vaduz 罗马尼亚 Romania 布加勒斯特 Bucharest 马其顿 Macedonia 斯科普里 Skopje 马耳他 Malta 瓦莱塔卢森堡 Luxembourg 卢森堡 Luxembourg 摩纳哥 Monaco 摩纳哥 Monaco 摩尔多瓦 Moldova 基希讷乌 Chisinau 挪威 Norway 奥斯路 Oslo 塞尔维亚和黑山共和国 Serbia and Montenegro 葡萄牙 Portugal 里斯本 Lisbon 瑞典 Sweden 斯德哥尔摩 Stockholm 瑞士 Switzerland 伯尔尼 Bern 斯洛伐克 Slovak 布拉提斯拉发 Bratislava 斯洛文尼亚 Slovenia 卢布尔雅那 Ljubljana 圣马力诺 San Marino 圣马力诺 San Mari no 乌克兰 Ukraine 基辅 Kiev 西班牙 Spain 马德里 Madrid 希腊 Greece 雅典 Athens 匈牙利 Hungary 布达佩斯 Budapest 意大利 Italy 罗马 Rome 英国 England 伦敦 London

常见国家名称中英对照

常见国家名称中英对照列举了大多数常见国家极其英文名，如果没有该国家语言或人民的英文注释则表明没有特定单词。如有不全敬请增补 China 中国Chinese 中国人，汉语 The United States of America 美国American美国人，美国的 Great Britain（England）英国English 英国人，英语 France 法国French 法国人，法语 Thailand 泰国Thai 泰语，泰国人 India 印度Indian 印度人Hindi 印地语（这个不要求掌握） Israel 以色列Israeli 以色列人Hebrew希伯来语（以色列官方语言） Arab 阿拉伯，阿拉伯人Arabic 阿拉伯语 Sweden 瑞典Swede 瑞典人Swedish 瑞典语 Denmark 丹麦Danish 丹麦人，丹麦语 Netherlands 荷兰Dutch 荷兰人，荷兰语 Korea 韩国Korean 韩国人，韩语 Iraq 伊拉克Iraqi 伊拉克人 Iran 伊朗Iranian 伊朗人 Russia 俄罗斯Russian 俄罗斯人，俄语 Spain 西班牙Spanish 西班牙人，西班牙语 Italy 意大利Italian 意大利人，意大利语 Greece 希腊Greek 希腊人，希腊语 Portugal 葡萄牙Portuguese葡萄牙人，葡萄牙语 Germany 德国German 德国人，德语 Austria 奥地利Austrian 奥地利人 Norway 挪威Norwegian 挪威人，挪威语 Switzerland 瑞士Swiss 瑞士人 Hungary 匈牙利Hungarian 匈牙利人 Czech Republic捷克Czech 捷克人，捷克语 Belgium 比利时Belgian 比利时人，比利时语 Finland 芬兰Finn 芬兰人Finnish芬兰语 Poland 波兰Pole 波兰人Polish 波兰语 Ukraine 乌克兰Ukrainian乌克兰人，乌克兰语 Croatia 克罗地亚Croatian 克罗地亚人，克罗地亚语 Turkey 土耳其Turks 土耳其人Turkish 土耳其语 Canada 加拿大Canadian 加拿大人 Brazil 巴西Brazilian 巴西人 Argentina 阿根廷Argentine阿根廷人 Uruguay 乌拉圭Uruguayan乌拉圭人 Libya 利比亚Libyan 利比亚人 Egypt 埃及Egyptians 埃及人

国家英文名称

亚洲（48个国家）东亚：中国、蒙古、朝鲜、韩国、日本（5） China, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Japan 东南亚：菲律宾、越南、老挝、柬埔寨、缅甸、泰国、马来西亚、文莱、新加坡、印度尼西亚、东帝汶Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, Indonesia, East Timor （11）南亚：尼泊尔、不丹、孟加拉国、印度、巴基斯坦、斯里兰卡、马尔代夫Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives （7）中亚：哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、土库曼斯坦（5）Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan 西亚：阿富汗、伊拉克、伊朗、叙利亚、约旦、黎巴嫩、以色列、巴勒斯坦、沙特阿拉伯、巴林、卡塔尔、科威特、阿拉伯联合酋长国（阿联酋）、阿曼、也门、格鲁吉亚、亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、土耳其、塞浦路斯（20）Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, Yemen, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Cyprus 注：锡金现已并入印度成为其一个邦，所以这里不出现，详细请看：欧洲（43个国家/1个地区）北欧：芬兰、瑞典、挪威、冰岛、丹麦（6） Finland, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Denmark (Denmark) 东欧：爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、白俄罗斯、俄罗斯、乌克兰、摩尔多瓦（7）Estonia [es't?unj?], Latvia ['l?tvi?], Lithuania[.liθju(:)'einj?, -ni?], Belarus, Russia, Ukraine [ju(:)'krein], Moldova 中欧：波兰、捷克、斯洛伐克、匈牙利、德国、奥地利、瑞士、列支敦士登（8）Poland, the Czech [ t?ek ]Republic, Slovakia[ sl?u'v?ki?], Hungary[ 'h??g?ri ], Germany, Austria [ '?:stri? ], Switzerland, Liechtenstein [ 'likt?n.stain] 西欧：英国、爱尔兰、荷兰、比利时、卢森堡、法国、摩纳哥（7） Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands[ 'nee?l?ndz],(Dutchman, go Dutch, Dutch treatment),

欧洲文化入门复习资料

1、Two major elements in European culture：the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element. 2、The Homer epics consists of the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece，led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle，Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope. 3、古希腊三大悲剧家：Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides Works of Aeschylus：Prometheus Bound，Persians，and Agamemnon .There are only two actors and one chorus in these plays. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry.Works of Sophocles：Oedipus the King，Electra，and Antigone （theme：the difficult choice between public duty and private feeling）. He has had a great impact on European culture. The Oedipus complex（恋母情结）、Electra（恋父情结）were derived from his plays Work of Euripides：Andromache，Medea，and Trojan Women. He was more of a realist than other two. His characters are less heroic，more like ordinary people. He may be called the first writer of “problem plays” 4.Herodotus is often called “Father of History”，wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians . His history is full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue. 5.Thucydides is more accurate as an historian. He told about the war between Athens and Syracuse ，a Greek state on the island of Sicily. He traced events to their causes and brought out their effects. Macaulay called Thucydides “the greatest historian that ever lived” 6.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. He was t he founder of scientific mathematics. 7.Heracleitus believed fire to be the primary element of the universe，out of which everything else had arisen. To him,“all is flux，nothing is stationary”. He alsosaid，“you cannot step twice into the same river；for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you. The sun is new everyday”he held the theory of the mingling of opposites and believed that it was the strife between the opposites that produced harmony. 8.Democtitus speculated about the atomic structure of matter. Indeed，he was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory. He was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and Marx`s first published work was a study of Democritus. 9Socrates taught Plato，who taught Aristotle. They were active in Athens in the 5th and the 4th century B.C. Socrates was known through Dialogues by Plato. Socrates liked to talk with people in the marketplace and in the streets ，asking and answering questions. He was ready to discuss anything in heaven and earth，specializing in exposing fallacies. When words like justice ，religiousness，virtue，wisdom，ect. Were used by others，he would ask the speaker to explain them and then dissect the answers to show how they were wrong and or illogical. This method of argument，by questioning and answering，has come to be known as the dialectical method. Plato showed himself a brilliant stylist，writing with wit and grace. His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. His other works: Apology（Socrates` defense of himself at the trial），Symposium （about beauty and love），and the Republic（about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets） Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. It dealt with the problems of how，in the complex，ever —changing the world，men were to attain knowledge. The reply he gave was：men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general“ideas”，like beauty，truth，goodness. Only these ideas are completely real，while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason，Plato`s philosophy is called Idealism. Many of his ideas were absorbed into Christian thought Aristotle studied in Plato`s Academy for years. Later he became the tutor of Alexander the Macedonian King. In him the great humanist and the great man of science meet. On logic, moral philosophy，politics，metaphysics（形而上学），psychology，physics，zoology，poetry，rhetoric，he wrote epoch-making works，which dominated Europe thought for more than a thousand years. He did much to form，through his various and diverse interpreters，the philosophical，scientific and cosmological outlook of an entire world. Dante called him “the master of those who know” His works：Ethics（an introduction to moral philosophy），Politics，Poetics（a treatise on literary theory），and Rhetoric （dealing with the art of persuading an audience） Aristotle differed from his teacher in following ways：for one thing，Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato`s reliance on subjective thinking；also，he thought that “form”（idea）and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here ，he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world Aristotle thought happiness that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason，goodness and contemplation should be a man`s aim in life. 10.contending schools of thought:百家争鸣 The Cynics：got their name because Diogenes，one of their leaders，decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic”means“dog”in Greek. He rejected all conventions—whether of religion，of manner，dress，housing，food，or of decency. In fact，he lived by begging. He proclaimed his brotherhood，not only with the whole human race，but also with animals. On the other hand，he had no patience with the rich and the powerful The Sceptics （诡辩学家）followed Pyrrhon，who held that not all knowledge was attainable. Hence he and his followers doubted t the truth of what others accepted as true. The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus，who believed pleasure to be the highest good in life，but by pleasure he meant，not sensual enjoyment，but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. This he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue. His teaching wa s misunderstood by later people and the word“Epicurean”has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living. Epicurus was a materialist. Opposed to the Epicureans were the Stoics. To them，the most important thing in life was not pleasure，but duty. This developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The chief Stoic was Zeno. He was also a materialist，asserting the existence of the real world. He believed that there is no such thing as chance，and that the course of nature is rigidly determined by natural laws. In the life of an individual man，virtue is the solo good；such things as health，happiness，possessions，are of no account. Since virtue resides in the will，everything good or bad in a man`s life depends only upon himself. If he has to die, he should die nobly，like Socrates. Greek architecture three styles：a.the Doric style （masculine style. powerful, sturdy, showing a good sense of propotion）, the Ionic style(feminine style), the Corinthian style(oranmental luxury) There famous temples: the Acropplis at Athens, the Parthenon. The impact of Greek culture: a,The Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other Eruropean countries.b. The Greeks invented mathematics and science and phylosophy. Their spirt of innovation had immence influence in later generations c. The Greek is the birthland of the democracy. d.They set a great example of thinking rationally and logically. e. In literature, they have exerted an influence which can be still felt today. Epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, lyric poetry, historical writing f.architecture, sculpture. Romans and Greeks异同：Common:a. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of cittizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. b. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified-Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on-and their myth to be fused. c.Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Banglandesh to Iceland. Difference: a.The Romans built up a vast empire: The Greeks didn’t. b.The Romans were confident in their military and administrative capabilities. c.The Greeks enjoyed an artistic and intellectural inheritance much richer than the Romans. Roman peace: The emperors relied on a strong army-the famous Roman regions-and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well-developed system of roads. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of oece lasting 200 years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana. Virgil:The greatest of Latin poet, wrote the greatest epic, the Aeneid. Tragic hero: Aeneas was a truely tragic hero because to fufil his hitoric mission he had to betray the great passion of his life. While he gained an empire, his love for Dido, qyeen of Carhage. While he gained an empire, he lost something no empire could compensate, happiness in life. The Colosseum:斗兽场It is an enormous amphitheatre built in the centre of Rome in imperial times. It held more than 5000 spectatots. The relationship between Judaism and Christianity: They are closely related. the Jewish tradition gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestine-the

世界各国国旗图片以及国家与首都地中英文对照

世界各国国旗图片及名称【上】中国国旗中国China 北京 Beijing 阿塞拜疆国旗阿塞拜疆Azerbaijan 巴库 Baku 缅甸国旗缅甸 Burma 仰光 Rangoon 塞浦路斯国旗塞浦路斯 Cyprus 尼克西亚 Nicosia 不丹国旗不丹 Bhutan 廷布 Thump 乌兹别克国旗乌兹别克Uzbekistan 塔什干 Tashkent 埃及国旗埃及 Egypt 开罗 Cairo 中非国旗中非 Central African Republic 班吉 Bangu i 伊朗国旗伊朗Iran 德黑兰Tehran 刚果国旗刚果Congo Rep. 布拉柴维尔Brazzaville 多哥国旗多哥 Togo 洛美 Loma 加蓬国旗加蓬 Gabon 利伯维尔 Libreville 卡塔尔国旗卡塔尔Qatar 多哈 Doha 孟加拉国旗孟加拉Bangladesh 达卡 Dhaka 马里国旗马里 Mali 巴马科 Bamako 马来西亚国旗马来西亚 Malaysia 吉隆坡 Kuala Lumpur

土耳其国旗土耳其Turkey 安卡拉Ankara 塔吉克国旗塔吉克Jail 杜尚别Dushanbe 加纳国旗加纳 Ghana 阿克拉Accra 马尔代夫国旗马尔代夫Maldives 马累 Male 韩国国旗韩国South Korea 汉城 Seoul 朝鲜国旗朝鲜 North Korea 平壤 Pyongyang 泰国国旗泰国Thailand 曼谷 Bangkok 蒙古国旗蒙古Mongolia 乌兰巴托 Ulaanbaatar 也门国旗也门Yemen 萨那 Sana 文莱国旗文莱Brunei 斯里巴加湾市Bandar Seri Begawan 日本国旗日本Japan 东京 Tokyo 以色列国旗以色列Israel 耶路撒冷 Jerusalem 约旦国旗约旦Jordan 安曼AMMAN 阿联酋国旗阿联酋United Arab Emirates 阿布扎比Abu Dhabi 沙特国旗沙特Saudi Arabia 利雅得Riyadh 土库曼国旗土库曼Turkmenistan 阿什哈巴德Ashkhabad 印尼国旗印尼Indonesia 雅加达 Jakarta 尼泊尔国旗尼泊尔 Nepal 加德满都 Katmandu

国家名称中英文对照

国家名称中英文对照阿尔巴尼亚Albania 阿尔及利亚Algeria 阿富汗Afghanistan 阿根廷Argentina 阿闻酋United Arab Emirates 阿鲁巴Aruba 阿曼Oman 阿塞拜疆Azerbaijan 埃及Egypt 埃塞俄比亚Ethiopia 爱尔兰Ireland 爱沙尼亚Estonia 安道尔Andorra 安哥拉Angola 安圭拉Anguilla 安提瓜和巴布达Antigua and Barbuda 奥地利Austria 澳大利亚Australia 澳门Macau 巴巴多斯Barbados 巴布亚新几亚Papua New Guinea 巴哈马Bahamas 巴基斯坦Pakistan 巴拉圭Paraguay 巴勒斯坦Palestine 巴林Bahrain 巴拿马Panama 巴西Brazil 白俄罗斯Belarus 百慕大Bermuda 保加利亚Bulgaria 北马里亚纳Northern Marianas 贝劳Palau 贝宁Benin 比利时Belgium 冰岛Iceland 波多黎各Puerto Rico 波兰Poland

玻利维亚Bolivia 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那Bosnia and Herzegovina 博茨瓦纳Botswana 伯利兹Belize 不丹Bhutan 布基纳法索Burkina Faso 布隆迪Burundi 布维岛Bouvet Island 朝鲜Korea,Democratic People's Republic of 赤道几亚Equatorial Guinea 丹麦Denmark 德国Germany 东帝汶East Timor 多哥Togo 多米尼加国Dominican Republic 多米尼克Dominica 俄罗斯Russia 厄瓜多尔Ecuador 厄立特里亚Eritrea 法国France 法罗群岛Faroe Islands 法属波利尼西亚French Polynesia 法属圭亚那French Guiana 法属南部领土French Southern Territo-ries 梵蒂冈Vatican 菲律宾Philippines 斐济Fiji 芬兰Finland 佛得角Cape Verde 冈比亚Gambia 刚果Congo 哥伦比亚Colombia 哥斯达黎加Costa Rica 格林纳达Grenada 格陵兰Greenland 格鲁吉亚Georgia 古巴Cuba 瓜德罗普Guadeloupe 关岛Guam 圭亚那Guyana 哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan 海地Haiti 国Korea,Republic of 荷兰Netherlands

完整版欧洲文化入门参考资料

欧洲文化入门参考资料这是一本中国大学生了解欧洲文化的英语教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好。《欧洲文化入门》教学大纲一、课程基本信息 1、课程英文名称：European Culture: An Introduction 2、课程类别：专业限选课程 3、课程学时：32学时 4、学分：2 5、先修课程：《高级英语》、《英国文学选读》、《美国文学选读》 6、适用专业：英语 7、大纲执笔：英语专业教研室 8、大纲审批：外语系学术委员会 9、制定(修订)时间：2005 二、课程的目的与任务：本课程为专业选修课程，旨在通过该课程的学习，学生比较系统地学习有关欧洲文化的基本知识，以提高学生的文化知识和文化修养，并为以后开专业课提供大量重要的背景文化知识，从而更好地了解和学习英语，提高文学欣赏水平。三、课程的基本要求：本教学大纲对象是高等院校英语专业高年级学生，全部用英语授课。了解欧洲文化对英语发展的影响和欧洲文化发展的脉络；了解来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等；了解欧洲各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物；将欧洲文化与同时期的中国文化进行比较；学生应准备一些工具书、参考书、选本、译本。四、教学内容、要求及学时分配：希腊、罗马文化基督教及其《圣经》中世纪文艺复兴与宗教改革十七世纪启蒙运动浪漫主义马克思主义与达尔文学说现实主义现代主义及其它五、考试考核办法：笔试六、教材及参考书：

世界各国主要节日中英文对照

世界各国主要节日第一部分、世界主要节日中英对照(按时间排序) 元旦(1月1日)-----new year’s day 成人节(日本，1月15日)-----adults day 情人节(2月14日)-----st.valentine’s day (valentine’s day) 元宵节(阴历1月15日)-----lantern festival 狂欢节（巴西，二月中、下旬)-----carnival 桃花节(日本女孩节，3月3日)-----peach flower festival (dol l’s festival）国际妇女节(3月8日)-----international women’s day 圣帕特里克节(爱尔兰，3月17日)-----st. patrick’s day 枫糖节(加拿大，3-4月)-----maple sugar festival 竞学网编辑推荐：英美主要报刊杂志网站大全篇愚人节(4月1日)-----fool’s day 复活节(春分月圆后第一个星期日)-----easter 宋干节(泰国新年4月13日)-----songkran festival day 食品节(新加坡，4月17日)-----food festival 国际劳动节(5月1日)-----international labour day 男孩节(日本，5月5日)-----boy’s day 母亲节(5月的第二个星期日)-----mother’s day 把斋节-----bamadan 开斋节(4月或5月，回历十月一日)-----lesser bairam 银行休假日(英国, 5月31日)-----bank holiday 国际儿童节(6月1日)-----internation al children’s day 父亲节(6月的第三个星期日)-----father’s day 端午节(阴历5月5日)-----dragon boat festival 仲夏节(北欧6月)-----mid-summer day 古尔邦节(伊斯兰节，7月下旬)-----corban 筷子节(日本，8月4日)-----chopstics day 中秋节(阴历8月15日)-----moon festival 教师节(中国，9月10日)-----teacher’s day 敬老节(日本，9月15日)-----old people’s day 啤酒节(德国十月节，10月10日)-----oktoberfest 南瓜节(北美10月31日)-----pumpkin day 鬼节(万圣节除夕，10月31日夜)-----halloween 万圣节(11月1日)-----hallowmas