大学英语二讲义5

讲义十

Text A The Campaign for Election

I.课文内容简介

美国的总统竞选每四年一次，获胜者是在共和党和民主党两个大党中产生。因为大党的候选人有着本党忠实信徒支持这一关键的优势。

总统候选人的活动讲究战略，候选人想尽力突出表现自己强有力的领导者的形象，但选民们是否接受他们则要看外在的因素而不是他们的个人魅力。候选人的策略受很多因素的影响，最重要的因素是在拥有人口最多的州取胜。

Para. 1The Democratic and the Republican parties play an important role

in American government.

Paras.2 - 6Strategies the candidates use in the election are various.

民主党人the Democrats 共和党人the Republicans

Jimmy Carter（1977 - 1981）Richard Nixon （1969 - 1974）

Bill Clinton （1993 - 2001 ）Ronald Reagan （1981 - 1989）

John Kerry 2004 VS Bush George Bush （1989 - 1993）

George W. Bush （2001-）

II.New Words

词汇精讲：

1.election：n. 选举，选举权

派生词：elect v. 选举

When does the election take place？选举什么时候举行？

Trade union representatives are chosen by election. 工会代表是通过选举产生

的。

2.presidential a.总统的，总统职务的

3.winner n. 获胜者，优胜者

4.republican a./n. 共和国的，共和党的；[R-]共和党党员

5.democratic a.民主的，民主主义的

6.nominee n. 被提名者；被任命者

7.vote：n./vi. 选举，投票

voter：n. 选举人，选民

In some countries women got the vote after World War I. 第一次世界大战以后，

在一些国家，妇女赢得了选举权。

We called a meeting in order to take a vote on the issue. 我们召集会议就这

一问题进行表决。

The committee voted on the proposal，and accepted it unanimously.

委员会就这一提议进行表决并一致通过。

8.certainty n. 一定；必定

9.nomination n.提名，任命

10.loyalty：n. 忠诚，忠心

派生词：loyal a. 忠诚的，忠心的

I am convinced of your loyalty to the cause. 我确信你对事业的忠诚。

We all have a loyalty to the company. 我们对公司都很忠心。

Dogs are loyal to their owners. 狗对主人很忠诚。

11.decline：v. / n. 谢绝，拒绝；下降

I had to decline his invitation because I had another appointment.

我不得不谢绝他的邀请，因为我另有约会。

His health has notably declined. 他的健康状况明显下降。

His hearing sensitivity declines with age. 他的听力因年老而衰退。

12.democrat n. 民主主义者；[D-]民主党党员

13.voter n. 选举人，投票人

14.strategically ad. 战略上地，颇具策略地

15.pursue：vt. 追赶，追求

派生词：pursuit n. 追赶

The police pursued the wrong car. 警察追错了一辆汽车。

I don…t want to pursue that question now. 我现在不想继续讨论那个问题。

He has made up his mind to pursue studies for a master…s degree. 他已决心

攻读硕士研究生。

16.impact n./vt. 冲击，碰撞；效果，影响

17.headquarters n. 司令部，指挥部

18.economy：n. 经济，节省

派生词：economic a. 经济的；economical a. 经济的，节俭的

19.strategist n.战略家

20.rating n. 等级，规格

21.poll n./vt./vi. 选举，投票；民意测验；得到选票

22.stir：v. 搅动，激发

The story stirred the boy…s imagination. 这个故事激发了那男孩的想象力。

She was stirring at her coffee. 她当时在搅咖啡。

The return of Hong Kong created a great stir in all countries of the world.

香港回归在世界各地引起了很大的震动。

23.strategy：n. 策略，战略

派生词：strategist n. 战略家；strategically ad. 战略上地

A competent general is skilled in strategy. 一个称职的将军是善于制定战略的。

By careful strategy，she obtained a considerable pay rise.

在精心策划之后，她获得了大幅度的加薪。

24.constitutional a. 宪法上规定的，组成的

25.provision n. 供应，供应品

26.electoral a. 选举的

27.representation n. 描写，表现，代表

28.congress n. 大会，国会

29.House n.议院

30.district n. 区，行政区

31.representative：n./ a…… 代表，代表人；典型的，有代表性的

派生词：represent v. 代表；representation n.表现，代表

Many representatives of the older generation were there. 老一辈的各类代表

都在那里。

Is a questionnaire answered by 500 people truly representative of national

opinion？

一份有500 人作答的调查问卷是否能真正代表全国人民的意见？

32.presidency n. 总统职务

33.overwhelming a. 压倒之势的

词组：phrases

1.to stand no chance 没有可能，没有希望

He stands no chance of winning the election. 他没有希望在选举中获胜。

to stand a chance 有可能，有希望

He stands a good chance of passing the examination. 他考试及格很有希望。

2.to identify …as：把… 看成，确认

He always identifies himself as one of the commoners.

他总是把自己看成是普通大众的一员。

Do you identify yourself as an optimist or a pessimist？

你把自己看成是乐观主义者还是悲观主义者？

I identified the stolen recorder as mine. 我认为那个被偷的录音机是我的。

3.impact on：对…的影响

The book made a great impact on its readers.

这本书对读者产生了很大的影响。

The invention and application of computer exert a great impact on modern

industry.

电脑的发明和应用对现代工业产生了巨大影响。

III.课文精讲

The Campaign for Election

Although presidential elections occur every 4 years，many people feel that they do not have a true understanding of how presidential campaigns operate.

The winner in the November general election is almost certain to be either the Republican or the Democratic nominee.①A minor-party or independent candidate，such as George Wallace in 1968，John Anderson in 1980，or Ross Perot in 1992 and 1996，can draw votes away from the major-party nominees but stands almost no chance of defeating them.②

1.此句中，be certain to do sth. 表示“一定会做某事”。

例：He is certain to agree with the plan. 他肯定会同意这个计划的。

“either … or”表示“或者…或者”。

此句的意思：“11月大选的获胜者几乎可以肯定不是共和党就是民主党提名的候选人。”

2.在本句中，“draw … away from …”表示“把…从…拉走；吸引开”

例如：The on-going performance outside the classroom drew the students… atte ntion away from their books. 教室外面正在进行的表演把学生的注意力

从书本上吸引开了。

此句意思：“小党派或独立候选人，如1968年的乔治·华莱士、1980年的约翰·安德森，或者1992年和1996年的罗斯·佩罗等，可能会从大党的提名人那里拉走一些选票，但几

乎没有人可能战胜他们。”

“stand almost no chance of …。”表示“几乎没有可能”。

A major-party nominee has the critical advantage of support from the party faithful. Earlier in the twentieth century，this support was so firm and steady that the victory of the stronger party…s candidate was almost a certainty. Warren G. Harding accepted the 1920 Republican nomination at his Ohio home，stayed there throughout most of the campaign，and won a full victory simply because most of the voters of his time were Republicans. ③Party loyalty has declined in recent decades，but more than two-thirds of the nation?s voters still identify themselves as Democrats or Republicans，and most of them support their party…s presidential candidate. Even Democrat George McGovern，who had the lowest level of party support among recent nominees，was backed in 1972 by

nearly 60 percent of his party?s voters.

3.这是由三个并列谓语加一个原因状语从句构成的复合句。

沃伦·G·哈定在他俄亥俄州的家中接受了1920年共和党的提名，而且竞选期间

他多数时间是呆在家里。他最终大获全胜仅仅是因为那个时期多数选民是共和党成员。

Presidential candidates act strategically. In deciding whether to pursue a course of action，they try to estimate its likely impact on the voters.④During the 1992 campaign，a sign on the wall of Clinton…s headquarters in Little Rock read，“The Economy，Stupid.” The slogan was the idea of James Carville，Clinton?s chief strategist，and was meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff to keep the camp aign focused on the nation…s slow-moving economy，which ultimately was the issue that defeated Bush.⑤As in 1980，when Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan during tough economic times，the voters were motivated largely by a desire for change.⑥

4.在本句中，deciding 作介词in 的宾语；in deciding作时间状语，表示：“在做某事

的过程中”

whether to pursue a course of action是一个带疑问词的不定式短语，作动名词deciding 的宾语；表示：“在决定是否遵循某一行动方针时”。

to estimate its likely impact on the voters 是不定式短语作try 的宾语，其中impact on 是一个名词词组，意为“对…的影响”。

全句意思：“在决定是否遵循某一项行动方针时，他们要尽量估计一下该方针对选民可

能具有的影响。”

5.该句是由and 连接两个并列谓语加上一个定语从句构成的复合句。which 引导的定语从句修饰economy ，属非限制性定语从句，只起补充说明作用。that 引导限制性定

语从句，修饰the issue

此句意思：“这一口号是克林顿的总战略家詹姆斯·卡维尔的主意，其用意是想提醒候选人及总部人员始终把竞选的注意力集中在本国缓慢发展的经济上。而这一点正是最终击败布

什的问题。”

6.在此句中as in 1980 是时间状语，as 的意思是“正如”。when Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan during tough economic times 是非限制性定语从句，修饰1980.

正如1980年在经济艰难时期吉米·卡特败与罗纳德·里根时那样，选民很大程度上是被

他们想变革的欲望调动起来的。

Candidates try to project a strong leadership image. Whether voters accept this image，however，depends more on exte rnal factors than on a candidate…s personal characteristics.⑦In 1991，after the Gulf War，Bush?s approval rating reached 91 percent，the highest level recorded since polling began in the 1930s.

⑧A year later，with the nation…s economy in trouble，Bush?s a pproval rating dropped below 40 percent. ⑨Bush tried to stir images of his strong leadership of the war，but voters remained concerned about the economy. ⑽

7.本句是一个主从复合句，“whether voters accept this image” 是主语从句作主

语。

此句意思：“然而选民们是否接受这一形象则更取决于外在因素而不是候选人的个人特

征。”

8.句中the highest level recorded since polling began in the 1930s 是91

percent 的同位语。recorded 是过去分词作后置定语修饰the highest level.

此句意思：“1991年海湾战争以后，布什的支持率达到91%，这是自20世纪30年

代开始民意测验以来的最高记录。”

9.句中with the nation…s economy in trouble.作伴随状语

“一年以后，随着国家经济陷入困境，布什的支持率则下降到40%以下。”

“ with + 名词+ 介词词组/形容词/分词”结构常在句中作状语，表示伴随条件或原

因等

举例：①with + 名词+ 动词现在分词

He didn…t take part in the party，with his mother being ill. 因为他妈妈病了，

所以他没有参加晚会。

②with +名词+动词过去分词

With all the housework done，she went shopping. 干完了所有的家务后，她

便去购物。

③with + 名词+形容词

With the window open，he fell asleep. 他开着窗户睡着了。

④with + 名词+ 介词

The lecturer walked in with a file under his arm. 演讲者掖下夹着一个文件走了

进来。

He went out with no hat on. 他没戴帽子出去了。

10.句中remained是系动词，concerned about the economy 是表语。

“布什试图重振其战争期间强有力的领导者形象，但选民们始终关心的是经济。”

The candidates… strategies are shaped by many considerations，including the constitutional provision that each state shall have electoral votes equal in number to its representation in Congress. ⑾Each state thus gets two electoral votes for its Senate representation and a varying number of electoral votes depending on its House representation. Altogether，there are 538 electoral votes （including three for the District of Columbia，even though it has no voting representatives in Congress）。To win the presidency，a candidate must receive at least 270 votes，an electoral majority. ⑿

11.including the constitutional provision that each state shall have electoral votes equal in number to its representation in Congress. 分词短语，起补充说明的作用。其中that引导的是provision同位语从句，equal in number to its representation in Congress 是形容词短语作后置定语，修饰votes ，

短语的译文“包括宪法的这一条款：每个州具有的选举人票数与其在国会中的代表人数

相同。”

12.To win the presidency，是全句的目的状语，an electoral majority 是270

votes 的同位语

要赢得总统席位，候选人必须至少获得270票，即选票的大多数。

Candidates are particularly concerned with winning the states which have the largest population，⒀such as California （with 54 electoral votes），New York （33），Texas （32），Florida （25），Pennsylvania （23），Illinois （22），and Ohio （21）。Victory in the eleven largest slates alone would provide an electoral majority，⒁and presidential candidates therefore spend most of their time campaigning in those states. Clinton received only 43 percent of the popular vote in 1992，compared with Bush…s 38 percent and Perot?s 19 percent；but Clinton won in states that gave him an overwhelming 370 electoral votes，compared with 168 for Bush and none for Perot.

13.句中which引导的定语从句修饰states，意为“人口最多的州”

候选人特别关注人口最多的几个州的州选举中获胜

14.句意为：“仅在这11个最大的州获胜就可以获得选举的多数” 事实上，在11个最

大的州同时获胜几乎是不可能的，因此本句用了虚拟语气would provide

alone 是形容词，用于名词或代词后，意为“仅仅，只”

例：You alone can do it .只有你能作这事。

Time alone will show who was right. 只有时间能表明谁对。

Text B The American Tow-party System

I.New Words

1.contest n.1.竞争，比赛；

2.争夺，竞争；

3.争论，争辩

2.rivalry n.竞争；对抗

rival n.对手v. 竞争

There is great rivalry between the two sisters. 这两姐妹竞争激烈。

3.dozen n.1.一打，十二个；2.十来个，十几个

4.nominate vt.1.提名；2.任命；3.命名

5.collectively ad.总体地；集体地

6.electorate n.全体选民；选区

7.inevitably ad.不可避免地，必然地

8.dominance n.优势，控制，统治

dominant a. 优势的，占统治地位的；dominate v. 统治，控制This country has long been the dominant military power in the region.

这是一个长久以来在该地区占统治地位的军事强国。

9.assault n.1.攻击，袭击；2.（军）冲击，突击，强击

10.parliamentary a.议会的，国会的

11.congressman（[复]congressmen）n.（美）国会议员

12.statistically ad.在统计方面

13.dominant a.占优势的；支配的

14.majority n.1.多数，大半；2.多数党，多数派

major a. 多数的；

反义词：minority少数，少数党

15.automatically ad.自动地；习惯性地

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c217513442.html,petitor n.竞争者；对手

compete v. 竞争；competition n. 竞争，比赛；competitive a. 竞争的，对抗

的

17.running n.1.跑，赛跑；2.竞选

18.inevitable a.不可避免的，必然（发生）的

19.peaceful a.1.平静的，安宁的；2.和平的，和平方式的

20 transfer vt.1.转移，传输；2.调动；3.改变

vi. 1.转移，转学；2.换车；换船

n.转移，传输，变换

21.overturn vt./n.1.打翻，使翻过来；2.推翻，颠覆，毁灭

vi. 翻身；倒下

22.foolproof a.1.连傻子都懂的；2.不会出毛病的；3.有安全装置的

23.monopoly n.垄断；专卖

24.opposition n.1.反对，反抗；2.对立，意见相反

25.monopolize v. 垄断；专卖

26.moderation n.1.温和，适度；2.缓和，减轻

27.legislation n.1.立法；2.法律，法规

28.temporarily ad.暂时地，临时地

Phrases and Expressions

1.to break up 打碎；结束；驱散；散开；分解

2.in the running 参赛，参加竞选

3.in power 掌权的，执政的

4.out of power 丧失权力

5.in favour of 1.赞成，支持；2.为…的利益，有利于；3.支付给

6.to come into power 上台；开始掌权

7.to carry on 1.经营，进行；2.继续

词组：

1.to break up：打碎，结束

The ship broke up on the rocks. 轮船触礁撞毁了。

The party didn…t break up until midnight. 宴会到午夜才结束。

相关词汇：to break down 损坏，（精神、健康）垮下来

to break into 强行闯入

to break out 爆发，突然出现

2.in favour of ：赞成，支持；有利于

Most people are in favour of the newly-elected president. 大多数人支持新当

选的总统。

The council has voted in favour of a $200 million housing development. 参议会投票通过了一项两亿美元的住宅开发计划。

3.to carry on：经营，进行；继续

He began to carry on the leather business last year. 他去年开始经营皮革生意。

You just have to carry on as if nothing…s happened. 你们接着干吧，就当什么

事也没发生。

They decided to carry on in spite of the weather. 他们决定不管天气好坏都继

续下去。

II.课文分析

The American Tow-party System

No one now living in the United Sates can remember when the contest began between the Democratic and the Republican parties.①It has been going

on for more than a century，making it one of the oldest political rivalries in the

world.②

1.No one now living in the United States can remember when the contest

began between the Democratic and the Republican parties. （para.1）

living in the United States是现在分词作定语，修饰one.

when 引导宾语从句

2.It has been going on for more than a century，making it one of the oldest

political rivalries in the world. （para.1）

1）has been going on 用的是现在完成进行时。2）making 是现在分词作状语，

其中oldest 是形容词最高级的形式

The American political system is a classical example of the two-party system. When we say that we have a tow-party system in the United States we do not mean that we have only two parties. Usually about a dozen parties nominate presidential candidates. We call it a two-party system because we have two large parties and a number of small parties，and the large parties are so large that we often forget about the rest. Usually the small parties collectively poll less than 5per cent of the vote cast in national elections.

The Democratic and Republican parties are the largest and most competitive organizations in the American community. They organize the electorate very simply by maintaining the two-parry system…… Americans almost inevitably become Democrats or Republicans because there is usually no other place for them to go. Moreover，because the rivalry of these parties is very old，most Americans know where they belong in the system…… As a consequence of the dominance of the Democrats. Attempts to break up this old system have been made in every presidential election in the past one hundred years，but the system has survived all assaults.③

3.Attempts to break up this old system have been made in every

presidential election in the past one hundred years，but the system has

survived all assaults. （para.3）

Attempt 后面的“to break up this old system” 是动词不定式作定语，修饰attempt.此句谓语动词用的是现在完成时的被动语态。make attempt to do sth. 表示

“企图，打算做某事”。

How does it happen that the two-party system is so strongly rooted in American politics？④The explanation is probably to be found in the way elections are conducted. In the United States，unlike countries with a parliamentary system of government，we elect not only the President，but a

large number of other officials，about 800，000 of them. We also elect 435 members of the House of Representatives from 435 districts （there are a few exceptions ），one member for each district. Statistically，this kind of election favors the major parties. The system of elections makes it easy for the major parties to maintain their dominant position，because they are likely to win more

than their share of the offices.⑤

4.How does it happen that the two-party system is so strongly rooted in

American politics？

句中it 是形式主语，实际主语是that引导的主语从句。（para.4）

rooted是过去分词在本句中用于被动语态。root 作动词表示“（使）扎根，（使）生

根”

e.g. The story is firmly rooted in reality.这个故事深深扎根于现实。

5.The system of elections makes it easy for the major parties to maintain their dominant position，because they are likely to win more than their share of the

offices. （para.4）

句中it 是形式宾语，不定式to maintain their dominant position 是实际宾语，

the major parties是不定式的逻辑主语。

“这种选举制度使大党容易保持优势地位，因为他们赢得的席位有可能多于应得到的席

位。”

One of the great consequences of the system is that it produces majorities automatically. Because there are only two competitors in the running，it is almost inevitable that one will receive a majority. Moreover，he system tends slightly to exaggerate the victory of the winning party. This is not always true，but the strong tendency to produce majorities is built into the system.

In over 200 years of constitutional history，Americans have learned much about the way in which the system can be managed so as to make possible the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other.⑥At he level of presidential elections，the party in power has been overturned by the party out of power nineteen times，almost once a decade. In the election of 1860，the political system broke down，and the Civil War，the worst disaster in American history，resulted. Our history justifies our confidence in the system but also

shows that it is not foolproof.

6.In over 200 years of constitutional history，Americans have learned much about the way in which the system can be managed so as to make possible the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other. （para.6）

句中的in which 引导的定语从句，修饰the way.

其中，the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other 是make 的宾语，possible 是宾语补语；因宾语太长，所以后置。to make … possible 使…成为可

能

e.g. His financial support made our trips possible. 他在经济方面的支持使我们

的出行成为可能。

Modern technology makes possible human…s visits to the outer space.现代

科技使人类访问外层空间成为可能。

The second major party is able to survive a defeat because the statistical tendency that exaggerates the victory of the winning party operates even more strongly in favor of the second party against the third，fourth，and fifth parties.

⑦As a result，the defeated major party is able to maintain a monopoly of the opposition. The advantage of the second party over the third is so great it is the only party that is likely to be able to overturn the party in power.⑧It is able，there fore，to attract the support of everyone seriously opposed to the party in power. ⑨The second party is important as long as it can monopolize the movement to overthrow the party in power，because it is certain to come into

power sooner or later.

7.The second major party is able to survive a defeat because the statistical tendency that exaggerates the victory of the winning party operates even more strongly in favor of the second party against the third，forth，and fifth parties.

（para.7）

句子的主干是：主句＋because 引导的原因状语从句，原因状语从句中有一个定语从句，由that引导，修饰the statistical tendency

8.The advantage of the second party over the third is so great that it is the only party that is likely to be able to overturn the party in power. （para.7）

英语中表示“比… 有优势”可用“advantage over …。”

e.g. We have one advantage over our rivals：our player are taller. 我们比

对方胜过一筹，我们的队员个子比较高。

9.It is able，therefore，to attract the support of everyone seriously

opposed to the party

in power.（para.7）

to oppose to the party in power 反对执政党

Another consequence of the two-party system is that whereas minor parties are likely to identify themselves with special interests or special programs and thus take extreme positions，the major parties are so large that they tend to be moderate.⑩Evidence of the moderation of the major parties is that much business is conducted across party lines. What happens when the Democrats control one house of Congress and the Republicans control the other？About the same volume of legislation is passed as when one party controls both houses，although some important legislation is likely to be blocked temporarily. It is possible to carry on the work of the government even when party control is divided because party differences are not fundamental.

10.Another consequence of the two-party system is that whereas minor

parties are likely to identify themselves with special interests or special programs and thus take extreme positions，the major parties are so large that

they tend to be moderate.

本句的主干为“主句+ that 引导的表语从句”，表语从句较长，是由whereas引导的一个并列句。本句意思是：“两党制的另一个结果是小党很可能认同某种特殊利益或特殊计划而采取极端立场，而大党则因为如此庞大，所以倾向于中庸之道。”

语法练习

补充语法知识：动名词的用法

动名词相当于名词，在句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语

一、作主语

Forgetting the past means betrayal.

There is no joking about such matters.

It is no use waiting here.

二、作宾语

1.作及物动词的宾语：一些及物动词后边要求跟动名词作宾语（参看上册P284）

例如：practice，enjoy，appreciate，suggest，excuse，pardon，avoid，

postpone，

delay，mind，admit，risk，miss，deny，resist，

You should practice speaking the language every day.

2.作介词的宾语

例如：be used to，become used to，get used to，look forward to，

A minor-party or independent candidate can draw votes away from the major-party nominees but stands almost no chance of defeating them.

三、作表语

表示抽象事物和一般行为，即：将一个动作看成一个事物

例如：One easily monitored rhythm is palm sweating.

My job is teaching.

（对比现在分词作表语，只起描述作用，相当于形容词，而且多数与心理状态有关。例

如：

Interesting，exciting，surprising，understanding…）

四、作定语

表示被修饰的名词的功能、用途，放在所修饰的名词前

例如：drinking water，washing machine，running shoes，drawing paper，

working method

（对比现在分词作定语，和它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系，例如：singing girl，walking man，running water，sleeping child，working people

五、动名词复合结构

动名词前边也可以加上表示行为的主体，成为动名词的逻辑主语

例如：What is the use of my doing that？

Nothing can stop me trying again.

Do you mind John driving you home？

04年10月考题中，词形变化题

Either of these factors could account for some individuals being （be）able to do well using inefficient methods.

being 是动名词，some individuals是逻辑主语，using inefficient methods. 是

状语

account for：解释…的原因，

这两种因素中哪一种都能解释某些人用效率不高的方法都能学得很好。

Unit 10练习

一、词汇英译汉：

1.election

2.vote

3.certainty

4.loyalty

5.decline

6.democrat

7.strategy

8.pursue

9.impact 10.headquarters

11.economy12.stir 13.congress 14.representative

to identify…as impact on

二、句子英译汉：

1.Candidates try to project a strong leadership image. （para.4）

2.Whether voters accept this image，however，depends more on external

factors than on a candidate…s personal characteristics. （para. 4）

此句注意主语从句作主语。

3.A year later，with the nation…s economy in trouble，Bush?s app roval

rating dropped below 40 percent.

4.Candidates are particularly concerned with winning the states which have

the largest population.

5.Clinton received only 43 percent of the popular vote in 1992，compared

with Bush…s 38 percent and Perot?s 19 per cent.

6.In deciding whether to pursue a course of action，they try to estimate its

likely impact on the voters.

7.Warren G. Harding accepted the 1920 Republican nomination at his Ohio home，stayed there throughout most of the campaign，and won a full victory simply because most of the voters of his time were Republicans.

8.“The Economy，Stupid.”The slogan was the idea of James Carville，Clinton…s chief strategist，and was meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff to keep the campaign focused on the nation?s slow-moving economy，which ultimately was the issue that defeated Bush.

三、句子汉译英

1.在美国每四年举行一次总统大选。

The presidential election takes place every four years in the United States.

2.多数党被提名者得到的支持率往往高出少数党候选人。

A majority party nominee usually has the advantage of support over a

minority party one.

A major-party nominee always gets higher approval rating than a

minor-party nominee.

3.策略在总统竞选中起关键性的作用。

Strategies play a critical role in the election.

Strategy is critical in the presidential election.

4.为了争取选票，总统候选人特别关注那些重要的州。

To win the presidency， a candidate is particularly concerned with winning

the states which are important.

In order to get the votes，presidential candidates are concerned with those

important states.

5.美国有十几个政党，其中只有两个党是主要党。

There are about a dozen political parties in America，only two of which are

major parties.

历年考题：

1.Victory in the eleven ______（large）states alone would provide an

electoral majority. （99.10）

答案：largest.此题主要考查large 的最高级。

2.Even Democrat George McGovern，_____ had the lowest level of party

support among recent

Nominees，was backed in 1972 by nearly 60 percent of his party…s voters.

（99.10）

A.who

B.whose

C.that

D.which

答案：A. who 引导的非限定性定语从句。

3.汉译英：这与其说取决于候选人的个人特点不如说取决于外部因素。（00.4）

答案：This depends on external factors rather than on a candidate…s personal

characteristics.

4.In 1991，after the Gulf War，Bush…s approval rating reached 91 percent，the highest level recorded since polling ______（begin）in the 1930s. （00.10）

答案：began.此题考查过去时，因为有一个明显的过去时间状语“in the 1930s”。

5.Americans have learned much about the way in which the system can be managed so as to _____ the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the

other. （01.4）

A.make it possible

B.make possible

C.make possibly

D.make it possibly

答案：B.本题中make 的宾语太长，所以放到了宾补possible 的后面。“make …

possible”

表示“使…成为可能”。

6.In deciding _____ a course of action，the candidate tried to estimate its

likely impact on the voters. （02.4）

A.what to pursue

B.which to pursue

C.whether to pursue

D.if to pursue

答案：C.分析：所要填的空是deciding 的宾语。而pursue 后面的宾语是a course of action. 选项A “what to pursue”，what 是宾语。选项B 中，which 也是作主语

或宾语。选项D. 语法结构不对，因此选C.

7.A major-party nominee has the critical advantage in the campaign for the presidential election _______ he has the support from the party faithful. （03 ，

10 ）

A.in that

B.in which

C.for which

D.for that

答案：A “在于”（复合连词表示原因）

讲义十一

Text A Sacrificed to Science？

课文简介：本文主要论述了以下三点：

1.对待用动物来做医学实验的不同观点。有些人认为动物研究是不必要的，不相关的，甚至是起误导作用。另一种观点认为，如果把还没有在动物身上彻底实验过的药物用在人身上，那是完全不负责任和不道德的。用动物来做实验对现代医疗科学的发展起着至关重要的

作用。

2.很多科学家一直在致力于减少（Reduction）、改进（Refinement）和代替

（Replacement）对动物的实验。

3.随着研究技术日益先进，可能会减少用动物做实验的数量，但只要医疗研究还要继续，

只要用于消费者身上的产品还需准确实验，彻底停止使用动物还很遥远。

Paras.1-6 The different ideas on animals testing.

Paras.7-11 New research in developments makes the number of animals

used in laboratory tests decline.

Paras.12-14 Even though we don't want to do animal research for medical use，stopping testing on animals is not easy.s

New Words