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过去分词的用法

现在分词的七种用法

（一）作定语

1. 动词现在分词单独作定语，通常放在所修饰词前。例如：

The sleeping boy is Tom.

2. 现在分词短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面，意思同定语从句差不多。例如：

Tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise. = Tell the children who are playing outside not to make too much noise.

3. 现在分词可相当于非限制性定语，常用逗号分开。例如：

Tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. = Tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill.

4. 有时现在分词可以和副词或名词构成复合词作定语。例如：

This is an English-speaking country.

（二）作表语

现在分词作表语多表示主语的特征。如amusing, discouraging, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing, exciting 等。例如：

The story is moving.

（三）现在分词在句中作宾语补足语，这时现在分词和前面的宾语有逻辑上的“主表”关系或“主谓”关系。例如：

We all found his equipment interesting. (主表关系)

I saw Mary going upstairs then. (主谓关系)

（四）作状语

现在分词作状语，其逻辑主语一般是句中的主语，如果不是，需在V-ing 形式前加名词或代词主格作逻辑主语。

1. 作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句。例如：

Being ill, Mary didn't come to school yesterday.

2. 作时间状语，相当于时间状语从句。例如：

Seeing their teacher coming, the students stopped talking.

如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在现在分词前加上when或while。例如：

While waiting for the plane, I had a long talk with Simon.

3. 作条件状语。

V-ing 形式作条件状语时，相当于一个条件状语从句。例如：

Working harder, you'll be No. 1 in your class.

4. 作让步状语，相当于让步状语从句。例如：

Weighing almost two hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone.

5. 作结果状语。例如：

He died, leaving nothing but debts.

6. 作伴随状语或方式状语。例如：

He sat by the roadside, begging.

（五）现在分词的完成式表示它发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如：Having finished his homework, he left the classroom.

（六）现在分词的被动式

当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，用V-ing 形式的被动式。例如：

The factory being built now is a big one.

（七）现在分词的否定形式是由“not + 现在分词”构成。例如：

Not having been invited to the party, she had to stay home.

过去分词的用法

一．

1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是被动关系,表示主语的状态,既表示被动,又表示完成.

(1)_ The cup is broken. 茶杯破了.

2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是主动关系,表示主语的状态,只表示动作的完成.

(2) He is retired. 他已退休.

3. 有些过去分词作表语时,构成的谓语很接近被动结构.

(3)_The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山.

过去分词作表语

【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作.

(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作)

(2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语)

【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行.有些动词如interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用-ing 形式来修饰物.

(3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣.

过去分词作定语

作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成.

1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前.

We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况.

2. 过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中.

The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功.

3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号.

(1)The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人.

4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式

上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关.

(2) The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视.

过去分词作状语

1. 过去分词作状语过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作.

(1) Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好.

【注意】written 为过去分词作状语,表示这篇文章是被写的,而且已经被写. 值得注意的是,有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦).

(2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音.

2. 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语,此时应注意人称一致.

(1) Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.

再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题.(given 为过去分词作状语,它的逻辑主语为主句主语I ,即I 被再给一个小时.)

(2)_ Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us.

从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮.(seen 为过去分词作状语,表"被看",由语境可知,它的逻辑主语必须是城市,而不是"我们",因为"我们"应主动看城市.)

【注意】如果过去分词作状语时,前面再加逻辑主语,主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构.

(1) The signal given, the bus started. 信号一发出,汽车就开动了.(the signal 是given 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语the bus 就不是given 的逻辑主语.

(2) Her head held high, she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去.(her head 是held high 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语she 就不再是held high 的逻辑主语.) 3. 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句.

(1) Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了. (caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语,它来源于原因状语从句Because he was caught in a heavy rain.)

(2)_Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快.( grown in rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语,它来源于条件状语从句If these seeds are grown in rich soil.

【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成"连词+过去分词"结构作状语.

When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定.

4. 过去分词作状语的位置.过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语,后面有逗号与主句隔开;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开.

He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶.

过去分词作宾语补足语

(一)能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下三类:

1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等.

(1) I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌.(过去分词sung的动作显然先于谓语动作heard;)

(2)_He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大.(过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作found)

2. 表示"致使"意义的动词.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等.

(1) I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发.

(2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了.

(3) Don't leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完.

【注意】过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系.

(二)使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况.

1. 过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成.

(1) He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了.(被别人偷去了)

2. 过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历.如:

(2) He had his leg broken.他的腿断了. (自己的经历)

"with +宾语+过去分词"结构

"with +宾语+过去分词"结构中,过去分词用作介词with的宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间,方式,条件,原因等状语.例如:

(1) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来了,他的双手被绑在背后.(表方式)

(2) With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加热,我们就会看到水蒸气.(表条件)

(3) With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解决,我们都回家了.(表原因)

(4)_She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前,眼睛注视着他.

(5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿.

1.你认识那个穿着红衣服的妇女吗

2.舒服地坐在椅子上,他在沉思.

3.对于昨天发生的事故,我很震惊.

4.给予更多的关心的话,这些树会长得更好.

5.他作了自我介绍,以便使自己被大家认识.

6.昨天,我把衣服让人洗了.

7.上周一,我看到你兄弟被一个陌生人打了.

8.将书合上背诵这篇课文.

9.我提高了声音以便使自己被听见.

10.如果被问及,你不要说我在家里.

11.你参加了昨天举行的会议吗

12.从日本引进的这些种子已经坏了.

13.我想把这封信寄出去.

14.女工人将头发扎在后面来上班.

15.我们没有足够的食物吃的日子一去部复返了.

16.我们必须适应改变了的形式.

17.用所给的动词写出两个句子.

18.他们在看足球比赛,兴奋而又满意.

19.他说爬山很累.但是我一点也不累.

20.即使在森林里迷路了,他也不担心.

二．（一）分词的作用

·现在分词可用于：

·①构成进行时。e.g. We are studying English.

·②当副词作状语。e.g. The children came, singing and dancing.

·③当形容词作定语、宾补和表语。

·e.g. Falling leaves danced in the air.

·I saw many birds flying along the river.

·The story is very moving.

·过去分词可用于：

·①构成完成时。e.g. The play had begun when we arrived there.

·②构成被动语态。e.g. English is widely spoken in the world.

·③当副词作状语。e.g. Seen here, the city looks more beautiful.

·④当形容词作定语、宾补和表语。

·e.g. a boy named Tom

·I saw the girl killed with my own eyes.

·I’m interested in English.

（二）现在分词与过去分词的两大差别

1. 现在分词与过去分词的最大差别在语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。

2. 现在分词与过去分词的第二大差别在时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成。

3. 把握主、被动关系的两个前提

1）弄清动词的确切含义。不少主、被动关系判断错误都是由于没弄清动词的确切含义造成的。

Wrong: Girls frighten snakes.

Right: Girls fear snakes./ Snakes frighten girls.

牢记: tire, disappoint, satisfy, terrify, interest, frighten, worry, excite, surprise, please, seat, puzzle, ect. 只能作及物动词，都有“使动”的特点，都含“使……”之义。

2）能熟练判断分词的逻辑主语。即明白与哪个词去构成主、被动关系。

分词的逻辑主语

逻辑主语就是与分词具有主、被动关系的名词或代词。它既可能是句子主语，又可能是句中宾语，或者是句中其它成分；它既可能是动作行为的发出者，也有可能是动作行为的承受者。那种认为逻辑主语就是动作行为的发出者的理解是片面的。

分词的逻辑主语的位置不是固定不变的, 而是“活”的——随着分词所作语法成分的不同，其逻辑主语位置也不同，所以确定逻辑主语前首先要确定分词的语法成分。

（1）作状语时

Seeing the teacher come in, all the students stood up.

the students是seeing的逻辑主语

Heated, the metal expands. the metal是heated的逻辑主语

结论：分词作状语，其逻辑主语是句子主语。

（2）作宾补时

I saw him reading last night. him 是reading的逻辑主语

His wife found his hair dyed black. hair是dyed的逻辑主语

结论：分词作宾补，其逻辑主语是句子宾语。

（3）作表语时

The film is moving. the film是moving的逻辑主语

The visitors looked surprised.

the visitors是surprised的逻辑主语

结论：分词作表语，其逻辑主语是句子主语。

（4）作定语时

This is an interesting book. book是interesting的逻辑主语

The moved children looked serious.

children是moved的逻辑主语

结论：分词作定语，其逻辑主语是被修饰词（即中心词）。（5）用于复合结构中时（即在独立主格中与with复合结构中）With the task completed, we went out to take some fresh air.

the task是completed的逻辑主语

It being Sunday, they had no classes. it 是being的逻辑主语

结论：分词用于复合结构，逻辑主语是复合结构中的逻辑主语附表2：分词的逻辑主语一览表

分词所作成分

分词的逻辑主语

状语

主语

表语

宾补

宾语

定语

被修饰词

复合结构

复合结构中的逻辑主语

（三）确定分词的使用的具体步骤

（1）根据句子结构确定分词的语法成分

（2）找准逻辑主语

（3）判断主、被动关系

（4）选定现在或过去分词

1. There was a terrible noise ____ the sudden burst of light.

A. followed

B. following

C. to be followed

D. being followed

简析：根据语法分析可知，待选部分是修饰noise 的定语短语；据常识“雷声随闪电之后到来”，自然A noise follows the sudden burst of light , noise与follow 是主动关系。因此，该题应选B。

2. The Olympic Games, ____ in 776 B. C., didn’t include women until 1912.

A. first playing

B. to be first played

C. first played

D. to be playing

简析：根据语法分析可知，待选部分是一个作定语、修饰The Olympic Games 的后置分词短语；The Olympic Games是动词play 的承受者，且已完成(in 776

B. C.)。因此，该题选C。

3. What’s the language ____ in Germany?

A. speaking

B. spoken

C. be spoken

D. to speak

简析：该题应选B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句which is spoken

4. Most of the people ____ to the party were famous scientists.

A. invited

B. to invite

C. being invited

D. inviting

简析：该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句who were invited

5. The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.

A. having written

B. to be written

C. being written

D. written

简析：该题应选D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句which were written

（四）分词作表语

共同点：分词作表语时，它起着形容词的作用。

不同点：分词作表语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。

1. The news sounds ____.

A. encouraging

B. encouraged

C. encourage

D. to encourage

简析：根据语法分析可知，sounds 在此句中用作连系动词, 待选部分应作表语；The news 对于动词encourage 来说应是主动关系，即消息鼓舞人心。因此，该题应选A。

2. —How did Bob do in the exams this time?

—Well, his father seems ____ with his results.

A. pleasing

B. please

C. pleased

D. to please

简析：根据语法分析可知, seems 在此句中用作连系动词, 待选部分作表语。再根据his father 对于动词please 来说应是被动关系, 即这个结果使他的父亲高兴。因此, 该题应选C。

3. —How did the audience receive the new play?

—They got very ____.

A . excite

B . excited

C . excitedly

D . exciting

简析：该题应选B。测试他们被那出新戏所打动。

（五）分词作宾语补足语

共同点：分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语，对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用。

不同点：分词作宾语补足语时，句子的宾语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。

1. The next morning she found the man ____ in bed, dead.

A. lying

B. lie

C. lay

D. laying

简析：首先，根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作宾补, 补充说明宾语the man; 再根据宾语the man 对于动词lie 来说应是主动关系, 且lie 这个动作与谓语动词found 同时进行。因此, 该题应选A。

2. —Good morning. Can I help you?

—I’d like to have the package ____, madam.

A. be weighed

B. to be weighed

C. to weigh

D. weighed

简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在句中应作宾补，补充说明宾语the package; 再根据the package 对于动词weigh 来说, 只能是被动关系。因此，该题应选D。

3. He is not good at English, so it is not easy for him to make himself ______.

A. understand

B. understanding

C. understood

D. understands

简析：该题应选C。himself是make的宾语，待选部分的逻辑主语。由于英语表达能力差，说出的英语别人难于听懂，也就不易被人理解。因此，这里用过去分词来表达这一被动含义。

4. If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air ____ against your face.

A. moved

B. moving

C. moves

D. to move

简析：该题应选B。测试使役动词后用现在分词作宾补表示宾语正发出的动作。

（六）分词作状语

共同点：分词作状语时，一般在句子中作时间、原因、方式或伴随等状语。

不同点：分词作状语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。

1. “Can’t you read?”Mary said ，____ to the notice.

A. angrily pointing

B. and point angrily

C. angrily pointed

D. and angrily pointing

简析：该题应选A。测试现在分词作伴随状语，通过副词angrily 进行干扰。若B 答案为and pointed angrily 时也对。

2. ____ a reply, he decided to write again.

A. Not receiving

B. Receiving not

C. Not having received

D. Having not received

简析：该题应选C。测试非谓语动词的否定式是在其前直接加not 。若动作发生在主句动作之前时用非谓语的完成式。

3. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, ____ that he had enjoyed his stay here.

A. having added

B. to add

C. adding

D. added

简析：该题应选C。测试现在分词可以作补充说明的状语。

另外，分词作状语时，如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时，需要独立主格结构或with 复合结构来替代。(此时，也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。)

例：The murderer was brought in, with his hands ____ behind his back.

A. being tied

B. having tied

C. to be tied

D. tied

简析：很显然，待选部分的逻辑主语是his hands，而不是句子的主语The murderer , 而his hands 对于动词tie 来说只能是被动关系。因此，该题应选D。

综上所述，现在分词与过去分词的根本区别是主、被动关系，正确认定逻辑主语是正确使用分词的关键。明白这一道理并不难，最重要的是要养成“分析句子成分——寻找逻辑主语——判断主被动关系”这一思维定势。

现在分词和过去分词的用法

1 分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。

Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word.

The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better.

He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mother's illness.

分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。

Not shaving enough hands, we turned to them for help.(we don't have enough hands). Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. (We are taught / teach us).

Inspired by the International, the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation. (The working people were inspired / inspire the working people)

____ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge. (96,6) A) Having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed

意为：相信地球是平的，许多人担心哥伦布会从边上掉下去。许多人与相信之间是主谓关系，及分词与主语之间为主谓关系，因此，应用现在分词。

No matter how frequently__, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. (95,6)

A) performing B) performed C) to be performed D) being performed

句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词。

____as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. (96,1)

A) Being published B) Published C) Publishing D) To be published

句中as 引导的是让步状语从句，意为：他的作品尽管在被这样的时候出版，还是引起了关注，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词。

2 “while (when, once, until, if , though 等连词)＋分词”结构

现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when, once, although, until, if 等连词。

When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work.

Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well. Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.

3 分词作定语

分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。

We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.

This is really an exhausting day to all of us!

We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.

After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.

More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries.

The young sitting between my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack.

As early as 1649 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town ____50 households or more. (98,1)

A) having B) to have C) to have had D) having had

Town后面由分词做定语，而且town本身有50或以上人家，故town与分词间为主谓关系，应该用现在分词。

4 分词作宾语补足语

4.1 现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance 等感官动词和look at, listen to 等短语动词，以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。

On the top of the hill, we could see smoke rising from the chimneys in the village. The little boy sat beside the railway line and watched the trains roaring by.

We should not leave him wondering what he should do.

I am sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.

I caught him dozing off in class.

4.2 过去分词可以在allow, ask, consider, desire, expect, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, like, make, observe, order, permit, prefer, remember, request, require, see, urge 动词等后面作宾语补足语。

After my encounter with her, I found myself greatly shaken. You should keep her informed of what is going on here. The teacher expected the students well prepared for the examination.

4.2 在动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice，perceive，observe, listen to, look at 后既可用现在分词做补语,也可用不定式做补语。用现在分词表示动作正在进行,用不定式表示的动作的全过程已经完成。

I saw Mr. White get off a bus.

I saw Mr. White looking into a shop window.

——Do you hear someone knocking at the door?

——Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.

5 分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。

The film “Pearl Harbor” is really exciting. I am excited about it.

His response to the question was quite disappointing. I felt disappointed at his response.

分词练习

1, After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well boys____ to go to school. (97,1)

A) to be encouraged B) been encouraged C) being encouraged D) be encouraged 2, ____,a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor. (97,6)

A) Other things being equal B) Were other things equal

C) To be equal to other things D) Other things to be equal

3, All things ____, the planned trip will have to be called off. (98,6)

A) considered B) be considered C) considering D) having considered

4, The house was very quiet, ____as it was on the side of a mountain. (99,6)

A) isolated B) isolating C) being isolated D) having been isolated

5, This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, ____both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil. (99,6) A) being B) been C) to be D) having been

6, Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ____ in Cuba. (00,1) A) being cultivated B) been cultivated C) having cultivated D) cultivating

7, ____in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing. (00,1)

A) To look B) Looking at C) Looked at D) To be looked at

8, You will see this product ____ wherever you go. (00,6)

A) to be advertised B) advertised C) advertise D) advertising

9, ____in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarship totaling 21,000 dollars. (00,12) A) To be judged the best B) having judged the best

C) Judged the best D) Judging the best

10, From the dates ____ on the plates, we decided that they were made in Song Dynasty.

A) marking B) having been marked C) marked D) to be marked

11, She stood by the window, ____. A) thinking B) think C) thought D) thinks

12, ____ to meet anybody, he went in from the back door.

A) Not wishing B) Wishing C) Not wished D) No wishing

13, The editorial ____ now will appear in tomorrow's newspaper.

A) writing B) to write C) being written D) write

14, It ____ now pretty late, we took our things and retired to our room.

A) is B) being C) turned D) got

15, ____ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.

A) When compared B) While comparing C) Compare D) Comparing

16, The old man came upstairs with great strength, his right hand ____ a stick for support.

A) held B) holding C) being holding D) was holding

17, ____ three times in a row, the boxer decide to give up fighting.

A) having defeated B) To have defeated C) having been defeated D) To have been defeated

18, ____neglecting our education, my father sent me to school.

A) Accused of B) Accusing of C) To be accused of D) That he was accused of

19, ___ mainly for the invention of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell devoted his life to helping the deaf. A) He is remembered B) While being remembered C) To be remembered D) Though remembered

20, ____ that they are fresh from university, the young people have done a good job.

A) Given B) Because C) Giving D) As

21, ___ on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of

infinite peace.

A, If walking B) While walking C) Walking D) When one is walking

22, I understood you were third-year students ____ in English.

A) who majors B) who major is C) have majored D) majoring

23, A cool rain was falling, ___ with snow. A) mixed B) mixing C) to mix D) having mixed

24, ____ by the police, the kidnappers had no choice but to surrender.

A) Surrounded B) Surrounding C) having surrounded D) To be surrounded 25,____ equal educational opportunities, American Indians in the reservations remained backward and illiterate for a long time. A) Deprived off B) Depriving off C) Deprived of D) Depriving of

26, All the exam papers ____, the teacher sent the class home.

A) having been handed in B) having hands in C) handing in D) being handed in

27, ____ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.

A) Founding B) It was founded C) Being founded D) Founded

28, There ____ no fresh drinking water and no good farm land, it was not a comfortable place in which to live. A) be B) was C) were D) being 29, ___ in Beijing for quite a few years, Mr. Park had little difficulty understanding Chinese.

A) having lived B) Lived C) Living D) To live

30, Any packet ____ properly will not be accepted by the post office.

A) not to be wrapped B) not being wrapped C) not wrapped D) not having been wrapped

31, The lab ____ next year will be more advanced than the old one.

A) built B) to be built C) being built D) to build

32, Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ____ to the outside world.

A) being lost B) losing C) having lost D) lost

33, He was sitting in the chair, ____ a book. A) read B) was reading C) reading D) with reading

34, Such ____ the case, there were no grounds to justify your complaints.

A) is B) was C) be D) being

35, Peter is a good student, ____ his best subject.

A) as English B) English as C) being English D) English being

过去分词用法

过去分词在句中不可以作谓语，它相当于形容词和副词，在句中可作表语、宾语、状语、补足语等。过去分词作表语 Never touch an electric wire when it is broken He is gone You are mistaken 过去分词作定语 The child gave a cry and with outstretched arms ran forward 那孩子叫了一声，伸开双臂向前跑去 Her job was to take care of the wounded solder ? 用作宾语的过去分词多用于表示已完成的动作，但是有时它所表示的动作却尚未完成或有待于将来完成 The workers demand increased wages 工人们要求加薪过去分词用作定语亦可放在其所修饰的名词后面，其常具有暂时性，其动词的性质较强。 He wants his eggs fired (尚未炸好的。Fried eggs 则译为炸好的鸡蛋带有永久性） He himself took all the letters written to the post 他亲自将写好的信付邮（written = that he had written , written letter 则译为书写的信，非打字的信件）过去分词短语用作定语时，一般皆置于所修饰的名词之后，其意义相当于一个定语从句 The ship battered by the storm crept into the harbour 被暴风雨击打的那只船慢慢的驶入港口过去分词短语亦可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号 Some of them , born and brought up in rural villages, had never seen a train 他们中有些生长在农村，从为见过火车。过去分词作这状语过去分词从表面意义角度也可以用作状语表时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况。 Heated , the metal expand (表时间） Born and bred in the countryside,he was bewildered by the big city 他们生长在乡下，对这大城市感到迷惑（表原因) Mocked by everyone ,he had my sympathy(表让步）、 The lichens came borne by storms这地衣是由暴风雨带来的（表伴随） Seed catalogues are comprehensive , lavishly illustrated in colour 种子的目录册很全，用彩图表示的（表方式）过去分词用作补语用作宾语补语，其前的谓语动词多是感官动词和使役动词 He heard chain and bolts with drawn 他听见门上的链和栓被拉开了 She found the house renovated她发现房子已经修过了

过去分词的用法

过去分词的用法现在分词的七种用法（一）作定语 1. 动词现在分词单独作定语，通常放在所修饰词前。例如： The sleep ing boy is Tom. 2. 现在分词短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面，意思同定语从句差不多。例如： Tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise. = Tell the children who are play ing outside not to make too much no ise. 3. 现在分词可相当于非限制性定语，常用逗号分开。例如： Tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. = Tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. 4. 有时现在分词可以和副词或名词构成复合词作定语。例如： This is an En glish-speak ing coun try. （二）作表语现在分词作表语多表示主语的特征。女口amus ing, discourag ing, puzzli ng, refreshing, astonishing, exciting 等。例如：

The story is movi ng. （三）现在分词在句中作宾语补足语，这时现在分词和前面的宾语有逻辑上的 “主表”关系或“主谓”关系。例如： We all found his equipment interesting.（主表关系） I saw Mary going upstairs then.（主谓关系）（四）作状语现在分词作状语，其逻辑主语一般是句中的主语，如果不是，需在V-ing形式前加名词或代词主格作逻辑主语。 1. 作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句。例如： Bei ng ill, Mary did n't come to school yesterday. 2?作时间状语，相当于时间状语从句。例如： Seeing their teacher coming, the stude nts stopped talk ing. 如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在现在分词前加上when 或while。例如： While wait ing for the pla ne, I had a long talk with Sim on. 3. 作条件状语。 V-ing形式作条件状语时，相当于一个条件状语从句。例如： Work ing harder, you'll be No. 1 in your class. 4. 作让步状语，相当于让步状语从句。例如： Weighi ng almost two hun dred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. 5. 作结果状语。例如： He died, leav ing no thi ng but debts. 6. 作伴随状语或方式状语。例如：

高中英语过去分词用法练习题及答案

习题精选---分词用法: boy went to the ball,＿like a pretty girl. A. dressing B. wearing C. wore D. dressed 2.＿in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed 3. The film was made＿on a true old story. A. base B. to be based C. based D. basing 4. When＿,the museum will be open to the public next year. A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed 5.＿to his research, he almost forgot everything. A. Devoting B. Devoted C. To devote D. Devote 6. ＿his attention on his novel, he didn’t notice the teacher coming. A. Fixed B. Fixing C. Fix D. To fix 7.＿on his novel, he didn’t notice the teacher coming. A. Fixed B. Fixing C. Fix D. To fix old engineer talked of the difficulty they ＿the tower. A. built B. had building C. had built D. build 9. ＿such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered 10.＿the past, our life is becoming much better. A. Comparing with B. Be compared with C. To compare with D. Compared with 11. The boy was last seen ＿near the East Lake. A. playing B. play C. played D. to play was very unhappy for ＿to the party. A. having not been invited B. not having invited C. having not invited D. not having been invited I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door ＿“Sorry to miss you; will call later.” A. read B. reads C. reading D. to read 14. We went to see him yesterday evening, ＿him away. A. finding B. find C. only to find D. found 15. ＿of plastics, the machines are easy to carry. A. To make B. Having made C. Being made D. Made Suggested answers: 1-5 DACA B 6-10 BABAD 11-15 ADCCD

动词过去分词及独立主格结构的用法

动词过去分词及独立主格结构的用法一、过去分词的定义及其基本形式 1．过去分词是动词的另一种非限定形式，过去分词具有动词、形容词和副词的特性，可以带宾语或受状语修饰。过去分词和宾语或状语一起构成过去分词短语。如：（1）spoken English 英语口语（过去分词具有形容词的特性，作定语）（2）Given more time, we could do it much better. =If we were given more time, we could do it much better. 多给点时间，我们会做得更好些。（过去分词具有动词的特性，有自己的宾语more time，构成分词短语；过去分词短语在句中作状语，具有副词的特性。） 2．过去分词的基本形式（1）规则动词的过去分词由动词＋ed构成（2）不规则动词的过去分词须逐个记忆。（3）不规则动词的过去分词表示完成，如： fallen leaves =leaves which have fallen落叶（4）及物动词的过去分词表示被动或完成，如： the machines used in the workshop =the machines which are used in the workshop 车间用的机器（及物动词的过去分词表示被动） I heard the door opened. =I heard the door has been opened. 我听见门被打开了。（及物动词的过去分词表示被动和完成）二、过去分词的句法功能过去分词是一种非谓语动词，在句中不能单独做谓语。但它具有形容词和副词的特性，故在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。

过去分词用法归纳

过去分词用法归纳-标准化文件发布号：（9556-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII

过去分词用法归纳 Mar 7, 2011 过去分词主要表示被动，可表示发生在过去，所以叫过去分词。也可以无时间概念，只表示被动。过去分词用法：状语、定语、补语、表语。一．状语情况 1：表“被动”的状语从句可简化成过去分词做状语。表示条件、时间、让步的连词可保留，如if, when, although。表原因的不保留，如because 等。 1) He won’t go to the party tomorrow, if he is not invited. He won’t go to the party, if not invited. 2) When she was asked about her age, she kept silent. When asked about her age, she kept silent. 3) Once it is formed, a bad habit is hard to kick. Once formed, a bad habit is hard to kick. 进一步练习: 1) If it is seen from the mountain, the city looks more beautiful. Seen from the mountain, the city looks more beautiful. 2) If it is heated to 100 degrees Centigrade, water boils. Heated to 100 degrees Centigrade, water boils. 3) The problems, if they are not solved properly, will seriously affect the relations of nations. The problems, if not solved properly, will seriously affect the relations of nations. 4) Although he was warned of the danger, the boy still went skating on the ice. 2

现在分词和过去分词的用法区别

现在分词和过去分词的用法区别（一）分词的作用 ·现在分词可用于： ·①构成进行时。e.g. We are studying English. ·②当副词作状语。e.g. The children came, singing and dancing. ·③当形容词作定语、宾补和表语。 ·e.g. Falling leaves danced in the air. ·I saw many birds flying along the river. ·The story is very moving. ·过去分词可用于： ·①构成完成时。 e.g. The play had begun when we arrived there. ·②构成被动语态。e.g. English is widely spoken in the world. ·③当副词作状语。e.g. Seen here, the city looks more beautiful. ·④当形容词作定语、宾补和表语。 ·e.g. a boy named Tom ·I saw the girl killed with my own eyes. ·I’m interested in English. （二）现在分词与过去分词的两大差别 1.在语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。 2.在时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成。（三）确定分词的使用的具体步骤（1）根据句子结构确定分词的语法成分（2）找准逻辑主语（3）判断主、被动关系（4）选定现在或过去分词 1. There was a terrible noise ____ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed 2. The Olympic Games, ____ in 776 B. C., didn’t include women until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be playing 3. What’s the language ____ in Germany? A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak 4. Most of the people ____ to the party were famous scientists. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting 5. The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.

高中英语过去分词用法练习题及答案

高中英语过去分词用法练习题及答案 IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】

习题精选---分词用法: boy went to the ball,＿like a pretty girl. A. dressing B. wearing C. wore D. dressed 2.＿in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed 3. The film was made＿ on a true old story. A. base B. to be based C. based D. basing 4. When＿ ,the museum will be open to the public next year. A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed 5.＿ to his research, he almost forgot everything. A. Devoting B. Devoted C. To devote D. Devote 6. ＿his attention on his novel, he didn’t notice the teacher coming. A. Fixed B. Fixing C. Fix D. To fix 7.＿ on his novel, he didn’t notice the teacher coming. A. Fixed B. Fixing C. Fix D. To fix old engineer talked of the difficulty they ＿ the tower. A. built B. had building C. had built D. build 9. ＿such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered 10.＿ the past, our life is becoming much better. A. Comparing with B. Be compared with C. To compare with D. Compared with 11. The boy was last seen ＿near the East Lake. A. playing B. play C. played D. to play was very unhappy for ＿to the party. A. having not been invited B. not having invited C. having not invited D. not having been invited I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door ＿“Sorry to miss you; will call later.” A. read B. reads C. reading D. to read

get+过去分词用法详解

“be +过去分词”能构成被动结构，其实在现代英语口语或非正式文体中还常用另一种被动结构“get + 过去分词”。和“be + 过去分词”一样，“get + 过去分词”也能用于被动结构和系表结构，用于被动结构时，它强调动作的发生；用于系表结构时，它强调状态的变化。其用法及两者的区别从以下两个方面分述如下：一、get被用来代替助动词be和过去分词连用，构成被动结构，表示某一事件或事故的发生，着重强调动作。 1．常见于以下两种情况： ①谈论某人或某物的客观遭遇，往往表示一种突然的、未曾料到的偶发事件或事故，如：Some glasses got broken when we were moving. 我们搬家的时候有些玻璃杯被打碎了。He got killed when he was crossing the road. 过马路时他被车撞死了。 ②谈论设法做到自己称心的事。当主语是人时，常可在get和过去分词之间插入一个反身代词，表示主语对动作的结果负有一定的责任，此时既含有被动意义，同时又含有主动意义，如： Our car gets cleaned about once every two months. 我们的车每两个月大约清洗一次。She got (herself) paid before she went on a holiday. 她在休假前（设法）领到了工资。 2．“get + 过去分词”与“be + 过去分词”在构成被动结构时的区别： ①前者多用于口语和非正式文体，而后者则可用于更多的场合。 ②前者侧重表示动作，而后者既可表动作又可表状态，有时有歧义，如： The chair got broken yesterday. 昨天这把椅子被弄坏了。（表动作） The chair was broken yesterday. 昨天这把椅子被弄坏了。（表动作）或??昨天这把椅子是坏的。（表状态） ③前者偶尔带表示动作执行者的by短语，而后者则有时带有时不带，如： My brother got hit by a stone. 我哥哥被一块石头击中了。 She got caught by the police. 她让警察给抓住了。 ④前者在表示强调，否定和疑问时需借助助动词do/does/did，而后者则不需，如： He didn’t get beaten yesterday evening. 他昨天晚上没挨打。 Did your letter get answered ? 你收到回信了吗？ ⑤前者有时既可表示被动意义，又可表示主动意义；后者则只表示单纯的被动意义，如： I got (myself) invited to lots of parties last holidays. 上次休假期间，我（设法）让人邀请参加了许多社交聚会。 I was invited to lots of parties last holidays. 上次休假期间，我应邀参加了许多社交聚会。 ⑥与助动词be相比，和get连用的过去分词仅限于少数，其中多数含有“不顺利；不愉快”之意，如： He got taught a lesson. 他被教训了一顿。 I got rained on as I was coming to work. 我来上班时遭到淋雨。二、get作始动性连系动词，与多数都已形容词化了的过去分词连用，构成系表结构，表示状的变化（即动作的结果），其中get表示一种状态向另一种状态过渡、变化的动作，其含义等于become； begin to be或come to be，如 1．常见于以下五种情况： ①表示使自己进入或变为某种状态，如： We don’t want any of you to get lost. 我们不想你们当中任何人迷路。

过去分词用法详解

过去分词的用法一、构成：规则动词的过去分词是有动词原形+ed构成的，不规则动词则有各自构成。二、基本特点：过去分词在句子中的基本用法有两点：1.与逻辑主语之间是被动关系 2.表示完成的动作三、过去分词的用法： 1.作表语：过去分词作表语时，一般同时具备被动与完成的含义例如：（1）The cup is broken.（2）He is retired. （3）After running,he is tired. 【注意】过去分词作表语时，已经变成形容词性质，主要表示主语的状态（被动完成）,而被动语态则表示动作. 例如：(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作) （2）The cup is now broken. 茶杯碎了.(过去分词作表语,表示状态) 【注意】有些动词如interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,表示“感到……” 用-ing 形式来修饰物，表示“令人……” 例如：The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣. 2.做定语作定语用的过去分词其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成. 1）单一过去分词作定语,常置于其所修饰的名词之前，称作前置定语。例如：We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况. 2）过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,相当于一个定语从句,称作后置定语。例如：The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功. 3）过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号. 例如：The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 4）用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以修饰与人有关的表情，面貌，举止行为以及感觉等，这时不能用v-ing形式例如：The boy looked up with a pleased expression. His satisfied look showed that he had passed this exam. 3.作状语作状语的过去分词在句子中多表示被动和完成两重含义。 1）时间状语：A.当和谓语动词动作同时发生时，一般仅表示被动,可以用when从句代替。例如：Faced with difficulties,we shouldn’t withdraw for any excuse. B.当表示动作发生在谓语动词之前时，通常既表被动又表完成，可用after从句代替，也可用现在分词的被动完成形式代替。例如：Caught by the police,the thief lay on the ground,crying and shouting. 2）原因状语：过去分词所表示的动作多有被动和完成两重含义。例如：Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好. Welcomed by all the students,we expressed own true thanks to them.被全体同学欢迎，我们表达真挚的感激【注意】有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦). 等，这种结构可以改写成一个because引导的主系表结构句子。例如：Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音. Tired of the noise,he decided to move to the country.因厌倦了噪音，他决定搬到农村去。 Dressed in an orange dress,she looked more beautiful than before.穿上橘红色连衣裙，她看起来比以前更美3）条件状语：作条件状语时，一般只表被动含义。相当于if引导的条件状语从句。例如：Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快. 4）伴随情况：表示伴随谓语动词发生的另外动作，位于主语之后，用逗号隔开，可以同时表示被动与完成，例如：The mother ran across the street,followed by her little son. 5）结果状语：表示发生在谓语动词后的动作，位于主句后用都逗号分开，也可以同时表示被动与完成。例如：He listened to the hero’s story,moved to tears. 【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成"连词+过去分词"结构作状语. 例如：When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定.

过去分词的用法

过去分词的用法 1. 分词的定义动词的-ed分词即过去分词，是由动词的过去分词构成，一般只有一种形式。 2. 过去分词的语法作用过去分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。 3. 过去分词作表语 1)过去分词作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如： Don’t touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那个杯子，它是坏的。 He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。 2)及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是被动关系，表示主语的状态，既表示被动，又表示完成。 The cup is broken. 茶杯破了。 3)不及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是主动关系，表示主语的状态，只表示动作的完成。 He is retired. 他已退休。 4)过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：过去分词作表语，主要是表示主语的状态，而被动语态则表示动作。 The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的。(是被动语态,表示动作) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了。(过去分词作表语) 4. 过去分词作定语 1)单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面，相当于一个定语从句。 The excited people rushed into the building. 激动的人们奔进了大楼。 =The people who were excited rushed into the building. 2)过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面，相当于一个定语从句。 The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 外国专家提出来的建议被经理采纳了。 =The suggestion that was made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 3)过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开。 The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.

过去分词用法归纳

过去分词用法归纳Mar 7, 2011 过去分词主要表示被动，可表示发生在过去，所以叫过去分词。也可以无时间概念，只表示被动。过去分词用法：状语、定语、补语、表语。一．状语情况1：表“被动”的状语从句可简化成过去分词做状语。表示条件、时间、让步的连词可保留，如if, when, although。表原因的不保留，如because等。 1) He won’t go to the party tomorrow, if he is not invited. He won’t go to the party, if not invited. — 2) When she was asked about her age, she kept silent. When asked about her age, she kept silent. 3) Once it is formed, a bad habit is hard to kick. Once formed, a bad habit is hard to kick. 进一步练习: 1) If it is seen from the mountain, the city looks more beautiful. Seen from the mountain, the city looks more beautiful. — 2) If it is heated to 100 degrees Centigrade, water boils. Heated to 100 degrees Centigrade, water boils. 3) The problems, if they are not solved properly, will seriously affect the relations of nations. The problems, if not solved properly, will seriously affect the relations of nations. 4) Although he was warned of the danger, the boy still went skating on the ice.

分词作状语用法知识点详解和辨析

分词作状语用法知识点详解和辨析分词做状语，在我们的英语表达里有何用法与见解呢?以下是小编给大家带来分词作状语用法，以供参阅。英语分词的形式非谓语动词主动形式被动形式意义现在分词一般式doing being done与句中谓语动作几乎同时发生完成式having donehaving been done先于句中谓语动作发生，强调时间先后过去分词done-----------------与句中主语为逻辑上的被动，表完成英语分词的意义在英语中，分词包括现在分词与过去分词两种形式，即-ing与-ed。一般情况下，从时态和语态两种角度来讲，现在分词表示主动、进行;而过去分词表示被动与完成。对于分词的含义，我们从以下两组词语为例进行分析： 1)the sinking ship 正在下沉的船fallen leaves 落在地上的树叶\ the boiled water 凉白开水 1)从语态角度来看，现在分词表示主动含义，它与所修饰的名词构成主谓关系。the sinking ship 可以改写为the ship that is\ was sinking, 这里的ship相当于sink的逻辑主语。其次，从时态角度看，现在分词一般表示进行的动作，相当于一个进行时态;此外，它还可以表示一般的动作，相当于一个一般的时态。综上，现在分词的意

义有两种：主动进行的动作和主动一般的动作。 2)从语态角度来看，过去分词可以表示被动含义也可以表示主动含义，即动词不同则含义不同。及物动词的过去分词只有被动含义，如the boiled water=the water that was boiled \ the water that has been boiled. 而不及物动词没有被动只有主动，如the sunken ship= the ship that has sunken.但是不及物动词的过去分词出现频率较低，常见的过去分词多为及物动词的过去分词，表达被动含义。其次，从时态角度看，过去分词具有一般动作或完成动作的含义，相当于一般时态或完成时态。不及物动词只具有完成动作。英语分词作状语的用法分词做状语时可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、方式、让步、伴随、比较。四、分词作状语的原则：其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致。常见分词作状语的情况举例：表条件：Given more time, I would be able to complete the work. \ United we stand; divided we fall. (合则兴，分则亡) 表时间：Walking in the street,I saw him. 表原因：Getting hurt badly in the match, he has to stay at home. 表伴随：Watching the TV play, she burst out crying. 表让步：Having lived in China for years, he still cant speak Chinese well. 表结果：I went home, finding the door locked.

过去分词的用法

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