DIN EN 10207en
ICS 77.140.30
Descriptors: Steel, pressure vessels.
St?hle für einfache Druckbeh?lter – Technische Lieferbedingungen
für Blech, Band und Stabstahl (enth?lt ?nderung A1:1997)Ref.No.DIN EN 10207:1997-09English price group 09Sales No.1109
03.98
DEUTSCHE NORM September 1997
EN 10207{EN comprises 12 pages.
?No part of this standard may be reproduced without the prior permission of
DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V., Berlin.
Beuth Verlag GmbH , D-10772Berlin, has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).Steels for simple pressure vessels
Technical delivery conditions for plate, strip and bars (includes Amendment A1:1997)English version of DIN EN 10207:1991 + A1:1997
Supersedes January 1992edition.
European Standard EN 10207:1991 + A1:1997 has the status of a DIN Standard.
A comma is used as the decimal marker.
National foreword
This standard has been prepared by ECISS/TC 22.
The responsible German body involved in the preparation of this standard was the Normenausschu? Eisen und Stahl (Steel and Iron Standards Committee), Technical Committee St?hle für den Druckbeh?lterbau .The DIN Standards corresponding to the EURONORMs referred to in clause 2 of the EN are as follows:EURONORM
DIN Standard EURONORM 58
DIN 1017-1EURONORM 59
DIN 1014-1EURONORM 60
DIN 1013-1EURONORM 61
DIN 1015CR 10260DIN V 17006-100
Amendments
As compared to the January 1991 edition, the steel designations have been changed taking into account the specifications of DIN EN 10027-1 and DIN EN 10027-2, and references to standards have been updated.Previous edition
DIN EN 10207: 1992-01.
National Annex NA
Standards referred to
(and not included in Normative references )
DIN
1013-1Hot rolled round steel for general applications – Dimensions and tolerances DIN
1014-1Hot rolled square steel for general applications – Dimensions and tolerances DIN
1015Hot rolled steel hexagons for general applications – Dimensions and tolerances DIN
1017-1Hot rolled steel flats for general applications – Dimensions, tolerances and mass DIN
V 17006-100Designation systems for steel – Additional symbols for steel names DIN
EN 10027-1Designation systems for steels – Steel names and principal symbols DIN EN 10027-2Designation systems for steel – Numerical system
English version
ICS 77.140.30
Descriptors: Steel, pressure vessels.
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels
European Committee for Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation
Europ?isches Komitee für Normung
Steels for simple pressure vessels
Technical delivery requirements for plates, strips and bars
(includes Amendment A1:1997)
?1997.CEN –All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means
reserved worldwide for CEN national members.Ref. No. EN 10207:1991+A1:1997E
Aciers pour appareils à pression
simples – Conditions techniques de
livraison de t?les, bandes et barres
(amendement A1:1997 inclus)St?hle für einfache Druckbeh?lter –Technische Lieferbedingungen für Blech, Band und Stabstahl (enth?lt ?nderung A1:1997)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1991-11-30 and amendment A1
on 1996-12-05.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a
national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national stand-
ards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN
member.
The European Standards exist in three official versions (English, French, German).
A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a
CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the
same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, the Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
and the United Kingdom.
èé?
EN
10207July 1997
November 1991+ A1
Page 2
EN 10207:1991+A1:1997
Page Foreword to EN 10207:1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2Foreword to EN 10207:1991/A1:1997 . . . . .
21Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34Dimensions and tolerances on
dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35Calculation of mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46Designation and ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46.1Designation of steel grades . . . . . . . . . . . .
46.2Ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47Classification and selection of steels . . .
48Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48.1Steel manufacturing process . . . . . . . . . .
48.2Delivery condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48.3Chemical composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48.4Mechanical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Contents
Page
8.5Surface condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.6Internal soundness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Inspection and testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.1Required types and content of inspection documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.2Test units and number of samples and test pieces for specific inspection and testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.3Selection and preparation of samples and test pieces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.4Test procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.5Retests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Annex A (informative)Definition of ‘simple pressure vessel’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Annex B (informative)List of national standards which correspond with EURONORMs referenced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12NOTE: The clauses marked (?) contain information relating to agreements which are to be made on ordering,those marked with (??) contain information regarding agreements which may be made on ordering.Foreword to EN 10207:1991
This European Standard has been drawn up by Technical Committee ECISS/TC 22 ‘Steels for pressure pur-poses’ for the reasons given in clause 1.
ECISS/TC 22 accepted this document at its meeting in February 1990. The following ECISS member bodies were represented at that meeting: Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Sweden and United Kingdom.
In accordance with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard:
Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Nether-lands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Foreword to EN 10207:1991/A1:1997
This Amendment to EN 10207:1991 has been prepared by Technical Committee ECISS/TC 22 ‘Steels for pressure purposes – Qualities’, the Secretariat of which is held by DIN .
This Amendment shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, and conflicting national standards withdrawn, by January 1998 at the latest.
In accordance with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard:
Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.1Scope
1.1This European Standard has been established in order to provide complete technical delivery conditions for flat products and bars made of steel which are to comply with the specifications for pressurized parts in simple pressure vessels as defined in the Directive 87/404/EEC (see annex A) and standardized in EN 286-1.
1.2The general technical delivery conditions specified in EN 10021 also apply to deliveries in accordance with this European Standard.
2Normative references
This European Standard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications.These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed
Page3
EN10207:1991+A1:1997 hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition of the publication referred to applies.
EN286-1Simple unfired pressure vessels designed to contain air or nitrogen – Part 1: Design, manufacture and testing
EN10002-1Metallic materials – Tensile testing – Part 1: Method of test at ambient temperature
EN10002-5Metallic materials – Tensile testing – Part 5: Method of test at elevated temperature
EN10020Definition and classification of grades of steel
EN10021General technical delivery conditions for steel and steel products
EN10027-1Designation systems for steel – Part 1: Steel names, principal symbols
EN10027-2Designation systems for steel – Part 2: Numerical system
EN10029Hot rolled steel plates 3 mm thick or above – Tolerances on dimensions, shape and mass EN10045-1Metallic materials – Charpy impact test – Part 1: Test method
EN10048Hot rolled narrow steel strip – Tolerances on dimensions and shape
EN10051Continuously hot rolled uncoated sheet and strip of non-alloyed and alloyed steels –Tolerances on dimensions and shape
EN10079Definition of steel products
EN10160Ultrasonic testing of steel flat products of thickness equal to or greater than 6 mm (reflec-tion method)1)
EN10163-2Delivery requirements for surface condition of hot rolled steel plates, wide flats and sec-tions – Part 2: Plates and wide flats
EN10204Metallic materials – Types of inspection documents
EN 10221Surface quality classes for hot-rolled bars and rod – Technical delivery conditions
EN ISO377Steel and steel products – Location and preparation of test pieces for mechanical testing (ISO/DIS 377:1996)1)
CR 10260Designation systems for steel – Additional symbols for steel names (CEN Report)
ISO14284:1996Steel and iron – Sampling and preparation of samples for the determination of chemical composition
EURONORM582)Hot rolled flats to general purposes
EURONORM592)Hot rolled square bars for general purposes
EURONORM602)Hot rolled round bars for general purposes
EURONORM612)Hot rolled steel hexagons
EURONORM1682)Iron and steel products – Inspection documents – Contents
Council Directive 87/404/EEC of 25 June 1987 on the harmonization of the laws of the Member States relating to simple pressure vessels
3Definitions
For the purposes of this standard, the following definitions apply in addition to those given in EN10021, EN10052, EN10079 and EN10204 (cf. clause 2).
4?Dimensions and tolerances on dimensions
The nominal dimensions and tolerances on dimensions for the product shall be agreed on ordering, with reference to the following dimensional standards:
4.1In the case of hot rolled steel plate 3 mm thick or above, with reference to EN10029, thickness tolerance class B.
4.2In the case of
–continuously hot rolled wide strip (rolled width ” 600 mm),
–hot rolled slit strip in width < 600 mm, made of wide strip,
–hot rolled sheet in thicknesses under 3 mm,
with reference to EN10051.
1)At present at the stage of draft. Until this document has been published as a European Standard, the
corresponding national standard should be agreed upon at the time of ordering.
2)Until this EURONORM has been transformed into a European Standard, this EURONORM or a corresponding
national standard may be applied, depending on the agreement at the time of ordering.
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EN 10207:1991+A1:1997
4.3In the case of hot rolled narrow strip (rolled width < 600 mm), with reference to EN 10048.
4.4In the case of bars of
–
rectangular cross section,to EURONORM 58.–
square cross section,with reference to to EURONORM 59.
–
round cross section,to EURONORM 60.
–hexagonal cross section,to EURONORM 61.
5Calculation of mass
A density of 7,85 kg/dm 3 shall be used as the basis for the calculation of the nominal mass from the nominal dimensions of the steels included in table 1.
6
Designation and ordering 6.1Designation of steel grades
The steel names (see table 1) have been formed in accordance with EN 10027-1 and CR 10260, and the steel numbers, in accordance with EN 10027-2.
6.2?Ordering
The order for a product conforming to this European Standard shall include the following information:a)the quantity required;
b)the product form;
c)the European Standard or document specifying the tolerances on dimensions, shape and mass (see clause 4) and, if the relevant European Standard or document permits the purchaser certain options (e.g.regarding finishes or tolerance grades), specific information on these aspects;
d)the nominal dimensions of the product to be delivered;
e)the number of this European Standard;
f)the designation of steel grade.
Special agreements regarding the subclauses marked (??) may be made on ordering.
7
Classification and selection of steels 7.1The classification of steel according to EN 10020 is indicated in table 1.
7.2?The selection of steel is the responsibility of the purchaser.
8
Requirements 8.1Steel manufacturing process
8.1.1The steels shall be made using a basic oxygen process or an electric furnace process, or by technically equivalent processes.
8.1.2The steels shall be non-rimming and not susceptible to ageing.
NOTE: For the steels covered in table 1, the stipulations of Directive 87/404/EEC were taken into account by specifying a minimum total aluminium content of 0,020 %.
8.2
Delivery condition The products shall be delivered in the normalized or in an equivalent condition obtained by normalizing rolling.
8.3Chemical composition 8.3.1The chemical composition determined from the cast analysis shall comply with the requirements speci-fied in table 1.
8.3.2The product analysis may deviate from the specified limits for the cast analysis by the values given in table 2.
8.4Mechanical properties
The requirements in tables 3 and 4 apply for test pieces taken, prepared and tested in accordance with 9.3 and
9.4. The values relate to the nominal thicknesses (thicknesses on ordering) of the products and apply to the delivery condition specified in 8.2.
U V ||W ||R S ||T ||
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EN 10207:1991+A1:1997
8.5Surface condition
8.5.1For plate, the requirements for surface quality class B2 of EN 10163-2 shall apply.
8.5.2?For bars, a surface quality class in accordance with EN 10221 shall be agreed upon at the time of ordering.
8.6??Internal soundness
For plate in thicknesses equal to or greater than 6 mm, special agreements referring to internal soundness may be made on the basis of EN 10160 when ordering.
9
Inspection and testing 9.1Required types and content of inspection documents
9.1.1Unless otherwise agreed (see 9.1.2), on the basis of non specific inspections a test report as defined in
2.2 of EN 10204 shall be issued which provides the following information:
a)the information groups A, B and Z, as defined in EURONORM 168;
b)the results of the cast analysis, in accordance with the code numbers C 71 to C 92 in EURONORM 168;c)the data for a tensile test at room temperature, in accordance with code numbers C 01 to C 03 and C 10to C 13 in EURONORM 168;
d)for products from which Charpy V-notch impact test pieces with a thickness of ”5 mm and a width of 10 mm can be taken: The data for such tests, according to code numbers C 01 to C 03 and C 40 to C 43in EURONORM 168.
9.1.2??At the time of ordering, by requiring an inspection certificate of type 3.1.B as specified in EN 10204,specific inspection and testing in accordance with the conditions described in 9.2 to 9.5 may be agreed. In this case, the inspection certificate shall contain the following information:
a)As under 9.1.1 a) and b).b)
c)As under 9.1.1 c) and d). The data shall, however, originate from specific inspection and testing and d)shall therefore, where necessary, additionally cover code number C 00 in EURONORM 168.
e)The result of the visual examination of the products (see information group D in EURONORM 168).f)If one or more of the following optional tests had been agreed when ordering, the relevant informa-
tion for
f1)product analysis (code numbers C 71 to C 92 in EURONORM 168);
f2)the verification of the 0,2% proof stress at elevated temperature (code numbers C 00 to C 03,
C 10 and C 11 in EURONORM 168);
f3)ultrasonic tests for internal soundness (information group D in EURONORM 168).9.2Test units and number of samples and test pieces for specific inspection and testing
9.2.1??Product analysis
Product analysis shall be carried out if specified at the time of ordering. The test unit is the cast. The purchaser shall specify the number of samples and the elements to be determined.
9.2.2Tensile tests at ambient temperature and impact tests
9.2.2.1If, at the time of ordering, in accordance with 9.1.2, the issue of an inspection certificate has been agreed, the test units presented for specific inspection of the tensile properties at ambient temperature and,where necessary (see 9.1.1 d)), the impact tests, shall contain products of the same cast, the same production process, the same form and the same thickness range as specified in table 3 for the yield strength. The mass of the individual test units shall be 40 t or part thereof.
9.2.2.2
Per test unit, one sample shall be taken.9.2.2.3
Per sample, one tensile test piece and, where possible (see 9.1.1 d)), three impact test pieces shall be
taken.9.2.3??Verification of the 0,2% elevated temperature proof stress
If specially agreed at the time of ordering, the 0,2% elevated temperature proof stress shall be verified. In this case, unless otherwise agreed, one test piece per cast shall be tested.
9.2.4Visual examination
Each product shall be examined.
q q
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EN10207:1991+A1:1997
9.2.5??Ultrasonic tests
If, for plate in thicknesses ”6 mm, ultrasonic testing had been agreed at the time of ordering, each plate shall be tested unless otherwise agreed. The tests may be carried out before the plates have been cut to their final size.
9.3Selection and preparation of samples and test pieces
9.3.1General
The samples and test pieces shall be selected and prepared in accordance with the general conditions in ISO14284 and EN ISO377. In addition, the following shall apply.
9.3.2Position of samples and test pieces for mechanical tests
9.3.2.1For flat products, the sample shall be taken so that the distance of the test pieces from the edge of the long side of the product is to about:
–w/4 in the case of products with a rolled width (w) of ” 600 mm;
–w/3 in the case of products with a rolled width (w) of < 600 mm.
NOTE: The verification of the mechanical properties is normally carried out before slitting. In cases where this verification is required after slitting, suitable measures shall, as far as possible, be taken to establish the location of test pieces specified above.
Test pieces shall be taken at a sufficient distance from the end of the product.
For the distance of the test pieces from the rolled surface, the specifications in figure 1 apply.
9.3.2.2For bars, see figure 2.
9.3.3Orientation of the axis of test pieces for mechanical tests
9.3.3.1For flat products, the specifications in figure 1 apply.
9.3.3.2For bars, longitudinal test pieces are to be taken in accordance with figure 2.
9.4Test procedures
9.4.1Product analysis
If a product analysis has been ordered, unless otherwise agreed on ordering, the choice of a suitable physical or chemical analytical method shall be at the discretion of the manufacturer. In cases of dispute, the analysis shall be carried out by a laboratory approved by both parties. In this case, the analytical method to be used shall be agreed, if possible, with reference to corresponding European Standards or EURONORMs.
9.4.2Tensile test at ambient temperature
9.4.2.1The tensile test at ambient temperature shall be carried out in accordance with EN10002-1, taking in account the additional or deviating conditions specified for flat products in figure 1, footnote 1, and for bars in figure 2, footnotes 1 and 2.
9.4.2.2The yield stress shall be determined as the upper yield stress (R
eH ), or, if this is not pronounced, the
0,2 % proof stress (R
p0,2
) shall be determined.
9.4.3Impact test
9.4.3.1The impact test on Charpy V-notch test pieces shall be carried out as specified in EN10045-1 at the temperature given for the relevant steel in table 3.
9.4.3.2The evaluation of results of the impact tests shall be based on a sequential method, as follows.
a)The average value of a set of three test pieces shall meet the specified requirement. One individual value
may be below the specified value, provided that it is not less than 70 % of that value.
b)If the conditions under item a) are not complied with, then an additional set of three test pieces shall be
taken from the same sample, and tested. To consider the test unit as acceptable, after having tested the second set, the following conditions shall be satisfied simultaneously:
i)the mean from six tests shall be greater than the specified minimum value;
ii)not more than two of six individual values shall be lower than the specified minimum value;
iii)not more than one of the six individual values shall be lower than 70 % of the specified minimum value. If these conditions are not satisfied, the sample unit is to be rejected and retests are to be carried out on the remainder of the test unit.
9.4.3.3If, because of too small a product thickness, it is not possible to prepare Charpy V-notch test pieces with the normal width of 10 mm, subsize test pieces with a height of 10 mm and a width equal to the product
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EN10207:1991+A1:1997
thickness or equal to 5 or 7,5 mm shall be tested, the applicable impact energy values being taken from figure 3. The impact energy need not be verified for thicknesses below 5 mm.
9.4.40,2 % proof stress at elevated temperature
The 0,2 % proof stress values at elevated temperature specified in table 4 apply for tests carried out in accordance with EN10002-5. Verification, if required, shall be carried out at one of the temperatures given in table 4.
??This temperature may be agreed on ordering; otherwise, the test shall be carried out at 300 °C.
9.4.5Visual examination
The visual examination of the surface condition shall be carried out without optical aids.
9.4.6Ultrasonic test
If an ultrasonic test has been agreed for plate of thickness ” 6 mm for checking the internal soundness, the requirements of EN10160 shall apply.
9.5Retests
See EN10021.
10Marking
The products shall be marked, by painting or stamping or by applying durable adhesive labels or attaching tags, with the following:
–the designation of the steel;
– a number by which the cast and, if an inspection certificate has been ordered, the sample product can be identified;
–the manufacturer’s name or trademark.
Marking shall be at a position close to one end of each product or on the end cut face, at the manufacturer’s discretion.
??Unless otherwise agreed at the time of ordering, no hard stamping is permitted.
It is permissible for light products to be supplied in securely tied bundles. In this case, the marking shall be on a label attached to the bundle or on the top product of the bundle.
Table 1:Chemical composition (cast analysis) and classification of steels
Steel designation
Classifi-
Name Material cation1)
% C% Si% Mn% P% S% A l
tot.
2)
number max.max.max.max.min.
P235S 1.0112UQ0,160,350,40 to 1,200,0350,0300,020 P265S 1.0130UQ0,200,400,50 to 1,500,0350,0300,020 P275SL 1.1100US0,160,400,50 to 1,500,0300,0250,020
1)UQ = non-alloy quality steel; US = non-alloy special steel.
2)If sufficient other nitrogen binding elements are present, the minimum total aluminium content does not
apply. If such other nitrogen binding elements were added to the steel, their content shall be given in the inspection document.
Table 2:Permissible deviations in the result of the product analysis from the values specified
in table 1 for the lower or upper limits of the cast analysis Specified values for the cast analysis
Permissible deviation 1) of the product Element according to table 1
analysis from the values listed in table 1for the cast analysis % by mass
% by mass C ?0,20+0,02Si
?0,40+0,05Mn
?1,00t 0,05>1,00 to ?1,50t 0,10P
?0,035+0,005S
?0,030+0,005A l
”0,020–0,0051)If several product analyses are carried out for one cast and if, in this case, values for an individual element are established which exceed the permitted range for the chemical composition, then it is only permissible that the values either exceed the maximum permitted value or a lower than the minimum permitted value.It is not acceptable for both to apply for one cast.
Table 3:Mechanical properties
R e,min 1)
A long.;min.1)2)for nominal
for nominal thicknesses,Steel designation thicknesses,
in mm
in mm R m 1)
L 0 = 80 mm L 0 = 5,65S 0KV long.;min.1)Name Material
>16>40>2>2,5”3>40number
?16?40?60?2,5<3?40?60at N/mm 2N/mm 2°C J P235S 1.0112
235225215360 to 48020212625–2028P265S 1.0130
265255245410 to 53017182222–2028P275SL
1.1100275265255390 to 51019202424–50281)R e,min = minimum yield strength (see 9.4.
2.2); R m = tensile strength.
A long.;min. = minimum elongation at fracture for longitudinal tensile test pieces (see figure 1, footnote 1);L 0 = gauge length; S 0 = cross-sectional area within the gauge length.
KV long.;min.= minimum impact energy for longitudinal Charpy V-notch impact test pieces (see 9.4.3).2)If for flat products in rolled widths of ” 600 mm in accordance with figure 1, transverse tensile test pieces are tested, the minimum values for the elongation at fracture are by 2 units lower than the minimum values specified above for longitudinal test pieces.
Table 4:0,2 % proof stress at elevated temperature
Steel designation
Product Minimum 0,2 % proof stress at thickness,100 °C 150 °C 200 °C 250 °C 300 °C Name Material
in mm number
N/mm 2P235S 1.0112
?60171162153135117P265S
1.0130
?60194185176158140P275SL 1.1100?40
221203176159132>40 up to 60212194Page 8
EN 10207:1991+A1:1997
Figure 1:Test piece location for flat products
(for further details, see 9.3.2)
Thickness Orientation of test pieces
Type of test of product,for a rolled width of
Distance of test piece from the rolled surface,in mm <600 mm ”600 mm in mm
?30
Tensile 1)Longitudinal Transverse
> 30
5 to 10
Impact 2)Longitudinal Longitudinal
> 10
1)In cases of doubt or dispute, for products of thickness greater than or equal to 3 mm, use proportional test pieces of gauge length L 0 = 5,65S 0. For normal testing, for reasons of economy, test pieces of a constant measuring length may be used provided the result obtained for elongation after fracture is converted by a recognized formula (see, for example, ISO 2566).
For products of thickness greater than 30 mm, round test pieces may be used if agreed upon between the parties.
2)The axis of the notch shall be perpendicular to the surface of the product.
3)Or machined, if possible, to 7,5 mm or 5 mm (see 9.4.3.3).
Rolled surface
Rolled surface
Rolled surface
or
Unmachined 3)
Notch axis 2)
Notch axis 2)Page 9
EN 10207:1991+A1:1997
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EN10207:1991+A1:1997
Products of circular round cross section Products of rectangular cross section
d?252)d > 252)b?251)b >252)
1)For products of small dimensions (d or b?25 mm), the test piece should, if possible, consist of an
unmachined full section of the product.
2)For products of diameter or thickness ?40 mm, the manufacturer may either apply the rules specified for
products of diameter or thickness ?25 mm, or take the test piece at a location nearer to the centre than indicated in the figure.
3)For products of circular cross section, the notch axis is approximately to be a diagonal; for products of
rectangular cross section, the notch axis shall be perpendicular to the greatest rolled surface.
4)For products of circular cross section with a diameter ”12 mm and < 16 mm or of rectangular cross section
with the thickness b”5 mm and <12 mm and a width ”12 mm, subsize test pieces shall be taken in accordance with 9.4.3.3.
d”164)b”124)
Test
pieces
for
Impact
test
Tensile
test3)
Figure 2:Test piece location in bars
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EN10207:1991+A1:1997
J
n
i
,
y
g
r
e
n
E
Width, in mm
Figure 3:Minimum impact energy values for impact test pieces
with a width between 5 and 10 mm
Annex A(informative)
Definition of ‘simple pressure vessel’
For defining the term ‘simple pressure vessel’, article 1, clauses 2 and 3 of EU Directive 87/404/EEC are quoted in the following:
Article 1
(2)For the purposes of this Directive, ‘simple pressure vessel’ means any welded vessel subjected to an internal gauge pressure greater than 0,5 bar which is intended to contain air or nitrogen and which is not intended to be fired.
Moreover,
–the parts and assemblies contributing to the strength of the vessel under pressure shall be made either of non-alloy quality steel or of non-alloy aluminium or non-age hardening aluminium alloys,
–the vessel shall be made of:
–either a cylindrical part of circular cross section closed by outwardly dished and/or flat ends which revolve around the same axis as the cylindrical part,
–or two dished ends revolving around the same axis,
–the maximum working pressure of the vessel shall not exceed 30 bar and the product of that pressure and the capacity of the vessel (PS·V) shall not exceed 10000 bar·litre,
–the minimum working temperature must be no lower than – 50 °C and the maximum working temperature shall not be higher than 300 °C for steel and 100 °C for aluminium or aluminium alloy vessels.
(3)The following vessels shall be excluded from the scope of the Directive:
–vessels specifically designed for nuclear use, failure of which may cause an emission of radioactivity,–vessels specifically intended for installation in or the propulsion of ships and aircraft,
–fire extinguishers.
Annex B (informative)
List of national standards which correspond with EURONORMs referenced
Until the following EURONORMs are transformed into European Standards, they can either be implemented or reference made to the corresponding national standards as listed in table B.1.
Table B.1:EURONORMs with corresponding national standards EURO-
Corresponding national standard in NORM
Germany France United Kingdom Spain Italy 58
DIN 1017-1NF A 450051)BS 4360UNE 36-543UNI-EU 5859
DIN 1014-1NF A 450041)BS 4360UNE 36-542UNI-EU 5960
DIN 1013-1NF A 450031)BS 4360UNE 36-541UNI-EU 6061
DIN 1015NF A 450061)BS 970UNE 36-547UNI 7061UNE 07-278168–NF A 03116BS 1501
UNE 36-800UNI-EU 168
BS 1502Corresponding national standard in
Belgium
Portugal Sweden Austria Norway 58
NBN A 34-201–SS 212150M 3230190259
NBN A 34-202NP-333 + 334SS 212725M 3226190160
NBN A 34-203NP-331SS 212502M 3221190061
NBN A 34-204––M 3237/–M 3228168
––SS 110012––1)NF A 45001 and NF A 45101 shall be complied with with regard to the tolerances.Page 12
EN 10207:1991+A1:1997
九年级课文翻译完整版
九年级课文翻译 Document serial number【NL89WT-NY98YT-NC8CB-NNUUT-NUT108】
人教版初中英语九年级U n i t3课文翻译 SectionA2d 何伟：这是欢乐时光公园——我所在城市最大的游乐园！ 艾丽斯：要尝试一些乘骑项目，我好兴奋呀！ 何伟：我们应该从哪里开始玩呢？有太空世界、水上世界、动物世界…… 艾丽斯：哦，你能先告诉我哪儿有洗手间吗？ 何伟：什么休息室你想要休息吗但是我们还没有开始玩呢！ 艾丽斯：哦，不是，我的意思不是休息间。我的意思是……你知道的，卫生间或盥洗室。何伟：嗯……那么你是指……厕所？ 艾丽斯：正是！对不起，也许“洗手间”一词在中国不常用。 何伟：对，我们通常说“厕所”或“卫生间”。就在那边。 艾丽斯：好的，我会很快的！我想知道公园今天何时关门。 何伟：九点三十，你不必着急！ SectionA3a 欢乐时光公园——永远快乐的时光 [艾丽斯和何伟在太空世界。] 艾丽斯：我想知道我们接下来应该去哪里？ 何伟：那边那个新项目怎么样？ 艾丽斯：好吧……看起来蛮吓人的。 何伟：快来吧！我保证它将激动人心！如果你害怕，只要大叫或者抓住我的手。 [云霄飞车之后……] 艾丽斯：你是对的！太有趣了！起初我好害怕，但大声喊叫还蛮管用的。 何伟：瞧，那玩意并不糟糕，对吧？某些东西你不去尝试，就绝不会知道。 艾丽斯：对，我很高兴我试过了！ 何伟：你现在想去水上世界么？ 艾丽斯：好，但我很饿。你知道我们在哪里能吃到好的快餐？ 何伟：当然！我建议在水上世界的水城餐馆，那里有美味可口的食物。 艾丽斯：好极了！我们走！ [在前往水城餐馆途中，艾丽斯和何伟经过鲍勃叔叔餐馆。] 艾丽斯：看！这家餐馆看起来蛮有趣的。这招牌上说这儿每晚有摇滚乐队演出。
旅游与文化 翻译
旅游与文化I Part I 1．charming autumn scenery in a most fresh air and clear weather 秋高气爽，秋色宜人 2．the 15th General Assembly Session of the World Tourism Organization 世界旅游组织第15届全体大会3．to travel ten thousand li and read ten thousand books 读万卷书，行万里路 4．enriching themselves mentally and physically 承天地之灵气，接山水之精华 5．tourist arrival 旅游人数 6．foreign currency receipts 外汇收入 7．outbound tourists 出境旅游人数 8．unique, rich and varied tourism resources 得天独厚的旅游资源 9．World Cultural and Natural Heritages sites 世界文化遗产地和世界自然遗产地 10．t o add radiance and charm to each other 交相辉映 11．a thriving modern metropolis 繁华的现代化大都市 12．a patchwork of cottages 村舍星罗棋布 13．t o exist side by side 鳞次栉比 14．I nternational Architecture Exhibition 万国建筑博览会 15．c lock towers and turrets , marble pillars 钟塔、角楼和大理石柱 16．e ach representing a distinctively individual appearance 风格迥异，各领风骚 17．t he rainy season 梅雨季节 18．t o linger longer 留连忘返 19．e xcellence, elegance and the best quality 卓越超群，富丽堂皇，一流质量 20．e mbroidery, inlaid lacquer 刺绣，金漆镶嵌 21．g old and silver jewelleries, water-color woodblock prints 金银首饰，木刻水印 22．c arvings in jade, ivory, bamboo and woven bamboo baskets 玉雕、牙雕，竹雕，竹编筐篮 23．b ird cages, lanterns 鸟笼灯笼 24．d ouble-sided embroidery and sandal wood fans from Suzhou 双面绣和苏州的檀香扇 25．t erracotta teapots from Yixing, and clay figures from Wuxi 宜兴的陶制茶壶和无锡的泥人 26．t he Peach Blossom Fair 桃花节 27．t he Daci Temple Fair 大慈寺庙会 28．t he Chengdu Tourism Festival 成都旅游节 29．a place blessed with favorite climate, fertile land, rich resources and outstanding talents 物华天宝，人杰地灵30．s uperb artistic style of aiming at catching the sprit of the landscape 写意山水 31．a rtistic gems 艺术瑰宝 32．U NESCO Heritage Committee 联合国教科文组织遗产委员会 33．t he list of World cultural heritage 世界文化遗产名录 34．b ronzeware 青铜器 35．b amboo, wood and lacquer ware 竹木漆器 36．i nscribed bones and tortoise shells 甲骨 37．s eals 玺印 38．a rchaeology 39．r estoration room 文物修复馆 旅游与文化II Part II景点描述常用语 Match work: 雄伟壮丽imposing 灯火辉煌glittering
九年级英语unit课文翻译
九年级英语u n i t课文 翻译 Document serial number【KK89K-LLS98YT-SS8CB-SSUT-SST108】
unit3 Could you please tell me where the restroom are ? sectionA 2d 何伟：这就是欢乐时代公园——我们这座城市最大的游乐园。 爱丽丝：就要玩各种游乐项目了，我好兴奋呀！ 何伟：我们先玩那样呢？有太空世界、水世界、动物世界…. 爱丽丝：在我们决定前，麻烦你先告诉我哪儿有洗手间吗？ 何伟：什么？休息室？你想要休息了？我们可还没有开始玩呢！ 爱丽丝：不是的，我不是指休息的地方。我是说…..你知 道，一间洗手间或卫生间。 何伟：嗯….那么你是指….卫生间吗？ 爱丽丝：对啦！不好意思，也许中国人说英语不常用 restroom这个词。 何伟：就是的，我们常说toilets 或washroom 。不过，厕所在哪里。 爱丽丝：知道了，我一会儿就好！ 何伟：没问题，你不必赶的。 Section A 3a 欢乐时代公园————总是欢乐时光 [ 爱丽丝和何伟在太空世界] 爱丽丝：我不知道我们接下来该去哪里。
何伟：去玩玩那边那个新项目怎样？ 爱丽丝：啊…..看上去挺吓人的。 何伟：勇敢些！我保证会很好玩！如果害怕就喊出来或抓住我的手。 【乘坐后…..】 爱丽丝：你是对的，这真好玩！我起先有些害怕，但喊叫真管用。何伟：瞧：这并不糟糕，对吧？你需要去尝试，否则永远不会知道你能行。 爱丽丝：是这样的，我真高兴自己尝试了这个项目。 何伟：现在你想去水世界吗？ 爱丽丝：当然，但我饿了。你知道哪里有又好吃又快的地方？ 何伟：当然知道！我建议去水世界的水城餐馆他们做得很好吃。爱丽丝：太好了，我们去吧！ 何伟：[在去水城餐馆的路上，爱丽丝与何伟路过鲍勃叔叔的餐厅]爱丽丝：你瞧！这间餐厅看上去很有意思。牌子上写着有个摇滚乐队每晚在演奏。 何伟：我们为何不回头过来在这吃晚饭？咱们去问一下乐队演出几点开始。 【爱丽丝和何伟向门口的员工走去】 爱丽丝：劳驾，请问你们乐队今天晚上何时开始演奏？ 何伟：八点。那时人总是很多，所以得来早一点才有桌子。 爱丽丝：好的，谢谢！
《论语十则》——《中国文化经典研读》(整理)
《论语十则》——《中国文化经典研读》（整理） 1 子曰:“君子食无求饱，居无求安，敏于事而慎于言，就(1)有道(2)而正(3)焉，可谓好学也已。” 【注释】 (1)就:靠近、看齐。 (2)有道:指有道德的人。 (3)正:匡正、端正。 【译文】 孔子说:“君子，饮食不求饱足，居住不要求舒适，对工作勤劳敏捷，说话却小心谨慎，到有道的人那里去匡正自己，这样可以说是好学了。” 2 2?4 子曰:“吾十有(1)五而志于学，三十而立(2)，四十而不惑(3)，五十而知天命(4)，六十而耳顺(5)，七十而从心所欲不逾矩(6)。” 【注释】 (1)有:同“又”。 (2)立:站得住的意思。 (3)不惑:掌握了知识，不被外界事物所迷惑。 (4)天命:指不能为人力所支配的事情。 (5)耳顺:对此有多种解释。一般而言，指对那些于己不利的意见也能正确对待。 (6)从心所欲不逾矩:从，遵从的意思;逾，越过;矩，规矩。 【译文】 孔子说:“我十五岁立志于学习;三十岁能够自立;四十岁能不被外界事物所迷惑;五十岁懂得了天命;六十岁能正确对待各种言论，不觉得不顺;七十岁能随心所
欲而不越出规矩。” 3 子曰:“由(1)，诲女(2)，知之乎,知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。” 【注释】 (1)由:姓仲名由，字子路。生于公元前542年，孔子的学生，长期追随孔子。 (2)女:同汝，你。 【译文】 孔子说:“由，我教给你怎样做的话，你明白了吗,知道的就是知道，不知道就是不知道，这就是智慧啊～” 4.颜渊、季路侍(1)。子曰:“盍(2)各言尔志。”子路曰:“原车马，衣轻裘，与朋友共，敝之而无憾。”颜渊曰:“愿无伐(3)善，无施劳(4)。”子路曰:“愿闻子之志。”子曰:“老者安之，朋友信之，少者怀之(5)。” 【注释】 (1)侍:服侍，站在旁边陪着尊贵者叫侍。 (2)盍:何不。 (3)伐:夸耀。 (4)施劳:施，表白。劳，功劳。 (5)少者怀之:让少者得到关怀。 【译文】 颜渊、子路两人侍立在孔子身边。孔子说:“你们何不各自说说自己的志向,”子路说:“愿意拿出自己的车马、衣服、皮袍，同我的朋友共同使用，用坏了也不抱怨。”颜渊说:“我愿意不夸耀自己的长处，不表白自己的功劳。”子路向孔子说:“愿意听听您的志向。”孔子说:“(我的志向是)让年老的安心，让朋友们信任我，让年轻的子弟们得到关怀。” 5 子曰:“知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。” 【译文】
DIN EN 10278_1999
ICS 77.140.60Ma?e und Grenzabma?e von Blankstahlerzeugnissen European Standard EN 10278:1999 has the status of a DIN Standard. A comma is used as the decimal marker. National foreword This standard has been prepared by ECISS/TC 23. The responsible German body involved in its preparation was the Normenausschuss Eisen und Stahl (Steel and Iron Standards Committee). Amendments DIN 174, June 1969 edition, DIN 175, October 1981 edition, DIN 176, February 1972 edition, DIN 178, June 1969 edition, DIN 668 to DIN 671, and DIN 59360 and DIN 59361, October 1981 editions, have been super-seded by the specifications of DIN EN 10287. Previous editions DIN 174: 1928-01, 1939-09, 1943-03, 1959-05, 1969-06; DIN 175: 1923-10, 1940-10 1943-02, 1959-05,1981-10; DIN 176: 1925-04, 1939-09, 1959-05, 1972-02; DIN 178: 1926-04, 1939-09, 1947-09, 1959-05,1969-06; DIN 667: 1923-10; DIN 668: 1923-10, 1925-10, 1932-05, 1938-10, 1943-02, 1959-05, 1981-10;DIN 669: 1923-10, 1930-09, 1959x-05, 1981-10; DIN 670:1939-09, 1959-05, 1981-10; DIN 671:1939-09, 1943-02, 1959-05, 1981-10; DIN 59360: 1969-06, 1973-09, 1981-10; DIN 59361: 1969-06,1981-10. Ref.No.DIN EN 10278:1999-12English price group 08Sales No.1108 06.00 DEUTSCHE NORM December 1999 EN 10278 {EN comprises 13 pages. ?No part of this standard may be reproduced without the prior permission of DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH , 10772 Berlin, Germany, has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).Dimensions and tolerances of bright steel products English version of DIN EN 10278Supersedes DIN 174, June 1969 edition, DIN 175, October 1981 edition, DIN 176, February 1972 edition, DIN 178, June 1969 edition, DIN 668 to DIN 671, and DIN 59360 and DIN 59361, October 1981 editions.
简述连续热镀锌带钢的工艺流程及生产控制
简述连续热镀锌带钢的工艺流程及生产控制 简述连续热镀锌带钢的工艺流程及生产控制 摘要：随着世界各国经济水平的增长，汽车工业已越来越显示出其支柱产业的地位，而代表汽车行业发展水平的轿车工业的发展更是日新月异到1996年全球汽车产量已高达53.398×106辆。自1975年美国首次把热镀锌板应用于汽车制造业的20多年间，世界各汽车生产大国都在努力开发和研制以防腐蚀为目标，并综合考虑焊接性、涂敷性和成型性的高质量热镀锌板。使热镀锌板在汽车制造所用钢材的比例不断上升。 关键词：热镀锌工艺控制 1、镀锌的目的和作用 钢材的防腐问题，随着国家工业化的发展，在整个国民经济中具有重要的经济意义。腐蚀会造成极大的经济损失。据统计，世界上每年因腐蚀而报废的金属制品重量大约相当于金属年产量的三分之一，即使考虑在腐蚀报废的金属制品中有三分之二可以回收，每年也还有相当于年产量大约百分之十的进入被腐蚀损失掉了。何况腐蚀损失的价值是不能仅仅已损失了多少金属来计算的。因为，被腐蚀报废的金属制品的制造价值往往要比金属本身的价值好得多。因此，为了节约钢材，必须解决钢材的腐蚀问题。热镀锌薄板在不同的环境气氛中，主要进行两种腐蚀，即：化学腐蚀：金属同周围介质发生直接的化学作用，例如，干燥气体及不导电的液体介质对锌所起的化学作用。电化学腐蚀：金属在潮湿的气体以及导电的液体介质中，由于电子的流动而引起的腐蚀。腐蚀的结果是产生白锈。白锈的主要成分为氧化锌、氯化锌、硫化锌、硫酸锌、碳酸锌等腐蚀产物。 钢板之所以进行热镀锌，是因为锌在腐蚀环境中能在表面形成耐腐蚀性良好的薄膜。它不仅保护了锌层本身，而且保护了钢基。所以，经热镀锌之后的钢材，大大地延长了使用寿命。 2、典型热镀锌钢卷工艺流程 热镀锌钢卷的产品品种很多，生产工艺流程亦各有特点。其中应
DIN20043-煤矿液压系统管件接头资料
月
DIN20043：2003-09 1 应用范围 本标准适用于DIN20021、DIN EN853、DIN EN856和DIN EN857标准规定的软管与液压塑胶管连接的插接器。表格1规定的最大工作压力值适用于液压矿山支架和防尘运行设备。 本标准规定了 - 最大工作压力， - 所有单个部件的连接尺寸， - 所属锁扣、O型环和垫圈所有其它必要的规定， - 最低破裂应力值， - 对脉冲压力检测的要求。 表格1规定了矿山用插接器的最大工作压力。它们适用于液压矿山支架和防尘运行设备。 表格1 –最大工作压力 第2页
DIN20043：2003-09 2 引用标准 本标准通过标注日期或未标注日期的引用包含了其它出版物的规定。这些引用标准出现在文中相应的段落，在其后面注明了出版物。出现标注日期的引用是因为该出版物后来经过的修订或加工使此条标准通过修订或加工得到了补充。未标注日期的引用则以涉及的出版物（包括修订）最后一版为准。 DIN 3771-4，射流技术- O型环–形状与表面误差。 DIN 20021，射流技术–带套管的塑胶管– DIN EN 853至DIN EN 857标准的补充。 DIN 24320，阻燃液压油– HFAE组别，特性，要求。 DIN 51524-1，压力液体- 液压油- 液压油HL –最低要求。 DIN 51524-2，压力液体- 液压油- 液压油HLP –最低要求。 DIN EN 853：1997-02，橡胶管材与塑胶管线–带金属丝网套管的液压管材–技术规范；德文版EN 853：1996。 DIN EN 856，橡胶管材与塑胶管线–带钢丝螺旋线套管的液压管材–技术规范；德文版EN 856：1996。 DIN EN 857，橡胶管材与塑胶管线–带金属丝网套管的整体液压管材–技术规范；德文版EN 857：1996。 DIN EN 10083-1，调制钢–特种钢技术交货条件（包括修订版A1：1996）；德文版EN 10083-1：1991 + A1：1996。 DIN EN 10270-1，弹簧钢丝–部分1：涉及专利的合金弹簧钢丝；德文版EN 10270-1：2001。DIN EN 10270-3，弹簧钢丝–部分3：不锈钢弹簧钢丝；德文版EN 10270-3：2001。 DIN EN 10277-3，冷拔钢材产品–技术交货条件- 部分3：易切削钢；德文版EN 10277-3：1999。DIN EN 10278，冷拔钢材产品的尺寸和极限偏差；德文版EN 10278：1999。 DIN EN ISO 1043-1，合成材料–字母代码与缩写–部分1：基础聚合物及其特性（ISO 1043-1：2001）；德文版EN ISO 1043-1：2002。 DIN EN ISO 1402，橡胶和合成材料软管与塑胶管–静压测试（ISO 1402：1994）；德文版EN ISO 1402：1996。 DIN EN ISO 6803，橡胶和合成材料软管与塑胶管–无弯曲液压压力脉冲检测（ISO 6803：1994）；德文版EN ISO 6803：1997。 DIN ISO 1629，橡胶和胶乳–分类，缩写；与ISO 1629：1987标准一致。 DIN ISO 2768-1，基本公差–不填写个别公差的长度与角度尺寸公差；与ISO 2768-1：1989标准一致。 第3页
连续热镀锌工艺的现状及发展
内蒙古科技大学 本科生课程论文 题目：连续热镀锌工艺的现状及发展学生姓名： 学号： 专业：材料成型机控制工程 班级： 指导老师：
连续热镀锌工艺的现状及发展 摘要 本文主要是介绍了带钢连续热镀锌工艺及其改进，包括热镀锌工艺流程、以及热镀锌的核心设备及改进设备和连续热镀锌退火设备的技术进步，发展了热镀锌保护气体的技术和常用的几种热镀锌钢板生产技术以及锌金属制品概况及技术，讨论了新型热镀锌材料的开发，指出了国内外发展状况及差距，介绍连续热镀锌产品发展趋势，以及对连续热镀锌产品。 关键词: 连续热镀锌; 工艺技术; 合金化; 高强钢 Current process and technology investigation situation in the field of steel strip continuous hot-dip galvanization Abstract This paper mainly introduces the hot dip galvanizing process and its improvement, technological progress includes hot dip galvanizing process, as well as the core equipment of hot dip galvanizing and improved equipment and continuous hot dip galvanizing annealing equipment, development of hot dip galvanizing protective gas technology and several commonly used galvanized steel production technology and of zinc metal products and technology, discussion the development of new hot dip galvanized material, and points out the development status and the gap between China and abroad, the development trend of continuous hot dip galvanized products, as well as to the continuous hot dip galvanized products. 前言 热镀纯锌( GI, galvanized) 产品及其合金化( GA, galvannealed) 产品具有优良的耐蚀性能, 成本也相对较低, 而且随着热镀锌技术的进步, 其产品表面质量几乎可以与电镀锌产品相媲美, 因而在汽车上得到了广泛地应用。目前,
英语新课标九年级课文翻译Unit9-14
英语新课标九年级课文翻译Unit9-14 Unit9 I like music that I can dance to. SectionA 2d 吉尔:斯科特,周末你打算干什么呢? 斯科特:没什么事,我估计就是听听我新买的激光唱片吧. 吉尔:哦?是什么激光唱片? 斯科特:嗯,全是音乐的,没有歌曲。我喜欢听舒缓的音乐来放松自己,尤其是在工作了漫长的一周以后。 吉尔:听起来不错啊。嗯,如果你有空,愿意和我一起去看部电影吗?(电影的)导演很有名。 斯科特:嗯,那要看什么电影。我只喜欢有趣的电影,我只想笑一笑不想费脑筋,你懂我的意思吧? 吉尔:哦,那样的话,我还是去邀请喜欢看严肃电影的人吧. 斯科特:(你说的)电影是关于什么的? 吉尔:是关于第二次世界大战的。我喜欢能让我思考的电影。 section A, 3a 今天你想看什么(电影)呢? 虽然一些人坚持只看一种电影,但是我喜欢看不同种类的电影,(具体)由当时盼心情决定。 当我情绪低落或感到疲惫的时候,我更喜欢能让我开心的影片。比如,像《黑衣人》那样的喜剧片或像《功夫熊猫》这类的动画片,通常都有滑稽的对话和一个愉快的结局。影片中的人物不一定完美,但是他们都会尽力去解决问题,看了这样的电影,我所面对的许多问题突然间会显得不那么严重,我也会感觉好多了。两个小时的欢笑是一种很好的放松方式。 当我伤心或劳累的时候,我不看剧情片或纪录片。像《泰坦尼克号》这样的剧情片只会让我更伤心。像《帝企鹅日记》这样的纪录片,(通常)会针对某个特定话题提供丰富的信息,(内容)也很有趣,但是当我累的时候,我不想思考太多。当我太累不想思考时,我不介意看像《蜘蛛侠》这样的动作电影。我只想屏蔽我的大脑,坐在那里观看一个令人兴奋的超级英雄,他总是能在关键时刻挽救世界。 偶尔我会喜欢看恐怖片。虽然它们很有意思,但是我会因为太害怕而不敢独自一人看,我总会带上一位不怕这些类型的电影的朋友(一起看),这样就觉得没那么可怕了。 Secton B 2b 凄美 昨晚我的一个中国朋友带我去听了一场中国民间音乐会。其中有一首二胡曲令我特别感动。音乐出奇的美,但是在那美的背后,我感受到悲伤和痛苦。这首曲子有个简单的名字,《二泉映月》,但它是我听到过的最感人的曲子之一。二胡(的声音)听起来那么悲伤,以至于我在听的时候也几乎随着它哭了。后来我查阅了《二泉映月》的历史,开始理解音乐中蕴含的伤感。 这首曲子由一位民间音乐家阿炳写成,他于1893年出生在无锡市。在他还很小的时候,他的母亲就去世了。阿炳的父亲教他弹奏各种乐器,如鼓、笛子和二胡。到了十七岁,阿炳就以他的音乐天赋闻名。然而,他的父亲去世后,阿炳的生活变得更糟糕。他很穷,还得了很严重的疾病,眼睛瞎了。好些年他都没有家,他住在大街上,以弹奏音乐来谋生。即使在他结了婚有了家以后,他还是继续在街道上唱歌、弹曲,他以这种方式表演了好多年。 阿炳惊人的音乐技能让他在有生之年就非常出名。到他临终前,他已会弹六百多首曲子,大部分是他自己写的。遗憾的是,一共只有六首曲子被录了下来得以传世,但时至今日,他(的作品)依旧颇受人们喜爱。今天,阿炳的《二泉映月》成 了所有伟大的二胡演奏家弹奏和赞赏的曲子。它已成了中国文化魁宝之一。它的凄美不仅描绘出阿炳自己的生活,而且也让人们回想起自身的悲苦体验和最深的的痛。
翻译中国文化和历史
翻译（一）、中国文化和历史 1、狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。 The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals. In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans. The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years. During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty. Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness. 2、端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。 ? The Duanwu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified. People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water, hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes. 3、上海菜系是中国最年轻的地方菜系，通常被成为“本帮菜”，有着400多年的历史。同中国其他菜系一样，“本帮菜”具有“色，香，味”三大要素。//上海菜的特点是注重调料的使用，食物的质地和菜的原汁原味。其中最著名的有特色点心“南翔小笼”和特色菜“松鼠鲑鱼”。//“南翔小笼”是猪肉馅，个小味美，皮薄汁醇。“松鼠鲑鱼”色泽黄亮，形如松鼠，外皮脆而内肉嫩，汤汁酸甜适口。//在品尝过“松鼠鲑鱼”之后，我们常常惊讶于“松鼠”的形状，觉得在三大评价标准上在添加“形”这个标准才更合适。 Shanghai cuisine, usually called Benbang cuisine, is the youngest among themajor regional cuisines in China, with a history of more than 400 years. Like all other Chinese regional cuisines, Benbang cuisines takes “color, aroma and taste”as its essential quality elements.//Shanghai cuisine emphasizes in particular the expert use of seasonings,
带钢连续热镀锌生产线核心设备技术特点
带钢连续热镀锌生产线核心设备技术特点 杨文清 (新疆八一钢铁股份有限公司) 摘 要: 介绍了带钢连续热镀锌生产线退火炉、锌锅、气刀等核心设备的技术特点及将来的发展趋势。 关键词: 带钢;热镀锌;退火炉;锌锅 1 前言 从1931年世界上第一条带钢连续镀锌生产线的建成,热镀锌工艺得到了不断的发展,形成了如森吉米尔法、美钢联法等多种工艺形式,镀锌设备技术的不断更新也促进了镀锌工艺的快速发展,特别是其核心设备的新技术在镀锌生产线的运用,使热镀锌板的质量及热镀锌生产能力有了极大提高,镀锌板在各行业的运用越来越广泛。 2 带钢热镀锌工艺简介 热镀锌板的生产工艺主要包括:原板准备—镀前处理—热浸镀—镀后处理—成品检验。 根据镀前处理的方法不同,热镀锌工艺分为线外退火和线内退火。线外退火,就是热轧或冷轧钢板进入热镀锌生产线之前,首先在罩式退火炉或其他退火炉中进行再结晶退火,镀锌线内不设退火工艺,由于此工艺生产工艺复杂,生产成本高,镀层粘附性差等缺陷,问世近50年,未得到发展,已逐步被淘汰;线内退火,就是用未经退火的冷硬卷或热轧卷作为原板,在热镀锌作业线内进行气体保护在结晶退火,此类型的工艺方法有多种形式,主要有森吉米尔法、改良森吉米尔法、美钢联法、赛拉斯法等,目前在世界镀锌行业中,运用最多、工艺发展最成熟的主要为改良森吉米尔法和美钢联法。改良森吉米尔法和美钢联法这两种的工艺的主要区别是带钢在线热处理前的脱脂方式,前者采用NO F炉火焰燃烧清洗带钢表面,而后者采用碱液电解脱脂清洗带钢表面,其他工序基本相同。 3 带钢热镀锌线设备配置 为满足工艺流程,一般热镀锌设备配置包括原料准备设备,如开卷机、焊机等;前处理设备,如化学清洗、电解清洗设备;退火炉;热浸镀设备,如沉没辊装置、锌锅、气刀等;镀后处理设备。如光整机、拉矫机、涂油机、卷取机等;另外包括张力辊、转向辊、活套等辅助设备。 从工艺特性来看,退火炉及热浸镀设备是决定热镀锌产品的质量的最核心设备。所谓热镀锌板的产品质量,集中地表现在钢基性能、镀层性能和表面状态等三个方面。就其影响因素,连续退火炉决定钢基性能,热浸镀设备(含锌锅、沉没辊及气刀等)决定表面状态,热浸镀设备和退火炉共同决定镀锌层性能。因此,带钢热镀锌线影响产品质量的核心设备主要是退火炉、锌锅、气刀、沉没辊及稳定辊。 4 核心设备技术特点 4.1 退火炉 热镀锌线退火炉形式多样,有立式(塔失)炉、卧式炉、立卧混合炉,改良森吉米尔法与美钢联法两种工艺主要区别在炉子上,按工艺作用可分为改良森吉米尔法退火炉、美钢联退火炉。 退火炉主要有两个作用:一是使带钢再结晶退火;二是使带钢具有一个清洁的无氧化物的活性表面。其基本工作状态就是使带钢在充满含氢的保护气氛中加热至再结晶温度以上,并保温、均热、冷却,使带钢密封地进入锌锅中进行热镀锌。 各种形式退火炉都有各自的特点,各家公司在设计上也不尽相同。通常,一般退火炉都由预热、加热、均热、冷却、锌锅入口段组成,其中改良森吉米尔法退火炉预热段采用明火直接加热,以达到清洁带钢表面作用。加热段采用辐射管烧嘴,鼓吸式并带有换热器;均热段与加热段为一体,由于辐射管布置结构分割为8～10个独立控制区,可按所需热周期进行 联系人:杨文清,男,35岁,大学,机械工程师,乌鲁木齐(830022),新疆八一钢铁股份有限公司61
九年级英语课文翻译,帮忙
7楼 迪士尼乐园是个娱乐的公园，但我们也可以叫它“主题公园”。它拥有你在其他公园可以找到的所有的娱乐设施，但是它有一个主题。当然，这个主题就是迪士尼电影和迪士尼人物。比如说，在其他一些公园你可以看到到摩天轮，但是在迪士尼乐园，摩天轮就有了“迪士尼人物”的主题。这意味着你可以在摩天轮的任何地方看到迪士尼人物。同样，你也可以看有关迪士尼的电影，在迪士尼餐厅就餐，买迪士尼礼物。你还随时可以看到迪士尼乐园里来回走动的迪士尼人物！ 你听说过“迪士尼航行”吗？那是同样有迪士尼主题的巨大的船。你可以在船上航行几天，还可以在甲板上吃东西睡觉。和迪士尼乐园一样，甲板上也有许多吸引人的地方。你可以购物，参加迪士尼的聚会，和米老鼠一起吃晚餐。这些船有几条不同的航线，但最终都会抵达同样的地方。那就是属于迪士尼乐园的小岛。 在迪士尼乐园的乐趣简直太多了！ 9. p72 UNIT 9 3a: Come to the Hilltop Language School and change your life. 来到Hilltop语言学校,改变你的人生! 第一篇:这里是两名同学讲述关于我校的事情 当我还是个小女孩,我就梦想着去旅行,因而我选择了个最佳的方式—从事空中乘务员.我做这个行业已有两年了,它的确是份有趣的工作,我能游遍世界各地,但也我发现说好英语对我来说是件多么重要的事,正因如此早在当空乘之前我就在Hilltop语言学校学习五年了,我以一口流利的口语赢得了这份工作,谢谢, Hilltop语言学校! Mei Shan 第二篇: 我渴望当一名导游,事实上,这是我一直都很想要从事的事业.我渴望旅行,特别是英语国家,像是美国,澳大利亚.不论如何我知道我必须提高我的英语能力,于是我来到Hilltop语言学校进行口语学习, Hilltop语言学校对我的学习有很大的帮助,我已经在这里学满一年了,非常热爱这个地方.或许当我要离开这个学校的时候,我开始想做一名英语教师的热情会大过于想做一名导游! David Feng 9. p74 UNIT 9 3a: Have you ever been to Singapore？翻译！ 你去过新加坡吗？ 对于很多中国旅游者来说，这个位于东南亚的小岛是个度假的好去处。一方面，超过四分之
中级翻译之一(文化与翻译)
Cast P earls before swine.牛一猪） 7）落汤鸡/落水狗：Like a drow ned mouse .鸡/狗一鼠） 8）热锅上的蚂蚁： Like a cat o n hot bricks.蚂蚁一猫） 9）宁为鸡头，毋为牛后： Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lio n.鸡 —狗，牛一狮） 由此可见，中国成语中的动物在英语成语中已不属于同一动物了。 2. 与颜色有关的成语或谚语英汉也不尽相同 在颜色的作用上，有相同点。比如，红色（red ），无论是在英语国家，还是在 中国，往往都与庆祝活动和喜庆日子有关。如中国有 开门红”代表着好运气。 英语有“redletter days 纪念日，喜庆日）等。但更多的还是有不同点，而且两种 语言在颜色 的意义上也有区别。如 黄色”（yellow ）在西方黄色表示懦弱，胆小， 不敢面对现实。而在中国，黄色是帝王的象征。只有皇帝才配着黄色。再如 蓝 色” （blue ）在英语中通常表示不快活，心情不好。如： 1） He is blue today 文化与翻译 英汉成语、谚语中的语言文化差异 其语言也必然会有很大的差别。语言 来谈 由于中西方的社会文化存在着很大的差异， 离不开文化，文化也离不开语言。本文就英汉成语或谚语对译的几个实例, 谈两种语言在成语或谚语中所存在的文化差异。 1.与动物有关的成语或谚语英汉不尽相同 1）他壮得像头牛。 He is as stro ng as a horse 牛一马） 2）她胆小如 鼠。 She is as timid as a hare （鼠一兔） 3）养虎遗 患: Warm a sn ake in on e's bosom 虎—蛇） 4）瓮中之鳖: Like a rat in a hole.（鳖一鼠） 5）害群之 马: Black shee p.马一羊） 6）对牛弹琴:
带钢连续热镀锌镀铝锌机组操作规程
带钢连续热镀锌／镀铝锌机组 操作规程
目录 1原料库 2上料 3上卷及开卷 4切头操作 5甩尾及卸卷芯操作 6焊接操作 7清洗段操作 8入口主控 9退火炉操作 9.1操作要求 9.2点炉操作 9.3炉子穿带 9.4炉子HN气体供给 9.5机组启动 9.6停炉 9.7事故处理 9.7.1停电事故操作 9.7.2异常压力事故 9.7.2.1.助燃空气压力下降 9.7.2.2.主烧嘴燃气压力下降 9.7.2.3.点火烧嘴燃气压力下降
9.7.2.4.N2压力下降 9.7.2.5.HN压力下降 9.7.2.6.炉压下降 9.7.2.7.冷却水压力下降9.7.3断带事故操作 9.7.4点火烧嘴失灵的操作10锌锅操作 11工艺段启动操作 12光整操作 13拉矫操作 14钝化 15静电涂油 16出口段的启动操作 17卷取操作(以1#卷取机为例)
带钢连续热镀锌／镀铝锌机组操作规程 1原料库 1.1操作要求 1.1.1按照镀铝锌钢卷原料技术要求对轧硬钢卷进行验收； 1.1.2严格按料场规定放置钢卷，严禁随便乱放钢卷； 1.1.3必须及时做好钢卷相应记录； 1.1.4确保机组间物流信息流运行畅通。 1.2收料： 1.2.1在轧后库按镀铝锌原料技术条件要求对轧硬钢卷进行验收。 1.3指吊落库 1.3.1钢卷验收合格后，现场指挥吊车将钢卷吊放到镀锌前库正常卷区库位。1.3.2钢卷只能落在有垫板的指定位置，禁止直接堆放在水泥地上。 1.4钢卷记录 1.4.1将钢卷规格、材质、钢卷号、生产合同号、重量准确记录到收料台账上。 1.4.2钢卷落到相应库位后，将钢卷库位号记录到收料台帐上。 1.4.3将收料钢卷质量信息填写在信息传递卡上，并进行准确的信息传递。1.5注意事项 1.5.1若发现来料不符合技术要求，不能直接收料，必须经相应的处理后，才能收料。 1.5.2若钢卷标号不准确必须与轧钢核对清楚，重新标记后，才能吊往库。1.5.3吊运钢卷过程中，必须轻吊轻放。
人教版九年级英语课文全册翻译
人教版九年级英语课文翻译 一单元 SECTION A 1a 我通过制作抽认卡来学习。通过和朋友一起学习。通过听磁带。通过做抽认卡。通过向老师求助。通过读课本。通过制作单词本。 1c A：你怎么为考试而学习。B：我通过参加学习小组来学习。 2a 1、你是通过看英文录像学英语的吗？ 2、你曾和朋友们练习过对话吗？ 3、听磁带怎么样？ 4、大声朗读以练习发音怎么样？5、我曾经通过参加学习小组的方式学习过吗？ 2b A是的，我通过那种学习方式学到了很多。B、哦，是的，它提高了我说英语的能力。C、有时那样做。我觉得他有用。D、不。（通过看英语录像学习）太难了，无法理解录像中的人所说的话。 2c A你曾经通过参加学习小组来学习吗？B、是的，我参加赤字，通过那种方式我学到了很多。 Grammer Focus 你怎么为准备一场考试而学习？我靠听磁带。你怎样学习英语？我通过参加学习小组来学习。你通过大声朗读来学习英语吗？是的，我是。你曾和朋友们练习过对话吗？哦，是的，他提高了我说英语的能力。你曾经通过参加学习？小组来学习吗？是的，我参加过。通过那种方式我学习到了很多。 3a如何才能学得最好 这星期我们询问了新星高中的同学关于学习更多英语的最佳方法的问题。许多同学说他们通过使用英语为学习它，一些还有很特别的建议。比如，李莉莲说学习新单词的最好的方法是阅读英语杂志。她说记忆浒音乐的歌词也有一些作用。当我们问及学习语法的问题时，她说：“我从不学习语法。它太枯燥了。” 魏明有不同的看法。他学习英语已经6年了，并且确实喜欢英语。他认为学习语法是学习一门语言的一种好方法。他还认为观看英语电影也不错，国灰他可以看到演员说话的情形。但是，有时候他发现看英语电影是件很头痛的事情，因为那些演员说话太快了。 刘畅说加入学校英语俱乐部是提高英语最好的方法。学生有很多练习的机会并且他们也有很多乐趣。她补充说和朋友练习会话一点用处也没有。“我们会因为某件事变得很激动，最后用汉语来讲，”她说。 3b A：我正在作一个关于学习英语的调查。我能问你一些问题吗？B：当然。A：太好了！你叫什么名字？B：魏明。A：那么你是怎样学习英语的，魏明？B：…… 4 A：你列词汇表吗？B：噢，是的。我常那样做。 SECTION B 1a我不会发其中一些单词的音。我不会拼写一些英语单词。我听不懂英语口语。我在语法上犯错误。我读得很慢。1b我不知道怎么使用逗号。 2a 1、不能正确发音。 2、忘记很多生词。 3、人们和我说话时我不能每次都听懂。 4、不能理解杂志中的单词。 5、没有获得很多写作训练。 2B A、你可以一直将生词写在你的笔记本里，并在家学习它们。B、你应该找一个笔友。C、听力能起作用。D、为什么不加入一个英语俱乐部来练习说英语呢？ 2C A：我没有搭档来练习英语。B、也许我应该加入一个英语俱乐部。 3a我是怎样学习英语的 去年英语课对我来说很难。首先，对我来说听懂老师说话很难。开始，她说的太快，我不能听懂每个单词，后来，我意识到如果你听不懂每个单词并没有关系。而且我害怕在班上说话，因为我认为同学们可能会嘲笑我。我也不是总能造出完整的句子。然后我开始看英文电视。那很有用。我认为做大量听力练习是成为一个好的语言学习者的秘决之一。另一件我觉得很难的事是英语语法。所以我决定在每节课上记大量语法要点。然后我开始用我正在学的语法自己写新句子。这样作用处之大令人惊奇。现在我很喜欢学英语并且这学期我得了个A。我的老师对我印象很深。作者觉学英语很难是因为……1、老师发音差。2、她说话时人们总是嘲笑她。3、她在造完整的句子方面有困难。4、英语语法很难。当她开始…她的英语提高了。5、和说英语的朋友一起出去。6、大量的听力练习。7、在自己组织的句子里使用语法。 3b 亲爱的，我知道学英语不容易，但我有一些想法可能有用。你说你不能理解说话太快的人。那么，你可以尽量听最重要的单词，而不是每个单词。 4 1、关于学英语什么不容易。2、就这一点你作了什么？3、你最喜欢的学习更多英语的方式是什么？韩文说如果人