英语语言学练习(含答案)

Chapter 1

is generally defined as the scientific study of language .(√)

first drew the attention of the linguistics were the rules used in language .(×)[What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the sounds used in language .]

3The major branches of linguistics are phonetics ,phonedogy ,psycholinguistics ,morphology ,syntax ,semantics ,pragmatic ,sociolinguisti cs ,and applied linguistics .(√)

linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonetics .(×)

[As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonology .]

study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use ,it is said to be descriptive and modern linguistics is mostly descriptive .(√)

description of a language at some point of time in history is a diachronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a synchronic .(×)[The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a diachronic .]

and parole are relatively stable ,it does not change frequently .(×)

[Langue and parole varies from person to person ,from situation to situation .]

define competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language ,and performance the actual re alization of this language in linguistic communication .(√)

linguistics regards the written as primary .(×)

[Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary .]

is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication .(√)

is arbitrary ,this means that there is logical connection between meanings and sounds .(×)[Language is arbitrary ,this means that there is not logical connection between meanings and sounds .]

feature are arbitrariness ,productivity ,duality ,displacement ,cult ural transmission .(√)

is arbitrary by nature ,and it is entirely arbitrary .(×)

[Language is arbitrary by nature ,and it is not entirely arbitrary .]

is unique to human language .(√)

is a system ,which consists of three sets of structures ,or three levels .(×)[Language is a system ,which consists of two sets of structures ,or three levels .]

main functions of language are :the descriptive function ,the expressive,and the social function.(√)

cannot beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .(×)[Language can beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .]

18."what cannot I do for you ,girl " This sentence illustrates the expressive function of language .(×)["what cannot I do for you ,girl " This sentence illustrates the social function of language .]

English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language ,but are not mutually intelligible . This indicates cultural transmission feature of langu age .(√)

20The ideational function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships between people .(×)[The interpersonal function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships between people .]

Chapter 2

and writing are the two media order substances used by natural language as vehicle for communication .(√)

is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with a part of the sounds that occur in the world's language .(×)

[Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's language .]

branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics ,auditory phonetics ,and acoustics phonetics .(√)

similarly ,phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operate in the phonolgical analysis of language .(×)

[Phonetic similarly ,not phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operate in the phonolgical analysis of language .]

the vocal cords are drawn wide apart,letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless. (√)

speech organ located in this cavity are the tongue, the uvula，the soft palate （the velum），the hard palate，the teeth ridge（the alveolus），the teeth and the lips.(√)

ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.（×）

[Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.]

the case of sport，the [p] sound is said to be unaspirated，and in the case of speed，the [p] sound is said to be aspirated.（×）[In the case of sport，the [p] sound is said to be aspirated，and in the case of speed，the [p] sound is said to be unaspirated.]

consonants can be classified in two ways：one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.（√）

terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and bilabial. （×）[In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and glides . ]

terms of place of articulation，the English consonants can be classified into seven types：bilabial、labiodental、dental、alveolar、palatal、velar、and glottal. （√）

may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held lowest.(×)[Vowels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest .]

13、We classify the vowels into four groups：close vowels，semi-close vowels，semi-open vowels，and open vowels. （√）

14、In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.(×)[In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels without the [a:]，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.]

main supranational features include stress ,intonation ,and tone .Stress contains word stress and sentence stress.(√)

are four tones .The first tone is level ,the second rise ,the third fall -rise ,and the fourth fall .(√)

17."He is driving my car ",the words that are normally unstressed . ,car ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.(×)["He is driving my car ",the words that are normally

unstressed . ,my ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.]

location of stress in English distinguishes meaning .(√)

19When spoken in different intonation ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.(×)[When spoken in different tones ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.]

phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an concrete unit . (×)[A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an abstract unit .]

Chapter 3

1. Conjunctions,prepositions,articles and pronouns consist of the "grammatical" and "functional" words. (√)

2. Linguisis use the term morphlolgy to refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word and word structure.(√)

define the word as the smallest free form found in language. (√)

4. The plural marking -s is a free form. (×) [The plural marking -s is not a free form]

5. Morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. (√)

6. The word READER consists of two morphemes:read and -er. (√)

7. The English plural and possessive morphems may be said to share a single morph,the suffix /-s/. (√)

8. A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a bound morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a free morpheme. (×)[A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.]

9. STEM is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. (√)

10. AFFIX is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). (√)

11. The root constitutes the c ore of the word and carries the major component of its meaning. (√)

12. Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always free morphemes. (×)

[Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always bound morphemes.]

13. A morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit of meaning. (√)

14. -en,-ate,and -ic are thus called derivational morphemes. (√)

morpheme BOY is free morpheme since it can be used as a word on its own;the plural -s ,on the other hand,is bound. (√)

16. It is not always possible to assign a lexical meaning to some of the morphemes. (√)

17. Compounding is a very common and frequently process for enlarging the vocabulary of the English language. (√)

18. Morphemes may have different forms. (√)

19. The plural marking -s is not a free form since it never occurs in isolation and cannot be separated from the noun to which it belongs. (√)

is important to note that a morpheme is neither a meaning nor a stretch of sound joined together. (√)

Chapter 4

refers to a group of linguistic items which fullfill the different functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order a verb .(×)[Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fullfill the same or similar functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order a verb .]

is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences .(√)

that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head and specifier .(×)[Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head,specifier and complement .]

special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule .(√)

units that are built around a certain word category are called sentences .(×)[Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases .]

special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase structure rule .(√)

words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . (×)

[The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . ]

lexical categories are Non ,verb ,Adjevtive and Pr eposition .(√)

XP rules =(specifier )×(complement).(√)

lexical categories play a very important role in sentence . (×)

[Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence formation .]

most central categories to the synthetic study are the word-level categories .(√)

to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the tail of a sentence which takes a vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the left .(×)[According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the head of a sentence which takes a vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the right .]

words around which a phrase is formed is termed head .(√)

which include the sentence complement are termed complementizers . (√)

construction in which the phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .(×)[The construction in which the complement phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .]

classification reflects a variety of factors ,including the type of meaning that words express ,the type of affixes that they take ,and the type of structures in which they can occur .(√)

Chapter 5

semantic triangle，the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct，and it is mediated by conce pt. (√)

relationship of “flower”，“violet”，“rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy. (√)

3. A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things. (√)

studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.(√)

terms of truth conditio n, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationship 6.“I bought some roses” entails “I bought some flowers”. (√)

7. The naming theory was proposed by the Greek scholar Plato. (√)

to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assume correct forms of the language of their community when their “bad” speech gets corrected and when their good speech gets positively reinforced. (√)

contextualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable context.(√)

term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning;words that are opposite in meaning are antonymy. (√)

can be defined as the study of naming.(×)[Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning.]

the notion of meaning was taken into consideration，semantics spilled into pragmatics.(×)[Once the notion of context was taken into consideration，semantics spilled into pragmatics.]

to semantic triangle，there is a direct link between a symbol and referent，. between a word and a thing it refers to.(×)[According to semantic triangle，there is no direct link between a symbol and referent，. between a word and a thing it refers to.]

are divided into three kinds:gragable,relational,superordinate.(×)

[Antonyms are divided into three kinds:gragable,relational,complementary.]

meaning of the word black consists in the two collocational of black hair and black coffee. (×) are identical in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exacyly the same in meaning.(×)[Words are different in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exacyly the same in meaning.]

is helpless in both receptive and productive processing of language.(×)

[Hyponyms is helpful in both receptive and productive processing of language.]

19.”Can I b orrow your bike"is synonymous with "You have a bike."(×)

[”Can I borrow your bike"presupposes "You have a bike."]

analysis can help explain the sense relations of words.(×)

[Componential analysis cannot help explain the sense relations of words.]

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英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

有答案的 第一部分选择题 41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration. 42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language. 英语语言学试题（2） 五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分) 36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences. (1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible. (2)He saw young men and women present. (3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.

37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples. re- un- anti- super- -wise -itis -ize -age 英语语言学试题（3） Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%) 41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related. 英语语言学试题（5） 五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)