大学英语跨文化交际所有CASE答案

大学英语跨文化交际所有CASE答案！！！是WORD格式不是PDF格式的！！！

Case 1:

An Interview in India

Case analysis: The case is about an interview between an American program host and an

Indian interviewee. They talk about some aspects of Indian culture and the changes occurred these years. The case reflects some basic cultural elements people may find in all cultures: language, family pattern, marriage, wedding ceremony, food and the way to eat food, etc. From this case, guide the students in culture study and culture comparison. The students should realize that there are both similarities and differences in culture. Culture is in fact very dynamic and pervasive. Case 2:

White Dress

Case analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see

the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.

Case 3:

The French in North America

Case analysis: The French were able to see Indian behavior only in the light of their own hierarchical social system, where it is natural for the few to command and the many to obey. Social systems that worked on other principles were literally unimaginable.

Case 4:

Coconut-skating

Case analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and it’s learned. People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture.

Case 5:

A Black Girl’s Identity

Case analysis: Although we may say that identities are constituted by our communication, it

is obvious from the case that we cannot simply choose at any moment what our identity will be regardless of the context. First, we often do not share the recipe for certain identities with others even if we belong to the same ethnicity, gender, or nationality. Understanding this can help us avoid some of the broad assumptions made about groups of people based on the reflective way of thinking. Second, as we learned in the very first chapter, all meaning in communication is to some extent situational. Thus, the context mediates what identities we can choose. Sometimes things one may have no control over, such as age or skin color, are seen as essential parts of how one communicates an identity.

Case 6

Hippies

Case analysis: Hippies could be defined as a subgroup, as the hippies culture tends to be temporary. In modern American society, hippies culture could also find traits, but it has wide spread influence on American value system.

Case 7

Clean up the Bathroom!

Case analysis: Cultural differences decide the two students are going to communicate in

different ways. The Chinese student wants the American student to understand the underlying means of his words, but the American student is used to the direct style of communication. This is decided by culture. In Chinese culture, people want to save face of both themselves and others, so they would not express their ideas directly. However, in the United States, unless you express yourself clearly and directly, the others cannot understand you.

Case 8:

She Has Three Hands

This case can reflect the different communication styles between Chinese and Canadians. In western cultures, communication is the means of transmitting ideas. Western people usually communicate directly with each other. That is why the Canadian in this case says what is in his mind directly in front of the Chinese woman without hiding anything. While Chinese culture stresses harmony and emphasizes the relationships between the communicators. Chinese people view communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship. So the Chinese woman in this case tries not to argue with the Canadian face to face to k eep the “harmonious relationship” between them.

Case 9:

A Piece of Cake

This case wants us to recognize some components of communication. Sender/source refers to

the person who transmits a message. Receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning

to a message. Context refers to a setting or situation within which communication takes place. In this case, Marilyn and Richard are simultaneously the senders and receivers. And their room, where the communication event happens and which makes the couple feel comfortable and relaxed, is just the context.

Case 10:

The Place to Have Lunch

This case reflects that communication is contextual, which means that communication does

not happen in isolation and it must happen within a setting or context. Whether this context is quiet or noisy is important to the smoothness of communication. When the communication event

is disturbed by noise, the communication can not go smoothly. In this case,

Case 11:

Making an Appointment

This case can reflect how culture affects its communication style. Each culture encourages a particular communication style expected within it. This implies not only using correct symbols,

but also applying the appropriate communication style for the occasion. Communication styles include mannerisms, phrases, rituals, and communication customs appropriate for various situations in a culture. In this case, knowing the communication style of the Americans which is characterized by direct, exacting and instrumental, the exporter manager fulfills his job successfully.

Case 12:

Why Don’t You Eat the Pizza?

This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication. In Malaysia, where most people are

Muslims, people think the left hand is used only for cleaning the body and thus it is dirty and can

not be used to pass food. Knowing nothing about the cultural difference, the American student

puts himself in an embarrassing situation.

Case 13:

We and They?

This case reflects that in intercultural communication, people always regard themselves as the

best group in the world. This is actually inappropriate and should be avoided.

Case 14:

Perception of War

This case can reflect different cultures can give different influences on human perception.

People can have very different perceptions even on the same object or phenomenon because they have different cultures and are living in the different social realities. In this case, Jim and Olga

have very different attitudes and perception s towards historical events because their nations’different experiences and histories.

Case 15:

Observations on a Soldier

This case can reflect the basic model of human perception. Human being is equipped to sense

the outside stimuli and perceive the outside world. And the perception follows a certain model—after being gained through the five basic senses, information is processed through selection, organization and interpretation. In this case, Sherlock Holmes and Mycroft did observations on the soldier according to the basic model of human perception. They selected some useful information which they gained from outside world through their five basic senses,

organized it in a reasonable logic and then attached meanings to it.

Case 16:

Different Responses to Noise

This case can reflect different culture can give different influences on human sensation. No two of people can assume that their sensations are the same, especially when they come from different cultures.

Different social reality and living conditions can equip them with different way to sense the world. So it is

very common for them to have totally different sensations even towards the same condition. In this case,

the German professor and Japanese professor have very different response to the noise produced

by the same motor for the heating system because of their cultures and living habits.

Case 17:

What Is Black?

This case can reflect we have some barriers to accurate perception in intercultural communication. We have the ability to perceive the outside world, but we cannot always get the accurate perceptions, especially when we do the perception on other cultures, we often give the inaccurate and negative perceptions. In this case, on discussing the impersonal color “black”, we

give so many bad and negative meanings while black pupils can give some objective descriptions

and associations about the color. The barriers can include ignoring details, over-generalizing,

holding on to preconceptions and stereotypes imposing consistency, preconnecting causes and effects, preferring simple explanations, ignoring circumstances, crediting irrelevant information and focusing

on

the negative.

Case 18:

Are Perceptions Always Right?

This case can reflect our perceptions on outside world are not always right, especially when

we do perceptions on other cultures. We usually perceive others according to our own culture.

This can lead to ineffective intercultural communication. In this case Pat and Chris gave

inaccurate and negative perceptions on Akira and Michiko just because of their

Irresponsible judgment and they also gave completely positive perceptions on Marie just because

of their simple expectations. In order to avoid the inaccurate perceptions, we need some skills, including increase your understanding of the perceptual process; increase your observational acuity; recognize the elements to which you attribute meaning; check your perceptions; increase your Awareness

of perceptual inaccuracies and compensate for them ;increase your awareness of others’ percepti ons of you; and develop social decentering, empathy, and other-orientation.

Case 20:

Chinese Hospitality — Overdone

This case reflects that sometimes people unconsciously assume that people from another

culture may behave in a way which is similar to theirs. The Chinese usually attach a lot of importance to taking care of their guests. When it comes to a foreign visitor, Chinese hospitality is usually more than what can be understood by a Westerner, who is uncomfortable when he is

always surrounded by people attempting to be kind. Concerning this case, Hong tried to respect

her traditions and her friend by doing more than she could really afford to do for Joe's visit, having no idea that Joe ended up feeling frustrated.

Case 21:

A Danish Woman in New York

This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference. When communicating with

people from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”. In this case, the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone, which is common in Denmark, is also appropriate in New York. Here, she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is also

indisputable in another culture. That is why the small conflict happens.

Case 22:

Ambiguous Time

This case can reflect ethnocentrism. Cultures train their members to use the categories of

their own cultural experiences when judging the experiences of people from other cultures. They

will believe that their culture is the center of the world and their standard should be the role model for the rest of the world. Concerning this case, somehow Chinese people have habitually referred 12:00 a.m. as the time around lunchtime, making 12 : 00 p.m. midnight. Fortunately, the way they tell other times are the same as that used in the States, so there's usually no misunderstanding between people from the two cultures. However, there is this one difference and Fan learns it by paying a fine since she may hold that her culture is the center of the world.

Case 23:

Girl-ness

This case can reflect one of the translation problems: the lack of conceptual equivalence,

which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in different languages. Different cultures may attach different meanings to the same thing or person. Concerning this case, we should know what young females call themselves is very different in China from the States. In China, "girl" means someone who is young and single. In a way, it makes a female sound more desirable to be called a girl rather than a woman. For most people, "woman" means someone who

is married and who probably is not young. In fact, most single Chinese females, such as university students, would be insulted to be called "women". While in the West, in formal, public settings, it

is customary to call any woman who is past puberty a woman, even though she may not be legally old enough to vote, marry, purchase alcoholic beverages, drive a car, or sign a contract. This terminology became widespread during the "women's liberation movement in the 1960s". The

term "'girl" is sometimes interpreted to be demeaning or disrespectful.

Case 24:

An Unfair Decision

This case reflects prejudice, which involves an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude

towards another group of people. In this case, Mr. Bias decided to select someone else, instead of applicant from the country Levadel, for the position. That is just because he holds prejudice towards people from the country Levadel.

Case 25:

Success Story

One of the sources of the frustration and misunderstandings that occurred in this case was

different notions of what was verbally relevant. In this case, Mary was expecting a much more direct response to her question. Ms. Goshima, however, was uncomfortable with the question and felt her response should be very indirect and establish a proper sense of modesty before revealing the answer to the question. If Mary had been more patient, she would have eventually heard the answer to her question, but she was not really paying attention when it finally came because she

felt that Ms. Goshima's comments weren't really relevant to her query.

Case 26:

Slogans and the Importance of Language

The intercultural encounters we experience are not only influenced by language and perceptual differences, and language choice based on restricted and elaborated social situations, but also on language and how it is translated for members of a culture. For many reasons linguistic interpretation and semantics provide the source of numerous misunderstandings. For instance, an insurance company discovered that fires inadvertently occurred because warehouse employees acted carelessly around "empty" barrels of gasoline, although they previously had exercised great caution around "full" drums of gasoline. The terms full and empty seem to mask the real danger in working with gasoline drums. Empty drums are extremely combustible, while full drums pose far less threat. The linguistic perception of the word empty in the general culture signified null or void, but in the work culture of volatile products like gasoline the semantic "interpretation" was disastrous. A story is told of a Christian Scientist who refused to take vitamins, since the recommender described them as "medicine." However, the same person gladly took the vitamins when he was told they were "food."

Case 28:

Two Different Communication Styles

The dialogue takes place between a young couple who have been dating for a short time. The

man is a U.S. student, and the woman is from an Asian culture. Note the misunderstanding that results as a consequence of the use of direct and indirect modes of communication.

In all likelihood, Jim is not going to get much of an answer from Michiko. She continues throughout the dialogue using rather general answers to Jim's very specific and direct questions about her feelings toward the United States. Michiko might believe that Jim is being far too direct and invading her privacy. Besides, the fact that she has traveled halfway around the world should lie indicative of her desire to be here, right? There must he something about the United States that attracted her. Michiko cannot possibly say something critical about the United States because she would lose face, as would Jim, as a native. She relies on imprecise and indefinite answers.

Case 29:

Misunderstanding

Idioms are simply statements that are not strictly true, but their meaning is understood by a

group of people. If you ask what happened to Martha and people say, "She kicked the bucket," it does not mean that she literally did this; it means she died. Just like in the case my student's friend did not literally mean that Shang should get out of the apartment. Idioms are common in all cultures, but when used in intercultural settings they can create a lot of confusion. One potential area of misunderstanding related to idioms is when to use them and with whom. For example, I would not use the "kick the bucket" idiom just any setting or with just any person. If I am talking with my grandmother and I am going to tell her about someone who has died, I may use what is often perceived as a gentler idiom and say the person has "passed away." Understanding the context of when an idiom is appropriate or sensible is part of intercultural knowledge.

Case 31:

Going Out to Eat

In the interaction, Jim is a student at a local university. He was born and raised in the United States. Akira is an exchange student from Japan. Jim and Akira are eating dinner together in a local restaurant. They have known each other for only a short time. Not only is Jim's style of communication overtly personal, but he's also quite direct.

Jim is trying to involve Akira in the conversation by relating to him his personal experiences

and preferences. Jim uses the first person "I" no fewer than eleven times and even refers to Akira as "Buddy." Akira never refers to himself in the first person; Akira generally defers to Jim and

says little, even addressing Jim as "Mr. Jim." As a foreigner, Akira probably sees Jim as socially superior and uses a formal title. Moreover, rather than talking about his personal preferences, Akira mentions that Japanese people enjoy restaurants.

Case 32:

What Is Wrong with the Interaction?

This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actual

intercultural communication. Nonverbal communication differs according to different cultures. People might have different opinions about the proper space, time, body language and paralanguage. If we don’t pay attention to intercultura l nonverbal communication, we will have some misunderstanding and conflict. In this case, Jim (an American), Mitsuko and Akira (two Japanese) belong to totally different cultures; they have very different opinions about the space

新编跨文化交际英语教程 参考答案

Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures Reading I Intercultural Communication：An Introduction Comprehension questions 1. Is it still often the case that “everyone?s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world? This is still powerful in today‘s soci al and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants. 2. What?s the difference between today?s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past? Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history. 3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today? New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter. 4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”? Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent. 5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication? The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state). 6. What does one?s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it? The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world. 7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture? Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community. 8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to? People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions,eye contact and gaze, touch, etc. 9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist? A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society. Reading II The Challenge of Globalization Comprehension questions 1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed? Many things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.

中西文化比较2019尔雅答案

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翻译研究的语篇分析模式及其意义(二)

英语知识 一、导论 20 世纪90 年代,语篇分析开始在翻译研究中占主导地位。语篇分析法侧重于描述语言意义交流及建立社会和权力关系的运作方式。翻译研究中, 最具影响力的语篇分析模式当数礼德的系统功能语篇分析。语篇分析模式引入翻译研究后,对翻译研究那种众说纷纭,莫衷一是的混乱局面无疑注入了一塘清水,尤其对中国翻译界挥之不去的语文学式的翻译研究产生了重要影响。西方翻译研究者把语篇分析引入翻译研究后,已经取得了重要进展,出版了几部重要作品,主要有:J uliane House 的《翻译质量评估模式:一种重访模式》( Translation QualityAssessment : A Model Revisited ) ,[ 1 ]Mona Baker 的《换言之: 翻译教程》( In Other Words : A CourseBook on Translation ) ,[ 2 ] Bell 的《翻译的理论与实践》( Translation and Translating ) ,[ 3 ] Basil Hatim和Ian Mason 合著的《语篇与译者》( Discourse andthe Translator ) [ 4 ] 和《作为交际者的译者》(The ranslator as Communicator ) ,[ 5 ] Basil的《跨文化交际—翻译理论与对比篇章语言学》(Communication across Cultures : Translation Theoryand Cont rastive ) 。[6 ] J uliane House 通过对原文和译文进行语域对比分析以确定译作评估模式,并分析了显性翻译(overt translation) 和隐形翻译(coverttranslation) 。显性翻译自称不是翻译,隐形翻译则被定义为在译语文化中享有和源语文本平等的地位。Baker 探讨了翻译中语言各层次尤其是语篇和语用层次上的对等。Basil Hatim 和Ian Mason 将符号层上的语篇融入其翻译研究模式,代表了更广泛意义上的话语观。在我国,将语篇分析模式引入翻译研究的应首推黄国文和美芳二教授。黄国文在《外语与外语

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Unit 3 Cultural Diversity Reading I Different Lands, Different Friendships Comprehension questions 1. Why is it comparatively easy to make friends in the United States? Because few Americans stay put for a lifetime. With each move, forming new friendship becomes a necessity and part of their new life. 2. Do people from different countries usually have different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being? Yes. The difficulty when strangers from two countries meet is their different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being. 3. How is friendship in America different from friendship in West Europe? In West Europe, friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relationships, is usually more particularized and carries a heavier burden of commitment, while in America the word “friend” can be applied to a wide range of relationship and a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring. 4. In what country does friendship have much to do with one’s family? And in what country does it not? In Germany, friendship has much to do with one‘s family as friends are usually brought into the family, while in France it doesn’t as, for instance, two men may have been friends for a long time without knowing each other‘s personal life. 5. What is friendship like when it is compartmentalized? For instance, a man may play chess with a friend for thirty years without knowing his political opinions, or he may talk politics with him for as long a time without knowing about his personal life. Different friends fill different niches in each person’s life. 6. What are friendships usually based on in England? English friendships are based on shared activity. Activities at different stages of life may be of very different kinds. In the midst of the activity, whatever it may be, people fall into steps and find that they participate in the activity with the same easy anticipation of what each will do day by day or in some critical situation. 7. Do you think friendship shares some common elements in different cultures? If you do, what are they?

2017尔雅中西文化比较期末考试答案

?《中西文化比较》期末考试（20） 35' 44'' 题量： 100 满分：100.0 截止日期：2017-12-15 23:59 一、单选题 1 《周易·序卦》中自然界的始基不包括（）。 ?A、 天地 ? ?B、 阴阳 ? ?C、 男女 ? ?D、 日月 ? 我的答案：D 2

从气候角度来说，中原一带的肥厚土壤主要是受到（）的影响。 ?A、 太平洋暖湿气流 ? ?B、 副热带高压带 ? ?C、 西伯利亚冷气流 ? ?D、 温带季风 ? 我的答案：C 3 认为经验是知识的唯一来源的经验主义代表人物是（）。 ?A、 笛卡尔 ? ?B、 霍布斯

? ?C、 洛克 ? ?D、 斯宾诺莎 ? 我的答案：C 4 西方产生了帮主制主要是为了约束太强的（）。 ?A、 理性主义 ? ?B、 唯物思想 ? ?C、 专制心态 ? ?D、 共和意识 ? 我的答案：C

5 乔姆斯基认为，所有的句子具有（）。 ?A、 深层结构和表层结构 ? ?B、 表义结构和表形结构 ? ?C、 文化结构和环境结构 ? ?D、 主观结构和客观结构 ? 我的答案：A 6 第一次农业革命开始于（）。 ?A、 第二冰期结束 ? ?B、

第三冰期结束 ? ?C、 第四冰期结束 ? ?D、 第五冰期结束 ? 我的答案：C 7 地球上环境变迁最敏感的地带位于（）之间。 ?A、 北纬30°-40° ? ?B、 南纬30°-40° ? ?C、 北纬40°-50° ? ?D、 南纬40°-50° ?

我的答案：A 8 索绪尔的（）主要强调的是从静态的角度去研究语言的变化。 ?A、 历时语言学 ? ?B、 短暂语言学 ? ?C、 共时语言学 ? ?D、 纵向语言学 ? 我的答案：C 9 关于阴谋诡计，说法正确的是（）。 ?A、 中国不存在大量阴谋诡计的现象 ?

大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案完整版

期末考试范围 ? 1. 阅读理解2篇（20%） ? 2. 选词填空：15个句子（15个备选项，课后的key concepts,概念的词为主。（15%） ?eg: ———the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue. ? 3. 简答题：课后comprehension questions和case study( 课内或者稍微改动的）。（25%） 4. 实用写作：一封信什么的（格式）（10%） 5. 写作：给出某个文化现象观点，运用所学文化差异进行评论 （comment)。（30%） 如: 说给一个关于教育的话题（文化现象），我们要用所学的中 美教育差异进行评论，议论文形式。 价值观，家庭观，社会关系朋友观，饮食观，教育观，时间观等 篇目：Unit1: A B C Unit2 A Unit3 A B Unit5A Unit6A Unit7 A Unit10 B Unit1 A Key concepts reservation: 谦逊的coldness: 冷静的 modesty：谦虚的 humor：幽默的 sportsmanship：运动员精神 Q1、what is a reserved person like? Answer: A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited. Q2、what is the character of the Englishmen? Answer: reserved 、humor、modesty、cold、sportsmanship. Q3、what is sportsmanship? Answer: sportsmanship is the ability to practice a sport according to its rules, while al so showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat. Case study Q、What made the British feel quite unhappy in this situation?

中西文化比较考试题及答案

1.请从中西视域阐述文化的含义，并比较文化与文明的差异。 答：“文化”，是中国语言系统中古已有之的词汇。“文”的本义，指各色交错的纹理，引申为涵盖、反映社会、自然现象的条理及规律性。“化”，本义为改易、生成、造化，引申为教行迁善之义。“文”与“化”方合成一个整词，本义就是“以文教化”，它表示对人的性情的陶冶，品德的教养，本属精神领域之范畴。西方的“文化”，英文“culture”和德文的“kuctur”都由拉丁文“cultura”衍化而来，原意指耕作土地（故园艺学在英语为Horticulture），后来逐渐引申出神明崇拜、性情陶冶、品德教化等，这就与古汉语中“文化”所具有的“文治教化”的义项日益接近。用《中国大百科全书》社会学卷上的话说:“文化一词的中西两个来源,殊途同归,今人都用来指称人类社会的精神现象。”随着时间的流变和空间的差异，现在“文化”已成为一个内涵丰富、外延宽广的多维概念，并有广义与狭义之分。 广义的“文化”，着眼于人类与一般动物、人类社会与自然界的本质区别，着眼于人类卓立于自然的独特的生存方式，其涵盖面非常广泛，所以又称作“大文化”。“大文化”指的是人类自身的一切精神性创造活动及其结果，包括认识的（语言、哲学、科学、教育）、规范的（道德、法律、信仰）、艺术的（文学、美术、音乐、舞蹈、戏剧）、器用的（生产工具、日用器皿以及制造它们的技术）。社会的（制度、组织、风俗习惯）等等。广义的“文化”从人之所以为人的意义上立论，认为正是文化的出现“将动物的人变为创造的人、组织的人、思想的人、说话的人以及计划的人”，因而将人类社会——历史生活的全部内容统统摄入“文化”的定义域。 与广义“文化”相对的，是狭义的“文化”。狭义的“文化”排除人类社会——历史生活中关于物质创造活动及其结果的部分，专注于精神创造活动及其结果，所以又被称作“小文化”。1871年英国文化学家泰勒在《原始文化》一书中提出，文化“乃是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗和任何人作为一名社会成员而获得的能力和习惯在内的复杂整体”，是狭义“文化”早期的经典界说。在汉语言系统中，“文化”的本义是“以文教化”，亦属于“小文化”范畴。《现代汉语词典》关于“文化”的释义，即“人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富”，当属狭义文化。一般而言，凡涉及精神创造领域的文化现象，均属狭义文化。 由于文化的产生和发展,“文明”随之而来。“文明”在中国的古典中频频出现，并与“文化”词义相近。《尚书·舜典》中有“溶哲文明”,《易·乾·文言》中有“见龙在田, 天下文明”之语。唐朝经学家孔颖达对上述两句的疏解是“经天纬地曰文, 照临四方曰明。”与“文明”对译civilization, 来源于拉丁文sivis （市民）或civilitas（都市）, 表示城市生活的秩序和原则, 是相对未开化、野蛮而言, 也有启蒙、教化、不落后于时潮之意。近代中国人最早诊释的是清朝第一任驻英公使郭篙熹。他在1878年所写的日记中, 把civilized、half civilized、barbaian、相对应地称之为“教化、半教化、无教化”, 虽未出现“文明”等译词, 但也相当于“文明、半文明、野蛮”的概念。到十九世纪末, 黄遵宪、康有为、孙中山、梁启超等人大量采用日本译词, 频繁使用与“野蛮、半开化”相对应意义上的“文明”一词。“文明”引申后意为一种先进的社会和文化发展状态，以及到达这一状态的过程，其涉及的领域广泛，包括民族意识、技术水准、礼仪规范、宗教思想、风俗习惯以及科学知识的发展等等。 总而言之，文化是人类创造的所有物质成果和精神成果的总和,而文明则是

跨文化交际case参考

Unit 1 Intercultural Communication in the Global Context Case 1(P11) 1.What do you think are the reasons for young people?s yearning to be a celebrity today? As humans we naturally measure ourselves to those around us, but now we live in a global village we are comparing ourselves with the most significant people in the world. In the past being a lawyer or doctor was a very reputable profession. But today, even high achievers constantly fear that they are insignificant when they compare themselves to success stories in the media. 2.How can today?s people find their own self-worth and real meaning of life? The remedyis a process that he calls “active self-acceptance” through a sustained quest（持续探索）for self-knowledge through life. And People need to invest as much time in developing their worldview as their careers. Case 2 1. Why was the Dutch technology manager so shocked? The Dutch manager was shocked because he thought he hadn’t told the te am to build it in a certain way, he simply had asked if it could be done! He had never questioned the way in which he communicated to the head of his technology group. In fact, he thought he had been asking simple questions, almost making idle conversation, and never considered that because he was the boss, his Indian employee would do as he asked. He expected that the technology design team would counter with another recommendation if his idea was inappropriate. 2. How could such misunderstandings in this case be avoided? Both the Dutch and the Indian teams needed to have a better understanding of the culturally based expectations of each group. Case 3 1. What has modern technology brought about to people today? Advances in information technology are bringing about changes in contemporary society that pose new situations requiring intercultural communication expertise. Technology has enabled ordinary individuals to quickly organize themselves around a common interes. 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of modern technology? Rather than moving the global community toward the single, homogenized culture decried by many globalization opponents, technology is actually providing a means to reaffirm and extend cultural awareness, identity, and practices. Media technology plays an important role in modern society whether it is political, economic or cultural Case 4 1. Why did Mrs. Nimos hesitate when the Japanese young man asked about her age? In western countries where privacy is greatly valued, age is something that is considered rather private. Asking about the others’ age, especially in this case on their first meeting, is rather impolite.However, age is an important factor in situat ing a person in the Japanese cultural hierarchy. 2. What is the Ch inese perspective concerning people?s age? In China, age is important. However, when communicating with family members generation becomes an important factor that overrides age. Even if they have the same age, the one belonging to the younger generation must address the other with the respect accorded to the older generation in the family. If they are the same generation, they can communicate as peers. Case 5 1. Why did Mr. Richardson leave an impression of insincerity on Mr. Wong? “We must get together and have lunch sometimes” issignals that the person who says it thinks that the encounter should be ending soon. So it can call a “pre-closing.” While it does contain the vague idea that a subsequent meeting would be desirable, it does not in any way commit the speaker or the hearer to such an arrangement. However, to Mr. Wong, it sounds like an invitation. 2. Do people always mean what they say? Give Examples. Similarly, “See you later” does not commit someone to a later meeting. It would be very odd if, i n response to this utterance, the hearer were to take out his or her diary and attempt to set a date. Other examples are “How are you” in English and “Have you eaten?” in Chinese, both of them are typical greetings, which do not require the hearer to give specific answers. All of them just serve as lubricants to move the conversation forward. Case 6 1.Why does Fiona feel exhausted in America and want to return to Australia? When people come into a new culture, they have to make many small adjustments in a short period of time. Each adjustment causes a little bit of difficulty, but the stress adds up to a point where people become frustrated and begin to complain about their life in the other culture. 2.What do you think Fiona should do to make herself adjusted to her life in American? However, she should know that this is only a necessary period of culture shock, requiring her to make some adjustment. She is likely to have experienced some cultural differences and will be more willing to take them seriously. Unit 2 Understandings of Culture and Communication Case 1(P41) 1.Why did the Chinese young man leave the company?

《中西文化比较》题库答案

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跨文化交际书上案例分析case

Case 1 1 In this case, there seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts made to achieve understanding. We should know that in Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms. In this case, Richard‘s mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening,for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the ar tist by saying, ―What beautiful frames your pictures are in.‖ 2 In Japan the situation may be more complicated. Japanese people value order and harmony among persons in a group, and that the organization itself－be it a family or a vast corporation－is more valued than the characteristics of any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuality as a value and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem justifiably in conflict with the goals or values of the group. In this case: Richar d‘s mistake was in making great efforts to

跨文化交际笔记

第一章跨文化交际 一、什么是跨文化交际——具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程 跨文化交际之所以在今天日益引起人们的注意，主要原因是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展，使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。 L.S.Harms认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：语言的产生；文字的使用；印刷技术的发明；近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展；跨文化交际。近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。 二、对跨文化交际的不同理解 有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的，所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。 有的人认为，不同国籍人们之间的文化差异与不同职业的人们之间的文化差异并没有什么本质上的区别，只是程度上的差异。 有的人认为，跨文化交际研究应该把重点放在亚文化系统的语篇系统方面。 有的人认为，作大范围的国与国之间的对比对于改进跨文化交际益处不大，应该把眼光放在更具体的文化差异上。跨文化交际研究的范围应该也包括地区、职业、年龄、性别等方面的文化差异的探讨。 文化通常不是指个人的行为，而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯。作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容，而且应该是放在首位的。至于地区、阶级、阶层、职业、性别、年龄等不同层次的差异也应该给予关注。至于个人之间的差异的研究只是在我们把他们当做群体的代表时才有意义。在研究一个国家的文化特点时，我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化上，其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点。 主流文化亚文化地区文化小群体文化 （不同年龄、职业、性别群体的文化）第二章跨文化交际学 一、跨文化交际学在美国Intercultural Communication 与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切 1.首先在美国兴起。美国有来自各个国家的移民，有各自的文化系统和风俗习惯，逐渐在美国社会形成了多元文化的格局；美国与各国交往频繁。 2.Edwar Hall 《无声的语言》跨文化交际学的奠基之作。认为不同文化背景的人们在使用时间、空间表达意义方面表现出明显的差异。（对时间、空间、交际的关系作了深入探讨） 3.1970年是具有重要意义的一年，在这一年，国际传播学会承认跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支，成立了跨文化交际学分会。1972年，第一届跨文化交际学国际会议，日本东京。 4.70年代，影响最大的书籍。《跨文化交际学选读》 5.跨文化交际学内容：