21世纪研究生英语综合教程2答案最新完整版

Ⅰ. Background information (3)

Ⅱ. Language points (4)

Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (6)

Unit 2 (10)

Ⅰ. Background information (10)

Ⅱ. Language points (12)

Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (15)

Unit 3 (19)

Ⅰ. Background information (19)

Ⅱ. Language points (20)

Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (22)

unit 4 (26)

Ⅰ. Background information (26)

Ⅱ. Language points (32)

Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (33)

Unit 5 (36)

Ⅰ. Background information (36)

Ⅱ. Language points (39)

Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (41)

Unit 6 (44)

Ⅰ. Background information (44)

Ⅱ. Language points (50)

Ⅲ. Reference materials (51)

Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (54)

Unit 7 (59)

Ⅰ. Background information (59)

Ⅱ. Language points (60)

Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (61)

Unit 8 (63)

Ⅰ. Background information (63)

Ⅱ. Language points (67)

Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (68)

Unit 9 (71)

Ⅰ. Background information (71)

Ⅱ. Language points (74)

Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (75)

Unit 10 (78)

Ⅰ. Language points (78)

Ⅱ. Key to the exercises (79)

Unit 11 (83)

Ⅰ. Background information (83)

Ⅱ. Language points (85)

Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (87)

I. Background information (91)

Ⅱ. Language points (91)

Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (94)

Unit 1

Text A Putting in a Good Word for Guilt

Ⅰ. Background information

1．Ellen Goodman A syndicated columnist whose writing appears in over four hundred newspapers, Ellen Goodman began her working career in 1963. Goodman began newspaper writing at the Detroit Free Press, where she worked as a general reporter and news feature writer on the city desk.

In 1980, Goodman was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Distinguished Commentary. Goodman?s work has won many other awards, including the American Society of Newspaper Editors Distinguished Writing Award in 1980. She received the Hubert H. Humphrey Civil Rights Award from the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights in 1988. In 1993, at its Seventh Annual Exceptional Merit Media Award Ceremony, the National Women?s Political Caucus gave her the President?s Award. In 1994, the Women?s Research & Education Institute presented her with their American Woman Award.

2．Freud Freud may justly be called the most influential intellectual legislator of his age. His creation of psychoanalysis was at once a theory of the human psyche, a therapy for the relief of its ills, and an optic for the interpretation of culture and society. Despite repeated criticisms, attempted refutations, and qualifications of Freud?s work, its spell remained powerful well after his death and in fields far removed from psychology as it is narrowly defined. If, as the American sociologist Philip Rieff once contended, “psychological man” replaced such earlier notions as political, religious, or economic man as the 20th century?s dominant self image, it is in no small measure due to the power of Freud?s vision and the seeming inexhaustibility of the intel lectual legacy he left behind.

3．Karl Menninger (1893 1990) founder of the Menninger Foundation for Psychiatric Education and Research. As director of education of the foundation, besides training other theapists, he wrote many works, among which are The Human Mind (1930), Man Against Himself (1938), and Whatever Became Of Sin? (1973)

4．Reverend TillotsonJohn Tillotson (1630 1694), chaplain to Charles Ⅱand a prominant preacher of his age. He supported the Revolution of 1688 and was apointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1691.

5．David Riesman American sociologist and author most noted for The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character (with Reuel Denney and Nathan Glazer, 1950), a work dealing primarily with the social character of the urban middle class. “The lonely crowd” became a catchphrase denoting modern urban society in which the individual feels alienated. Also entering common speech were the labels he applied to two of the three character types that he identified in the book: “inner directed” and “other directed.”

Ac cording to Riesman?s theory, in preindustrial societies having a high potential for population growth (e.g., medieval Europe), the typical individual is “tradition directed,” his personal values

being determined by the traditions of a highly structured society or by power relations within its major divisions, such as classes, professions, castes, or clans. These values are characteristically passed intact from one generation to another. When the population is growing but has not reached the stage of crowding (e.g., western Europe from the Renaissance to the early 20th century), the “inner directed” individual predominates. His personal values are determined early by his immediate family, are not necessarily related to any wider social forces, and are also likely to remain unchanged. In heavily industrialized societies, where the population is dense and perhaps beginning to decline, the “other directed” individual emerges. His life is in large part shaped by “peer groups” of persons whom he resembles in age, s ocial class, or otherwise, and he adjusts his values to conform to those of his group in a constant process of change.

Ⅱ. Language points

1. Feeling guilty is nothing to feel guilty about. (para.1) You don?t have to be consciously uncomfortable if you have the sense of guilt.

2. Yes, guilt can be the excess baggage that keeps us paralyzed unless we dump it. (para.1)Sure, guilt can be the over loaded burden that tortures us if we don?t get rid of it.

paralyze v. to make unable to move or act

e.g. The child was paralyzed by fear when the thunder came.

打雷的时候，这孩子被吓得不能动弹。

3. I give up guilt for Lent. (para.2) I give up guilt in order to be a better person.

give up sth. for Lent to get rid of sth. (usually a bad habit) for the sake of better morality

4. But then it occurred to me that this particular Lent has been too lengthy. (para.3) But then it came to my mind that people have given up guilt for too long a time.

occur to come to (mind)闪现

this particular Lent Here it refers to the practice of giving up guilt as mentioned above.

5. For the past decade or more, the pop psychologists who use book jackets rather than couches all were busy telling us that I am okay, you are okay and whatever we do is okay. (para.3) During the past ten years or more, those welc ome psychologists solve people?s mental problems by writing books instead of clinical treatment. And they are trying to advocate the concept that nobody should feel guilty for anything.在过去这十年或更久的一段时间里，通过出书而非实际诊查给人治疗的心理医生很受欢迎，他们忙不迭地告诉大家，说什么我好，你好，大家做什么都没关系。

book jackets 皮书套Here it refers to the method of writing books in psychological therapy. couch A sofa on which a patient lies while undergoing psychoanalysis or psychiatric treatment. Here it represents the treating method that the psychologists talk to the patients in a very relaxed condition, which was widely used in traditional mental therapy.

6. There was a popular notion, in fact, that self love began by slaying one?s guilt. (para.5) In past, it was commonly thought that to love oneself, everyone should first give up his guilt. 其实以前就有个比较流行的看法，认为欲爱己需先消灭内疚感。

7. People all around us spent a great portion of the last decade trying to tune out guilt instead of decoding its message and learning what it was trying to tell us. (para.5) For the most part of the past ten years, people deliberately ignore the sense of guilt without understanding its meaning and significance.

我们周围的人过去十年大部分时间一直想把内疚感抛在脑后，而不去探究内疚的含意，不去从中悟出些什么。

8. With that sort of success, guilt was ripe for revival. (para.6) When guilt is successfully eliminated, it?s also the time for it to be brought back.

9. Furthermore, we did not want to join the legions who conquered their guilt en route to new depths of narcissistic rottenne ss. (para.6) What?s more, we would never be one of those who give up their guilt while becoming more and more deteriorated in their excessive admiration of themselves.

再说了，有很多征服内疚感的人在自我陶醉的深渊中越陷越深，我们是不愿与之为伍的。

10. It is, as Lady Macbeth obsessively knew, the spot that no one else may see. (para.7) In Macbeth, the famous Shakespeare tragedy, Lady Macbeth killed the King Duncan and always had the idea that there were blood spot in her hands.

11. The last thing we need more of is less conscience. (para.8)

我们什么不要都可以，唯独不能不要良知。

We should by no means abandon conscience.

last a.least likely or expected

e.g. He is the last person we would have suspected. 我们是绝不会怀疑他的。

12. As regards conscience, God has done an uneven and careless piece of work. (para.9) In the aspect of conscience, not everyone has been given the same amount of it when being born as if God is careless and unfair.

as regards ad.as to 在…方面

13. there has to be some line between... (para.10) there should be some difference between；we should separate...from...

14. the oppressed have “chosen” their lot in life. (para.10) The people who suffer in their life are determined to be so at the very beginning.

15. those who offer no guidance, no—gulp—moral or ethical point of view. (para.11)

gulp v. to choke back by or as if by swallowing

Here the author is choked as if the following words are difficult to utter.

16. feel guilty just for being alive (para.13) feel guilty only because they are alive；feel guilty for nothing

17. the trick isn?t to become flaccidly nonjudgmental (para.14) The important thing we should do is not to be afraid of making judgment.

18．...nothing else but trouble arising in our mind from our consciousness of having done contrary to what we are verily persuaded was our Duty. (para.15) ... simply the discomfort appearing in our inner heart when we have done something that is not right according our responsibility

19. We are also particularly vulnerable to feelings of duty in a time of change. Today an older and ingrained sense of what we should do may conflict with a new one. In the gaps that open between what we once were taught and what we now believe grows a rich crop of guilt. (para.17) In such a changeable world, our sense of duty is very likely to change our feeling. Now old concept may conflict with the new one on what we should do. There is great difference between our belief and the education we got, and that difference results in the sense of guilt.

在这个瞬息万变的时代我们固有的责任感格外容易被推翻。什么该做什么不该做，今天一个新观念就可能和根深蒂固的老观念相冲突。过去所受的教育和今天的认识之间有很大差距，由此也生出各种内疚感。

20. If guilt is a struggle between our acceptance of shoulds and should nots, it is a powerful and intensely human one. (para.20) If guilt represents the contradiction of our standard of behaviors, it is a good thing full of strength and humanness.

如果说责任感是我们接受什么该做、什么不该做之间的斗争，这个斗争是强大的、充满人性的斗争。

21. This worst emotion, in a sense, helps bring out the best in us. The desire to avoid feeling guilty makes us avoid the worst sort of behavior.(para.21) In some aspect, the so called bad feeling reflects the best nature of human being. Just because we don?t want to feel guilty, we will not do bad things.

从某个角度讲，这种最糟糕的情感烘托出人类最美好的一面。为避免内疚于心，我们便不去做坏事。

22. In that sense guilt is the great civilizer, the internal commandment that helps us choose to be kind to each other rather than to join in a stampede of me firsts. (para.22) In that aspect, guilt can make us civilized and force us by conscience to be good people instead of putting ourselves in the first place urgently.

这样说来，内疚感对促进人类文明有巨大作用，它是人类内心的戒律，帮助我们与人为善而非一股脑地你争我抢。

23. a tremendous surge of young people overpowered the adults in the sixties (para.22) the effect of a drastic boom of young people overcame the values of adults in 1960s

24．the barbarians took Rome (para.22) the savage people took the control

This idiom comes from the historical fact that the great Roman Empire was overthrown by the so called barbarians whom Roman people thought were less civilized than them, so this idiom is often used in literature to refer to a shame or degradation of civilization.

25．We may resolve one by changing our view of it and another by changing our behavior. (para.25) To solve the problem of guilt, we can either change our definition of it so that we may feel better, or change what we will do to avoid sense of guilt.

26．live with myself (para.28) to be comfortable with my conscience; to be unashamed 27．Striving to follow their lead is like accepting a catatonic as your role model. (para.30) To remain guiltless are not proper to the same degree.

28. Guilt is one of the most human of dilemmas. (para.31)

the most human ofHere the phrase altogether functions as an adjective.

29. It is the claim of others on the self. (para.31) It means to satisfy others?needs at the cost of one?s own interest.

这意味着舍己为人。

Ⅲ. Key to the exercises

1. Reading comprehension

(1) They think guilt is a bad thing for one?s psychology, and if you want to live with true liberation, you should get rid of the sense of guilt and try to believe everything and everybody is OK, no matter what you have done.

(2) Under this kind of conception, people try to ignore the sense of guilt without finding out its real meaning in life. And it?s somewhat like self deceiving to say everything is ok because in deeper conscience, people will still feel uneasy if sense of guilt is not dealt with properly.

(3) Because Lady Macbeth was driven mad by her sense of guilt after she conspired to kill King Duncan, so she was used here to portray the “horrible, pit of the stomach sense” of the guilt.

(5) These two friends both felt guilty for neglecting their mothers, but as to the real fact of the neglecting, one just didn?t call home everyday; while the other hadn?t chatted with her mother since Christmas. This best illustrates that people may have “wildly different” sense of duty and guilt. / Some people can go through their lives without a moment of guilt, while the other group of people may feel guilty just for being alive.

(6) A sense of guilt, as well as a sense of duty, can urge us to do the right thing when we may not feel like doing it. In that way, a sense of guilt is the great civilizer of our basic conscience and the maintainer of our behavior.

(7) Because the young people in the sixties in America, also known as the baby boomers and the Beat Generation, were the generation born after the World War Ⅱ, who were very rebellious to the old traditional moral system by calling for living at their own will and who outnumbered their father generation, so there was a declination in traditional morality (“the barbarians took Rome”) in that period of time. But in the 1980s, when the article was written, the number of adults grew bigger, and they were trying to restore some old mores. That?s the exact reason why “guilt is coming back.”

(8) You can either change the opinion of a perfect image so that you?ll feel less guilty when failing to achieve something, or to change the behavior in a way that is more accordant to your right conscience.

2. Vocabulary

(1) assortment(2) narcissistic(3) obsessively(4) slaying

(5) legion(6) instilled(7) ingrained(8) hustled

(9) stampede(10) qualms

3. Paraphrase

(1) But then it came to my mind that people have given up guilt for too long a time. During that period of time of about ten years or more, those welcome psychologists solved people?s mental problems by writing books instead of giving clinical treatment. And they are trying to advocate the concept that nobody should feel guilty for anything.

(2) In the past, it was commonly thought that to love himself, everyone should first give up his guilt. For the most part of the past ten years, people deliberately ignored the sense of guilt without understanding its meaning and significance.

(3) What?s more, we would never be one of those who give up their guilt while becoming more and more deteriorated in excessive admiration of themselves.

(4) There are people who are tortured by unreasonable guilt. Of course we are not willing to be one of them or guide our children to be one of them.

(5) In such a changeable world, our sense of duty is very likely to change our feeling. Now an old concept may conflict with a new one on what we should do. There is a great difference between our belief and the education we got, and that difference results in the sense of guilt.

(6) If guilt represents the contradiction of our standards of behavior, it is a good thing full of strength and humanness.

(7) In some aspect, the so called bad feeling reflects the best nature of human being. Because we don?t want to feel guilty, we will not do bad things.

(8) In that aspect, guilt can make us civilized and force us by conscience to be good people instead

of putting ourselves in the first place urgently.

4. Cloze

(2) responsibility(3) reason(4) triggered(5) anxiety(6) committed(7) criticism(8) empathy(9) develop(10) violates(11) value(12) against(13) fulfill(14) generally(15) failing(16) intended(17) biochemical (18) judged(19) since(20) nature

5. Translation

A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.

(1) 人要想快乐，首先必须感到自由，其次，必须感到自己重要。假如迫于社会压力做自己不乐意做的事，或者乐于做的事被认为一文不值，毫不重要，得不到社会的承认，那么这样的人是不可能真正快乐的。倘若一个人对社会给予他的差事不感兴趣，干下去只是出于谋生和养家糊口的需要，那么此人就只是个雇佣劳动者。倘若一个人打心眼里对社会掏钱让他干的差事感兴趣，那么他就是一个工作者。一件差事究竟是劳动还是工作并不取决于差事本身，而是取决于干这个差事的人的喜好。这种差异并不等同于体力和脑力劳动之间的区别。从一个人对休闲的态度可以看出他属于哪类人。对工作者而言，休闲不过是放松休息几个小时，为的是工作起来效率更高。所以他很可能花很少的时间休息，而不是很多。对劳动者而言恰恰相反，休闲意味着摆脱了羁绊，他总盼着少干多玩，工作时间越短越好，这种想法也在情理之中。

究其最深层最彻底的含义，内疚感是我们心中一个渴望被捕获的罪犯。做错了事就产生这种可怕的、发自内心的感觉。这正如麦克白夫人满脑子想的那个别人看不到的血点一样……而且我们还不能四处张望。

没有内疚就等于没有良知。感觉不到内疚的人给他人造成痛苦后心情照样不错，结果他们就心安理得地接着给别人制造痛苦。我们什么不要都可以，唯独不能不要良知。

弗洛伊德曾说过：“上帝在良知方面处理不当，有些粗心，大多数人生来良知就不算多，或者说少的不值一提。”

这里说明一点，我并不是建议每个人报名参加寻找内疚之旅。然而，我们必须对以下两种观点加以区分：一种认为我们所有人都应该为诸如贫困或种族主义感到内疚；另一种则断言受压迫者是“命里注定”。

B. Translate the following sentences into English.

(1) People appealed to the government to put in a good word for the real hero after the truth came out.

(2) On the coming of the New Year, it occurred to Sam that he should put aside his work for a while and call his parents.

(3) In a time of change, young people often put self interest i n the first place and tune out social commitment.

(4) The government has realized that serious social problems may arise from wealth polarization, and measures have been taken to shorten the distance.

(5) As the cost of being famous, stars are particularly vulnerable to criticism, because people always have higher expectations of them.

(6) After the terrorist attack was successfully suppressed, the horror stricken hostages were shepherded across a secret passage to the safety zone.

(7) Finally, the author chose to retort the rumor not because of any personal offense, but rather in response to injuries inflicted on others.

(8) The criminal explains to his lawyer that his will is so naturally fragile that his physical needs

often overpower his feeling, which leads to the theft of his acquaintance.

(9) When her grandma, the only person who loved her in the world, passed away, her heart was filled with nothing else but deep sorrow and regret.

Text B Ambition

I. Background information

1. Spinoza(1632 1677)Dutch philosopher and theologian whose controversial pantheistic doctrine advocated an intellectual love of God. His best known work is Ethics (1671).

A member of the rationalist school of philosophy, Baruch Spinoza pursued knowledge through deductive reasoning rather than induction from sensory experience. Spinoza applied the theoretical method of mathematics to other realms of inquiry. Following the format of Euclid?s Elements, Spinoza?s Ethics organized morality and religion into definitions, axio ms, and postulates.

2. Jane Goodall(1934 ) British ethologist(生态学家) and authority on wild chimpanzees. Born in London and educated in Bournemouth, Goodall worked in Africa for the British Kenyan Louis S. B. Leakey, at whose suggestion she set up camp in 1960 in the Gombe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve on Lake Tanganyika. For nearly ten years she studied the rarely observed lives of chimpanzees, discovering such behavior patterns as their ability to use straws for extracting termites from nests. After woriting her popular book on chimpanzees, In the Shadow of Man (1971), she wrote Innocent Killers (1971), about spotted hyenas, whose predatory behavior theretofore had been unresearched. In 1977 Goodall founded The Jane Goodall Institute for Wildlife Research, Education, and Conservation. She has established chimpanzee sanctuaries for the care and rehabilitation of orphaned chimpanzees in four African countries. In 1995 Goodall was awarded the National Geographic Society?s prestigious Hubbard Medal.

3. National Geographic television specials The special programs of National Geographic channel,the world famous educational television that introduces international mysteries and adventures.

Ⅱ. Language points

1. mutual friend (para.1) the friend of both of us

2. the world was ours for the asking (para.2) the world belonged to us and could fulfill whatever we wanted

3. not because I am desperate to be buddies with... (para.3) not because I am so eager to be friends with...

be desperate to be in great need to

4. ambition has gotten bad press (para.4) people always have a bad impression of ambition

5. ... nothing but species of madness, although they are not enumerated among diseases (para.4) ... merely types of madness, although they are not in the list of diseases

nothing but only, merely

6. clawing her way to success on top of the bleeding bodies of her friends (para.4) achieving her goals by fighting violently and sacrificing the interests of her friends

7. With all these external yardsticks (para.10) With all these measurements in the outer world

8. who make it to the top only to realize they left their ovaries behind (para.13) who have achieved great success, but as a result, they find they forget to have babies

make it to the top be the best one, become very successful

only to realize (indicate sth. that happens immediately afterwards, esp. sth. that causes surprise, disappointment, etc.)

leave behind fail or forget to bring or take sth.

9. people who completely abrogate their ambition aren?t all fun and games either (para.14) people who don?t have ambition at all are not always happy and relaxed

fun and games light hearted and playful activities

10. sweet nothings (para.15) something pleasant but of no significance

Ⅱ. Key to the exercises

1. F

2. F

3. F

4. T

5. T

6. F

7. T

8. F

9. F10. T2

Unit 2

Text A In the Beginning: God and Science

Ⅰ. Background information

1. Lance Morrow University Professor; Professor of Journalism, College of Communication; Adjunct Professor of English, College of Arts and Sciences.

Professor Morrow has been an essayist, senior writer, and editor at Time for thirty five years, and continues to contribute to the magazine. He does a twice weekly column on https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c717556514.html, and also writes for the New York Times Book Review, Smithsonian, and other publications. Professor Morrow won the National Magazine Award for Essay and Criticism in 1981, was a finalist for the National Magazine Award in 1991, and shared a National Magazine Award in 2002 for his essay on September 11. William F. Buckley has described him as “one of the two or three best writers in America.” He is the author of two memoirs, The Chief (1986) and Heart (1995), and a collection of essays, Fishing in the Tiber (1988) and Safari (1992). His latest publication is Evil: An Investigation (2003).

2. Werner Karl Heisenberg (1901 1976) German physicist and Nobel Prize winner, who played a large part in the development of quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics describes matter in terms of both particles and waves. One of Heisenberg?s best known contribu tions to quantum theory is the uncertainty principle, which states that the exact position and velocity of a particle cannot both be known at the same time —the more precisely one value is known, the greater the range of possibilities that exist for the other.

3. Mayan Culture an ancient Native American culture that represented one of the most advanced civilizations in the western hemisphere before the arrival of Europeans. The people known as the Maya lived in the region that is now eastern and southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, and western Honduras. The Maya culture reached its highest development form about AD 300 to

900. The Maya built massive stone pyramids, temples, and sculpture and accomplished complex achievements in mathematics and astronomy, which were recorded in hieroglyphs (a pictorial form of writing).

After 900 the Maya mysteriously declined in the sounthern lowlands of Guatemala. they later revived in the north on the Y ucatan Peninsula and continued to dominate the area until the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. Descendants of the Maya still form a large part of the population of the regin. Although many have adopted Spanish ways, a significant number of modern Maya maintain traditional cultural practices.

4. Black hole an extremely dense celestial body that has been theorized to exist in the universe. The gravitational field of a black hole is so strong that, if the body is large enough, nothing, including electromagnetic radiation, can escape from its vicinity. The body is surrounded by a spherical boundary, called a horizon, through which light can enter but not escape; it therefore appears totally black.

5. Aristotle (384 BC 322 BC) Greek philosopher and scientist, who shares with Plato and Socrates the distinction of being the most famous of ancient philosophers.

A student of ancient Greek philosopher Plato, Aristotle shared his teacher?s reverence for human knowledge but revised many of Plato?s ideas by emphasizing methods rooted in observation and experience. Aristotle surveyed and systematized nearly all the extant branches of knowledge and provided the first ordered accounts of biology, psychology, physics, and literary theory. In addition, Aristotle invented the field known as formal logic, pioneered zoology, and addressed virtually every major philosophical problem known during his time. Known to medieval intellectuals as simply “the Philosopher”, Aristotle is possibly the greatest thinker in Western history, and historically, perhaps the single greatest influence on Western intellectual development.

6. Jean Paul Richter, Johann Paul Friendrich (1763 1825), German writer and humorist, born in Wunsiedel, and educated in theology at the University of Leipzig. He wrote under the pseudonym Jean Paul. Richter produced bitter prose satires in his youth; his later writing is more imaginative and sentimental. He achieved his first major success with the sentimental novel Hesperus (1795; trans. 1865). Titan (4 volumes, 1800 1803; trans. 1862), a novel containing elements of autobiography and discussing contemporary revolutionary ideas, is considered his best work. He also published essays and reviews and several theoretical works, including Vorschule der A¨sthetik (School of Aesthetics, 1804), on poetry, and Levana (1807; trans. 1848), a tract on education. His unfinished autobiography is considered his best romantic work.

7. Palladian temple Pallas, one of the most important goddesses in Greek mythology. In Roman mythology she became identified with the goddess Minerva, also known as Pallas Athena. Athena sprang full grown and armored from the forehead of the god Zeus and was his favorite child. He entrusted her with his shield, adorned with the hideous head of Medusa the Gorgon, his buckler, and his principal weapon, the thunderbolt. A virgin goddess, she was ca lled Parthenos (“the maiden”). Her major temple, the Parthenon, was in Athens, which, according to legend, became hers as a result of her gift of the olive tree to the Athenian people.

8. Isaac Asimov (1920 1992) Russian born American writer, esteemed for h is science fiction and for his popular works in all branches of science. Asimov was born in Petrovichi. His family immigrated to the United States when he was three years old and settled in Brooklyn, New York. Asimov?s encounters with science fiction maga zines led him to follow the dual careers of writing and science.

His best known science fiction works include I, Robot (1950), The Foundation Trilogy (1951 1953), to which he wrote a sequel 30 years later. Foundation?s Edge (1982), The Naked Sun (1957), and The Gods Themselves (1972). Asimov?s major science books include the Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (1964; revised 1982) and Asimov?s New Guide to Science (1984), a revision of his widely acclaimed Intelligent Man?s Guide to Scie nce (1960). Later works include Foundation and Earth (1986), Prelude to Foundation (1988), and Forward the Foundation (1992). He wrote three volumes of autobiography: In Memory Yet Green (1979), In Joy Still Felt (1980), and the posthumously published I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994). Yours, Isaac Asimov: A Lifetime of Letters, was published in 1995.

9. St. Augustine (354 430) Saint Augustine was one of the foremost philosopher theologians of early Christianity and the leading figure in the church of North Africa. He had a profound influence on the subsequent development of Western thought and culture, and shaped the themes and defined the problems that have characterized the Western tradition of Christian theology. His two most celebrated writings are his semiautobiographical Confessions and City of God, a Christian Vision of History.

Saint Augustine brought a systematic method of philosophy to Christian theology. Augustine taught rhetoric in the ancient cities of Carthage, Rome, and Milan before his Christian baptism in 387. His discussions of the knowledge of truth and of the existence of God drew from the Bible and from the philosophers of ancient Greece. A vigorous advocate of Roman Catholicism, Augustine developed many of his doctrines while attempting to resolve theological conflicts with Donatism and Pelagianism, two heretical Christian movements.

Ⅱ. Language points

1 Religion became, in both senses of the word, immaterial. (para.1) Religion become both spiritual and unimportant.

immaterial (1) Of no importance or relevance; inconsequential or irrelevant

(2) Having no material body or form.

2 So the pact said: render unto apples the things that are Caesar?s, and unto oranges the things that are God?s. (para.1) It comes from the sentence of Bible: “Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar?s; and unto God the things that are God?s”, which means everything should belong to certain category.

render (on)to give to

Caesear Roman general, statesman, and historian. Here it represents the highest authority of material world.

3 Both religion and science have become self con s ciously aware of their excesses, even of their capacity for evil. (para.2) Both religion and science have come to realize spontaneously that they have gone to some extreme in certain field, which inevitably leads to bad consequences.

宗教和科学都自我意识到自身的过分之处，甚至意识到自身作恶的能力。

4 It is the equivalent of the Montagues and Capulets collaborating on a baby shower. (para.2) It is no less than the two feudal families, Montagues and Capulets, working together to bathe a baby, which is quite unusual.

equivalent equal, as in value, force, or meaning

e.g. Some American words have no British equivalent.

美国英语的一些词在英国英语中没有对等的词。

5 the divine intellect willed all into being, ex nihilo. (para.3) God created everything with will from nothing.

上帝用意志，无中生有地创造万物。

the divine intellect the supernatural being

6 scientists have generally stayed clear of the question of ultimate authorship, of the final “uncaused cause.” (para.3) Scientists have always evaded the question of the origin of world and of the cause without cause.

科学家一般都避开最终权威的问题，避开这个最终的”无因之因”。

uncaused cause In science, everything will have a cause, but at the beginning of the world, there must be a final cause that has no cause at all, which contradicts with the scientific principle.

7 ungenera ted and indestructible (para.3) that is neither created nor finished

8 That absolute expanse might be difficult, even unbearable, to contemplate, like an infinite snow field of time, but the conception at least carried with it the serenity of the eternal. (para.4) It?s hard and even intolerable to imagine the infinitive universe, like the endless time, but this idea can at least make people feel clam and peaceful.

可能很难设想宇宙绵延无期，就像时间的无垠雪原，这种想法甚至令人难以忍受，但是这一观念至少给人以永恒的宁静感。

9 In recent decades, however, the S teady State model of the universe has yielded in the scientific mind to an even more difficult idea, full of cosmic violence. (para.4)

However, in recent decades, the Steady State model of universe has been substituted in scientific field by a more difficult idea that the universe is full forceful actions.

10 The so called Big Bang theory makes some astronomers acutely uncomfortable, even while it ignites in many religious minds a small thrill of confirmation. (para.4) The Big Bang theory makes some astronomers very uneasy, but at the same time, creates a little excitement in religious field for it seems to confirm their belief in creation.

这种被称作“大爆炸”的理论使得一些天文学家深感不安，而同时又在许多宗教界人士心里激起涟漪，好像《圣经》上的说法得到了科学证实。

11 Science arrived at the Big Bang theory through its admirably painstaking and ideologically disinterested process of hypothesis and verification and, sometimes, happy accident. (para.5) Science educed the Big Bang theory from the hard work of assumption and testification and even unexpected but pleasant incident, which share little interest with ideology.

科学得出大爆炸理论是通过令人起敬的艰苦研究，通过漠视意识形态的假设和证明过程，以及有时候幸运的偶然发现。

12 The Steady State idea still held many astronomers (para.5) Many astronomers still believe in the Steady State idea.

holdto retain the attention or interest of

e.g.The storyteller held the crowd spellbound.

那个讲故事的人使观众听得入迷了。

13 Science is not the cool Palladian temple of rationality that it was in the Enlightenment. It begins to seem more like Prospero?s island as experienced by Caliban. (para.6) Science no longer appears clam and rational as in 18th century, but becomes more grotesque and gaudy.

科学不再是启蒙时代理性的雅典娜神殿，冷峻而自持。它开始更像《暴风雨》中卡利班见识到的普洛斯彼罗的荒岛，光怪陆离。

Palladian temple the temple of Pallas Athena, the goddess of wisdom

Prospero?s island as experienced by Caliban something bizarre and mo tley

Here it refers to the new ideas and discoveries that emerge endlessly in scientific field. In The Tempest by William Shakespeare, magician Prospero made many grotesque and bizarre things in an island, which seemed so marvelous and amazing in the eye of monster Caliban.

14 silicon chip agnosticism can be shaken by many puzzles besides the creation. (para.6) Not only the confusion of creation, but many other problems may influence the idea of agnosticism in modern time.

硅芯片时代的不可知论可被除了造物之外的许多疑惑所动摇。

agnosticism the doctrine that certainty about first principles or absolute truth is unattainable and that only perceptual phenomena are objects of exact knowledge

15 the scriptural versions of creation or of other “events,” like the fall of man or the miracles of Jesus Christ, have suffered the condescension of science (para.7) the description in Bible of the origin of world and other historic occurrences, as well as the degeneration of man and miracles of Jesus, have been distained by science

《圣经》所述的创世故事或者其它”事件”，如人之堕落和耶稣基督的奇迹，屡屡遭遇科学的贬抑

16 find themselves confounded (para.8) feel confused and befuddled

find oneself + a./ad. to perceive (oneself) to be in a specific place or condition

e.g. He found himself drawn to the stranger.

他发现自己被拉到一个陌生人面前。

17 Jastrow blows pha ntom kisses like neutrinos across the chasm between science and religion, seeming almost wistful to make a connection. (para.8) Jastrow sends the kisses of illusion across the gap between science and religion as neutrinos, yearning to connect the two sides at his will.

neutrino 中微子，一种无电荷、无静止质量的基本(亚原子)粒子

Here science and religion are considered two poles, so neutrino is used to describe Jastrow?s efforts.

贾斯特罗频飞虚幻之吻，像中微子一样跨越科学和宗教之间的鸿沟，几乎是一厢情愿地要建立一种联系。

18 He has scaled the mountains of ignorance; he is about to conqu er the highest peak; as he pulls himself over the final rock, he is greeted by a band of theologians who have been sitting there for centuries. (para.8) He has overcome many problems in knowledge; now he is going to solve the most difficult one about the origin and creation of the world; but when he finally reaches the point, he finds the answer is back to the one given by religion centuries ago.

19 If new information should require modification of the Big Bang theory, that modification could be accomplished without the entire temple of knowledge collapsing. (para.9) If new information showed that the Big Bang theory was not perfect and was to be adjusted, this kind of adjustment would not cause the breakdown of whole scientific system.

如果获得了新的信息需要修正大爆炸理论，完成这种修正并不会使整个知识殿堂倒塌。

20 A number of theologians concur that the apparent convergence of religious and scientific versions of the creation is a coincidence from which no profound meaning can be extracted. (para.10) Many theologians also agree that the similar points of religion and science on the issue of creation is accidental without deep significance.

21 Some scientists matter of factly d ismiss the problem of creation. (para.11)

Some scientists refuse to consider the issue of creation with the attitude of dealing with the fact.

一些科学家从务实的角度处理创世问题。

22 Still, virtually everyone — both scientists and laymen — is taken by the sheer unthinkable opacity of the creation and what preceded it. (para.11) Yet, actually everyone, including scientists and common religious persons, is possessed by the confusing issues of creation and even what happened before it.

23 first law of wingwalking (para.12) the most important principle in air stunt

wingwalking a kind of air stunt, walking on the wings of airplane

24 People capable of genetic engineering and nuclear fission obviously require all the spiritual and ethical guidance they can get. (para.13) People who are engaged in the hi tech field need something from spirit and ethics to conduct their work.

25. The theory of the Big Bang is surely not the last idea of creation that will be conceived; it does suggest that there remain immense territories of mystery that both the theologian and the scientist should approach with becoming awe. (para.13) The Big Bang theory of course is not the perfect final theory of creation that human can develop, but what it shows to us is a vast unknown area that requires effort and appropriate respect from both religion and science.

大爆炸理论肯定不会是人们所构想的最后的创世理论；它向我们提示的是，还存在着广阔的神秘领域，神学家和科学家都应该怀着适宜的敬畏之情去研究它们。

Ⅲ. Key to the exercises

1. Reading comprehension

(1) “Immaterial” has two senses: (a) Of no importance or relevance, inconsequential or irrelevant;

(b) Having no material body or form. It seems that people have taken the conception that religion or spiritual activity is of no importance in human?s life.

(2) The Steady State theory that the universe just exists infinitively without generation and destruction.

(3) Because they seem to get some confirmation from the science of the creation of world described in Bible.

(4) Because it is one of the basic scientific principle that every effect has a cause, but the creation of the universe, as the starting point of everything, has no cause, which contradicts with the principle.

(5) Of course it is not the final conclusion about the creation of world. But both scientific and religious fields should take some effort to explore with proper awe the unknown area that is suggested by it.

(1) “Immaterial” has two senses: (a) of no importance or relevance; inconsequential or irrelevant;

(b) having no material body or form. It seems that people have taken the conception that religion or spiritual activity is of no importance in human's life.

（2) Montagues and Capulets, the two famous feudal families in Romeo and Juliet, are usually used to represent two opposite sides. So by imagining the two sides to work together in a baby shower, the author describes the embarrassing intimacy between science and religion, which were hostile to each other before.

（3) The Steady State theory, which holds that the universe just exists infinitively without

generation and destruction.

（4) Because the Big Bang theory sounds very much like the story that the Old Testament has been telling all along.

（5) Palladian temple is the representative of rational science, while Prospero?s island is so unbelievable in Caliban?s eyes, so the author uses them to depict that science has changed from something people revere to so mething beyond people?s imagination. The similar thing also happens to religion, the image of God has changed from “a glittering eye” to “a black socket.” The two examples show the subversive effect of the Big Bang theory on both science and religion. （6) Because it is one of the basic scientific principles that every effect has a cause, but the creation of the universe, as the starting point of everything, has no cause, which contradicts with the principle.

（7) The “first law of wingwalking” is the first principle of air stunt: “Never leave hold of what you?ve got until you?ve got hold of something else.” In this article, it refers to the principle of scientific procedure: if no new theory appears to provide a better explanation, scientists will adhere to t he present theory even though it?s not perfect. By contrast, faith in religion is a leap, which doesn?t need to be based on something safe and certain.

（8) Of course it is not the final conclusion about the creation of world. But both scientific and religious field should take some effort to explore with proper awe the unknown area that is suggested by it.

2. Vocabulary

(7) convergence(8) provisional(9) defy（10) transparent

3. Paraphrase

(1) It?s hard and even intolerable to imagine the infinitive universe, like the endless time, but this idea can at least make people feel calm and peaceful.

(2) However, in recent decades, the Steady State model of universe has been substituted in scientific field by a more difficult idea that the universe is full of forceful actions.

(3) The Big Bang theory makes some astronomers very uneasy, but at the same time, creates a little excitement in religious field for it seems to confirm their belief in creation.

(4) Science educed the Big Bang theory from the hard work of assumption and testification and even unexpected but pleasant incidents, which share little interest with ideology.

(5) Many theologians also agree that the similar points of religion and science on the issue of creation is accidental without deep significance.

(6) Some scientists refuse to consider the issue of creation with the attitude of dealing with the fact.

(7)Yet, actually everyone, including scientists and common religious persons, is possessed by the confusing issues of creation and even what happened before it.

(8) People who are engaged in the hi tech field need something from spirit and ethics to conduct their work.

(9) The Big Bang theory of course is not the perfect final theory of creation that human can develop, but what it shows to us is a vast unknown area that requires effort and appropriate respect from both religion and science.

4. Cloze

(2) deeply(3) movements(4) longing(5) endeavor(6) present(7) religious(8) suffice(9) varying(10) experience(11) primitive(12) evokes(13) stage(14) poorly(15) creates(16) depend(17) handed(18)

disposed(19) degree(20) basis

5. Translation

A. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.

(1) 硅芯片时代的不可知论可被除了造物之外的许多疑惑所动摇。几乎具有同样神秘色彩的问题是，在几十亿年前，是什么条件产生了第一个能够复制自身的分子。这一步使得遍布地球的所有生命形式的发展成为可能。为什么恰在那时发生呢?

对于科学和神学在大爆炸宇宙学上表面的趋同，宗教界表现出来的热情是可以理解的。自启蒙运动以来，《圣经》所述的创世故事或者其它“事件”，如人之堕落和耶稣基督的奇迹，屡屡遭遇科学的贬抑；它们仅仅被当作神话、迷信而已。现在信徒们不由得要相信科学已经费力地证实了至少一个圣经“神话”：创世说。

(2) 美国国家航空和航天局宣布科学家已经发现来自火星的陨石中有生命的迹象。到目前为止，公众的反响相当积极。不过随着人们进一步领会其深层含义，这种积极的反响可能会改变。来自国家宇航局的这一消息是近500年来对人类最大的冒犯。这个新发现说明生命很可能是相当普通的一种现象，只要有点机会在任何地方都可能发生。地球并不特殊。异类的生命形式也不特别。它们不是人们通常合情合理想象的长着尖尖耳朵或其它可爱特点的人形生命，它们很可能更像简单的细菌。地球上的生命之所以特别是因为我们只了解这一种生命形式。那么就这一点来说，现在行将破碎的那类教条根本就是建立在无知的基础上的。生物学的根基非常脆弱，它只有一个数据点，即地球上的生命。

B. Translate the following sentences into English.

(1) Since my grandma knows nothing about electrical appliance, she always stays clear of any of them with fear.

(2) Although they have been sieged for almost a week, the soldiers swear never to yield the ground to the enemy.

(3) To his embarrassment, his new boss turned out to be his primary school classmate, on whom he used to play trick.

(4)Everybody should know how to choose when their social responsibility clashes with their personal interest.

(5) Tourists from all over the world are really taken by the beauty and intelligence shown in this palace.

(6) This book provides a sharp look at the domestic lives of middle class African Americans and the residual impacts of slavery and racial discrimination.

(7) That morning in the largest rural market in Asian, I saw at least a hundred thousand people jostled with one another to buy livestock, which is so unforgettable to me.

(8) The narration at first continues the light spoken tone of the earlier novel, but as it develops, this tone recedes, only occasionally bursting forth in humorous words.

(9) The two groups concurred that even the toughest gun laws would have no effect on crime rate; the key lies in the education of people.

(10) No one could expect that the great writer?s grave was marked by a small wooden board, bearing his name, the letters of which were nearly obliterated by time.

Text B Science and Religion

I. Background information

1. Buddha (563?BC 483?BC) Indian philosopher and the founder of Buddhism, born in Lumbini,

Nepal. He was the son of the head of the Sakya warrior caste, with the private name of Siddhartha; in later life he was known also as Sakyamuni (Sage of the Sakyas). The name Gautama Buddha is a combination of the family name Gautama and the appellation Buddha, meaning “Enlightened One.”

2. Spinoza (1632 1677) Dutch philosopher and theologian whose controversial pantheistic doctrine advocated an intellectual love of God. His best known work is Ethics (1671). 斯宾诺莎·布鲁克(1632~1677)，荷兰哲学家及神学家，他的颇有争议的泛神论主义在知识分子中引发了对上帝的热爱之情。他最为著名的著作为《伦理学》(1671年)。

II. Language points

1. Science is the century old endeavor to bring together by means of systematic t h ought the perceptible phenomena of this world into as thorough going an association as possible. (para.1)Science is the long effort to connect the accessible phenomena to the greatest extent by systematic thought.

2. I still remain convinced that I can never under any circumstances bring together, even to a slight extent, the thoughts of all those who have given this question serious consideration. (para.1)I still believe that I can never satisfy those who have ever thought of this question seriously.

3. what characterizes the aspirations of a person who gives me the impression of being religious (para.2)what are the characteristics of the desires of a person who I think is religious

4. is preoccupied with thoughts, feelings, and aspirations to which he clings (para.2)

be preoccupied with think or worry about sth.

cling to hold on tightly to

5. otherwise it would not be possible to count Buddha and Spinoza as religious personalities count ... as... : consider... to be...

否则就不可能把佛陀和斯宾诺莎看作是宗教人物了5. count Buddha and Spinoza as religious personalities (para.2)

count ... as... consider... to be...

Buddha (563? 483?BC), Indian philosopher and the founder of Buddhism, born in Lumbini, Nepal. He was the son of the head of the Sakya warrior caste, with the private name of Siddhartha; in later life he was known also as Sakyamuni (Sage of the Sakyas). The name Gautama Buddha is a combination of the family name Gautama and the appellation Buddha, meaning “Enlightened One.”

Spinoza (1632 1677), Dutch rationalist philosopher and religious thinker, who is accounted the most thoroughgoing modern exponent of pantheism.

6. an intervention on the part of religion into the sphere of science (para.3)an intervention that aspects of religion has made into the field of science

7. are clearly marked off from each other (para.3)are obviously distinguished from each other

8. by virtue of its simplicity it is accessible to the most undeveloped mind (para.4)

because it is very simple, so it can be understood by the people with the lease intelligence

9. His work (para.4)The capitalized “He”, “Him” and “His” are special pronouns referring to God only.

10. personal God(para.5)God that has the characteristics of human

11. factors coming into play in a phenomenological complex(para.6) factors that have influences in a complicated phenomenon

12. there is no room left by the side of this ordered regularity for causes of a different nature (para.7)under this already settled regulation, it?s impossible for anothe r kind of nature to exist 13. falling a prey to illusions(para.8)becoming a victim of illusion

Ⅱ. Key to the exercises

1. T

2. T

3. F

4. F

5. F

6. F

7.T8 T9 F10 T3

Unit 3

Text A Privacy and Property on the Net

Ⅰ. Background information

1. Anatole France pseudonym of Jacques Anatole Thibault (1844 1924), French novelist and Nobel laureate, who is frequently regarded as the greatest French writer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

France was born on April 16, 1844, in Paris. He attended the Stanislas School in Paris, but was mostly self educated. From early youth he was an insatiable reader. Hi s first published books were the volume of verse Les poèmes dorés (Golden Tales, 1873) and the verse drama The Bride of Corinth (1876; trans. 1920). It was not, however, until the publication of his first novel, The Crime of Sylvestre Bonnard (1881; trans. 1906), that he exhibited the stylistic grace, subtle, biting irony, and genuine compassion that later became the distinguishing characteristics of his work. He produced a large body of writings, including novels, drama, verse, critical and philosophical essays, and historical works. He was elected to the French Academy in 1896 and was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in literature.

In 1883 France formed a liaison with Madame Arman de Caillavet, who inspired France to arduous creative labors and promoted his works through her social connections. His writings of those middle years include the critical essays La vie littéraire (The Literary Life, 4 volumes, 1888 1892); the novel The Red Lily (1894; trans. 1908); and the tetralogy of novels L?histoire contemporaine (A Contemporary Tale, 1897 1901), a harsh analysis of the corrosive effects on French life of the Dreyfus affair. France was among the French intellectuals who fought successfully for the exoneration of Alfred Dreyfus, an army captain convicted of treason.

In his later works France became an advocate of humanitarian causes. He made eloquent pleas in his writings for civil liberties, popular education, and the rights of labor, and he attacked with bitter, brilliant satire the political, economic, and social abuses of his time. Despite his polemics, however, the elegant, sweeping cadences and masterly language of France?s works testified to his devotion to classical forms. Outstanding among the writings that demonstrate both his powerful social consciousness and his classical eloquence are the allegorical novels Penguin Island (1908; trans. 1909) and The Revolt of the Angels (1914; trans. 1914) and an account of the Reign of

Terror during the French Revolution, The Gods Are Athirst (1912; trans. 1913). France died at Tours on October 13, 1924.

2. U.S. Code Code (law), in jurisprudence, a systematic compilation of law in written form, issued by rulers in former times, and promulgated by legislative authority after the rise of representative governments. Early legal codes were little more than statements of the bodies of customs that had obtained the force of law in civilized communities. The earliest legal code known in its entirety is the Babylonian cuneiform Code of Hammurabi of the 18th century BC, discovered in 1901. Four fragments of an earlier Babylonian cuneiform code, known as the Code of Lipit Ishtar, were discovered about 1900 and deciphered in 1948.

In the U.S., law is derived in large part from English common law; the problem of codification has been complicated by the existence of a multiplicity of sovereign governmental jurisdictions. The federal government is supreme in foreign policy and in fields in which its authority is essential to the national welfare, as in interstate commerce, but its powers are sharply circumscribed by the constitutionally established sovereignty of the states in other matters. Hence, two general sets of codes developed, federal and state codes, with divergences on many points. On the other hand, largely as a result of the pioneering work of the American jurist David Dudley Field, considerably more than half the states have adopted uniform codes of civil and criminal procedure, and all of them have enacted uniform legislation with respect to negotiable credit instruments. In the 1880s, legislation to establish systematic codification was proposed in New York State. When this bill was defeated in 1886, the movement for systematic codification of all laws ended in other states as well. One U.S. code that has wide ranging jurisdiction is the Uniform Code of Military Justice, which applies to all U.S. military personnel throughout the world.

3. Sociology the scientific study of human social relations or group life. Other disciplines within the social sciences—including economics, political science, anthropology, and psychology—are also concerned with topics that fall within the scope of human society. Sociologists examine the ways in which social structures and institutions—such as class, family, community, and power and social problems—such as crime and abuse—influence society.

Power (social): authority and control over other people and their actions.

Ⅱ. Language points

1. Although both privacy and property are rooted deep in humanity?s evolutionary past, they are variables, and societal norms change. (para.2) Although privacy and property are firmly established in the history of human development, they vary as the social criteria change.

variable (often pl.) variable thing or quantity 可变的事物或量

e.g. With so many variables, the exact cost is difficult to estimate.

societalnorm 社会规范

2. In theory, copyright covers the creations of celebrities and obscurities equally, ... (para.4) obscurities unknown people

3. In a sense, this is quite fair, ..., but by supporting the property rights of celebrities, copyright strengthens them as a class in contrast to anonymous musicians. (para.4) Copyright strengthens them as a class in contrast to anonymous musicians: it is copyright that distinguishes famous performers from unknown musicians.

in a sense in a way, somewhat, to some degree

Assembly-line workers at Ford 研究生英语应用教程-翻译训练

Assembly-line workers at Ford and Chrysler no longer chat about whether they'll spend their $5,000-to-$10,000 year-end profit-sharing windfalls on a family vacation or a motorboat. This year there's little profit to share. Many also stand to lose $10,000 to $20,000 in reduced annual overtime pay. And their white-collar bosses aren't doing much better. Ford's 6,000 executives won't be getting any bonuses. The people who sell the cars and make most of their money from commissions are suffering much the same fate. All these workers are in effect paying to keep their job--and it's a trend that's accelerating far beyond the auto industry. Suddenly, everyone from $1 million-a-year investment bankers to middle managers and department-store clerks is facing a reduction of 10% to 100% in bonuses, profit sharing, stock options and commission payments. Some workers are even taking cuts in base salaries. Many employers and economists believe this newfound flexibility in pay may help keep unemployment a bit lower than it has been in previous downturns. But even as it cushions the blow, it is also spreading the pain to far more Americans. Robert Reich, Labor Secretary in the first Clinton Administration and now a professor of economics and social policy at Brandeis University, observes that "the biggest problem people will face this time around will be not the loss of jobs but the loss of income."

研究生英语综合教程下册课文原文

课文原文1-7 Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happiness 1 Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. Nobody asks for any of it. But to their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better.Their refrain might go something like this: "I wish it hadn't happened, but I'm a better person for it." 1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击,没人想找上这些事儿。但出人意料的是,很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生,但因为它我变得更完美了。” 2 We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide type of psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There seems to be a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances. Positive responses to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the bravest.In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives subsequently in some ways improved. 2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事,可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理,这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中,人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出?积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。实际上,大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活从此在某些方面有了改善。

(完整版)Unit研究生英语综合教程上单词

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Unit One Task 1 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B Task 2 1.public(c) 2.discipline(b) 3.strength(a) 4.reference(a) 5.strength(d) 6.public(a) 7.demonstrated(b) 8.discipline(c) 9.references(c) 10.personality(a) 11.discipllining(d) 12.demonstrates(a) 13.public(d) 14.reference(b) 15.personality(c) Task 3 1.employment 2.paid 3.adjust 4.setting 5.discouraged 6.credit 7.cite 8.demonstrate 9.teamwork 10.rules Unit Two Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C Task 2 1. bud (n.); budding (adj.) 2. access (n.); access (v.) 3. taste (n.);tasted (v.) 4. fool (n.); fooling (v.) 5. produces (v.); produce (n.) 6. garnish (v.); garnishes (n.) 7. reigns (v.); reign (n.) 8. concern (n.); concerned (v.) 9. named (v.); name (n.) 10. practiced (v.); practice (n.) Task 3 1) integration 2) choice 3) handed 4) aspiring 5) steaming 6) masterpieces 7) pleasure 8) partake 9) amazing 10) presented Unit Three Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A Task 2 1. stack up against 2. struck a chord 3. amounted to 4. chopping off 5. appeal to 6. pick up on 7. turned out 8. fade away 9. brought together 10. pulled off 11. thrust upon 12. be kept clear of Task 3 1) swirling 2) delivered 3) glowed 4) intervals 5) converge 6) wanderings 7) navigate 8) jealousy 9) presence 10) absorbed Unit Four Task 1 1.A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. C Task 2 1. maintained (a) 2. romantic (a)

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工程硕士研究生英语基础教程 课文翻译

Unit 1 我的第一份工作 汽车清洁工 [1] 我从父母那儿获得了很强的工作道德观。他们俩都经历过大萧条时期，对不是按常规工作的人感到难以理解。我曾经告诉我妈妈，西尔堆斯特·史泰龙工作10周挣1200万美元，“那他在一年其余的日子里干什么呢?”她问。 [2] 我把父母的工作道德观带入了我在故乡马萨诸塞州安多佛镇附近的威尔明顿镇福特汽车专营店干的第一份工作。那时我16岁，学期当中我干活干到五、六点，暑假期间则每天干12个小时。我干的是汽车清洁小工的活儿，也就是清洗，抛光等事，并确保纸地板垫的位置合适。还有一项职责是在夜里将汽车轮毂盖取下来以免被偷，第二天再还回原处。这是一项很费劲的工作，因为我们有占大约7英亩地的汽车。 [3] 一天，我抱着一大捧毂盖转过一个角落，几乎与我们新任总经理撞了个满怀。我吓了一跳，结果把毂盖全掉在了地上。他当场就解雇了我。 [4] 我羞愧万分，不愿让父母知道这件事。大约有两周的时间，我每天都忙到晚上，然后我会回家说工作干得很愉快。

[5] 走投无路之下，我写了一封信给亨利·福特二世，告诉他所发生的事情。我说我们家是福特车的忠实用户，并说我长大成年后打算买一辆野马车。最后，汽车专卖店的店主给我打来了电话。“我不知道你在底特律认识谁，”他说，“但如果你还想要回你原来的工作的话，这工作就归你了。” [6] 后来在大学期间，我想在一家劳斯菜斯(罗尔斯—罗伊斯)的专营店干活，但店主说他们不缺人。即便如此，我还是开始在那儿清洗汽车。当店主注意到我时，我说我会一直干到他雇我。最后他真雇了我。 [7] 成功需要毅力。态度也很重要。我从不认为我那时比其他任何人强，但我一直相信我当时干的活别人都赶不上。 出纳员 [1] 第一次与我祖母坐在她位于曼哈顿的药店的现金出纳机后时，我l0岁。不久之后，她就让我一个人坐在那儿。很快我就知道了礼貌对待顾客以及说“谢谢”的重要性。 [2] 起初我的报酬是糖果，后来我每小时得到50美分。每天放学后我都工作，暑假、周末和假期则从上午8点干到下午7点。我父亲帮我在银行立了一个账户。看着存款数增加比我当时本可以买到的任何东西都更让我满足。 [3] 祖母是一位严厉的监工，从不给我任何特殊照顾。她像鹰一样注视着我的一举一动，不过却放手让我应付象在午餐高峰时干活这样压力很大的场面。她的信任教会了我如何对待责任。

熊海虹主编研究生英语综合教程下-B翻译

Unit 1 To have a mind to do a thing is to foresee a future possibility; it is to have a plan for its accomplishment; it is to note the means which make the plan capable of execution and the obstructions in the way--or,if it is really a mind to do the thing and not a vague aspiration it is to have a plan which takes account of resources and difficulties. ——John Dewey 用心去做一件事，就是要预见未来的可能性，要为成功制定一个计划，要找到实施计划、避开障碍的方法——或者是一颗真正做事的心，而不是一个模糊的愿望，是考虑了所有资源和困难的计划。 ——约翰·杜威The Good Mind Is Flexible 优秀的头脑是灵活的 Edgar Dale埃德加?戴尔 1For many years we have talked about education in a changing society but have done little to educate for uncertainty. Perhaps the best insurance we can offer for this uncertainty is the presence of a good mind. To develop a good mind the student must learn how to learn and develop a taste for learning. The world of tomorrow needs flexible individuals, intellig ently mobile individuals, individuals who can land on their feet when their jobs become technologically obsolete, individuals who can cope with the unexpected. 1 多年来，我们一直在讨论日新月异的社会中的教育问题，却没有采取切实行动来教育人们如何应对变化。或许面对变化，我们的最佳保障是拥有优秀的头脑。要培养优秀的头脑，学生需要掌握学习方法，培养学习兴趣。未来的世界所需要的人才应该具备很强的适应能力，而且他们灵活而机敏，当其所从事的工作技术上落伍时，他们依然能够于逆境之中站稳脚跟，而且他们有能力应对突发的意外。 2To educate for flexibility we must distinguish between training and education. To train is to emphasize fixed responses, to stress immediate goals to the neglect of long-term growth . To educate, however, is to foster limitless growth, lifelong learning, to develop the good mind. 2 要培养灵活的头脑，我们需要区别什么是训练，什么是教育。训练就是加强固定的反应，重视即时目标，而忽略长远发展。教育则旨在促进无限的成长，鼓励终生的学习，培养优秀的头脑。 3Mark Twain's story about the cat is in order here. He said that a cat that jumps onto a hot stove will never jump on a hot stove again. Nor, he added, will she ever jump on a cold one. The cat can be trained but, contrary to what cat-lovers may say, cannot be educated.

研究生英语综合教程(上)熊海虹课后部分翻译答案 (1)1

第一单元 “一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’！这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。 “Business happens 24/7/365, which means that competition happens 24/7/365, as well,” says Haut. “One way that companies win is by getting …there? faster, which means that you not only have to mobilize all of the functions that support a business to move q uickly, but you have to know how t o decide where …there? is! This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly, but for those who can think fast with the courage to act on their convictions. This needs to run throughout an organization and is not exclusive to management.” 最后，职业地位包含对职业标准的遵守。很多律师通过在行业内外把自己塑造成一个具有良好职业道德的典范来找到自我价值。对那些在所有职业行为中都表现出极度正直和谦逊有礼的律师们来说，当管理阶层对他们理应受到的特别尊重表示肯定时，便又获得了另一种形式的精神报酬。 Lastly, professional status encompasses adherence to ethical standards. Most lawyers find self worth in setting an example—both within the profession and within the larger society—as ethical actors. When management affirms the special respect due to lawyers who act with the utmost integrity and civility in all of their professional dealings, it provides yet another form of compensation. 第四单元 很多研究发现婴儿获得关爱的质量会影响到他们以后的交友，在学校的表现，如何应对陌生的或可能充满压力的情况，以及他们成年后如何建立并且维系情感连系。正是因为这些原因，人们与家庭成员的早期亲密关系才如此至关重要。在人情冷漠的环境中(如孤儿院，某些寄养家庭，或缺乏关爱的家庭)长大的孩子会出现情感和社会性发育不良，语言和运动技能迟缓，以及精神健康问题。Much research shows that the quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends, how well they do in school, how they react to new and possibly stressful situations, and how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults. It is for these reasons thatpeople's early intimate relationships within their family of origin1 are so critical. Children who are raised in impersonal environments (orphanage, some foster homes, or unloving families) show emotional and social underdevelopment, language and motor skills retardation, and mental health problems. 一开始让人相互吸引的是什么?许多人相信“世上有一个人是你为之而生的”，而且命运会将你俩带到一起。这样的想法很浪漫却不现实。实证研究发现，是文化标准和价值观而非命运，将人们连系在一起。我们错过了成千上万的可能的爱人，因为他们早就被正式的或非正式的挑选理想爱人的准则筛选出局，这些准则包括年龄、种族、地域、社会阶层、宗教、性倾向、健康状况或外表。 What attracts individuals to each other in the first place? Many people believe that "there's one person out there that one is meant for" and that destiny will bring them together. Such beliefs are romantic but unrealistic. Empirical studies show that cultural norms and values, not fate, bring people together We will never meet millions of potential lovers because they are "filtered out" by formal or informal rules on partner eligibility due ton factors such as age, race, distance, Social class, religion, sexual orientation, health, or physical appearanc e. 第五单元 做瑜伽没有场地的限制，一套瑜伽动作通常需要20 分钟到两个小时或者更多的时间，而一个小时左右的时间则是一系列动作和冥想的最佳选择。根据瑜伽师和学派的不同，一些瑜伽动作做起来辛苦异常，而另一些却只是在呼吸和心跳平稳的情况下调整和伸展肢体。每天练习瑜伽会达到最好的效果，随着动作越来越熟练，你就可以加大强度和难度这样瑜伽就能成为你相伴终生的日常锻炼方式了。练习基础的瑜伽动作即可收到增强力量，改善柔韧性并使人感到舒适的效果，但要想达到完美和高深的境界还是需要日积月累的练习，这也是瑜伽吸引人的地方之一。 Yoga routines can take anywhere from 20 minutes to two or more hours, with one hour being a good time investment to perform a sequence of postures and a meditation. Some yoga routines, depending on the teacher and school, can be as strenuous as the most difficult workout, and some routines merely stretch and align the body while the breath and heart rate are kept slow and steady. Yoga achieves its best results when it is practiced as a daily discipline, and yoga can be a life-long exercise routine, offering deeper and more challenging positions as a practitioner becomes more adept. The basic positions can increase a person?s strength, flexibility and sense of well-being almost immediately, but it can take years to perfect and deepen them, which is an appealing and stimulating aspect of yoga for many. 第七单元 人性的恒定性是众所周知的，因为没有人相信一个人能够从根本上改变他的本性。这就是为什么一个恶名远扬的人很难重建公众对他的信心。人们凭经验知道某一年中表现出无赖性格的人不太可能在第二年有任何改观。小偷也不会变成值得信赖的员工。吝

研究生英语应用教程翻译Unit 1~4

研究生英语应用教程翻译Unit 1~4 英国人把排队叫做“queue up”，美国人把排队叫做“wait in line”，只有纽约人不同，他们把排队叫做“wait on line”。似乎没有人知道纽约人为什么要这样说，这倒是我们在排队时可以好好考虑的问题。 排队是城市生活中一个严峻的现实。尽管对于什么是城市中最难排的队似乎还没有一个一致的意见，但是人们在谈话中经常提到的是午饭时间在银行和邮局前排起的队。年轻人则经常提到买电影票时以及注册上大学时排的长队。 不论排什么队，最基本的原则都是要讲个先来后到，亦即社会学家所说的“公平分配”的原则。例外情况也有可能发生，如在高档饭店里，领班就会优先照顾他们偏爱的某些顾客。但一般来说这条规则还是管用的。 那么从理论上说，每个人都应当同样关心把队排好。但实际上每个人的关注程度会随着在队伍中的位置不同而有所不同。一般来说最强烈的抗议往往来自于那些直接受害者，也就是正好排在插队的人后面的那些人。而排在队伍后面的人就抱怨的相对少些，或者根本不抱怨，尽管前面插了一个人，他们的利益也同样遭受到损失。 1. 一位艾滋病研究专家昨天在华盛顿说，有些人感染了艾滋病毒后仍然十分健康地活着。这为他们的研究提供了“一线希望”，那就是一旦传染上艾滋病并不等于被判了死刑。 2. 是否能够欣赏这些现代画取决于你的想象力。 3. 许多人宁愿放弃比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位，这在西方是人之常情。 4. 我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。 5. 走在纽约第五大道的人行道上，污雪成浆，阴冷潮湿，他疲惫不堪。

6. 许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比，认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。 7. Since he was not clear with this matter, he declined to express his ideas. 8. The sight of him reminds me of his father. 9. The misunderstanding was caused by their quarrel. 10. The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to. II. Suggested answer: 到了成人阶段，传统观点认为女人感情过于脆弱，不适合权利太大或需要承担责任的职位。通常这些职位都是为男人保留的，而女人则发现她们自己的身份往往是妈妈、主妇或其他一些照顾别人的职业，例如教师或护士。但是现在这些观点正在发生改变。 上世纪下半叶，服务产业增长迅速。在美国，1960到1985年期间，服务业所占的比重从56,增长到69,，而同期在欧洲则从33,增长到55,。另外，计算机在从农业到电信业的各个行业产生了巨大影响。这两者共同促使了我们通常所说的信息时代的到来。这一时代，信息和知识取代了传统制造业的地位。技术，尤其是计算机技术的快速发展，引领了一种全新的工作方式，改变了现代社会对男女角色的看法，而人口老龄化和缺乏有经验的技术人员更加快了这一变化。 过去的传统行业只要求工作人员能够胜任工作要求。然而现在的工作要求已经发生了显著的变化，从“可以胜任”转化为能够与同事合作，解决问题并做出决策。简而言之，工作单位目前需要员工受过良好的教育，有天赋和创造力，并具有良好沟通能力的，而这些则是女性一贯所擅长的领域。 Exercises

高等教育研究生英语系列综合教程下unit 1的原文翻译

Unit 1 愉悦舒适不能指引你领略人生的全部，与逆境的艰苦搏斗常常会使人生变得丰富而有意义。 幸福隐藏的另一面 凯思琳?麦克高恩 1 咫风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。” 2 我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学_L的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活从此在某些方面有了改善。 3 诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来—甚至最终会成功发达。 4 那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关幸福悖论的生动例证:为了尽可能地过上最好的生活，我们所需要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。我们这个时代的人对幸福的追求已经缩小到只追求福气:一生没有烦恼，没有痛苦和困惑。 5 这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面—种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完整的愉悦。那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质—是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。事实证明，一些遭受苦难最多的人-他们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击，并重新思考他们生活的意义—或许对那种深刻的、给人以强烈满足感的人生经历(哲学家们过去称之为“美好生活”的探寻)最有发言权。 6 这种对美好生活的更为广泛的定义把深深的满足感和一种通过移情与他人建立的深切联系融合在一起。它主要受愉悦情感的支配，但同时也夹杂着惆怅和悔恨。密苏里大学哥伦比亚分校的心理学家劳拉?金认为:“幸福仅仅是许许多多人生价值中的一种。”慈悲、智慧、无私、洞察力及创造力—有时只有经历逆境的考验才能培育这些品质，因为有时只有极端的情形才能迫使我们去承受痛苦的改变过程。只过安宁的、无忧无虑的生活是不足以体验一段完整的人生的。我们也需要成长-尽管有时成长是痛苦的。 7 在纽约市皇后区一间漆黑的房间里，31岁的时装设计师特蕾西?塞尔感到自己奄奄一息。就在几个月前，她已经停止服用控制她关节炎的强效免疫抑制药。她从没预见到接下来将要发生的事:停药之后的反应最终使她全身剧烈疼痛，神经系统出现严重问题。最轻微的动作—比如说试着吞咽—对她来说也痛苦不堪。甚至将脸压在枕头上也几乎难以忍受。 8 塞尔并不是懦弱的人。她在两岁时就被诊断得了幼年型类风湿性关节炎，一生都在忍受着病症和治疗(药物、手术)的折磨。但是这一次，她实在不堪忍受了，

研究生英语应用教程(第二册)完整版课后翻译unit 1-8单元

Translation 第一单元 A． Western teachers working at Chinese preschools express shock at the levels of strictness imposed ,and the ways in which the most difficult children are chastised. While this high degree of discipline has the negative effect of making children reluctant to initiate play , it does succeed in teaching self-control and respect for authority-precisely those qualities that are seen to be lacking in U.S school. Friends and family in North America often tell me that between piano ,art and sports lessons , their kids are already overscheduled and subject to pressures beyond their years. Yet , regardless of the number of extracurricular activities, the lives of western children are leisurely when compared to Chinese. 对于校纪实施的严格程度和对最难管教学生的处罚方式，在中国幼儿园工作的西方教师表示震惊。 如此高度的纪律性虽然会产生令孩子们不愿意玩耍的消极影响，但也会教会他们自控和尊重权威，而这些品质恰恰是美国学生所缺少的。 我在北美的家人和朋友常常告诉我，他们的孩子要上钢琴课，美术课和体育课，日程已经排得满满的承受着超过年龄的沉重压力。 不过，虽然课外活动很多，和中国小孩相比，西方小孩过的是优哉游哉的生活。 B . The differences between methods of learning in the East and the West are thus based on profound cultural differences that will be glacially slow to shift. Yet , while only limited change can be expected from domestic education reforms , a global educational environment is emerging which offers an ever-widening variety of choice. In china , more and more parents are sending their toddlers to private American-style preschools that –despite their exorbitant fees –are doing a booming business in the most prosperous cities , such as shanghai. 因此，东西方学习方法有别，根源还在于巨大的文化差异，改变将是极其缓慢的。 尽管可以预见，国内的教育改革只会带来有限的变化，然而一个全球化的教育环境正在形成，提供了越来越多的选择。 在中国，越来越多的家长会把刚会走路的小孩送到美式私立幼儿园，这类幼儿园尽管费用高昂但在上海等中国最发达的城市却发展迅猛。 中译英 以前流行一句话：”学好数理化，走遍天下都不怕。”如今无论是已在工作岗位上磨练多年的中年人，还是初出茅庐的大学毕业生，都有一个共识，那就是：在信息爆炸的时代，知识以飞快的速度更新，“一纸文凭定终身”的日子一去不复返，我们要不断地“充电”。这样一来，终身教育便成为历史的必然。 It was once frequently told that “you have the guts to make a living anywhere with a mastery of math , physics and chemistry .”However , people nowadays , whether the middle-aged working stagers or those green horn college grads , have reached a consensus- gone are the days when “a diploma determines you life-time fate”. With the awesome update of knowledge in the era of information explosion , we need to reskill ourselves continuously.