商业基础 英文版
Business Economics
(BUS1BUE)
Workshop 1
Suggested Solutions to Problems
1. Production possibilities and opportunity cost (Text p.47 Q’s 1, 2, 3, and 4)
Use the following information to work Problems 1 to 3. Australia produces ethanol from sugar cane, and the land used to grow sugar cane is used to grow food crops. Suppose that Australia’s production possibilities for ethanol and food crops are as in the table.
Ethanol (barrels per Food crops (tonnes per
day)
day)
70 64 54 40 22 0 and
and
and
and
and
and
1
2
3
4
5
1.a.Draw a graph of Australia’s PPF and explain how your graph illustrates scarcity.
Figure 2.1 shows Australia’s PPF.
The production possibilities frontier indicates scarcity because it shows the
limits
to what can be produced. In
particular, production
combinations of ethanol and food
crops that
lie outside the production possibilities
frontier
are not attainable.
b. If Australia produces 40 barrels of ethanol
a day, how much food must it produce to
achieve production efficiency?
If Australia produces 40 barrels of
ethanol per day, it achieves
production efficiency if it also
produces 3 tonnes of food per day.
c. Why does Australia face a tradeoff on its PPF?
Australia faces a tradeoff on its PPF becaus e Australia’s resources and
technology are limited. For Australia to produce more of one good, it must
shift factors of production away from the other good. Therefore to increase
production of one good requires decreasing production of the other, which
reflects a tradeoff.
2.a.If Australia increases its production of ethanol from 40 barrels per day to 54 barrels
per day, what is the opportunity cost of the additional ethanol?
When Australia is production efficient and increases its production of ethanol
from 40 barrels per day to 54 barrels per day, it must decrease its production of
food crops from 3 tonnes per day to 2 tonnes per day. The opportunity cost of
the additional ethanol is 1 tonne of food per day for the entire 14 barrels of
ethanol or 1/14 of a tonne of food per barrel of ethanol.
b. If Australia increases its production of food crops from 2 tonnes per day to 3 tonnes
per day, what is the opportunity cost of the additional food?
When Australia is production efficient and increases its production of food
crops from 2 tonnes per day to 3 tonnes per day, it must decrease its production
of ethanol from 54 barrels per day to 40 barrels per day. The opportunity cost
of the additional 1 tonne of food crops is 14 barrels of ethanol.
c. What is the relationship between your answers to parts (a) and (b)?
The opportunity costs of an additional barrel of ethanol and the opportunity
cost of an additional tonne of food crop are reciprocals of each other. That is,
the opportunity cost of 1 tonne of food crops is 14 barrels of ethanol and the
opportunity cost of 1 barrel of ethanol is 1/14 of a tonne of food crops.
3. Does Australia face an increasing opportunity cost of ethanol? What feature of
Australia’s PPF illustrates increasing opportunity cost?
Australia faces an increasing opportunity cost of ethanol production. For
instance, when increasing ethanol production from 0 barrels per day to 22
barrels the opportunity cost of a barrel of ethanol is 1/22 of a tonne of food
while increasing ethanol production another 18 barrels per day (to a total of 40
barrels per day) has an opportunity cost of 1/18 of a tonne of food per barrel of
ethanol. The PPF’s bowed outward shape reflects the increasing opportunity
cost.
4. Define marginal cost and calculate Australia’s marginal cost of prod ucing a tonne of
food when the quantity produced is 2.5 tonnes per day.
The marginal cost of a good is the opportunity cost of producing one more unit
of the good. When the quantity of food produced is 2.5 tonnes, the marginal
cost of a tonne of food is the opportunity cost of increasing the production of
food from 2 tonnes per day to 3 tonnes per day. The production of ethanol falls
from 54 barrels per day to 40 barrels per day, a decrease of 14 barrels per day.
The opportunity cost of increasing food production is the decrease in ethanol
produced, so the opportunity cost of producing a tonne of food when 2.5
tonnes of food per day are produced is 14 barrels of ethanol per day.
2. Economic Growth (Text p.49 Q 28)
Capital accumulation and technological change bring economic growth, which means that the PPF keeps shifting outward: Production that was unattainable yesterday becomes attainable today; production that is unattainable today will become attainable tomorrow. Why doesn’t thi s process of economic growth mean that scarcity is being defeated and will one
day be gone?
Scarcity reflects the existence of unmet wants. People’s wants are infinite—
regardless of what a person already possesses, everyone can easily visualise
something else he or she wants, if only more time in the day to enjoy their
possessions. Because people’s wants are insatiable, scarcity will always exist
regardless of economic growth.
3. Economic Coordination (Text p.50 Q 32)
Indicate on a graph of the circular flows in the market economy, the real and money flows in which the following items belong:
a. You buy an iPad from the Apple Store.
Figure 2.14 shows the circular flows in a market economy. Your purchase of
an iPad from Apple is the purchase of a good from a firm. This flow is in the
black arrow indicated by point a in the figure. When you pay for the iPad, the
corresponding money flow is in the grey arrow in the opposite direction to
the black arrow labelled a.
b. Apple In
c. pays the designers of the iPa
d.
Apple’s payment to the designers of the iPad is the payment of a wage to a
factor of production. This flow is in the grey arrow indicated by point b in
the figure. The flow of design services from the designer to Apple is in the
black arrow in the opposite direction to the grey arrow labelled b.
c. Apple Inc. decides to expand and rents an adjacent building.
Apple’s decision to expand by renting a building means that Apple is
increasing the capital it uses. This flow is in the black arrow indicated by
point c in the figure. The flow of the payment for the rental services of the
building is in the grey arrow in the opposite direction to the black arrow
labelled c.
d. You buy a new e-book from Amazon.
Your purchase of an e-book from Amazon is the purchase of a good from a
firm. This flow is in the black arrow indicated by point d in the figure. When
you pay for the e-book, the corresponding money flow is in the grey arrow in the opposite direction to the black arrow labelled a.
e. Apple employs a student during the summer.
Apple’s decision to hire a student intern is Apple increasing the labour it
uses. The flow of labour services is in the black arrow indicated by point e in the figure. The flow of the payment for the labour services is in the grey
arrow in the opposite direction to the black arrow labelled c.
商业计划书模板-英文版
BUSINESS PLAN TEMPLATE BUSINESS PLAN [My Company] 123 Main Street Anytown, USA 10000 123-4567 [Your Name] [DATE]
TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary (1) Management (2) [Company] History (5) [Product/Service] Description (7) Objectives (9) Competitors (10) Competitive Advantages (11) Innovation (13) Pricing (14) Specific Markets (15) Growth Strategy (16) Market Size and Share (17) Targeting New Markets (18) Location (19) Manufacturing Plan (20) Research & Development (21) Historical Financial Data (22) Proforma Financial Data (23) Proforma Balance Sheet (26) Cost Control (27) Effects of Loan or Investment (28) Attachments (29)
Executive Summary [My Company] was formed as a [proprietorship, partnership, corporation] in [Month, Year] in [City, State], by [John Doe] in response to the following market conditions: [Startup, growth] opportunities exist in [Product/Service]. The need for use of efficient distribution and financial methods in these overlooked markets. [I/We] have several customers who are willing to place large [orders,contracts] within the next three months. Several other prospective [customers/clients] have expressed serious interest in doing business within six months. [I/We] previously owned a company that was active in the widget markets. Over the past few years I spent much time studying ways to improve overall performance and increase profits. This plan is a result of that study. The basic components of this plan are:
商业定位报告(销售)
S9商业定位报告 一、项目本体属性研究 1、项目经济指标 小结：小体量商业用地，可操性差，业态选择有局限，如果定位不准将面对强有力的竞争对手。 2、地块周边资源 交通：交通上本项目对德州区域客户均无抗性，便利、快捷、多样的出行方式利于将德州所有客源囊入项目范围。 周边项目：本项目周边住宅项目众多，且高端项目居多，入住开始将有大量高端消费者进入本区域，任何业态商业在本区域都有一定消费群体。 周边机构：政府企事业单位金融机构的工作人员消费能力较强。 生活配套：周边的商业配套基本处于初级阶段，主要以小商店为主的零散商铺，休闲购物范围弱，与当前居住的较高端客户有很大差距，周边中高 档餐饮业，经营状况良好，充分的反映出高端业态在这里的需求状 态。 休闲娱乐：董子文化街与沙王河景观区都是德州政府重点打造的休闲区域，自
然会吸引大量人流，消费潜力无穷，本区域休闲娱乐以休闲广场， 文化广场，体育公园为主，具备现代娱乐元素的活动场所发展滞后， 市场存在很大发展潜力。 本项目SWOT分析： 3、本体分析结论 单一走向会大大减弱项目排斥竞争的能力，因此需要多种走向的优势来合理有效的融合，进而归纳出项目发展的出路。 我们审视S9起点的出路在哪里： 走向一：产品策略以产品为导向，建造市场异质化产品推出体量小精而专；
走向二：客户策略以客户为导向，寻找客户特点推出高端客户； 走向三：市场策略以市场为导向从市场真空觅的机遇推出现代娱乐元素。 高端商务会所 二、城市与环境研究 1、城市发展 德州是冀鲁交接的门户，随着“南融北接”城市发展战略实施，德州已经成为鲁西北重要的区域中心城市！ 2、经济发展 山东2010GDP排名第11位，德州GDP增速明显，德州人均GDP达到3万元，增速较为突出，按照联合国标准，经济进入加速发展阶段，中产阶层逐渐形成。德州第三产业发展相对落后，但第三产业增速很快，在产业格局比重中日益增加。 3、人口状况 从区域看，本项目所在经济开发区的从业人员数量低于德城区，但工资水平高于其他区域，具备较强购买力。 4、本章结论 南融北接、东进西拓”的主通道，借助独特的区位优势，德州城市建设步伐将进一步加快。 产业结构在增速调整，第三产业加大份额，将会出现大量富裕的私营业主，人均GDP快速增长，出现大量中产阶层，消费能力大大增强。
分析全球速卖通运作商业模式
速卖通的运作商业模式 从2009年8月6日起，阿里巴巴小额外贸批发及零售平台全球速卖通正式进入试运行阶段，该平台目前依附于阿里巴巴国际站，为阿里巴巴国际站的一部分，目前只向已付费的中国供应商会员开放。速卖通是阿里系列的平台产品，整个页面操作中英文版简单整洁，适合初级卖家上手。另外，阿里巴巴一直有非常好的社区和客户培训体系，可以快速入门。全球速卖通是阿里巴巴帮助中小企业接触终端批发零售商，小批量多批次快速销售，拓展利润空间而全力打造的融合订单、支付、物流于一体的外贸在线交易平台。此平台适合体积较小，附加值较高的产品，比如首饰、数码产品、电脑硬件、手机及配件、服饰、化妆品、工艺品、体育与旅游用品等相关产品。速卖通的特点是价格比较敏感，低价策略比较明显，这也跟阿里巴巴导入淘宝卖家客户策略有关，很多人现在做速卖通的策略就类似于前几年的淘宝店铺。速卖通的侧重点在新兴市场，特别是俄罗斯和巴西。对于俄罗斯市场，截至2015年底，每月登录全球速卖通服务器的俄罗斯人近1600万，现在的注册更加火爆。速卖通作为阿里巴巴未来国际化的重要战略产品，已成为全球最活跃的跨境电商平台之一，并依靠阿里巴巴庞大的会员基础，成为目前全球产品品类最丰富的平台之一。 速卖通秉承淘宝战法以“价格为王”，平台准入门槛低，平台佣金也较ebay和亚马逊较低些，这就导致很多创业者涌入，同质化竞争相对比较激烈些，很多卖家通过低价格才能有优势(其中不乏用技巧获取高额利润的卖家)，另外速卖通会有惊喜：来自阿里巴巴的小额批发订单，假使单一品类的产品供应链非常全，非常有竞争优势，做速卖通很快就可以成功，要是打价格战，其他小卖家必死无疑。把产品不停地传上去，把价格调低，厉害的卖家直接找工厂拿出厂价或者用清库存的打法，对于其他中间商来说就是致命的打击，根本让人无路可走。有没品牌无所谓，只要有价格优势就可以。 1）全球速卖通平台提供的产品是什么? 全球速卖通平台是为中国供应商(生产厂、国际贸易公司)和国际中小采购商提供在线交易服务的互联网平台。 通过使用全球速卖通平台的服务，国际采购商能够直接采购到最低价格的中国制造的全线产品，并享受到安全、快捷(如同B2C交易方式)的贸易过程。 通过全球速卖通平台的服务，中国供应商能够直接把产品在平台上进行出售。 2）全球速卖通平台的目标客户都是谁? 全球速卖通平台上的“目标客户”主要是两类人，一类是买家，一类是卖家。这两类人群中，全球速卖通平台只向卖家收费。 3）全球速卖通平台的买家是谁? 买家主要是包含两类人群，线上的是在诸如EBAY、https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c217561034.html,等平台上的零售商;线下的主要是一些实体店中的中小零售商。 4）全球速卖通平台的卖家是谁? 全球速卖通平台平台上的主要卖家为https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c217561034.html,平台上现有的中国供应商会员。此类卖家主要由外贸生产型企业、外贸公司、外贸SOHO一族组成，这类人群同时也很有可能是EBay 、https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c217561034.html,、https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c217561034.html,以及淘宝等各类C2C平台上做生意的卖家。这几类卖家中，主要以中小型的外贸公司以及外贸SOHO一族为主，一些有实力的外贸生产型企业参与的比例较小。 5）全球速卖通平台如何拓展买家? 全球速卖通平台因目前只是https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c217561034.html,的一个子频道，故其买家主要来源为https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c217561034.html,。另外，还靠搜索引擎优化、付费搜索引擎推广、网站联盟、许可电子邮件营销等方式把海外买家吸引到全球速卖通平台平台上。 6）全球速卖通平台如何拓展卖家?
Company_Law-中国公司法英文翻译
【Statute Title】Company Law of the People’s Republic of China (2005 Revision)[现行有效] 【法规标题】中华人民共和国公司法(2005修订) [Effective] Promulgation date:10-27-2005 Effective date:01-01-2006 Department:Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Subject:Companies 发布日期：2005-10-27 生效日期：2006-01-01 发布部门：全国人大常委会类别：公司 Order of the President (No. 42 [2005]) The Company Law of the People’s Republic of China was amended and adopted at the 18th session of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China on October 27, 2005. The amended Company Law of the People’s Republic of China is hereby promulgated and shall come into force on January 1, 2006. President of the People’s Republic of China Hu Jintao October 27, 2005 Company Law of the People’s Republic of China (Adopted at the Fifth Se ssion of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People’s Congress on December 29, 1993. Revised for the first time on December 25, 1999 according to the Decision of the Thirteenth Session of the Standing Commit tee of the Ninth People’s Congress on Amending the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China. Revised for the second time on August 28, 2004 according to the Decision of the 11th Session of the Standing Committee of the 10th National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China on Amending the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China. Revised for the third time at the 18th Session of the 10th National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China on October 27, 2005) Contents Chapter I General Provisions Chapter II Establishment and Organizational Structure of A Limited Liability Company Section 1 Establishment Section 2 Organizational structure Section 3 Special Provisions on One-person Limited Liability Companies Section 4 Special Provisions on Wholly State-owned Companies Chapter III Transfer of Stock Right of A Limited Liability Company Chapter IV Establishment and Organizational Structure of A Joint Stock Limited Company Section 1 Establishment Section 2 Shareholders’ Assembly Section 3 Board of Directors, Managers Section 4 Board of Supervisors Section 5 Special Provisions on the Organizational Structure of A Listed Company Chapter V Issuance and Transfer of Shares of A Joint Stock Limited Company Section 1 Issuance of Shares Section 2 Transfer of Shares Chapter VI Qualifications and Obligations of the Directors, Supervisors and Senior Managers of A Company Chapter VII Corporate Bonds Chapter VIII Financial Affairs and Accounting of A Company Chapter IX Merger and Split-up of Company; Increase and Deduction of Registered Capital Chapter X Dissolution and Liquidation of A Company Chapter XI Branches of Foreign Companies Chapter XII Legal Liabilities Chapter XIII Supplementary Provisions 中华人民共和国主席令 （第42号） 《中华人民共和国公司法》已由中华人民共和国第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议于2005年10月27日修订通过，现将修订后的《中华人民共和国公司法》公布，自2006年1月1日起施行。 中华人民共和国主席胡锦涛 2005年10月27日 中华人民共和国公司法 （1993年12月29日第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第五次会议通过根据1999年12月25日第九届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十三次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国公司法〉的决定》第一次修正根据2004年8月28日第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十一次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国公司法〉的决定》第二次修正2005年10月27日第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议修订） 目录 第一章总则 第二章有限责任公司的设立和组织机构 第一节设立 第二节组织机构 第三节一人有限责任公司的特别规定 第四节国有独资公司的特别规定 第三章有限责任公司的股权转让 第四章股份有限公司的设立和组织机构 第一节设立 第二节股东大会 第三节董事会、经理 第四节监事会 第五节上市公司组织机构的特别规定
商业综合体定位报告
海利商业综合体定位报告 20**年*月
目录 1. 写字楼在使用状况分析 (4) 1.1总体数量和分布情况分析 (4) 1.2租金情况分析 (5) 1.3物管分析 (6) 1.4入住情况分析 (7) 1.5入住企业类型分析 (8) 1.6部分酒店写字楼经营壮况分析 (9) 1.7在使用专业写字楼外观及内部设置状况分析 (10) 1.7.1外观设计分析 (10) 1.7.2裙楼使用状况分析 (11) 1.7.3大堂配置状况分析 (12) 1.7.4单层面积及面积划分状况分析 (13) 1.7.5车位配置状况分析 (14)
1.7.6电梯配置状况分析 (15) 1.7.7卫生间配置状况分析 (16) 1.8个案分析 (17) 1.8.1顺天国际财富中心 (17) 1.8.2亚大时代 (23) 1.8.3恒隆国际大厦 (25) 1.9在使用写字楼市场总结： (28) 2. 在售写字楼市场竞争状况分析 (29) 2.1年度销售状况及预计明年供应量分析 (29) 2.1.1本年度专业写字推出量 (29) 2.1.2预计2007年供应量 (30) 2.2价格水平分析 (31) 2.3销售速度与周期分析： (32) 2.5个案点评——中天广场 (33) 2.6在售写字楼市场总结： (38)
3. 公寓市场分析 (39) 3.1公寓市场重点扫描： (39) 3.2长沙公寓产品分析： (45) 3.3公寓市场总结： (46) 4. 写字楼与公寓开发方向研判： (47) 4.1写字楼方向研判 (47) 4.1.1价格判断： (47) 4.1.2写字楼价格的空间 (49) 4.1.3写字楼发展方向的预测： (49) 4.2公寓的发展方向研判 (50) 4.2.1价格判断： (50) 4.2.2公寓价格的空间： (52) 4.2.3公寓发展方向的预测： (52) 4.3两种发展模式的对比分析及结论 (53) 附：长沙各大银行总部 (54)
商业道德,英文版
BUSINESS ETHICS What does "Business Ethics" mean? What is the importance of ethics in business? Business Ethics is not personality, though a good personality is an asset, it is not sufficient. It is the primary, the element of successful business. Don't let a clever mind and sinuous practice undermine your character. Business Ethics is what other people can depend upon, what you are likely to do. Nowadays, more and more attention has been paid to the business ethics. Center business principles: honesty is a prerequisite for development. Your success in business requires the trust of other people. Good character is your key to success. Nowadays, the slip of ethics and the absence of social responsibility, especially integrity crisis in business field seriously influenced the development of society. The phenomenon of the trust imperfection is seen everywhere, giving the society and the nation a lot of loses in many ways, and you can’t cheat your customers forever and get away with it, you cannot always be a profit. So, I think no matter what you do, as long as you are in business, we should think of business is a matter of integrity, which is very important. Many people know the importance of business ethics, but there are still many people not to abide by it. We often find the media reports the credit problems in business, such as add some harmful material into the products. These behaviors cause much great damage to consumers, they spent money but not get good commodities, especially these commodities harm their health. This is difficult for people to forget that some children eat not safe milk powder, their health suffered serious damage .People can't stand this kind of behavior, which harms people's physical health and social development forward. Also, the company must face collapse, and the related personnel will be punished by the law . Business ethics is the key to success in future business world,
商业计划书的10个章节(完整版,超级实用)
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