英语国家社会与文化简介复习笔记

概况

Each Country

1. History(UK 见ppt)

2. Political Structure:

◆UK:

◆Australia:

◆NZ:

3. Unique Holidays(具体见下)

4. Population：

UK：62 million

Australia: (2007)21.1 million

New Zealand: (2007)4.24 million

5. Map: Key cities, bodies of water

UK

1.Type of population: 90% urban, 10% rural. Total: 62 million

2.Time of Viking invasion: 8th to 9th century／793AD.

3.Normans: 1066

4.King Arthur: ①Roman Britain(Britannai) before 1066.

King Arthur is rumored to be around this time.

②A legendary king of the Britons

③He is said to have led the Knights of the Round Table at Camelot

5.Population and size of 4 UK countries

England: 84% of the UK population

Scotland: 5.1 million, lowest population density in the UK

Wales: 3 million, smallest nation

Northern Ireland: 1.7 million

6.Anglo-Saxons：

·Much unrest until 7th century.

·Heptarchy: Seven kingdoms of the 7th century (but this term is out of date) ·Vikings: 793AD

·the Danes invaded and ruled for half of the 9th century.

·In this time period we have the origin of the word ―Enland‖: Land of the Angles

·Alfred the Great, king of Wessex (871-899): Saved the Angles from the Danes ·King Edward (died in 1066) :last Wessex king

7.Was Ireland a part of UK in the past?

Yes. Joined in 1801. Left in 1922

8.Britain and ancient Rome relationship:

During the period of Early Britain, first part Rome Britain, Roman invasion in

55BC, lead by Julius Caesar, finished by Caludius in 43AD

9.What the size of British Empire: 1/4—1/3

10.UN Security Council members: China, France, Russia, UK, US

11.NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

12.BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation

附：When did Ireland divide?

May.3.1921 Northern Ireland became separated from Ireland .1922, Ireland became an independent country.

UK Politics

1. Political evolution violent or peaceful? Peaceful.

2. Differences between Bill of Rights and Magna Carta

Magna Carta: King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 to impose legal limits on the king‘s personal power in raising money from his subjects. 影响：Slowly developed into a parliament with two separate houses.

Bill of Rights(1689): Was the result of Glorious Revolution When the crown was offered , WilliamⅢ and MaryⅡ agreed to sign the Bill of Rights that gave political supremacy to Parliament and severely limited the Crown‘s power, which marked the beginning of the constitutional monarchy in England.

3.Divisions of Parliament, main purpose, who PM is chosen and his/her Cabinet, number, who do the people elect, cost of running for MP

Division: The Crown, House of Lords, House of Commons

Main purpose: To make laws, pass laws from the government, taxes and money PM is chosen by the leading Parliament Party.

PM selects the members of his Cabinet (20).

Anyone 18 or older can vote. People elect the House of Commons

Anyone can run for MP at a fee of 500 pounds, or 5,200 Yuan.

4.Major political parties and their differences

? Labor Party: ①government supervision for industry

②even distribution of wealth

③equal opportunity

? Conservative Party: ①supports private enterprise & minimal state regulation

②accepts the mixed economy, involves private ownership of business with some government control.

③believe in a governing class with a natural right & special privileges.

? Liberal Democratic Party: ①the ―middle ground‖ party

②The Liberal Democrats describe their ideology as giving "power to the people"; they are against the concentration of power in unaccountable bodies.

5. PM of the UK: David Cameron (CP& LDP 联合政府)

6. Tony Blair: 1997-2007 led the Labor Party

7. Queen‘s political role: The Queen is Head of State but her power is only symbolic.

8. Is the House of Lords the upper class? No.

9. Differences between H of Lords and H of Commons

H of Commons: Elected by the people; Represent the people who elected them; Member of Parliament; they are center of British political life; the leading party selects the Prime Minister; The leading minority party sets up a Shadow Cabinet.

H of Lords: They are not elected, inherit the position, be appointed by sovereign(monarchy) through PM‘s suggestion; do not have much power; They can delay bills, but only for one year; They are the highest court of appeals; Their main function is to debate the issues of the day.

10. Britain has what type of government: Central government & Local government

11.Is the Queen the head of other countries? Yes. Australia,Newzealand

12.Constitution

①The foundation of the UK government is the constitution.

②Unlike other countries governed by a constitution, the UK‘s constitution is based on following sources:

·Statute laws: These are laws passed by Parliament

? Common laws or judge-made law: These are the court laws

? Conventions, traditions&customs: Informal agreements

·principles& practices of government which are not legally binding but have the force of law.

? Ancient documents

? European Union and the European Convention of Human Rights

③Characteristics of British Constitution:

·Constitutional Monarchy: The king(Queen) is the head of the state but power is only symbolic

·Parliament Sovereignty: Parliament is the final authority

·Representative Democracy: people are subject to the law, including government officials.

13.Size of middle class: about 60% of the UK population

UK History

1. Major time periods, events and people(ppt)

2. Causes of Britain‘s decline: ①damages caused by WWII

②beginning with the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, the remainder of the British Empire was almost completely dismantled.

③As the 1950s progressed, the UK had lost its place as a superpower and could no longer maintain its large empire.

3.Type of decline: relative , not absolute

4.Examples of three types of industry

Agriculture: livestock, growing crops

Industry & Production: engineering; food and tobacco; chemicals; paper, printing and publishing; metals and minerals; textiles, clothing

Services: Finance; Hotels and restaurants; Real estate; Education; Health and social work

UK Literature

1. Describe the Basic Periods with examples

◆Old English Period (450~1066):

特点：Most writings were concerned with Christianity and a

strong belief in fate. Works were written in Old English. Poetry was the dominant genre. E.g:Beowulf. About 6th century Swedish warrior fighting dragons.This is the most famous Old English writing.

◆Medieval English Literature (1066~1485): 特点：The church uses plays to instruct its people.

Illiterate population begin to see and hear literature.

E.g: Geoffrey Chaucer : Canterbury Tales; Thomas Moore : Utopia, published in 1516, is a book describing an imaginary place with an ideal political system.

◆Renaissance Literature (1485~1660):

Elizabethan Drama: 1586-163

Jacobean Period: 1603-1625

特点：There was a shift from a religious worldview to a humanistic worldview. Human development and love were reoccurring themes.

Poetry and drama were the major literary genres.

The first theater open in London in 1576.

Commoners were beginning to be accepted at some plays.

The most famous play writer was: William Shakespeare. Hamlet;

Rome o&Juliet…

Other key people:

Christopher Marlowe: 1564-1593

Ben Jonson: 1572-1637

John Donne:1572-1631

◆Neoclassical Period (1660~1798)

特点：A time of returning to the art of Ancient Greek and Rome.

Restoration (1630-1660),Charles II (查理二世王政复辟)

The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth Century

The Industrial Revolution begins.

Key Authors:

John Milton (1608-1674)

Paradise Lost

John Bunyan (1628-1688)

Pilgrims Progress

Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)

Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)

◆Romanticism (1798~1832)

Background：Napoleon

Middle class gains representation in the British parliament.

Romantics reacting against the Industrial Revolution

some of the famous poets:

John Keats

Percy Shelley

William Wordsworth

Lord Byron

Robert Burns

some of the famous Romantic novelists:

Mary Shelley – Frankenstein

Jane Austen – Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice

◆Victorian Period (1832~1900)

特点：Much of the literature of this time drew attention to the poor and oppressed, sexual misconduct, and the need for social reform.

some of the famous authors:

Charles Dickens : Oliver Twist

Sir Walter Scott : Ivanhoe

Robert Louis Stevenson : Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde

Three sisters (Charlotte, Emily and Ann Bronte): famous novels :Jane Eyre; Wuthering Heights

Charles Dickens : A Tale of Two Cities

Charles Darwin

Robert Louis Stevenson

Sherlock Holmes

◆Modern Period (1900~present)

①Before WWⅡ

Modernism: Through rational and logical means of gaining knowledge man will improve his environment. It was objective and a search for abstract

truth. It rejected God.

Anti-heroic characters

E.g: Joseph Conrad: Heart of Darkness (1902)

Virginia Woolf

T.S. Eliot

②After WW Ⅱ

Post-Modernism: It is a reaction against the logic of Modernism. An extreme form

of Modernism. It is subjective and rejected truth.

E.g: George Orwell :famous novel 1984 was a satire on the totalitarian tendency,

depressing stories are characteristic of postmodernism. John Fowles: The French Lieutenant‘s Woman

2. Canterbury Tales: Geoffrey Chaucer; stories told by people on way

to Christian Church in Canterbury S.E. England.

3. Beowulf: About 6th century Swedish warrior fighting dragons; this is the most famous Old English writing.

4. Hamlet: William Shakespeare

5. Ode on a Grecian Urn: John Keats ,1819

6. Jane Eyre: Charlotte Bronte

UK Education

1. GCSE: General Certificate of Secondary Education

2. A Levels: after year 11, study two more years and take A-Levels to go to university

Northern Ireland

1. Basic order of events in NI

1600s - Queen Elizabeth encouraged English settlements in Ireland.

1916 - The Easter Rising

1921 - Partition - The Anglo-Irish Treaty

2. Good Friday Agreement: Also known as the Belfast Agreement.,was a major political development in the Northern Ireland peace process. It was signed in Belfast on 10 April 1998 (Good Friday) by the British and Irish governments and endorsed by most Northern Ireland political parties.

3. Bloody Sunday: demonstration in Londonderry, Northern Ireland, on Sunday, Jan. 30, 1972, by Roman Catholic civil rights supporters. Bloody Sunday precipitated an upsurge in support for the nationalist Irish Republican Army (IRA), which advocated violence against the United Kingdom to force it to withdraw from Northern Ireland.

4. Sinn Fein: Political wing of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). Sinn Féin, organized in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, is a nationalist party in Northern Ireland, representing Roman Catholics who want to achieve a united Ireland through whatever means are necessary, including violence. The party was led by Gerry Adams from 1983.

5. Religion of Irish and British: Christianity

Australia

1. What is unique to each state?

Western Australia: the largest state; very few people live there; it contains most of the countries minerals.

The Northern Territory: the essence of the Australian Outback; it has a varied landscape; also known as the land of the aborigines.

South Australia: the driest state; 60% is desert; rich in mineral resources; has world-famous vineyards(wine).

Queensland: the ?sunshine‘ state and has magnificent beaches; Australia‘s premier tourist destination; the location of the Great Barrier Reef.

New South Wales: the first white settlement in Australia; it leads the country in shipping, industry, and agriculture; the most populous area of the country; Sydney is the state capital.

Australi an Capital Territory: the site of the nation‘s capital, Canberra; National government is its main industry.

Victoria: the smallest mainland state but most densely populated and highly urbanized; a major tourist destination; its capital, Melbourne, is the second largest city in Australia.

Tasmania: the smallest state; has several substantial industries; has retained much of its colonial feel.

2. History: (time line)

1788 - Colonization

1850s - Gold Rush

1880s - Growth of Nationalism

1901 - Federation

1900s - A New Nation

1914 - 1918 - WWI

1920s - The 1920s

1929 - The Great Depression

1939 - WWII

1946 - Populate or Perish: Immigration

3. Minorities: Aborigines &immigrants from non-European countries

4.Map

5. TAFE: Technical and Further Education

6. Unique Holidays

? Australian Day - January 26th

? ANZAC Day - April 25th

? Remembrance Day - Nov 11th

? Melbourne Cup Day - Nov

7. Favorite Sports: Australian Rules football; Netball

New Zealand

1. Major cities: Capital: Wellington; largest city: Auckland; Christchurch and Dunedin.

2. Difference between North and South Island

North: major cities: Wellington and Auckland; Volcanoes

South: less densely populated; largest cities: Christchurch and Dunedin; has the most impressive mountains; glaciers

3. History

First settlers: Maori. They came from Polynesia at least 700 years ago, and maybe 1000 years ago.

The Dutch in 1642 first discovered New Zealand.

British explorer James Cook in 1769 first came to New Zealand whose ship‘s name was Endeavor.

Treaty of Waitangi: Maori wanted protection from European settlers.

Growth of a nation: self-government (1852); a separate dominion (1907); full independence (1947) ; ―Most prosperous country in the world‖ by 1940.

The Maturing of the nation: 1947,became fully independent from Britain

1951, the Legislative Council was abolished , creating a unicameral legislature.

1940s-1970s, increasing economic prosperity based on agriculture.

Parliament in 1975 established a tribunal to hear claims of violations of the Treaty of Waitangi.

In 1993 Parliament was changed to give more representation to smaller parties.

1996, first Mixed Member Proportional(MMP) Parliament

4. Minorities: Maori

5. Unique holidays

New Year‘s Day

Waitangi Day: Feb 6th (National Day)

Easter (Good Friday through Easter Monday)

ANZAC Day: April 25th (This stands for Australia and New Zealand Army Corps. It honors the men and women who have fought in wars)

Queen Elizabeth‘s II Birthday: first Monday of June

Labor Day: fourth Monday in October

Christmas

Boxing Day: the day after Christmas. A major shopping day

Holidays

Sport of the Kings: horse racing

Wimbledon: the most famous tennis match in the UK

Sport Scottish invented: Golf

Muslim fast: Ramadan; a fast during the month of September

Guy Fawkes: Bonfire Night (a catholic conspirator, Nov 5, 1605----celebrated by Fireworks and bonfire)

:Hogmanay: Scotland, (when) News Years Eve, (how) first footing Eisteddfod: Wales; purpose: preserve the Welsh language and culture, which is threatened by English.

Boxing Day: UK, the day after Christmas, a major shopping day

Trouping the Colour: on the Queens birthday

Waitangi Day: New Zealand, Feb 6th (National Day)

ANZAC Day: Australia and NZ, April 25th

Dates

UK joined EU: 1973

Scotland joins UK: 1707

Wales join UK: 1536

Ireland divided: 1922

End of the Empire: 1945-1997

Historical time periods of all the countries

Other

Be able to recognize a picture of: Tony Blair;Margaret Thatcher;Queen, Gordon Brown, David Cameron;Globe Theatre

Parliament, Cricket, St Patrick‘s Day, Christmas Pantomime(哑剧)

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